Individual Psychology - Subjective perception shape behavior and  Not loving yourself

Alfred Adler (1870-1937) personality o Feeling helpless

Life Highlights - Personality is unified and self-consistent o Being unable to cope with the
- Sickness in childhood (rickets and pneumonia) (definition of personality) demands of life.
o Forced himself to do sport - The value of human activity must be seen from Inferiority Complex affects how a person functions
- Parents’ favorite; mothers’ until the arrival of a social interest viewpoint. - Causes
a new baby. - Style of life develops from a self-consistent o Organic Inferiority
- Strove to the top of his class when advised to personality structure.  Having defective parts or
apprentice in shoemaking. - Creative power molds people’s style of life. organs of the body.
- Studied medicine--ophthalmology general Concepts o Spoiling
medicine neurology and psychiatry. Striving for superiority  Experience in school of not
o Influenced by the death of his younger - Single motivating force in the personality being the center of attention
brother. - Gives unity and coherence compared to individuals’
- Relationship with Freud (hostile) - Involves the desire to be competent and homes.
- Popularity in America effective in whatever one strives to do.  Can shock the child and let
Individual Psychology - Begins with feelings of inferiority them believe they have some
- Proposed by Adler and it “fashioned an image o Motivating force in all behavior personal deficiency.
of human nature that did not portray people as o Normal condition of all people o Neglecting
victims of instincts, biological forces, and o Source of all human striving  Having indifferent, neglectful
childhood experiences.” o Necessary to strive for success or hostile parents ( in extreme,
o In contrast with Freud’s theory. - Compensation abuse)
o Adler’s view, a person is a victim in o Motivation to overcome inferiority  Development of feelings of
his biological side and childhood o Satisfies the need to overcome the worthlessness, anger, and
experience. sense of inferiority and strive for view others with distrust.
- Uniqueness of individuals is the center, and increasingly higher levels of - Parental influence on Personality
Freud’s proposed universality brought about development. Development
by biological motives and goals was rejected. Inferiority feelings are normal but inferiority complex o The first 2 years of life are important
- Presents a more optimistic view of people. is not in the formation of the adult
- Emphasized people as being motivated by Inferiority Complex personality.
social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with - The belief that one is vastly inferior to o We can also associate the last two
all humankind. everyone else. causes of inferiority complex to
o Social interest is a concept - Condition that develops when a person is parental influence.
- Influenced a lot of theorists but is unpopular. unable to compensate for normal inferiority - Problem Behaviors in Parenting
Main Tenets feelings. o Pampering is giving children too much
- Behavior Motivation: Striving for success or - Characteristics attention.
superiority o Having poor opinion to oneself o Robs the child of independence.
 o Neglect giving too little attention on o Subjective perceptions of reality that  Creates personal
children guides or shapes the manner of superiority goal
o Result in cold and suspicious attitudes striving for success (against social
o As adults, they may be incapable of o No real existence but is real to the interest)
warm personal relationships person which influences behavior  Parental authoritarianism
 Become doubtful of other - Fictional finalism  Strive for power and
people’s intention. o Idea that there is an imagined or personality and
The more inferior we see ourselves, the stronger our potential goal that guides our behavior personal superiority.
striving for superiority o Future expectations - Styles of Life
Superiority Complex o Teleological o Unhealthy
o Condition that develops when a person Unity and Self- Consistency of Personality  Dominant
overcompensates for the normal Ways where unity and self- consistency is operated  Getting
inferiority feelings 1. Organ dialect  Avoiding
o Exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities - Deficient organ expresses/communicates the o Healthy
and accomplishments. direction of the individual’s goals.  Socially useful
- Increases tension 2. Conscious and Unconscious - The Ruling (dominant) type
- Manifested by the individual and the society - Harmony between the two o Aggressive, dominating people who
interdependently - Social interest have little social interest or cultural
- The ultimate goal (oriented towards the future) o Innate potential to cooperate with perception.
- Initial Definition other people to achieve personal and o Aggression may be directed to others
o Compensation for general feeling of societal goals or to the self
weakness or femininity (masculine o Gauge in judging a person’s worth o They don’t care about the people
protest) o Initially dominance when not yet around
- Later Definition recognized - The getting type
o The urge towards perfection or o Natural condition o Most common
completion that motivates people  Binds ties due to inferiority o Dependent people who take rather
Subjective Perceptions through joining groups. than give
- May kanya-kanyang pagtingin sa bagay-bagay o Origin - The Avoiding type
depending on where they are or state in  Nurturance of parents o People who try to escape life’s
whatever context.  Mother’s role as caretaker problems and engage in little socially
- Fictions (social interest building) constructive activity.
o Story that we tells ourselves according  Pampered vs. o Strive for superiority
how we perceive the situation that we neglected - The Socially useful type
are looking at.  Father’s role of being o People with a great deal of social
emotionally detached interest and activity
o Cooperates with others
 o Copes with problems believing that they are more  Constructing obstacles
o Acts in accordance with their needs superior than they really are.  Least severe
Creative power  “Yes, but... or If only…”  Tayo gumagawa ng
- Makes each person a free individual. o Aggression sariling obstacles so
- Ability to create an appropriate style of life  Depreciation we can have an
- People actively shapes their life  Tendency to excuse.
- Law of low doorway undervalue other Applications
Maladjustments people’s - Family constellation
- Perceived as due to underdeveloped social achievements and o Birth order
interests overvalue one’s own  First-Born
o Too concerned of self and little care (criticism and gossip)  Subjected to
for others  Accusation excessive attention
- Characteristics of neurotics  Tendency to blame from their parents and
o Goals are too high (unrealistic) others for one’ thus to pampering.
o Live in their private world failures and to seek  Tend to be more
o Rigid and dogmaFtic revenge; let other intelligent,
- External factors of maladjustments people suffer more achievement-
o Exaggerated physical deficiencies than they do. oriented, conforming
(exaggerated inferiority feelings  Self-accusation and affiliative.
o Pampered style of life  Self-torture and guilt;  Oriented toward the
 Feeling unloved w/o parents devaluing the self to past and show a high
o Neglected style of life inflict suffering on degree of concern
Safeguarding tendencies others. with power-desire to
- Protective devices that enable people to hide o Withdrawal exercise authority,
inflated self-image and maintain their style of  Moving backward lead, or protect and
life.  Similar to regression help others.
