Lipids Ppqs
Lipids Ppqs
Lipids Ppqs
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(1)
(ii) Give one example of a biologically important polymer other than starch or
protein.
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(1)
(b) In an investigation, the enzyme amylase was mixed in a test tube with a buffer
solution and a suspension of starch. The amylase broke down the starch to maltose.
When all the starch had been broken down, a sample was removed from the test
tube and tested with biuret reagent.
(i) Explain why a buffer solution was added to the amylase-starch mixture.
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(2)
(ii) What colour would you expect the sample to go when tested with biuret
reagent?
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
The diagrams show four types of linkage, A to D, which occur in biological molecules.
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(a) Name the chemical process involved in the formation of linkage B.
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(iii) may occur in the tertiary, but not the primary structure of protein.
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(c) Describe how a saturated fatty acid differs in molecular structure from an
unsaturated fatty acid.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
Nutritionists investigated the relationship between eating oily and non-oily fish and the
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incidence of asthma. They analysed the diets of children with asthma and the diets of
children without asthma.
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(3)
(b) Describe how you could use the emulsion test to show the presence of oil in a
sample of fish.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
Triglycerides are taken into the body as part of a balanced diet. These triglycerides
contain fatty acids including omega-3 fatty acids. It has been discovered that omega-3
fatty acids are associated with health benefits. The benefits include faster development of
nerve cells and clearer vision. Omega-3 fatty acids are also associated with protection
from heart disease, arthritis and cancer.
The following figure shows how omega-3 and other fatty acids are taken in and used by
the bodies of animals including humans.
Use the information in the figure to explain two ways in which fatty acids are important in
the formation of new cells.
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
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(Total 4 marks)
Q5.
(a) The table shows some substances found in cells. Complete the table to show the
properties of these substances. Put a tick in the box if the statement is correct.
Substance
Statement DNA
Starch Glycogen Deoxyribose
helicase
Substance is found in
both animal cells and
plant cells
(4)
On the diagram, draw a box around the atoms that are removed when the two
β-glucose molecules are joined by condensation.
(2)
(c) (i) Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why.
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(2)
(ii) A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to
its function in cells.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q6.
(a) Some seeds contain lipids. Describe how you could use the emulsion test to show
that a seed contains lipids.
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(3)
(b) A triglyceride is one type of lipid. The diagram shows the structure of a triglyceride
molecule.
(1)
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(ii) The structure of a phospholipid molecule is different from that of a triglyceride.
Describe how a phospholipid is different.
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(2)
(iii) Use the diagram to explain what is meant by an unsaturated fatty acid.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q7.
(a) Describe how a triglyceride molecule is formed.
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(3)
Table 1
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atoms in the bonds in the
R group R group
Caprylic acid 8 0
Palmitoleic
16 1
acid
Stearic acid 18 0
Linoleic acid 18 2
Put a tick ( ✓) in one box that contains correct information about one of these fatty
acids.
The percentage of saturated fatty acids compared with unsaturated fatty acids found in
lipid stores in seeds differs in different populations.
The scientists grew young plants from seeds collected from each population. They placed
the seeds on wet tissue paper so that the root growth was visible.
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• warm temperature of 24 °C
• cool temperature of 10 °C
Table 2 shows some of the properties of the two populations and the scientists’ results.
Table 2
(c) The scientists used a data logger to measure the length of the root rather than a
ruler.
Suggest one reason why they used a data logger and explain why this was
important in this investigation.
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(1)
• during respiration saturated fatty acids yield more energy than unsaturated
fatty acids
• saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than unsaturated fatty acids
• lipases in seeds act more rapidly on liquid substrates.
Use this information and Table 2 to show how each population is better adapted for
its natural environment when compared with the other population.
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(4)
(e) Although these two populations are completely separate and show genetic variation,
they are both called Helianthus annuus.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q8.
(a) Describe the difference between the structure of a triglyceride molecule and the
structure of a phospholipid molecule.
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(1)
(b) Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a sample of food.
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(2)
(c) Animal fats contain triglycerides with a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. If
people have too much fat in their diet, absorption of the products of fat digestion can
increase the risk of obesity. To help people lose weight, fat substitutes can be used
to replace triglycerides in food.
Describe how a saturated fatty acid is different from an unsaturated fatty acid.
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(1)
Suggest why.
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(2)
(e) This fat substitute is a lipid. Despite being a lipid, it cannot cross the cell-surface
membranes of cells lining the gut.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q9.
A student investigated the effect of lipase concentration on the hydrolysis of lipids.
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(a) The student did not add a buffer to the lipase solution.
Explain why.
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(1)
(b) Give two variables the student would have controlled in this investigation.
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2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
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The data logger recorded the pH. The graph below shows what happened after he added
the lipase solution.
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(d) Draw a tangent on the graph and use it to calculate the rate of change at 5 minutes.
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(2)
(f) The student repeated the experiment with a higher concentration of lipase solution.
Describe and explain the results you would expect him to get.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q10.
(a) Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell-surface membrane.
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(2)
(c) State and explain the property of water that helps to prevent temperature increase in
a cell.
Property __________________________________________________________
Explanation ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q11.
(a) The general structure of a fatty acid is RCOOH.
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Name the group represented by COOH.
