Company Accounts Notes - CA Anand Bhangariya
Company Accounts Notes - CA Anand Bhangariya
Company Accounts Notes - CA Anand Bhangariya
1. INTRODUCTION
Capital funding process for types of business forms can be summarised as follows:
Business Organization Ownership Type of Capital Liability of Owners
Sole - Proprietorship Proprietor Capital Unlimited
Partnership Partners Partners' Capital Unlimited
Limited to issue price
Company Shareholders Share Capital
of shares held
2. SHARE CAPITAL
Total capital of the company is divided into a number of small indivisible units of a fixed
amount and each such unit is called a Share. The fixed value of a share, printed on the
share certificate is called nominal/par/face value of a share. However a company can issue
shares at a price different from the face value of shares. The liability of holder of shares
(called shareholders) is limited to the issue price of shares acquired by them.
Issued Share Capital: Portion of the share capital issued by the company is called ‘Issued
Capital’. Issued capital means and includes the nominal values of shares issued by the
company for: Cash, and Consideration other than cash to Promoters of a company and
Others. The remaining portion of the authorised capital may be termed as ‘Un-issued
Capital’
Subscribed Share Capital: It is that part of the issued share capital, which is subscribed
by the public. It includes the face value of shares issued by the company for consideration
other than cash.
Called-up Share Capital: The portion of the issue price of shares which a company has
demanded or called from shareholders is known as ‘Called –up Capital. The balance which
the company has decided to demand in future may be referred to as Uncalled Capital.
Paid up Share Capital: It is the portion of called up capital which is paid by the
shareholders. Whenever a particular amount is called by the company and the
shareholder(s) fails to pay the amount fully or partially, it is known as ‘Unpaid calls or
installments or call in arrears’ To calculate paid up capital, the amount of installment in
arrears is deducted from called up capital. In balance sheet called- up and paid capital are
shown together.
Reserve Share Capital: A company may decide by passing a special resolution that a
certain portion of its subscribed uncalled capital shall not be called up except in the event
of winding up of the company. Portion of the uncalled capital which a company has
decided to call only in case of liquidation of the company is called Reserve Liability/
Reserve Capital.
Reserve Capital is different from Capital Reserve, Capital reserve are part of ‘Reserve and
surplus’ and refer to those reserves which are not available for declaration of dividend.
These reserves may be used to write off capital losses such as discount on issue of shares.
These can also be used to issue bonus shares, subject to the condition, that reserve is
realized in cash. Thus, reserve capital which is portion of the uncalled capital to be called
up in the event of winding up of the company is entirely different in nature from capital
reserve which is created out of profits only.
Preference Shares:
Persons holding preference shares, called preference shareholders. They enjoy preferential
rights in the matter of Payment of dividend at a fixed rate. Repayment of capital in case
of holding up of the company.
Non-Cumulative Preference Shares: A non Cumulative preference share carries with it the
right to a fixed amount dividend. In case no dividend is declared in a year due to any
reason, the right to receive such dividend for that year expires.
Participating Preference Shares: This category of preference share confers on the holder
the right to participate in the surplus profits, if any, after the equity shareholders have
been paid dividend at a stipulated rate.
Non- Participating Preference Shares: A share on which only a fixed rate of dividend is
paid every year, without any accompanying additional rights in profits and in the surplus
on winding up is called ‘Non Participating Preference Shares’
Redeemable Preference Shares: These are shares that a company may issue on the
condition that the company will repay after the fixed period or even earlier at company’s
discretion. The repayment on these shares is called redemption and is governed by Section
55 of the Companies Act, 2013.
Non-Redeemable Preference Shares: The preference shares, which do not carry with them
the arrangement regarding redemption, are called Non-redeemable Preference Shares.
According to Section 55, no company limited by shares shall issue irredeemable preference
shares or preference shares redeemable after the expiry of 20 years from the date of
issue. However a Company may issue preference shares redeemable after 20 years for
such infrastructure projects as may be specified, under the Companies Act, 2013.
Convertible Preference Shares: Shares give the right to the holder to get them converted
into equity shares at their option according to the terms and conditions of their issue.
Non-Convertible Preference Shares: When the holder of a preference share has not been
conferred the right to get his holding converted into equity share, it is called Non-
convertible Preference Shares.
Equity Shares:
Equity shares are those shares, which are not preference shares. It means that they do
not enjoy any preferential rights in the matter of payment of dividend or repayment of
capital. The rate of dividend on equity shares is recommended by the Board of Directors
and may vary from year to year. Companies Act 2013 permits issue of equity share capital
with differential rights as to dividend, voting or otherwise.
due on allotment, sometimes with the application of money and rarely with the call money.