- Conscious and shield from public disgrace  Humihingi ng  Middle-Born
- Overly rigid tendencies lead to self-defeating sympathy from otehrs  Develop a strong
techniques  Standing still superiority striving
o Excuses  Avoiding thus becoming the
 Most common safeguarding responsibility highest achievers
tendency  Hinahayaang  Apt to be
 Protects a weak but artificially mangyari ang bagay competitive,
inflated sense of self-worth bagay ambitious, and often
and deceive people into  Hesitating surpass the first-born
 Compulsive behavior
 in achievement and  Improper behavior:  Subjective experience makes
motivation. warning to not repeat psychotherapy difficult;
 Last-Born the behavior challenging client’s view by
 Pampered resulting in  Believed that recollections of shifting the responsibility
being spoiled, early experiences are shaped from the therapist to the self.
dependent, w/o by present style of life  Did therapy with children in
personal initiative, w/ o Dream Analysis front of an audience to make
strong inferiority  Dreams involve feelings everyone see th importance of
feelings about a current problem and everyone’s attitude change
 More sociable, also what we intend to do about it. Strengths and Criticisms
strives for excellence  Manifestation of style of life Strengths
and superiority. and unique to everyone. - Simplicity and its applicability even at present
 Only-Child Goal of assessment: determine the person’s style of life - Adler’s theory has encouraged researchers to
 Tend to be more like and appropriateness of it develop several social interest scales
other children, enjoy - Psychotherapy - Individual psychology is sufficiently broad to
the center of attention o Analyzed patients’ verbalizations and encompass possible explanations for much of
 Tends to mature behavior what is known about human behavior and
sooner and to adapt o Relaxed and informal during therapy development
adult like behaviors compared to Freud. - The theory is high on its ability to guide action
earlier in life. o Used humor and warmth; observed
Assessment everything Criticisms
o Early Recollections  Believed that the way the - Methodological limitations of case study in
 Earliest memories, whether body is used indicates Adler’s researches
real events or fantasies, are something about a person’s - Causal explanation of early recollection and
assumed to reveal the primary style of life. style of life (and vice versa) is not established
interest of life. o Purpose: Enhance courage, lessen - Lack of precise operational definitions (e.g.,
 Memories of danger feelings of inferiority, and encourage goal of superiority, creative power)
or punishment: social interest - Specifics of forming styles of life are not clear
tendency toward o Psychopathology is seen as the lack of Freud’s criticism of Adler’s propositions
hostility courage, exaggerated feelings of - Oversimplified concepts
 Birth of sibling: inferiority, and underdeveloped social Dimensions for Concept of Humanity
continued sense of interest - Determinism VS Free Choice (we choose
dethronement o Therapist acts as a congenial co- what we want to be)
 Memories of one worker and it is essential that - Pessimism VS Optimistic
parent: preference of moralistic preaching is refrained - Causality VS Teleology (people act as they do)
that parent o Therapeutic relationship is important - Conscious VS Unconscious
 - Biological Influences VS Social Influences - Jung believed that each of us by repressed - Through the ego, we establish a sense of
- Uniqueness (individuality) VS Similarities experiences but also certain emotionally toned stability in the way we perceive ourselves
Individual Psychology experiences inherited from our ancestors. - The ego bases its perceptions and behaviors
- The self is responsible for shaping personality Psychic Energy on:
- Optimistic view of people (social interest) - Basis of Jung’s system o Attitudes
- Behavior is shaped by the future - Libido o Functions
- Conscious is at the core of personality o Diffuse and general life energy (not
- Denied universality of biological motives and limited to sexual desire) Psychological Types
goals o Fuels personality - Union of two basic attitudes and four functions
- Personalities are shaped by unique social - Psyche
environments and interactions o Personality Attitudes
- Motivation Principles of Psychic Energy
- Predisposition to act or react in a characteristic
o Social influence - Inspired from physics.
direction:
o Superiority/success 1. Opposition principle
o Extroversion
o Focused on the uniqueness of each a. Every concept has an opposite
 Orientation toward the
person b. Conflict between opposing concepts is
external world or other people
Analytical Psychology necessary to generate energy
 Outward psychic energy
Carl Jung (1875-1961) 2. Equivalence Principle
- Parent’s oddities a. Total amount of psychic is fixed Extraverted people are not necessarily loud rather, they
- Religious family background b. Continuing redistribution of energy tend to have an orientation toward the external world
- Medical Background within a personality or other people which may lead them to a tendency to
o Studied medicine and worked in i. Transfer of energy in an area be more sociable and comfortable being outside.
psychiatric hospitals. of equal psychic value when
- Freud’s influence energy in another area o Introversion
o Extreme isolation after fallout with weakens.  Orientation toward one’s own
Freud 3. Entropy Principle thoughts and feelings
- Women in Jung’s life a. Tendency to equalize energy within a  Inward psychic energy
o Emma Jung (wife) system (equilibrium) - One is more dominant while the other remains
o Antonia “toni” Wolff i. Ideal and is never achieved influential
Became aware of his own no. 1 (extraverted and in tune Levels of the Psyche - How we collect energy and comfort level
with the objective world) and no. 2 (introverted and Functions
Ego
directed inward to the subjective world) personalities.
Analytical Psychology - One’s conscious mind - Different and opposing ways of perceiving the
- Rests on the assumption that occult - Selects perceptions, thoughts, feelings and objective external and subjective internal
phenomena can and do influence the lives of memories that may enter consciousness world.
everyone.
