lOMoARcPSD|18933087

GED108 Reviewer

Art Appreciation (Mapúa University)

StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

GED108 Reviewer understanding art is an active and critical process

 Art is everywhere: on street corners and that engages the eye and the mind.
buses, in parks and restaurants, on your
computer and cell-phone screens. Assumption of Art
 Art is a visual story of what being human is all Art is universal
about, told in many forms and with many art has always been timeless and universal,
voices. spanning generations and continents through and
 Understanding art will teach you to react through.
constructively to new ideas and divergent Art is not nature
perspectives and value diverse cultures and Art is man's expression of his reception of nature.
various customs. Art is man's way of interpreting nature.
 It will stimulate your mind and your eyes: you Art involves experience
will look more attentively and think more Unlike fields of knowledge that involves data, art
creatively. is known by experiencing.
 Art will inspire you to pursue your visions,
dreams, and hopes in your personal life and A work of art then cannot be abstracted from
professional path. actual doing.
 Art is important and gratifying. Certain ideas In order to know what an artwork, we have to
and works of art will confirm and enhance sense it, see or hear it, and see AND hear it.
what you know.
 Others will teach you to look beyond the Purpose of Art
superficial layers to discover unexpected Art is created to communicate about and reflect
meanings. on a wide range of feelings, ideas, concerns, and
 You will like some artworks and dislike others. thoughts.
 Some will shock you; others will leave you Overtime, the initial artistic intentions and
indifferent. original functions may be altered by new
contexts, values and tastes.
 But don't reject art or ideas before you find
Art, however, continues to connect with new
out more about them.
audiences beyond chronological restrictions,
cultural identities, geographical limitations, and
Art
language barriers.
"Works resulting from creative activities
which communicate forms, ideas, and emotions
Eisner, 2009 - In the end, the aim of education
and bring about reactions from viewers"
can be thought of as the creation of artists
(dictionaries and encyclopedia)
Robinson, 2007 - Creativity now is as important in
Can be applied to a wide range of visual
education as literacy, and we should treat it with
expressions, establishing parity among works with
the same status
significant visual, conceptual, cultural, and
Csikzentmihalyi, 2010 - something that leads to a
chronological differences
better world
“It is not enough to believe what you see,”
argued Leonardo da Vinci (1452– 1519), “you
Purpose or art
must also understand what you see.”
Art for art's sake - implies that art is a self-
At the core of this new view are two
referential entity with no ties to its environment
interrelated notions. First, that art is a changing
and should be appreciated for its own qualities.
concept defined within specific cultural, historical,
and geo- graphical contexts by numerous
individuals, institutions, and factors. Second, that

