AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea

Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Name _______________________ Period ___________

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea

Overview

1. The chapter opens with amazing tales of life at the extreme edge. What are the “masters of
adaptation”? Describe the one case you thought most dramatic.

Concept 27.1 Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success

2. Which two domains include prokaryotes?

3. Let’s focus on some general details about prokaryotes.

a. Are they multicellular or unicellular?

b. Compare their size relative to eukaryotic cells.

c. What three shapes are most common? Label them on the

figure.

d. What is the composition of the typical bacterial cell wall?

4. A key feature of prokaryotic cells is the cell wall. What three functions does it provide for the
cell?

5. Quick review! What material comprises the cell wall of plants? of fungi?

6. The cell walls of Archaeans are different. They lack __________ but contain _________ and

____________.

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

7. Explain the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

8. What is a bacterial capsule? What functions may it serve?

9. Many prokaryotes are capable of directional movement. What is this called?

10. What bacterial feature makes this possible?

11. Under ideal conditions, how quickly can E. coli divide? What conditions check prokaryotic
reproduction?

12. What three key features allow prokaryotic populations to consist of trillions of individuals?

13. Compare prokaryotes to eukaryotes in terms of the following characteristics:

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size

Genome

Membranes

Location of genome

Plasmids

Ribosomes

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

14. What are the small, circular, self-replicating pieces of DNA found in bacteria called?

15. Label the following structures of a typical prokaryote seen here: cell wall, sex pilus, circular
chromosome, nucleoid region, ribosomes, flagella, capsule, and fimbriae. Sketch in a plasmid
or two, and label them. For each structure, know the function. (Go to the end of the chapter,
p. 573, for help with this figure.)

16. When conditions for survival are difficult, some species produce endospores. What are these?
Can you name any species that form endospores? As a hint, consider what causes botulism or
tetanus.

Concept 27.2 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in
prokaryotes

17. You should now have some idea why there is so much potential for genetic diversity with
bacterial populations. Although mutation is the major source of genetic variation in
prokaryotes, listed below are the other three ways variation is introduced. Explain each one.

Source of Variation Summary Explanation

Transformation

Transduction

Recombination

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

18. Define transformation. This idea was first described by Frederick Griffith. (You read about his
work in Concept 16.1.)

19. What is transduction? What is the vector for this process?

20. Compare and contrast transduction and transformation.

21. What is a sex pilus? What is the F factor? And how are the two related?

22. The F factor is an episome. This is a piece of DNA that can be integrated within the main
chromosome of the bacterium, or able to exist as an independent plasmid. What is the bacterial
cell called:

when the F factor is in plasmid form?

when it lacks an F plasmid?

when it is integrated within the chromosome?

23. What occurs in bacterial conjugation?

24. When a mating bridge forms between an F+ cell and an F– cell and the F plasmid is replicated
and transferred, what is the status of the F– cell afterward?

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

25. What is an Hfr cell?

26. How are Hfr cells created?

27. Summarize the transfer of genetic information from an Hfr cell to an F– cell.

28. An understanding of R plasmids and antibiotic resistance will be important when you do a
bacterial transformation lab. What are R plasmids?

Concept 27.3 A great diversity of nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes

29. Prokaryotes can be placed in four groups according to their mode of nutrition, which is how
they take in carbon and how they obtain energy. List each group below, and summarize how
each of them obtains energy. Place an ** by the heterotrophs.

Mode of Nutrition Energy Source Examples

30. Compare the metabolic requirements of each group with respect to oxygen:

obligate aerobes

obligate anaerobes

facultative anaerobes

31. To which of the above groups do you think the bacterium Clostridium tetani, the causative
agent of tetanus, belongs?

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

32. Biofilms form dental plaque and result in tooth decay. They can damage industrial and medical
equipment and contaminate products. What are biofilms? How do individual cells cooperate to
form dental plaque?

Concept 27.4 Molecular systematics is illuminating prokaryotic phylogeny

33. The work of Carl Woese changed our approach to the taxonomy of prokaryotes. How did it do
this?

34. As you read in the Overview to this chapter, many archaea live on the edge and so are termed
extremophiles. Where would you find these types of archaea?

extreme halophiles

extreme thermophiles

The thermophiles are interesting because their DNA and enzymes are stable at high temperatures.
DNA polymerases from thermophiles are important in polymerase chain reaction (Chapter 20).