Non-rational (Perceiving)
 - Functions: accept experiences without politicians of dynasties may - Made up of primordial images w/in the
evaluation. have the tendency of having. collective unconscious
- Sensing: reproduces an experience through the o May conscious or unconscious - A universal thought from or predisposition to
senses; individual’s perception of sensory o More observed by others respond to the world in certain ways.
impulses o Not just from personal experiences but - Efforts to deny or destroy the archetypes put us
- Intuiting: perception beyond the working of also ancestral experiences. at a greater risk of becoming unbalanced or
consciousness; creative (hunch or intuition) one-sided
Collective Unconscious - The main source of archetypal material is
Rational (Judging) dreams
- Deepest level of the psyche
- Functions: making judgments and evaluations - Containing the accumulation of inherited 4 Major Jungian Archetypes
about experiences; concerned with organizing experiences of human and pre-human species
and categorizing experiences. - Human’s innate tendency to react in a
- Thinking: conscious judgment of whether an particular way whenever their experiences
experience is true or false; logical intellectual stimulate a biologically inherited response
activity that produces a chain of ideas tendency
- Feeling: evaluation expressed in terms of like - Shared and extends across persons
or dislike, pleasantness or unpleasantness, - Actively influence people’s thoughts,
stimulation or dullness. emotions, and actions.
- Biologically inherited response tendency may
Personal Unconscious be compared to the concept of phylogenetic
- Includes perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and endowment of Freud.
memories that have been put aside but may be
easily be retrieved
- May also include person’s life history that has
been repressed or forgotten The Persona
- Unique to each person
- Complexes - Outside of the ego seemingly protecting it
o Core or pattern of emotions, - Public self
memories, perceptions and wishes in - Social role that one assumes in society and
the personal unconscious organized one’s understanding of it.
around a common theme - One’s mask that one wears to adjust to the
(power/status, mother) demands of society.
 Having a God complex is - Represents a compromise between one’s true
similar to having a identity and social identity.
power/status complex, which Archetypes
The Shadow
 - Dark side of our personalities The Self o Beginning of logical and verbal
- Morally objectionable tendencies thinking
- Encompasses those unsocial thoughts, - Represents by Mandala o Addressing the self in the third person
feelings, and behaviors that we potentially - The central archetype - Dualistic (elementary)
possess and other characteristics that we do not - Represents the striving for unity of all parts of o Ego acts as a perceiver
accept the personality  Divided to subjective and
- Opposite side of persona - Organizes and harmonizes all the archetypes objective
o Refers to the desires and emotions that and their expressions. o Consciousness becomes continuous
are incompatible with or social - Ultimate goal is self-realization. lands.
standards and ideal personality. o When the parts of personality are
- Source of vitality, spontaneity, creativity, and united because it means that we Youth (puberty to middle life)
emotion. understand ourselves.
- Strive to gain psychic and physical
- Confronting shadow increases the possibility Stages of Development independence from parents, find a mate, raise
of widening the boundaries of ego a family, and make a place in the world.
consciousness and of integrating otherness. - Jung compares the stages of life to the Sun’s - Difficulty
- The shadow, in terms of morality, does not journey through the sky, with the Brilliance of o Overcome the natural tendency to
conform to society's standard of morality. This the sun representing consciousness. cling to the narrow consciousness of
is the reason why people keep the shadow in childhood (avoid problems)
the dark. - Conservative principle
o The desire to live in the past
The Anima and Animus
- Anima Middle Life
o Feminine aspects of the male psyche - Psychic energy is turned from the objective to
o Great mother archetype is its the subjective.
derivative Childhood
- Moving from extraverted goals of youth and
o Wiser version Three substages: moving in the introverted direction of
- Animus expanded consciousness.
o Masculine aspects of the female - Anarchic (baby) - Psychological health is enhanced by looking
psyche o Consciousness is primitive and cannot into the future with hope and anticipation,
o The wise old man archetype is its be verbalized surrendering the lifestyle of their youth, and
derivative o Consciousness are like islands discovering new meaning in their middle life.
- Existing because they have lived together for (disconnected).
- This stage has great importance to Jung’s self-
centuries - Monarchic (toddler) realization concept.
- If one exhibits only the traits of one’s assigned o The start of the development of the - Achieving success objectively (e.g.,youth
sex, the other traits remain unconscious, ego
appearance, prestige) is not the focus anymore.
undeveloped and primitive.
Old age o Innate tendency toward unity or - Compared to dream but in a conscious state
wholeness in the personality. (clearer and reproducible)
- Jung believed that death is the goal of life o When one transcends, they are able to
- Establishing new goals and meaning of life integrate the self within. Psychotherapy
Self- realization (individuation) Applications - Goal of Jungian therapy: help neurotic patients
become healthy and to encourage healthy
- Psychological rebirth Assessment people to work independently toward self-
- Condition of psychological health resulting realization.
from the integration of all conscious and - Word association test - Four approaches:
unconscious facets of the personality o Projective technique 1. Confession of pathogenic secret
- Process of integrating the opposite poles into a o A person responds to a stimulus word 2. Interpretation, explanation, and
single homogenous individual with whatever comes to mind elucidation
- People are more in touch with the external - Symptom Analysis 3. Education of patients as social beings
world during the youth stage. o Focuses on symptoms reported by 4. Transformation (for therapist) to help
patient and attempts to interpret the patients
Step towards self-realization patient’s free association to those - Jungian therapy is designed to bring together
1. Confront the unconscious symptoms (catharsis). the conscious and unconscious parts of the
o Brings the unconscious to the o For treatment mind to help a person feel balanced and whole.
conscious; - Dream Analysis
o Balance between the conscious and o Series of dreams are perceived as Strengths
unconscious. prospective and compensatory.
o The interpretation is believed to - Jung is the only modern personality theorist to
2. Dethrone persona make a serious attempt to include such a broad
o Public self is not the genuine self uncover unconscious conflicts.
scope of human activity within a single
o Accept the genuine self that the Myers- Briggs type Indicator theoretical framework.
persona is covering - Contributions:
3. Accept our dark sides - Self- report inventory o Word association test
o Bringing each aspect of personality - Based on Jung’s Psychological types o Influenced other theorists (e.g.,
into harmony with other aspects - 16 personality types were created Maslow, Adler, Erikson, Cattell)
4. Accept our Anima and Animus - Currently, its validity and reliability are still o Introversion-Extroversion
o Most Difficult questioned. personalities
o Greatest change in self-image
particularly for males. Active Imagination Criticisms
o Opens a new sources of creativity and - Reveals archetypal images from the
serves as a final release from parental - Case study research (life history)
unconscious and starts with any impression - Mysticism (lack of scientific evidence)
influences until it moves.
