Title: Quadratic Equation

Chapter: Quadratic Equation

Approximate Time to Complete (to be filled by student): ________________________
Total Marks Scored:
Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

• Attempt the worksheet in one go. See answers in one go at the end.
• All questions carry 4 marks for positive and -1 if you leave and -2 if you attempt
incorrectly.
• All proving or show questions (if done correctly) are of 4 marks. There is no negative
marking.
• If you cheat in worksheet then you are only cheating and such sinners do not get
selection in JEE so for your own sake refrain from cheating.
• Maintain the solutions of this worksheet and share the link of solution pdf in the
tracker if you want to be monitored.

1. Polynomial :
A function f defined by f(x) = anxn + an – 1xn – 1 + .......+ a1x + a0
where a0, a1, a2, ......, an  R is called a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients (an  0, n  W).
If a0, a1, a2, ....., an  C, it is called a polynomial with complex coefficients.

2. Quadratic polynomial & Quadratic equation :

A polynomial of degree 2 is known as quadratic polynomial. Any equation f(x) = 0, where f is a quadratic
polynomial, is called a quadratic equation. The general form of a quadratic equation is
ax2 + bx + c = 0 .......(i)
Where a, b, c are real numbers, a  0.
If a = 0, then equation (i) becomes linear equation.
3. Difference between equation & identity :
If a statement is true for all the values of the variable, such statements are called as identities. If the statement
is true for some or no values of the variable, such statements are called as equations.
Example : (i) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9 is an identity
(ii) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 8, is an equation having no root.
(iii) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 5x + 8, is an equation having – 1 as its root.
A quadratic equation has exactly two roots which may be real (equal or unequal) or imaginary.
a x2 + b x + c = 0 is:
 a quadratic equation if a  0 Two Roots
 a linear equation if a = 0, b  0 One Root
 a contradiction if a = b = 0, c  0 No Root
 an identity if a=b=c=0 Infinite Roots
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is satisfied by three distinct values of ' x ', then it is an identity.
Example # 1 : (i) 3x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 is a quadratic equation here a = 3.
(ii) (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1 is an identity in x.
Solution : Here highest power of x in the given relation is 2 and this relation is satisfied by three different
values x = 0, x = 1 and x = – 1 and hence it is an identity because a polynomial equation of nth
degree cannot have more than n distinct roots.
 Exercise – I
Section (A) : Relation between the roots and coefficients ; Quadratic Equation
1. For what value of 'a', the equation (a2 – a – 2)x2 + (a2 – 4)x + (a2 – 3a + 2) = 0, will have more
than two solutions ? Does there exist a real value of 'x' for which the above equation will be an
identity in 'a' ?

2. If  and  are the roots of the equation 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0, then find the values of
 
(i) 2 + 2 (ii) +
 

3. If  and  are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then find the equation whose roots are
given by
1 1
(i) + , + (ii) 2 + 2, 2 + 2
 

 
4. If    but 2 = 5 – 3, 2 = 5 – 3, then find the equation whose roots are and .
 

5. In copying a quadratic equation of the form x2 + px + q = 0, the coefficient of x was wrongly

written
as – 10 in place of – 11 and the roots were found to be 4 and 6. Find the roots of the correct
equation.

3 + 5 −1
6. (i) Find the value of the expression 2x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72 when x = . [16JM110133]
2

−1 + 15
(ii) Find the value of the expression 2x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72 when x =
2

(iii) Solve the following equation 22x + 2x+2 – 32 = 0

7. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a  0 and let ,  be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Express the roots of a3x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of , 

8. If ,  are roots of x2 – px + q = 0 and  – 2,  + 2 are roots of x2 – px + r = 0, then prove that

16q + (r + 4 – q)2 = 4p2.

9. If one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 is equal to nth power of the other root, then show that
(acn)1/(n + 1) + (anc)1/(n + 1) + b = 0.
10. If the sum of the roots of quadratic equation (a + 1)x2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4) = 0 is –1, then find
the product of the roots.

11. Find the least prime integral value of '2a' such that the roots ,  of the equation 2 x2 + 6 x + a =
 
0 satisfy the inequality + < 2.
 

