DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

"DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM"

ABSTRACT

This document is a review report on the research conducted and the project made in the
field of computer engineering to develop a system for driver drowsiness detection to
prevent accidents from happening because of driver fatigue and sleepiness. The report
proposed the results and solutions on the limited implementation of the various techniques
that are introduced in the project. Whereas the implementation of the project give the real
world idea of how the system works and what changes can be done in order to improve the
utility of the overall system.

Furthermore, the paper states the overview of the observations made by the authors in
order to help further optimization in the mentioned field to achieve the utility at a better
efficiency for a safer road.

Keywords—Driver drowsiness; eye detection; yawn detection; blink pattern; fatigue

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Contents

1 Introduction 8
1.1 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.1 HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1.2 CURRENT STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 DOCUMENT CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 INTENDED AUDIENCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 PRODUCT SCOPE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 PROBLEM DEFINITION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Literature Survey 11
2.1 SYSTEM REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 TECHNOLOGY USED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3 Software Requirements Specification 12

3.1 PYTHON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1.1 LIBRARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 OPERATING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Requirement Analysis 13
4.1 PYTHON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.1.1 LIBRARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 OPERATING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 HARDWARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.1 LAPTOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.2 WEBCAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 System Design 14
5.1 USE CASE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1 5.3 CLASS DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6 System Testing 17
6.1 TEST CASES & TEST RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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7 Project Planning 18
7.1 SYSTEM MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8 Implementation 19

9 Screenshots of Project 21
9.1 NON-DROWSY STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
9.2 DROWSY STATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

10 Conclusion and Future Scope 22

10.1 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
10.2 FUTURE SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

11 References 23

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List of Figures
5.1 USE CASE MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.2 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.3 CLASS DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

Chapter 1

Introduction

PURPOSE

HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY WITH CURRENT TECHNOLOGY

Humans have always invented machines and devised techniques to ease and
protect their lives, for mundane activities like traveling to work, or for more
interesting purposes like aircraft travel. With the advancement in technology,
modes of transportation kept on advancing and our dependency on it started
increasing exponentially. It has greatly affected our lives as we know it. Now, we
can travel to places at a pace that even our grandparents wouldn’t have thought
possible. In modern times, almost everyone in this world uses some sort of
transportation every day. Some people are rich enough to have their own vehicles
while others use public transportation. However, there are some rules and codes
of conduct for those who drive irrespective of their social status. One of them is
staying alert and active while driving.

Neglecting our duties towards safer travel has enabled hundreds of thousands of
tragedies to get associated with this wonderful invention every year. It may seem
like a trivial thing to most folks but following rules and regulations on the road is
of utmost importance. While on road, an automobile wields the most power and
in irresponsible hands, it can be destructive and sometimes, that carelessness can
harm lives even of the people on the road. One kind of carelessness is not
admitting when we are too tired to drive. In order to monitor and prevent a
destructive outcome from such negligence, many researchers have written
research papers on driver drowsiness detection systems. But at times, some of the
points and observations made by the system are not accurate enough. Hence, to
provide data and another perspective on the problem at hand, in order to
improve their implementations and to further optimize the solution, this project
has been done.

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

FACTS & STATISTICS

Our current statistics reveal that just in 2015 in India alone, 148,707
people died due to car related accidents. Of these, at least 21 percent were
caused due to fatigue causing drivers to make mistakes. This can be a relatively
smaller number still, as among the multiple causes that can lead to an accident,
the involvement of fatigue as a cause is generally grossly underestimated. Fatigue
combined with bad infrastructure in developing countries like India is a recipe for
disaster. Fatigue, in general, is very difficult to measure or observe unlike
alcohol and drugs, which have clear key indicators and tests that are available
easily. Probably, the best solutions to this problem are awareness about
fatigue-related accidents and promoting drivers to admit fatigue when needed.
The former is hard and much more expensive to achieve, and the latter is not
possible without the former as driving for long hours is very lucrative.
When there is an increased need for a job, the wages associated with it
increases leading to more and more people adopting it. Such is the case for
driving transport vehicles at night. Money motivates drivers to make unwise
decisions like driving all night even with fatigue. This is mainly because the
drivers are not themselves aware of the huge risk associated with driving when
fatigued. Some countries have imposed restrictions on the number of hours a
driver can drive at a stretch, but it is still not enough to solve this problem
as its implementation is very difficult and costly.

DOCUMENT CONVENTIONS

Main Heading Font size: 24 (bold fonts)

Sub-headings Font size: 16 (bold fonts)
Sub-headings Content Font size: 14 (normal fonts)

INTENDED AUDIENCE

The intended audience for this document are the development team, the project
evaluation jury, and other tech-savvy enthusiasts who wish to further work on the
project.

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PRODUCT SCOPE

There are many products out there that provide the measure of fatigue level in the
drivers which are implemented in many vehicles. The driver drowsiness detection
system provides the similar functionality but with better results and additional
benefits. Also, it alerts the user on reaching a certain saturation point of the
drowsiness measure.

PROBLEM DEFINITION

Fatigue is a safety problem that has not yet been deeply tackled by any country in
the world mainly because of its nature. Fatigue, in general, is very difficult to
measure or observe unlike alcohol and drugs, which have clear key indicators
and tests that are available easily. Probably, the best solutions to this problem
are awareness about fatigue-related accidents and promoting drivers to admit
fatigue when needed. The former is hard and much more expensive to achieve,
and the latter is not possible without the formeras driving for
long hours is very lucrative.

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

Chapter 2

Literature Survey

SYSTEM REVIEW

This survey is done to comprehend the need and prerequisite of the general
population, and to do as such, we went through different sites and applications
and looked for the fundamental data. Based on these data, we made an audit that
helped us get new thoughts and make different arrangements for our task. We
reached the decision that there is a need of such application and felt that there is
a decent extent of progress in this field too.