5. Transcend - Lacking in internal consistency, practicality,
and parsimony
 - Its application is limited only to those 2. Objection to Freud’s ideas on feminine - A difficult childhood (patterns) leads to
therapists who subscribe to basic Jungian psychology. neurotic needs which becomes the child’s
tenets. 3. Stressed psychoanalysis to move beyond the means to gain feelings of safety.
instinct theory and emphasize cultural - “People who rigidly repeat patterns of
The dimensions for a concept of humanity is on the influences in shaping personality. behavior do so because they interpret new
middle: - Recognized Freud’s Insights experiences in a manner consistent with those
- Determinism VS Free Choice (Mysticism) established patterns.”
Psychoanalytic Social Theory
- Pessimism (archetypes) VS Optimistic Ways of undermining a child’s security
- Causality VS Teleology (past and future is - Posits that social and cultural conditions,
important to him) especially childhood experiences, are largely 1. Obvious preference for one sibling over
- Conscious VS Unconscious responsible for shaping personality. another
o Sees childhood experiences as a part 2. Unfair punishment
Biological Influences VS Social Influences of culture and has a leading role in 3. Erratic behavior
Uniqueness VS Similarities shaping personality. 4. Promises not kept
- The totality of early relationships molds 5. Ridicule
Psychoanalytic Social Theory personality development 6. Humiliation
Karen Horney (1885-1952) - Two guiding principles (instead of pleasure 7. Isolation of the child from peers
- Hostile to father, idolized mother principle) - Experience of these leads the child to be in
- Unhappy child (not the favorite and discord o Safety/security state of helplessness that induces neurotic
between her parents) o Satisfaction behavior.
- Left home (against his father’s will) to become - No stages of development
a physician o Child relationship is the key feature, Impact of Culture
- Relationships with men contrary to Freud, later attitudes are - Horney acknowledged genetic factor but
o Oskar Horney believed to be coming from character emphasized cultural influences on personality
o Affairs structure, not repetitions of infantile development
o Erich Fromm attitudes (fixations)
- Moved to the US where she saw the difference
(attributed to culture) between German and Impact of childhood Experiences
American clients - Childhood is believed to be:
- Early feminist (Issues with Freud) o The age from which most traumatic
- Self- analysis by examining diaries. events arise.
Horney’s Criticisms of Psychoanalysis o Dominated by the safety need.
o The phase when people can withstand
1. Rigid adherence to psychoanalysis would lead trauma as long as they feel wanted,
to stagnation in theoretical thought and and loved, and secured.
practice.
Repressing Hostility towards Parents 1. Securing affection and love Compulsive drives
o “If you love me, you will not hurt me.”
- The more helpless children are, the less they o Purchasing love - “only way to resolve basic anxiety”
dare to oppose or rebel against their parents. 2. Being submissive - Compulsively using one self-protective
o More fearful they become, the more o “If I give in, I will not be hurt.” mechanism instead of using various
they will repress hostility. o Self is seen as unselfish and self- mechanism.
- Dishonest expressions of love sacrificing
o Repress hostility to maintain even that Neurotic Needs
o Avoid doing anything that may
love. antagonize others 1. Affection and Approval
- More guilt feelings, more repressed hostility. o Comply to others wishes a. Indiscriminately pleasing others
- Experience of these leads the child to be in a 3. Attaining power 2. A Powerful Partner
state of helplessness that induces neurotic o “If I have power, I will not be a. Overvaluation of love and a dread of
behavior. harmed.” being alone or deserted
Basic Anxiety o Compensation through success or 3. Power
sense of superiority a. Control others and avoid feelings of
- Pervasive feelings of loneliness and o Power: tendency to dominate others weakness or stupidity
helplessness o Prestige: tendency to humiliate others 4. Exploit Others
“A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a o Possession: tendency to deprive a. Basis of evaluation is how they can
world conceived as potentially hostile.” others. use others; fear to be exploited by
“a feeling of being small, insignificant, 4. Withdrawing others
helpless, deserted, endangered, in a world that o “If I don’t become attached or 5. Prestige (Social Recognition)
is out to abuse, cheat, attack, humiliate, betray, involved, I will not be hurt.” a. Trying to be first, important, or attract
envy” o Developing independence from others attention
- Can also lead to hostility by detaching emotionally becoming 6. Personal Admiration
- “nutritive soil” that helps neurosis to develop aloof, not seeking out people, blunting a. Need to be admired for what they are
- Foundation of Neurosis but not neurosis or minimizing emotional needs. than for what they possess; inflated
- Developed from repressed hostility as it leads self-esteem fed by the approval of
to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague Characteristics of Self- Protective Mechanisms others
sense of apprehension. - Defense against pain, but not a pursuit of well- 7. Ambition and Personal Achievement
being a. To be the best and defeat others to
Self-Protective Mechanisms confirm superiority
- Powerful and intense
- Reflect the neurotic trends - Not necessarily an indication of neurosis but 8. Self-sufficiency and Independence
- Defend against basic anxiety becomes unhealthy when people feel a. Strong need to move away from
- Interaction with other people is necessary compelled to rely on them. people; getting along without others
- Defend against basic anxiety  Motivation to 9. Perfection and Unassailability
4 general ways of protecting the self against basis seek security
anxiety
 a. Strive for perfection; dreading - Values freedom and self-sufficiency
mistakes and personal flaws, and - May appear aloof and unapproachable
desperately attempt to hide them Characteristics: - Fears to need other people
10. Restrict One’s Life within Narrow Borders - Driven to surpass others - Uses reason, logic and intelligence to avoid
a. Strive to remain inconspicuous, to - Judges everyone in terms of the benefit that intimacy
take second place, and be content with they will receive
very little; downgrade abilities and Adler’s Influence (Style of life)
- No effort to appease others
dread making demands from others. - Can be highly successful Complaint and Aggressive
Neurotic Trends - Low intrinsic motivation
- May appear confident, tough, or ruthless - Other people are a necessity
Moving Towards people (Compliant Personality) - Seldom admit mistakes Dominance of a Trend
- Affection and Approval Moving Away from People (Detached Personality) - Determines neurotic behaviors manifested
- A Powerful Partner - Two are repressed or manifested lesser
- Restrict One’s life within Narrow Borders - Self-sufficiency and Independence
- Perfection and Unassailability - Repressed trends push for expression leading
- Compulsion when its neurosis to conflict
- “Look at me. I am so weak and helpless that - Restrict One’s Life within Narrow Borders
you must protect and love me.” - “Look at me. I don’t need other people. I can Intrapsychic Conflicts
- Likely to see themselves as loving, generous, satisfy my own needs.”