Section (B) : Relation between the roots and coefficients quadratic equation
1. The roots of the equation (b – c) x2 + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are
c −a a−b b−c c −a
(A) ,1 (B) ,1 (C) ,1 (D) ,1
b−c b−c a−b a−b

2. If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation x2 + p x + q = 0 and ,  are the roots of x2 + p x – r = 0, then ( − )
. ( − ) is equal to : [16JM110145]
(A) q + r (B) q – r (C) – (q + r) (D) – (p + q + r)

3. Two real numbers  &  are such that  +  = 3,  −  = 4, then  &  are the roots of the quadratic equation:
(A) 4x2 − 12x − 7 = 0 (B) 4x2 − 12x + 7 = 0 (C) 4x2 − 12x + 25 = 0 (D) none of these

4. For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0 if one of the roots is square of the other, then p is equal to:
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 2/3

5. Consider the following statements :

S1 : If the roots of x2 – bx + c = 0 are two consecutive integers, then value of b2 – 4c is equal to 1.
S2 : If   are roots of x2 – x + 3 = 0 then value of  + 4 is equal 7.
S3 : If     are the roots of x3 – 7x2 + 16 x – 12 = 0 then value of 2 + 2 +  is equal to 17.
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3 are true or false
(A) TTT (B) FTF (C) TFT (D) FTT
 Answer Key
Section (A) : Relation between the roots and coefficients ; Quadratic Equation
7 7
1. a = 2; No real value of x. 2. (i) – (ii) –
4 8

3. (i) ac x2 + b(a + c) x + (a + c)2 = 0 (ii) a2 x2 + (2ac – 4a2 – b2) x + 2b2 + (c – 2a)2 = 0

4. 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0. 5. 8, 3

6. (i) 4 (ii) 72 (iii) 2

7.  = 2 and  = 2 or  = 2 and  = 2

10. 2 11. 11

Section (B) : Relation between the roots and coefficients quadratic equation
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (A)

Solution
Section (A) : Relation between the roots and coefficients ; Quadratic Equation
1. a2 – a – 2 = 0, a2 – 4 = 0, a2 – 3a + 2 = 0  a = 2, – 1 and a = ± 2 and a = 1, 2  a = 2
Now (x2 + x + 1) a2 – (x2 + 3) a – (2x2 + 4x – 2) = 0 will be an identity if x2 + x + 1 = 0 & x2 +
3 = 0 & 2x2 + 4x – 2 = 0 which is not possible.
2
 −3  −7   2 + 2 7
2. (i) 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 =   – 2(2) = (ii) + = =–
 2  4    8

b c
3.  +  =– and  =
a a
+ −b −b / a (a + c)
= −  +  = −b
1 1 b b
(i) + ++ =++ = +
   a c/a a c ac
 1 (a + c)2
and   +    +  =  +
1 1 c a
+2 = + +2=
     a c ac
1 1
 equation whose roots are  + and  + is
 
1 1
 +  +  acx2 + b(a + c)x + (a + c)2 = 0
 
b2 2ac 4a2 + b2 − 2ac
(ii) 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 + 4 = – +4=
a2 a2 a2
c2 2(b2 − 2ac)
and (2 + 2) (2 + 2) = 22 + 2(2 + 2) + 4 = + +4
a2 a2
 equation whose roots are 2 + 2 & 2 + 2 is
a2 x2 + (2ac – b2 – 4a2)x + 2b2 + 4a2 + c2 – 4ac = 0  a2 x2 + (2ac – b2 – 4a2)x + 2b2 + (2a –
c)2 = 0

4. given 2 = 5 – 3 and 2 = 5 – 3   &  are the roots of x2 – 5x + 3 = 0

  2 + 2 25 − 6 19  
 +
= = = and . = 1
  3 3  
 
 equation have , as its roots is 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0
 
5.  p = –11, q = 24
then correct equation will be x2 – 11x + 24 = 0
 (x – 8)(x –3) = 0  x = 3, 8

6. (i) E = 2x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72

3 + 5i
Given, x =  2x – 3 = 5i  4x2 + 9 – 12x = – 25
2
 4x2 – 12x + 34 = 0  2x2 – 6x + 17 = 0 ........(i)
Given expression can be written as
E = (2x2 – 6x + 17) (x + 4) + 4 = 4 (using (i))
 1 15 1 15 14 7
(ii) x + 2 =  x2 + x + =  x2 + x =  x2 + x =
  2 4 4 4 2
7
 2x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72 = 2x (x2 + x) – 7x + 72 = 2x   – 7x + 72 = 7x – 7x + 72 = 72.
2
(iii) 2x = y  y2 + 22 y – 32 = 0  y2 + 8y – 4y – 32 = 0
 y=4=2 x
   2x  –8  x = 2.

b c
7.  ax2 + bx + c = 0  + =–   =
a a
 Let a3 x2 + (a b c) x + c3 = 0

=  −    = ( ) ( + ) = 2 + 2
abc b c
 +=– v ....(i)
a3  a  a
3
c
   =   = ()3 = (2) (2) ....(ii)
a
From (i) and (ii) we can say that  = 2 and  = 2 and  = 2 and  = 2

8.  +  = p,  = q  ( – 2) ( + 2) = r   + 2 – 2 – 4 = r
q + 2( – ) – 4 = r  2 – 2 = r + 4 – q  2 + 2 = 2p
4 = r + 4 – q + 2p  4 = 2p – (r + 4 – q)  16 = 4p2 – (r + 4 – q)2
16q + (r + 4 – q)2 = 4p2.