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

Art as Biography - In the past artists have artists, however, including Walter De Maria and
documented their professional and personal Christo (both b. 1935), have established
concerns in self-portraits innovative dialogues with nature and life.
Art as commentary on contemporary times and Art as memory - Art has often been created in the
issues - many works of art have reflected, directly past as a visual record. Portraits have served as
or indirectly, on their own times personal and public memories.
Art and the community/public art - many works Art and philosophy - Philosophy and art have
of art have been created for public viewing always been strongly interconnected.
Art for commemorative purposes - An important Art and politics - For centuries and across the
function of art is to commemorate individuals. globe political life has been closely intertwined
Art as documentation - cave paintings provide with art. In certain circumstances, both in modern
modern audiences with valuable information times and in the past, art has been created for
about the period in which they were created. propaganda purposes.
Art and emotions - art has often been created to Art and Reality - Art has reflected the
express artist's feelings or to produce an surrounding environment and, at times,
emotional response from viewers. confirmed the identity of the space in which we
Art as enjoyment - art should be something like a live. New media – photography, film and, more
good armchair in which to rest from physical recently, video and virtual reality – have
fatigue continued to offer images that parallel the
Art and everyday life - in some culture’s art has coherence of the world.
been closely intertwined with life Art as Self-expression and personal statement -
Art for functional purposes - masks, articles of pagpapahayag ng sariling ekspresyon
clothing, baskets, and other functional objects Art as social statement - pagpapahayag ng isyung
were created in many cultures to be both used panlipunan gamit ang sining.
and admired. Art as truth - The notion that art has changeable
Art and history - Many works were created to meanings and values is uncomfortable to many.
illustrate specific historical events. These images Picasso reflected on this issue, stating, “Art is a lie
are valuable sources for understanding the past. that makes us realize truth.”2 The artists may be
They represent a point of view, not an objective true to themselves, but even this is not always
account. possible. Personal interpretations, views, and
Art as ideas and thought process - Should art be feelings are at the core of both making and
about visual elements or ideas? What should understanding art.
viewers do in front of a work of art: look at the art
or think about it? Why is art made?
Art and ideals - any artworks have been created  The multiple and diverse purposes of art
to expose the ideals of a society are evident.
Art as information - pagbibigay impormasyon  Art is a visual journal of our past, present,
hinddil sa iba't-ibang pangyayari o produkto and future.
Art and knowledge - knowledge is used by artists  But art is hardly an open book.
in the creative process, but it can also be the  Many works, even when familiar, intrigue
reason art is made. audiences.
Art and Nature - Art and Life/Nature Many  This mystery is not threatening, but it is
cultures have thought of art as a continuum of intimidating.
life. In the Western tradition art has mostly been  Some of the mystique of art will be
created to reflect on life and nature rather than uncovered in the following chapters.
being intertwined with them. Contemporary

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

 The issues presented will clarify what Pigment - The powder that contains the color.
makes art both powerful and necessary. Pigments can be natural, mineral, animal, or
 Some of these elements are awe-inspiring, synthetic.
others banal; some are visible, others Saturation - The amount of pure pigment in the
invisible; and some are familiar, others color.
unknown. Value - The amount of light or dark added to the
 They all, however, confirm that art is an pigment.
indispensable ingredient of life, culture, Primary Colors - red, yellow and blue
and society. Secondary Colors - are formed by mixing two
 Art makes the ordinary extraordinary primary colors, e.g., red and yellow=orange.
Color wheel is divided into two sides:
Form warm colors - yellow, orange, and red
Elements of design - The basic elements used to cool colors - green, blue, violet
create a work of art. Complementary colors are on the exact opposite
Principles of design - The arrangement of formal side of the wheel.
elements in a work of art. Local Color is the color of an object as it appears
in reality.
Medium/Media Arbitrary colors are not connected to reality.
The term medium (plural media) has several Optical color is an effect created by the eye,
meanings: which mixes small patches of colors placed one
1. The means and methods used by artists to get next to the other and produces a new one: e.g.,
across their ideas or specific category, such as blue next to yellow would be seen as green.
painting, sculpture, etc. Complementary contrast is between two colors
2. The specific materials used in making art. opposite each other on the color wheel.
3. Medium is also used as a synonym for the term Simultaneous contrast is a visual effect created
solvent, or thinner, a liquid used to dilute and mix by a complementary contrast of pure hues.
dry pigments. A palette is a surface used to mix colors. It also
defines the colors specific to a work or an artist.
Content A monochromatic palette implies the use of only
Refers to what work of art is about, what is one (mono) color.
depicted, and what its meaning might be.
Theme. A recurring broad subject (such as love or LIGHT
nature) represented across time and cultures. Light is used to create a sense of space in both
Subject Matter. The specific story depicted in a two- and three-dimensional works.
work of art. Value is the amount of light and dark.
Title. The name or brief description that defines a Modeling is used to define a process of creating
work of art and helps explain its meaning. Many the illusion of volume, using light and shadows or
titles of older art have been added later, based on by sculpting a form in clay.
the content of the work. Chiaroscuro is the visible contrast between light
and dark, achieve by modeling.
ELEMENTS OF ART Tenebrism/tenebroso is a strong contrast favored
Elements of Art is Visual Arts particularly during the baroque.
COLOR Sfumato is a modeling technique where the
Hue - the purest form of any color of the transition from dark to light is so subtle that no
spectrum/color wheel. contours are visible.