unselfish, humble, and sensitive to other - Satisfying needs by compulsively putting - Basic incompatibility of the neurotic trends
people’s feelings, but it is their way of emotional distance between themselves and - Core of neurosis
manipulation to satisfy their need for affection other people attaining autonomy and o Leads to rigid and inflexible behaviors
and approval. separateness. and attitudes regardless of suitability
- Rejection is terrifying that efforts to please - Suppress or deny feelings to others to situations
increase. - They find associating with others an - The processes originate from interpersonal
intolerable strain experiences.
Moving Against People (Aggressive Personality) - Belief in hidden greatness to be recognized o As processes become a part of the
o Automatic recognition belief system, they develop a life of
- Power their own separate from interpersonal
o Self-deceptive: they think that they are
- Exploit Others conflicts.
unique, different, and apart from
- Prestige - Two intrapsychic conflicts
everyone.
- Personal Admiration o Idealized Self-image
o Intense need for privacy
- Ambition and Personal Achievement o Self-hatred
- “Look at me. I am strong and powerful. I can Characteristics:
protect myself from anything or anyone.” Idealized Self- Image
- Domineering and controlling behaviors are - Build their own world and refuse others to be
close - An attempt to solve conflicts by painting a
manifested.
godlike picture of oneself.
 - Self-image of: Six major ways of self-hatred expression: o Claimed that there is no reason for
o Compliant women to be envious; male’s envy of
 good and saintly - Relentless demands on the self pregnancy and motherhood
o Aggressive - Merciless self-accusation (blaming the self) o Denial of equal rights, minimized
 strong heroic, omnipotent - Self-contempt (self-criticizing joke) opportunities for women and
o Detached - Self-frustration ( Taboos against enjoyment) downgrading their efforts to achieve is
 wise, self-sufficient, - Self-torment or Self-torture (inflict harm to a manifestation of womb envy (to
independent self) retain “natural superiority” of men.
- Self-destructive actions (physical or - Masculine protest
Three aspects: psychological; conscious or unconscious) o also agreed with Freud of its
1. Neurotic search for glory Externalization existence; pathological belief that men
- Drive toward actualizing the ideal self are superior to women
- Elements: - A way to defend against the conflict caused by - Flight from womanhood
o Perfection (Tyranny of the “shoulds”) the discrepancy between an idealized and a o Women denying femininity and can
 An attempt to realize real self-image projection to the world. lead to sexual inhibitions.
unattainable idealized self- - Alleviates anxiety but does not lessen the gap
between the idealized and real self-image. Applications
image by denying the true self
and behaving in terms of what - Excuses Assessment
we think we should be doing. Feminine Psychology
o Neurotic ambition (to high goals) Free Association
o Drive toward a vindictive triumph - Revision of psychoanalysis to encompass the - Did not probe the unconscious
(gumaganti) psychological conflicts inherent in the o Believed that patient could distort or
2. Neurotic claims traditional ideal of womanhood and women’s hide aspects of their inner lives or
- Seeing the self as special and entitled to be roles. falsify feelings of remembered events
treated in accordance with their self-image. - Believed that psychic differences between - Focused on visible emotional reactions that
- Normal desire sexes are due to cultural and social could explain attitudes toward other people
3. Neurotic pride expectations, not anatomy. o Attitude or feeling is from a deeper
- Loudly proclaiming pride to protect and preexisting attitude
support the idealized self-image Freud vs. Horney
- Uncovering patients’ early experiences and
- Realistic self esteem - Oedipus Complex emotions like peeling onion layers
Self-Hatred o Agreed with Freud of its existence but
saw it as the neurotic need for love, not Dream Analysis
- When realized that the real self does not match biological in nature, and that the goal - Represented attempts to solve problem in
the insatiable demands of their idealized self, is security, not intercourse either a constructive or neurotic way.
the self is hated and despised. - Penis envy vs. Womb envy - Dreams are believed to be revelations of the
true self
 - Shows attitude that may differ from self-image Concepts of Humanity b. A tension-free existence is itself a
- Can be explained within the context of the source of distress.
patient’s conflict - Determinism (no control on our behavior) VS 3. Individual’s personality continues to develop
Free Choice over time and is constructed of all the events
Self-report Inventories - Pessimism VS Optimistic that occur during that person’s life.
- Causality VS Teleology a. The study of person’s past is of great
- Later researchers made tests to measure the - Conscious VS Unconscious
neurotic trends importance.
- Biological Influences VS Social Influences 4. Personality changes and progress; it is not
o Horney-Coolidge Type Indicator - Uniqueness VS Similarities
(HCTI) fixed or static.
o Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Personology a. Each person is unique.