TECHNOLOGY USED

a. PYTHON - Python is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming

language. Python's design philosophy emphasizes code readability with its
notable use of significant whitespace. Its language constructs and object-
oriented approach aim to help programmers write clear, logical code for small
and large-scale projects. Python is dynamically typed AND supports multiple
programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and functional
programming.

b. JUPYTER Lab - Project Jupyter is a nonprofit organization created to develop

open-source software, open-standards, and services for interactive
computing across dozens of programming languages.

c. IMAGE PROCESSING - In computer science, digital image processing is the

use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.

d. MACHINE LEARNING - Machine learning is the scientific study of

algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use in order to perform
a specific task effectively without using explicit instructions, relying on patterns
and inference instead. It is seen as a subset of artificial intelligence. Machine
learning algorithms build a mathematical model based on sample data,
known as "training data", in order to make predictions or decisions without
being explicitly told.

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

Chapter 3

Software Requirements Specification

Python:
 Python 3
Libraries
 Numpy
 Scipy
 Playsound
 Dlib
 Imutils
 opencv, etc.
Operating System
 Windows or Ubuntu

Hardware Requirements Specification

I. Laptop with basic hardware.
II. Webcam

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Chapter 4

Requirement Analysis

Python: Python is the basis of the program that we wrote. It utilizes

many of the python libraries.
Libraries:
 Numpy: Pre-requisite for Dlib
 Scipy: Used for calculating Euclidean distance between the eyelids.
 Playsound: Used for sounding the alarm
 Dlib: This program is used to find the frontal human face and
estimate its pose using 68 face landmarks.
 Imutils: Convenient functions written for Opencv.
 Opencv: Used to get the video stream from the webcam, etc.

OS: Program is tested on Windows 10 build 1903 and PopOS 19.04

Laptop: Used to run our code.

Webcam: Used to get the video feed.

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Chapter 5

System Design

USE CASE DIAGRAM

FIGURE 1

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

ACTIVITY DIAGRAM

FIGURE 2

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SY

CLASS DIAGRAM

FIGURE 3

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Chapter 6

System Testing

6.1 Test Cases and Test Results

Test Test Case Title Test Condition System Behavior Expected Result

ID
Straight Face,
Good Light, With
T01 NSGY Glasses Non Drowsy Non Drowsy
Tilted Face, Good
T02 YTGN Light, No Glasses Drowsy Drowsy
Tilted Face, Good
Light, With Glasses
T03 YTGY Drowsy Drowsy

Note: Testing is performed manually

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

Chapter 7

Project Planning

SYSTEM MODEL

The framework is created utilizing the incremental model. The center model of
the framework is first created and afterwards augmented in this way in the wake
of testing at each turn. The underlying undertaking skeleton was refined into
expanding levels of ability.

At the following incremental level, it might incorporate new execution

backing and improvement.

Figure 4: Block diagram

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

Chapter 8

Implementation
 In our program we used Dlib, a pre-trained program trained on the
HELEN dataset to detect human faces using the pre-defined 68
landmarks.

Landmarked Image of a person by Dlib

HELEN Dataset Samples

 After passing our video feed to the dlib frame by frame, we are able to detect
left eye and right eye features of the face.

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 DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION SYSTEM

 Now, we drew contours around it using OpenCV.

 Using Scipy’s Euclidean function, we calculated sum of both eyes’ aspect
ratio which is the sum of 2 distinct vertical distances between the eyelids
divided by its horizontal distance.

Eyes with horizontal and vertical distance marked for Eye Aspect Ratio
calculation.

 Now we check if the aspect ratio value is less than 0.25 (0.25 was
chosen as a base case after some tests). If it is less an alarm is sounded
and user is warned.

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Chapter 9

Screenshots of Project
Non-drowsy Person:

Non-drowsy state

Drowsy Person:

Different aspect ratio at drowsy state

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Chapter 10

Conclusion and Future Scope

Conclusion

It completely meets the objectives and requirements of the system. The

framework has achieved an unfaltering state where all the bugs have been
disposed of. The framework cognizant clients who are familiar with the
framework and comprehend it's focal points and the fact that it takes care of the
issue of stressing out for individuals having fatigue-related issues to inform them
about the drowsiness level while driving.

Future Scope

The model can be improved incrementally by using other parameters like blink
rate, yawning, state of the car, etc. If all these parameters are used it can improve
the accuracy by a lot.

We plan to further work on the project by adding a sensor to track the heart rate
in order to prevent accidents caused due to sudden heart attacks to drivers.

Same model and techniques can be used for various other uses like Netflix and
other streaming services can detect when the user is asleep and stop the video
accordingly. It can also be used in application that prevents user from sleeping.

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References
[1] COMPUTATIONALLY EFFICIENT FACE DETECTION; B.
SCHLKOPF-A. BLAKE, S. ROMDHANI, AND P. TORR.

[2] USE OF THE HOUGH TRANSFORMATION TO DETECT LINES AND

CURVES IN PICTURE; R. DUDA AND P. E. HART.

[3] JAIN, “FACE DETECTION IN COLOR IMAGES; R. L. HSU, M. ABDEL-

MOTTALEB, AND A. K. JAIN.

[4] OPEN/CLOSED EYE ANALYSIS FOR DROWSINESS DETECTION;

P.R. TABRIZI AND R. A. ZOROOFI.

[5] http://ncrb.gov.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter1A%20traffic
%20accidents.pdf

[6] http://www.jotr.in/text.asp?2013/6/1/1/118718

[7] http://dlib.net/face_landmark_detection_ex.cpp.html

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