35. Pee-yoo! Methanogens are found in many habitats. What are some of these habitats? What do
they all have in common?

36. Compare the three domains of life in this chart by filling in either present or absent. One row is
done for you.

A COMPARISON OF THE THREE DOMAINS OF LIFE

Characteristic Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Nuclear envelope

Membrane-enclosed organelles

Introns

Histone proteins associated w/ DNA absent absent present

Circular chromosome

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Concept 27.5 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the biosphere

37. Define each of these terms, and give a specific example of the role that prokaryotes play in the
terms marked with an asterisk (*):

decomposers*

symbiosis

host

symbiont

mutualism*

commensalism*

parasitism*

parasite

pathogens*

Concept 27.6 Prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial effects on humans

38. What are antibiotics? Why are they becoming less effective?

39. There are many bacterial diseases. Make a list of six bad ones here, and give as much
information about each disease as you can find in your text.

40. Explain how a normally harmless symbiont of our gut, E. coli, can be the agent of serious food
poisoning. (Tell the story of 0157:H7.)

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

41. Not all bacterial activity is negative. Humans employ bacteria for many diverse activities. Cite
three human applications of prokaryotes here.

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 28: Protists
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Name _______________________ Period ___________

Chapter 28: Protists

Overview

The kingdom you learned as Protista is no longer recognized as an official taxon. Work in Protista
systematics has revealed that the kingdom is paraphyletic and in need of extensive reworking. The
kingdom formally known as Protista has been divided into many separate kingdoms. Biologists now
use the term Protista in a general, nontechnical way to refer to eukaryotes that are neither plants nor
animals nor fungi. As we move through this chapter, we will concentrate on the evolutionary events of
significance and the specific protists that are important.

Concept 28.1 Most eukaryotes are single-celled organisms

1. Protists vary in structure and function more than any other group of organisms. However, here
are some common traits:
a. All have membrane-bounded organelles, and so are ____________.

b. Most are single-celled, or ____________.

c. They get their food in several ways. Some contain chloroplasts and do photosynthesis, and so
are considered ____________. Others ingest food particles and so are ____________.

2. Endosymbiosis is a key component of eukaryotic evolution. Many protists are also the result of
secondary endosymbiosis. Using Figure 28.2 from the text, label the figure below to show the
key steps in several secondary endosybiotic events.

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 28: Protists
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

3. Define secondary endosymbiosis.

Concept 28.3 Chromalveolates may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis

4. Malaria is a leading cause of infectious disease. Over 300 million people in the tropics are
infected each year, and the death rate is 2 million people per year. The parasites that cause
malaria are in the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium uses both mosquitoes and humans in its
complex life cycle, shown below. Explain the eight steps in the Plasmodium life cycle.

5. Answer these questions about the ciliate

Paramecium.

• How does the Paramecium obtain food?

• How do food vacuoles and lysosomes help with

nutrition?

• The Paramecium is hypertonic to its surroundings, so how does this organism maintain water
balance?

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 28: Protists
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Concept 28.3 Protists play key roles in ecological relationships

6. Describe one mutualistic symbiotic relationship and one parasitic relationship involving protists.

Mutualistic example:

Parasitic example:

7. What is a key ecological role of protists in many aquatic food webs?

8. This is a large chapter with a great deal of information about many different protists. To give you
an idea of some of them, here is a short list gleaned from your text. You may recognize many of
these protists:

a. Giardia intestinalis (causes “hiker’s diarrhea”; always treat your water!)

b. Trichomonas vaginalis (sexually transmitted infection)

c. Trypanosoma sp.(sleeping sickness and Chagas’ disease)

d. Euglena (remember seeing the tiny flagellated green cell with a red eyespot in Bio. I?)

e. Dinoflagellates (blooms cause “red tides”; many are bioluminescent)

f. Plasmodium (causative agent of malaria)

g. Ciliates (Paramecium and Stentor are examples; micro- and macronuclei)

h. Amoeba (move by pseudopodia)

i. Diatoms (unicellular with two-part, glass-like wall made of silica)

j. Golden algae

k. Brown algae (kelp)

l. Oomycetes (water molds and their relatives; includes causative agent of potato blight)

m. Red algae (multicellular; some found at great depths; sushi wraps)

n. Green algae (Clamydomonas, Ulva, Volvox; this group is the closest relative of land plants)

o. Slime molds

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AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 28: Protists
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers

Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:

1._________ 2._________ 3._________

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