Inventory Henry Murray (1893-1988) 5. Every individual is unique, but he/she has
- Experienced maternal rejections which is similarities among all people.
Psychotherapy different from Freud’s concept of Oedipal - An individual human being is like no other
complex person, like some other people, and like every
- Help patients gradually grow in the direction other person.
of self-realization - Medicine and sensitivity to patients’
- Patients are convinced that their neurotic psychology Divisions of Personality
solutions are correct, and they are reluctant to - Carl Jung’s influence
surrender them (resistance). - Harvard Psychological Clinic: focused on Id
- To have patients give up their idealized self- studying personality
- Repository of all innate impulsive tendencies
image, relinquish their neurotic search for o Thematic Apperception Test
and concern with behavior.
glory, and change self-hatred to an acceptance - World War II: Director of Assessment for the
- It provides the energy and the direction of
of the real self. Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
behavior.
- Death: “series of failures and unfulfilled
Strengths - Also contains desirable impulses such as love
promises [and] could not escape the feeling
and empathy
that he had not quite made the grade”
- Clear portrayal of neurotic personality - Strength or intensity varies from person to
- Commonsense appeal (nakikita sa paligid Principles of Personology person
natin) - Problem of controlling and directing the id is
- Impact on Erikson and Maslow 1. Personality is rooted in the brain. not the same for all people
a. The individual’s cerebral physiology - Primitive, amoral, and lustful impulses
Criticisms guides and governs every aspect of the
personality. Superego
- Lack of current research to support
2. People act to reduce physiological and
assumptions
psychological tension. - The internalization of the culture’s values and
- No clear picture of self-realization norms by which we come to evaluate and
a. Not a tension-free state but having a
- Denial of biological instincts judge our behavior and that of others.
satisfying feeling.
- Middle-class American culture perspective
 - Prevents occurrence of socially unacceptable - Consciously reasons, decides, and wills the - It energize and direct our behaviors-that is,
impulses and expresses acceptable needs direction of behavior they activate behavior in direction to satisfy
appropriately. the needs.
- Not rigidly crystallized but continues to Ego is not the slave of id, superego and the reality but
developed throughout life organizes our behaviors coming from the id impulse Types of Needs
- Not in constant conflict with the id whether good or bad.
Primary vs. Secondary needs
(complements the id) Ego plan courses of action and it suppress unaccepted
- Ego-ideal id impulses and promote accepted id impulses 1. Viscerogenic (Primary) needs
o Includes one’s goals and ambition pleasure. - Arise from internal bodily states and include
- Shaped not only by parents and authority those needs required for survival
figures, but also by peer group and culture It is called the arbiter of the two contenders (id and - Food, water, air, harm avoidance, sex,
- Imposed on children at an early age by their superego) and may favor one over the other or both sentience
parents and authority figures 2. Psychogenic (Secondary) needs
A strong ego can mediate effectively between the - Arise indirectly from primary needs;
- Greater complexity and sophistication as we conflicts between the two, but a weak ego leaves the
grow older. emotional and psychological needs
personality a battleground. - Achievement, affiliation, dominance,
Ego exhibition, nurturance, etc.
- The rational governor of personality, and - Concerned with emotional satisfaction
conscious organizer of all behaviors. Reactive vs. Proactive needs
- More active in determining behavior compared Needs Theory
to Freud’s concept. 1. Reactive needs
- Id-Superego arbiter - Needs are the motivators of behavior - Needs that involve a response to a specific
o Extreme favoring of the: - Results from studying normal male Harvard object.
 id: life of crime university students. - Harm avoidance
 superego: life of inflexibility Needs
2. Proactive needs
o Managing conflict between the id and - Needs that arise spontaneously
superego - It is a physicochemical force in the brain that - Hunger, thirst
 strong ego: mediate organizes and directs intellectual and
perceptual abilities. https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp
effectively
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 weak ego: personality - may arise either from internal processes such
as 6280003PSY_P5_M5_e-Text.pdf
becomes a battleground
- Conflict is evitable - Hunger or thirst, or from events in the Characteristics of Needs
o Harmony: integrates the id and environment.
superego - Arouse a level of tension that the organism Prepotency
tries to reduce by acting to satisfy them. - Urgency with which they impel behavior.
Fusion of needs
 - Complementary needs Oral Stage a. Fear of the penis being cut off which
Subsidiation 1. Oral Succorance Complex grows out of childhood masturbation
- One need activated to aid in satisfaction of a. Combination of mouth activities, and parental punishment.
another need passive tendencies, and the need to be Assessment
Press supported and protected. 1. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Influence of environment and past events on b. Kissing, sucking, hunger for affection - Ambiguous pictures depicting simple scenes
current activation of need 2. Oral Aggression Complex where test takers have to compose stories
Thema a. Combines oral and aggressive which may let the person project their feelings
- Combination of press and needs which brings behaviors onto characters
order to personality b. Biting, spitting, shouting - Device for assessing unconscious thoughts,
3. Oral Rejection Complex feelings, and fears
Stages of (Childhood) Development Complex a. Desiring seclusion and avoiding 2. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Assessment
- Murray’s childhood developmental stages dependence. Program
- Normal pattern of childhood development that b. Vomiting, being picky with food, and - Use of TAT and Rorschack Inkblot test for
influences adult personality fearing oral contamination. placement of soldiers in dangerous jobs
- Fixations - Reminiscent of Adler and Horney personalities - Situational tests were administered
o Extreme manifestations in a stage Anal Stage - Pioneer attempt to employee selection
Claustral Stage 1. Anal Rejection Complex Strengths
- Secure, serene, dependent fetus in the womb a. Preoccupation with defecation, anal - List of needs has a continuing value
o People may occasionally wish to be humor and feces-like material o Research
reinstated. b. Aggression is a part of this o Clinical diagnosis
1. Simple Claustral Complex c. Dirty and disorganized o Employee selection
- Experienced as a desire to be in a small, warm, 2. Anal Retention Complex - Influenced modern study of personality
dark places that are safe and secluded. a. Accumulating, saving, collecting o Impact on assessment
- People with this complex: b. Cleanliness, neatness, order Criticisms
o Dependent on others, passive, and Urethral Stage - Unpublished works
oriented towards safe familiar 1. Urethral Complex - Only some of the needs in his theory are
behaviors that worked in the past. a. Excessive ambition, distorted sense of experimented on
- Insupport form self-esteem, exhibitionism, - Vague procedure of his Harvard study leading
o Feelings of insecurity and bedwetting, sexual cravings, and self- it to be though as unscientific
helplessness love - Overly complex list of needs and their overlap
- Anti-claustral or eggression form b. Also called Icarus complex - Relation of needs to personality and how it is
o Need to escape from restraining i. Aiming too high and shattered developed.