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(1)
Figure 1
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Explanation ________________________________________________________
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(2)
(c) Describe how you would test for the presence of a lipid in a liquid sample of food.
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(2)
Figure 2
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(d) Give one similarity and two differences between the membrane structure shown in
Figure 2 and the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.
Similarity __________________________________________________________
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Difference 1 ________________________________________________________
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Difference 2 ________________________________________________________
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q12.
The diagram represents a triglyceride.
Box P _____________________________________________________________
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Box Q _____________________________________________________________
(2)
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(1)
(c) Describe how you would test a liquid sample for the presence of lipid and how you
would recognise a positive result.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q13.
(a) Describe how you would test a piece of food for the presence of lipid.
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(2)
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X Y
(b) The part of the phospholipid labelled A is formed from a particular molecule. Name
this molecule.
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(1)
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(1)
(d) Which of the fatty acids, X or Y, in the figure above is unsaturated? Explain your
answer.
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(1)
Cholesterol 17 23 0
Glycolipid 7 3 0
Phospholipid 54 60 70
Others 22 14 30
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(2)
Cholesterol increases the stability of plasma membranes. Cholesterol does this by making
membranes less flexible.
(f) Suggest one advantage of the different percentage of cholesterol in red blood cells
compared with cells lining the ileum.
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(1)
(g) E. coli has no cholesterol in its cell-surface membrane. Despite this, the cell
maintains a constant shape. Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
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Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) (i) (Molecule) made up of many identical / similar molecules / monomers /
subunits;
Not necessary to refer to similarity with monomers.
1
Q2.
(a) (i) condensation;
1
(b) (i) D;
1
(ii) C;
1
(iii) A;
1
Q3.
(a) 1. Fewer children / less likely that children with asthma eat fish;
Accept converse.
2. Fewer children / less likely that children with asthma eat oily fish;
MP1 and 2 − Allow use of numbers.
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Do not accept arguments related to amount of fish eaten
3
Q4.
Fatty acids used to make phospholipids;
Phospholipids in membranes;
More phospholipids more membranes made;
2 max
Q5.
(a)
(b) 1. Two marks for box round two hydrogens and one of the oxygens from
OH groups on carbons 1 and 4;;
2. One mark from incorrect answer involving any two hydrogens and an
oxygen from carbons 1 and 4;
Do not award marks if all atoms concerned are on same
carbon atom or are on carbon atoms other than 1 and 4 or
where the answer does not have two hydrogen and one
oxygen
2
(c) (i) 1. Holds chains / cellulose molecules together / forms cross links
between chains / cellulose molecules / forms microfibrils, providing
strength / rigidity (to cellulose / cell wall);
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2. Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers;x
Principles here are first mark for where hydrogen bonds are
formed and second for a consequence of this.
Accept microfibres
2
Q6.
(a) 1. Crush / grind;
(iii) 1. Double bonds (present) / some / two carbons with only one
hydrogen / (double bonds) between carbon atoms / not saturated
with hydrogen;
Answer refers to unsaturated unless otherwise clearly
indicated.
May be shown in appropriate diagram.
2. In (fatty acid) C / 3;
2
[8]
Q7.
(a) 1. One glycerol and three fatty acids;
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3
4. Population 2 (is better adapted to cool conditions because it) has more
unsaturated/liquid fatty acids so more lipase activity (and more growth);
Accept for ‘fatty acids’, fat
4
OR
OR
Q8.
(a) 1. In phospholipid, one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate;
Ignore references to saturated and unsaturated
Accept
Reject P/Phosphorus
Accept annotated diagrams
1
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Accept ‘Alcohol/named alcohol’
2. White (emulsion shows lipid);
Accept milky – Ignore ‘cloudy’
Sequence must be correct
If heated then DQ point 1
Reject precipitate
2
Q9.
(a) Student was measuring change in pH
OR
Buffer would maintain a constant pH.
1 max
4. Temperature;
2 max
0.34 = 1 mark
2
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2. Curve levels off as all substrate used up.
accept the lower pH inactivates / denatures the enzyme
2
Q10.
(a) 1. Bilayer
OR
Water is present inside and outside a cell;
Accept annotated diagram for ‘bilayer’
Accept cytoplasm/tissue fluid for water
Accept for two marks, annotated diagram of bilayer with
water labelled on each side
OR
Loss of water;
Q11.
(a) Carboxyl;
Accept carboxylic acid
1
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Explanation
Accept alkene
OR
2. White/milky (emulsion)
OR
(d) (Similarity)
OR
OR
OR
(Differences)
OR
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4. Glycoprotein is not present whereas it is present in fluid mosaic;
Q12.
(a) P – glycerol
Q – fatty acid (chains)
Accept phonetic spelling
2
Q13.
(a) 1. Dissolve in alcohol, then add water;
2. White emulsion shows presence of lipid.
2
(b) Glycerol.
1
(c) Ester.
1
(e) 1. Divide mass of each lipid by total mass of all lipids (in that type of cell);
2. Multiply answer by 100.
2
(f) Red blood cells free in blood / not supported by other cells so cholesterol helps
to maintain shape;
Allow converse for cell from ileum – cell supported by others
in endothelium so cholesterol has less effect on maintaining
shape.
1
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2 max
[10]
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