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

LINE Implied or visual texture is the suggestion of a

A line is the trace left on a surface. It can be material or finish that is not actually there.
straight, curved, or free form. Analytical lines
have mathematical precision and present a Time and Motion
systematic process. In two- or three-dimensional art time can be
Contour lines outline exterior shapes and may represented as a frozen moment, a succession of
suggest volume. developments or in symbolical ways.
Expressive lines have variations in their shape Motion can be suggested when lines and forms
and direction. They are perceived to represent are perceived to "move", implied by the
artist's emotional states. repetition of certain forms and shapes, or actual
when real movement is used, such as in kinetic
sculptures.
PATTERN
The repetition of formal elements creates a Elements of art in Auditory Arts
pattern. Music moves through time, thus it is called
temporal Music appreciation
SPACE is the acquired ability to listen to music
Perspective is a convention used to represent intelligently.
space on a two-dimensional surface. 3 components:
Linear perspective is based on mathematical  ability to appreciate music is not inborn
principles that create the illusion of depth on a  acquired by anyone who makes up his
picture plane. In one-point perspective, the mind to do so
parallel lines that run from the viewer converge in  conscious
one vanishing point on the horizon line. Music
Two-point perspective uses converging points, Composed of tones and silences organized in such
each with their own converging lines. a manner to convey the emotions and ideas
Atmospheric/aerial perspective refers to the conceived by the composer.
air/atmosphere has on visual perception. Objects The composer's work must be interpreted by
and forms closer to the viewer appear to be more another artist the performer who makes the
defined and have more color, while those further composer's work come to life.
away seem to be less clear and have less contrast
and color. Functions of Music
Shape marks the outline of a two- or three- 1. An attempt to imitate the natural sound
dimensional form. 2. Release of one's emotions or feeling
Mass or positive space is a form with three- (therapeutic)
dimensional form. 3. As signals in wars
Void or negative space is literally the air around 4. Means of worship and vehicles of rituals
the mass. 5. Used to accompany dance
6. A form of entertainment in community
Texture celebrations
Texture is the visual or tactile quality of a work of 7. Symbols of life's cycle
art.
Actual or physical texture is the physical quality
of the surface, such as impasto, a thick layer of
paint.

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

Sound (Tones): The Physical Material Property of often described in regard to the density, or
Music thickness, and range, or width, between
Vibration is what produced a sound lowest and highest pitches.
Regular vibrations produce tones or musical Elements of Art in Combined Arts
sounds Combines arts is where different artforms
Irregular sound yield noise interact and create something new and exciting
Sound in general has 4 qualities: across outdoor arts, carnival, festivals, spectacle,
1. Timbre interdisciplinary work, live art and participatory
2. Pitch and social art practice. It can mean several
3. Intensity different things. It can refer to a collection of
4. mediums, such as painting, singing and musical
performance. It can also refer to organizations,
Elements of Music that work over multiple platforms and venue to
 Pitch is as aspect of a sound that we can hear, promote artistic endeavors.
reflecting whether one musical sound, note or
tone is "higher" or "lower" than another Relevance or Significance in the 21st Century
musical sound, note or tone.  Two common examples of Combined Arts
 A Melody (also called a "tune") is series of are Movies and Video Games.
pitches(notes) sounding in succession, often  They both require several fields of
in a rising or falling pattern. The notes of a expertise, skills, and talents to produce a
melody are typically created using pitch finished product.
systems such a scales or modes. Melodies also  Developing a video game or producing a
often contain notes from the chords used in film is very significant to the economy of a
the song. country.
 Harmony refers to the "vertical" sounds of
pitches in music, which means pitches that are The combined arts can be refer to events that
played or sung together at the same time to combine variety of media or materials which can
create a chord. Usually this means the notes be both seen and heard, which exist in both space
are played at the time, although harmony may and time.
also be implied by a melody that outlines a Combined arts can mean several different things.
harmonic structure. It can refer to a collection of different art
 Form describes how the overall structure or mediums, such as painting, singing and musical
plan of a song or piece of music, and it performance.
describes the layout of a composition as It can also refer to organizations, that work over
divided into sections. multiple platforms and venues to promote and
 Tone color/Timber is the quality or sound of a venues to promote artistic endeavors.
voice or instrument. Timbre is what makes a
particular musical sound different from Performance - That require human beings to
another, even when they have the same pitch demonstrate certain skills.
and loudness. Theater - As a combined art may put together
 Texture is the overall sound of a piece of literature or drama, music, actors on stage where
music or song. The texture of a piece or sing is scenery, props and lighting are arranged, plus
determined by how the melodic, rhythmic, other media to complete a production.
and harmonic materials are combined in a Music - May include sound, spectacular
composition, thus determining the overall impressions and video.
nature of the sound in a piece. Texture is