womb-like conditions by failure Concepts of Humanity
- Remaining under the blankets instead of going Genital (or Castration) Stage - Determinism vs. Free Choice
out of bed 1. Castration Complex - Pessimism vs. Optimism
 - Causality vs. Teleology - Center of personality that helps us adapt to the 1. Growth takes place according to the
- Conscious vs. Unconscious various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us epigenetic principle
- Biological vs. Social Influences from losing our individuality to the leveling - Ego development
- Similarities vs. Uniqueness forces of society o Follows the epigenetic principle
Identity Theory (Life Span Approach) o Unifies personality and guards against  In each stage, the ego
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) indivisibility develops at its proper time.
- Brought up by his biological mother and o Person’s ability to unify experiences
 One stage emerges from and
stepfather and actions in an adaptive manner
built upon a previous stage
o Identity crisis because of longing to - Partially unconscious organizing agency that
synthesizes the past, present, and future. but does not replace the
find out his father.
- Biological father became his lifetime concern Childhood earlier stage.
- Traveled as an artist and wanderer when he - Weak, pliable, and fragile - Human is governed by a sequence of stages
was 18 Adolescence that DEPEND on genetic/hereditary factors.
- Trained in psychoanalysis and was analyzed - The ego begins to take form and gain strength - Social and environmental factors CONTROL
by Anna Freud 3 Aspects of the Ego THE WAYS in which the stages are
- Relationship with wife and children - These change rapidly during adolescence REALIZED.
- Focused on research. Body Ego 2. Interaction of opposites in every stage of life
o Research on American Indians where - Way of seeing our physical self as different - Necessary conflict in each stage
he saw symptoms related to a sense of from other people (satisfaction)
alienation which cannot be explained Ego Ideal
by psychoanalysis. The sense of - Image of ourselves in comparison with an
alienation observed seem to result to a established ideal (satisfaction of personal
lack of clear self-image. identity)
Identity Theory Ego Identity
Extended Freud’s theory in three ways: - Image that we have of ourselves in the variety
- Elaborated Freud’s stages by suggesting that of social roles we play.
personality develops over the entire lifespan Society’s Influence on Development - Syntonic: Trust
- Placed greater emphasis on the ego (than the - Society shapes the ego - Dystonic: Mistrust
id) which he believed to be an independent part o Child-rearing practices of every 3. Conflict produces an ego quality or ego
of personality culture and family shape personalities strength called BASIC STRENGTH
- Recognized the impact of cultural and of individuals depending on the needs
- Helps to move to the next step
historical forces to personality and values of their culture.
Stages of Psychosocial Development 4. Too little basic strength at any one stage
Ego
- positive force that created a self-identity results in a core pathology for that stage
(sense of “I”) Basic Points of the Psychosocial Stages - Opposite of the development of the basic
strength
 5. Includes the biological aspect of human - Time of “incorporation”: taking in of hostile) and letting go (destructive
development information through the sense organs rage or relaxed passivity)
- Physiological/biological elements affect o Modes of incorporation - Contradiction period:
psychosocial development  Receiving and accepting o Stubborn rebellion vs. meek
6. Events on earlier stages do not cause later what is given compliance
personality development, rather, ego identity  Social context (training in o Impulsive self-expression vs.
compulsive deviance
is shaped by multiplicity of conflicts and interpersonal relationships):
o Loving cooperation vs. hateful
events infants get, and someone resistance
- Include the past, present, and future events needs to give them (primary - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
7. Each stage is characterized by an identity caregivers attention to their o Choice: first time for children and they
crisis needs leads to the continue to try
- Identity crisis development of trust and o Do parents (society) allow them to
o Not a catastrophic event, but an mistrust which is the first express and do things themselves?
opportunity for either adaptive psychosocial crisis) o Development of autonomy and shame
(healthy) or maladaptive (protection) - Success of this crisis → hope (includes both and doubt from the allowance given
adjustment the painful and pleasurable experiences): by society for them to move.
o Turning point persistent feeling of confidence - Shame: feeling of self-consciousness (being
 Crucial period of increased - Maladjustment → withdrawal (avoidance of looked at and exposed)
vulnerability and heightened interaction and building of deep interpersonal - Doubt: feeling of not being certain (something
remains hidden and cannot be seen)
potential relations)
- may develop from mistrust and lead to
 Adolescence in particular 2. Early Childhood (Autonomy VS. Shame
difficulties in the next stages if WILL is not
and Doubt developed
Stages of Psychosocial Development
- Compulsion is inadequate will
1. Infancy ( Trust Vs. Mistrust) 3. Play Age (Initiative vs. Guilt)

- Anal-Urethral-Muscular mode: development

of a variety of physical and mental abilities - Locomotor-genital stage: motor and mental
Mode: Psychosexual stage equivalent o Toilet training: psychosocial than abilities continue to develop, and they can
Oral sensory stage: total dependence on the primary biological control is developed accomplish more on their own.
caregiver for survival, security and affection. particularly holding on (loving or - Strong desire to initiate to do activities
- Oedipal relationship is described as the of co-operative participation - Social latency: postponement of a lasting
lifelong power of human playfulness. in productive adult life) commitment to an occupation, a sex partner, or
o Guilt: developed when displays of  Origin of ego identity [self- an adaptive philosophy of life.