1 1 n
c  c  n+1 b  c  n+1  c  n+1 b
9. . n =   =   + n =–  a + a =–
a a a     a
1 1 n n n 1 1 n
1− 1−
a n+1 . c +1
n + c +1 .
n a n+1 +b = 0  a n+1 . c n+1 + a n+1. c n+1 + b = 0
1 1

(a n
c ) n +1
(
+ a )
c n n+1 +b = 0 Proved.

−(2a + 3) 3a + 4 −6 + 4
10. S= = –1  2a + 3 = a + 1  a = –2 ; p= = =2
a +1 a +1 −2 + 1

11. 2x2 + 6x + a = 0
Its roots are ,    +=–3 &  =
 
+ <2
 
( + )2 – 2 9–a 2a – 9
 <2  <1  >0
 a a

a  (–, 0)   ,   
9
 2a = 11 is least prime.
2  
Section (B) : Relation between the roots and coefficients quadratic equation
1. x = 1 is root. Let other root = 
a−b a−b
 Product of the roots = (1) () =  roots are 1,
b−c b−c

2. +=–p   = q  +=–p   = – r
( – ) ( – ) = 2 –  ( + ) +  = 2 + p – r =  ( + p) – r = –  – r = –q – r = – (q + r)

3. ( – ) = 4  ( – )2 = 16  ( + )2 – 4 = 16

7 7
 9 – 4 = 16   = –  equation is x2 – 3x – =0
4 4

p
4. 3x2 + px + 3 = 0   + 2 = – .... (i)
3
3 = 1,   = 1, , 2   1
  =  or  = 2 put is (i)  p=3

5. S1 : x2 – bx + c = 0  | – | = 1  ( – )2 = 1  b2 – 4c = 1.

S2 :   +  = 1 and vkSj  = 3 
   4 + 4 = (2 + 2)2 – 22 2 = [( + )2 – 2]2 – 2()2 = (1 – 6)2 – 2(9) = 25 – 18 = 7
S3 :    = 7    = 16   = 12  2 = ( )2 – 2 (  ) = 49 – 32
 2 + 2 + 2 = 17
Title: Quadratic Equation
Chapter: Quadratic Equation
Approximate Time to Complete (to be filled by student): ________________________
Total Marks Scored:
Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

• Attempt the worksheet in one go. See answers in one go at the end.
• All questions carry 4 marks for positive and -1 if you leave and -2 if you attempt
incorrectly.
• All proving or show questions (if done correctly) are of 4 marks. There is no negative
marking.
• If you cheat in worksheet then you are only cheating and such sinners do not get
selection in JEE so for your own sake refrain from cheating.
• Maintain the solutions of this worksheet and share the link of solution pdf in the
tracker if you want to be monitored.

4. Relation Between Roots & Co-efficients:

(i) The solutions of quadratic equation, a x2 + b x + c = 0, (a  0) is given by
− b  b − 4ac
2
x=
2a
The expression, b − 4 a c  D is called discriminant of quadratic equation.
2

(ii) If ,  are the roots of quadratic equation,

a x2 + b x + c = 0 .......(i)
then equation (i) can be written as
a(x – ) (x – ) = 0 or ax2 – a( + )x + a  = 0 ......(ii)
equations (i) and (ii) are identical,
b coefficient of x
 by comparing the coefficients sum of the roots,  +  = – = –
a coefficient of x2
c constant term
and product of the roots,  = =
a coefficient of x2
b c
(iii) Dividing the equation (i) by a, x2 + x+ =0
a a
 −b  c
 x2 –  x+ a =0  x2 – ( + )x +  = 0
 a 
 x2 – (sum of the roots) x + (product of the roots) = 0
Hence we conclude that the quadratic equation whose roots are  &  is x2 – ( + )x +  = 0

Example # 2 : If  and  are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, find the equation whose roots are +2 and +2.
Solution : Replacing x by x – 2 in the given equation, the required equation is
a(x – 2)2 + b(x – 2) + c = 0 i.e., ax2 – (4a – b)x + (4a – 2b + c) = 0.