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

Cinema - May creatively integrate elements of  Medium - refers to the material used by
photography, video, film, music and literature and the artist. There are a variety of materials
other materials in its production. used
 Subject Matter - is what the artwork is
The Spatio Temporal Frames in the Combined about. It may be a person, nature, an
Arts event, feeling or idea that is central in the
Locus - The specific space in which Music, Film art piece.
and Theater and other Combined Arts occur.  Style - refers to the set of characteristics
Space - must conform to the plastic feature of the that identifies an artwork with an
actor or the actress, and that it must work to individual, a historical period, a school of
serve his or he is moving, alive and three- artists, or a nation.
dimensional character.
Principles of Design
Display of Skills in the Combined Arts Balance
Theater - display of prowess • Balance is the visual equilibrium between
Music - demonstration of virtuosity various parts of a work of art.
Cinema- display of aural and visual images • Symmetrical balance is achieved when a
composition has similar or identical parts along a
The structure of the Combined Arts central axis. In an asymmetrical balance, the two
Music parts are not the same or distributed unevenly
 Rhythm along the axis. Radial balance is based on a
 Melody central point from which all parts are distributed.
 Harmony Emphasis and Focal Point
 Texture •A composition has a focal point of attention,
usually the essence of the work, highlighted in
Theater some way to draw viewers’ attention.
 Plot Rhythm
 Character • The consistent repetition of elements creates a
 Thought rhythm, which contributes to and enhances unity.
 Diction Scale and Proportions
 Music • Scale is size of an object in relationship to its
 Spectacle original dimensions, or reality.
• Proportions refer to the relationships of various
Cinema parts to the whole
 Script Unity and Variety
 Acting • Unity is the consistent use of the same forms,
colors, and shapes to create a sense of oneness.
 Production Design
• Variety is the interruption of this continuity and
 Staging or Directing
the introduction of new elements
 Cinematography
 Editing
 Sound Design

The Analysis of the Combined Arts

 Form - refers to the elements, principles of
composition, conventions and techniques
that are used to organize a work of art.

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|18933087

Aesthetic Theories about Art

Aesthetic theories are used to better
understand works of art. They can be used as
standards for "good" art or help define art.
Aesthetic theories are different from
"styles" of art. Styles are the characteristics of a
group of artists that have similar features or
purposes.

Instrumentalism
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
commentary about social issues. Under this
theory, art is created as a tool or instrument to
persuade the viewer, influence change, and shape
society. This type of art conveys an opinion.

Realism (Imitationalism/Representationalism)
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
portraying our world in a realistic manner.
According to this theory, a work is considered
successful if it looks like and reminds the viewer
of what is seen in the real world. This type of art
is an accurate mirror of the world. It imitates
nature or an ideal form.

Emotionalism (Expressionism)
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on
expressive qualities. The most important thing
about a work of art

Formalism
This aesthetic theory places emphasis on the
formal properties of the artwork - lines, shapes,
colors, textures, etc. It is the structural qualities
that are important instead of the content of the
artwork. The effective organization of the
elements of art through the use of the principles
of design is the most important thing about the
artwork.

Downloaded by ley jana ([email protected])