initiative are inhibited or punished. images - 3 identity domains:
o Parents’ guidance through making o Willingness to remain busy with o Occupational
them understand situations can help in something and finish a job o Sexual
acquiring awareness of permissible - Inferiority: may develop from guilt and o Ideological
behaviors (and not). scolding, ridicule and rejection behaviors of - Two Sources of identity
- Will develops to Purpose: courage to envision parents and teachers. o Affirmation or rejection of childhood
and pursue goals favored. - Inertia: Regression identifications
- Inhibition: too much guilt 5. Adolescence (Identity vs. Identity o Historical and social contexts (family
Confusion) and peer’s influence)
4. School Age (Industry vs. Inferiority) - Proper ratio of identity and confusion can help
develop FIDELITY
o Having faith in some sort of
ideological principle.
o Having the ability to freely decide
how to behave
o Having trust in peers and adults who
- Puberty (genital maturation): a person must give advice
gain a firm sense of ego identity at the end of o Having confidence on a choice of an
- Latency: exposure to new social influences this period. eventual occupation.
- Diversion of energies to learning the - Has a minor role psychologically Historical and social contexts (family and peers’
technology of their culture and the strategies of o Important as it triggers expectations of influence): includes encouraging conformity to certain
social interactions adult roles that are essentially social standards which may intensify identity confusion
- Industry: a means to get praise and satisfaction and can be filled only through a Fidelity: trust learned in infancy is basic to this
when completing tasks struggle to attain ego identity. strength.
o Attitudes and behaviors of parents and o EGO IDENTITY does not begin or - Developed through the proper ratio of identity
teachers determine children’s end in adolescence. and confusion
perceptions of themselves as they - Ascendance of identity confusion vs. identity - Identity confusion: a syndrome of problems
develop their skills confusion o Some amount is necessary for growth
 Start of the formation of the o Adaptive phase: Period of trial and Characteristics:
self -based on error - Divided self-image
COMPETENCE (confidence  Looking for new roles to help - Inability to establish intimacy
to use abilities to solve discover identity
- Sense of time urgency
problems and the foundation - Lack of concentration on required tasks
 - Rejection of family or community standards o Development of LOVE - Care: Widening commitment to take care of
Identity confusion: a syndrome of problems  Mature devotion that persons, products, and ideas one has learned to
- Most popular as identity crisis overcomes basic differences love for
o May last for years and can result in between men and women o Not a duty but a natural desire
either greater or lesser ego strength  Retention of identity emerging from generativity and
Characteristics  Commitment, sexual passion, stagnation
- Divided self-image cooperation, competition, and - Stagnation
- Inability to establish intimacy friendship o Self-absorption
- Sense of time urgency  Enables a person to cope o Too self-indulgent
- Lack of concentration on required tasks productively in the last two - Rejectivity: unwillingness to take care
- Rejection of family or community standards stages o Self-centeredness, pseudospeciation
Extreme confusion can lead to role repudiation - Isolation: incapacity to take chances with (others are inferior)
1. Diffidence : extreme lack of self-trust one’s identity by sharing true intimacy o Responsible for destruction, hatred
(hesitation to express the self) o Extreme isolation: EXCLUSIVITY and wars
2. Defiance: act of rebelling against authority  Block one’s ability to 8. Old Age (Integrity vs. Despair)
- Some amount is necessary for growth cooperate, compete, or
- Behavioral manifestations: compromise which are
o Leaving home necessary for intimacy.
o Joining groups 7. Middle Adulthood (Generativity vs.
o Rebelling Stagnation)
6. Young Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation) - Generalized sensuality: taking pleasure in a
variety of physical sensation
o Greater appreciation of the traditional
lifestyle of the opposite sex.
- Integrity: feeling of wholeness and coherence,
- Procreativity: instinctual drive to perpetuate “I-ness”, despite diminishing physical and
- Genitality: acquisition of ability to fuse the species, caring for offspring, and work intellectual powers
identity with the identity of another while productively (assumption of responsibilities). o Difficult to maintain when losing
maintaining individuality - Generativity: establishing and guiding the next those powers
- Adulthood vs adolescence generation - Wisdom: informed and detached concern with
o Mutual trust and stable sharing of o Procreation of children, production of life itself in the face of death
sexual satisfactions work, and creation of new things and o Maintaining integrity with the reality
- Intimacy: ability to fuse identity with another ideas that contribute to the building of of health decline.
without the fear of losing it. a better world. - Despair: to be without hope
o Ability and willing ness to share o Satisfies the need to instruct
mutual trust (entails maturity) o Intimacy not just with partner
 o Disgust, depression, contempt for - Incomplete description of maturity
others, non-acceptance of finite - Seem to be gender-biased
boundaries of life - Ego identity seems to be for the privileged
- Disdain: reaction and feeling in an increasing Concepts of Humanity
state of being finished, confused, and helpless - Determinism (culture) vs. Free Choice
Assessment - Pessimism vs. Optimism
Play Therapy - Causality vs. Teleology
- Provide toys and observed how children - Conscious vs. Unconscious
played with them - Biological Influences vs. Social Influences
Anthropological Studies - Uniqueness vs. Similarities
- Immersion to cultures
Psycho-historical Analysis
- Study of individual and collective life with the
combined methods of psychoanalysis and
history
- “fundamental beliefs are a product of one’s
historical time which are influenced by
exceptional leader experiencing a personal
identity conflict”
- Disciplined Subjectivity:
o Subject’s viewpoint as his own
Psychological Tests
- Ego-Identity Scale
- Ego-Identity Process Questionnaire
- Loyola Generativity Scale
Strengths
- Acknowledgment of the development
throughout the lifespan
- Guides action
- Identity crisis concept
- Impact of cultural, social, and historical forces
are incorporated
Criticisms
- Ambiguous concepts (lack of precision)
- Lack of data due to dependence on ethical
principles