Example # 3 : The coefficient of x in the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 was taken as 17 in place of 13, its
roots were found to be – 2 and – 15. Find the roots of the original equation.
Solution : Here q = (– 2) × (– 15) = 30, correct value of p = 13. Hence original equation is
x2 + 13x + 30 = 0 as (x + 10) (x + 3) = 0
 roots are – 10, – 3

Self practice problems :

(1) If ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation cx2 – 2bx + 4a = 0 then find the quadratic equation
whose roots are
 
(i) , (ii) 2, 2 (iii)  + 1,  + 1
2 2
1+  1 +   
(iv) , (v) ,
1−  1 −   
 (r + 1)2 b2
(2) If r be the ratio of the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, show that = .
r ac
Answers : (1) (i) cx2 – bx + a = 0
(ii) c2x2 + 4(b2 – 2ac)x + 16a2 = 0
(iii) cx2 – 2x(b + c) + (4a + 2b + c) = 0
(iv) (c – 2b + 4a)x2 + 2(4a – c) x + (c + 2b + 4a) = 0
(v) 4acx2 + 4(b2 – 2ac) x + 4ac = 0

5. Theory Of Equations :
If 1, 2, 3,......n are the roots of the equation;
f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 +.... + an-1x + an = 0 where a0, a1,....,an are all real & a0  0 then,
a a a a
 1 = − 1 ,  1 2 = + 2 ,  1 2 3 = − 3 ,....., 1 2 3........n = (−1)n n
a0 a0 a0 a0

Note : (i) If  is a root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the polynomial f(x) is exactly divisible by (x − ) or
(x − ) is a factor of f(x) and conversely.
(ii) Every equation of nth degree (n  1) has exactly n roots & if the equation has more than n roots, it is an
identity.
(iii) If the coefficients of the equation f(x) = 0 are all real and  + i is its root, then  − i is also a root. i.e.
imaginary roots occur in conjugate pairs.
(iv) An equation of odd degree will have odd number of real roots and an equation of even degree will have
even numbers of real roots.
(v) If the coefficients in the equation are all rational &  +  is one of its roots, then
−  is also a root where ,   Q &  is not square of a rational number.
(vi) If there be any two real numbers 'a' & 'b' such that f(a) & f(b) are of opposite signs, then
f(x) = 0 must have odd number of real roots (also atleast one real root) between ' a ' and ' b '.
(vii) Every equation f(x) = 0 of degree odd has atleast one real root of a sign opposite to that of its
last term. (If coefficient of highest degree term is positive).
Example # 4 : If 2x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 has roots , ,  then find  +  + ,  +  +  and .
Solution : Using relation between roots and coefficients, we get
3 5 6
++==– ,  +  +  = ,  = – = – 3.
2 2 2
Self practice problems :
(3) If 2p3 – 9pq + 27r = 0 then prove that the roots of the equations rx3 – qx2 + px – 1 = 0 are in H.P.

(4) If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + qx + r = 0 then find the equation whose roots are
(a)  + 2 + ,  +  + ,  +  + 
r r r
(b) − , − , −
  
(c) ( + ) , ( + )2, ( + )2
2

(d) −3, −3, −3

Answers : (4) (a) x3 + qx – r = 0 (b) x3 – qx2 – r2 = 0
(c) x3 + 2qx2 + q2 x – r2 = 0 (d) x3 – 3x2r + (3r2 + q3) x – r3 = 0
 Exercise – I
Section (A) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
1. If  and  be two real roots of the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 (r  0) satisfying the relation  + 1 = 0, then
prove that r2 + pr + q + 1 = 0.
2. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, then find the value of
 1 1  1 
  −   −    −  . [16JM110135]
      
3. (i) Solve the equation 24x3 – 14x2 – 63x +  = 0, one root being double of another. Hence find the
value(s) of .
(ii) Solve the equation 18x3 + 81x2 + x + 60 = 0, one root being half the sum of the other two.
Hence find the value of 
4. If , ,  are roots of equation x3 – 6x2 + 10x – 3 = 0, then find cubic equation with roots 2 + 1, 2 + 1,
2 + 1. [16JM110136]

 
5. If ,  and  are roots of 2x3 + x2 – 7 = 0, then find the value of   +  .
, ,  
 

6. Find the roots of 4x3 + 20x2 – 23x + 6 = 0 if two of its roots are equal.

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
1. If two roots of the equation x3 − px2 + qx − r = 0, (r  0) are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then:
(A) pr = q (B) qr = p (C) pq = r (D) None of these
1+  1 +  1 + 
2. If ,  &  are the roots of the equation x3 − x − 1 = 0 then, + + has the value equal to:
1−  1 −  1 − 
(A) zero (B) − 1 (C) − 7 (D) 1
3. Let , ,  be the roots of (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) = d, d  0, then the roots of the equation
(x – ) (x – ) (x – ) + d = 0 are :
a b c
(A) a + 1, b + 1, c + 1 (B) a, b, c (C) a – 1, b – 1, c – 1 (D) , ,
b c a
3 + 3 +  3
4. If , ,  are the roots of the equation x3 + ax + b = 0 then value of 2 is equal to :
 + 2 +  2
3b −3 b
(A) (B) (C) 3b (D) 2b
2a 2a
5. If two of the roots of equation x4 – 2x3 + ax2 + 8x + b = 0 are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, then value of
4a + b is equal to :
(A) 16 (B) 8 (C) –16 (D) –8
 Answer Key
Section (A) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
(r + 1)3
2. –
r2
3 3 −5 −1 25
3. (i) roots are , , ,  = 45 or , − 1, ,  = –25.
4 2 3 2 12
−4 3 −5
(ii) roots are ,− , ,  = 121
3 2 3
1 1
4. x3 – 15x2 + 67x – 77 = 0. 5. –3 6. , ,–6
2 2

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (C)

Solution
Section (A) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
1. Let 3rd root be  then  = –r But  = –1 (given)   = r
substituting x =  = r in the given equation we get r2 + pr + q + 1 = 0.

 1  1   1 
2. x3 + px2 + qx + r   = – r    −   −   − 
        
3
       1 (r + 1)3 (r + 1)3
=   +    +    +  =   1 +  = – r = – Ans.
 r r r  r r3 r2

4. 3 – 62 + 10 – 3 = 0.
x −1 (x − 1)3 6(x − 1)2
Let x = 2 + 1 new root  =  – + 5(x – 1) – 3 = 0
2 8 4
(x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1) – 12 (x2 – 2x + 1) + 40 (x – 1) – 24 = 0  x3 – 15x2 + 67x – 77 = 0.

5. 2x3 + x2 – 7 = 0   +  +  = – 1/2,   = 0 ,  = 7/2

       
  +   =   +   +
1 1 1
+ + + = ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
      
1  1  1  1  1  1  1  1 1 1 1   
− −  + − −  + − −   = –  + +  – 1 – 1 – 1 = –   –3=–3
  2 
=
   2    2  2    2   

6. Let roots be ,  and 

20
 ++=–  2 +  = – 5 .............(1)
4
23 23
  .  +  +  = –  2 + 2 = – .............(2)
4 4
6 3
and 2 = – =– .............(3)
4 2
23
from equation (1) put  = – 5 – 2 in (2), we get 2 + 2 (– 5 – 2) = –
4
23
 122 + 40 – 23 = 0   = 1/2, –
6
1
(i) If  = then from (1), we get  = – 6
2
23 8
(ii) If  = – then from (1), we get  =
6 3
 1 23 8
Note :  = and  = – 6 also satisfy (3) but  = − and  = does not satisfy (3)
2 6 3
1 1
 required roots are , ,–6
2 2

Section (B) : Relation between roots and coefficients ; Higher Degree Equations
1. Let the roots be , , – then +–=p
 =p ...(1) and  –  – 2 = q  2 = –q ...(2)
also – 2 = r  pq = r [using (1)].

2. x –x–1=0
3
 then 3 –  – 1 = 0 .............(1)


3
1+  y −1  y − 1  y − 1
Let = y  = from equation (1)   −  − 1 = 0 y3 + 7y2 – y + 1 = 0
1−  y +1  y + 1  y + 1

1+  1+  1+ 
then + + = – 7 Ans.
1−  1−  1− 

3. Clearly (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) = –(x – ) (x – ) (x – )  if , ,  are the roots of given equation

then (x – ) (x – ) (x – ) + d = 0 will have roots a, b, c.

3 + 3 +  3 3  3b
4. ++=  = =
 + + 
2 2 2
−2( +  +  ) 2a

5. Let roots are , –   then  +  = 2 and –2 ( + ) = –8

 2 = 4   ±2

 24 – 2(23) + a(2)2 + 8(2) + b = 0  4a + b = –16