When shares are issued at a premium, the journal entries are as follows
No Particulars LF Dr.Rs. Cr.Rs.
a) Premium amount called with Application money
I. Bank A/c Dr.
To Share Application A/c
[ Money received on application for shares@
Rs.per Shares including premium]
II. Share Application A/c Dr.
To Security Premium A/c
To Share Capital A/c
b) Premium amount called with Allotment money
I. Share Allotment A/c Dr.
To Share Capital A/c
To Securities Premium A/c
[Amount due on allotment of Shares@Rs. Per
share including premium]
II. BankA/c Dr.
To Share Allotment A/c
[Money received including premium consequent
upon allotment]
7. SHARESISSUED AT DISCOUNT
If shares are issue at an amount less than the nominal or par value of shares. The excess
of the nominal value over the issue price represents discount on the issue of shares. For
example, when a share of the nominal value of ` 100 is issued at ` 98, it is said to have
been issued at a discount of 2 per cent.
According to Section 53 of the Companies Act, 2013, a Company cannot issue shares at a
discount except in the case of issue of sweat equity shares (issued to employees and
directors). Thus any issue of shares at discount shall be void.
8. SUBSCRIPTION OF SHARES
Minimum Subscription
A public limited company cannot make any allotment of shares unless the amount of
minimum subscription stated in the prospectus has been subscribed and the sum payable
as application money for such shares has been paid to and received by the company.
As per guidelines of the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) a company must receive
a minimum of 90% subscription against the entire issue., the subscription shall be
refunded to the applicants within 42 days from the date of closure of issue.
Full Subscription
Issue is fully subscribed if the number of shares offered for subscription and the number
of shares actually subscribed by the public are same.
Under Subscription
It means the number of shares offered for subscription is more than the number of shares
subscribed by the public. It must be remembered that shares can be allotted, in this case,
only when the minimum subscription is received.
Over Subscription
Over subscription is the application money received for more than the number of shares
offered to the public by a company.
Shares can be allotted to the applicants by a company in any manner it thinks proper.
• The company may reject some applicants in full i.e. no shares are allotted to some
applicants and application money is refunded.
• Usually multiple applications by the same persons are not considered.
• A third alternative is that a company may allot shares to the applicants on pro-rata
basis. Pro-rata allotment means allotment in proportion of shares applied
Under pro-rata allotment, the excess application money received is adjusted against the
amount due on allotment or calls.The entries are
Calls-in-Advance
Some shareholders may sometimes pay a part, or whole, of the amount not yet called up,
such amount is known as Calls-in-advance. According to Table F, interest at a rate not
exceeding 12 per cent p.a. is to be paid on such advance call money. This amount is credited
in Calls-in-Advance Account. The following entry is recorded:
Bank A/c Dr. [Call amount received in advance]
To Call-in-Advance A/c
When calls become actually due, calls-in-advance account is adjusted at the time of the
call. For this the following journal entry is recorded:
Calls-in-Advance A/c Dr. [Call amount received in advance]
Bank A/c Dr. [Remaining call money received, if any]
• Period considered : From the date call • Period considered: From the date
money was due to the date money is money was received to the day call was
finally received. finally made due.
• Directors have a right to waive off such • Shareholders are not entitled for any
interest in individual cases at their own dividend on calls in advance.
discretion.
15. DEBENTURES
1. It is a document which evidence a loan made to a company.
2. It is a fixed interest bearing security where itself falls due on specific dates.
3. Interest is payable at a predetermined fixed rate, regardless of the level of profit.
4. The original sum is repaid at a specified future date or it is converted into shares or
other debentures.
1. A Ltd. issued 3,50,000, 12% Debentures of `100 each at par payable in full on application by
1st April, Application were received for 3,85,000 Debentures. Debentures were allotted on 7th
April. Excess money refunded on the same date.
You are required to prepare necessary Journal Entries (including cash transactions) in the
books of the company. (RTP Nov 2018)
Solution
In the books of A Limited
Journal Entries
Date Particulars Dr. CR.
` '000 ` '000
April 1 Bank A/c Dr. 38,500
To 12% Debentures Application A/c 38,500
(Being money received on 3,85,000 debentures)
April 7 12% Debentures Application A/c Dr. 3,500
To Bank A/c 3,500
(Being money on 35,000 debentures refunded as per
Board’s Resolution No…..dated…)
April 7 12% Debentures Application A/c Dr. 35,000
To 12% Debentures A/c 35,000
(Being the allotment of 3,50,000 debentures of `
100 each at par, as per Board’s Resolution
No….dated…)
2. Riya Limited issued 20,000 14% Debentures of the nominal value of `1,00,00,000 as follows:
a) To sundry per sons for cash at 90% of nominal value of ` 50,00,000.
b) To a vendor for purchase of fixed assets worth ` 20,00,000 – ` 25,00,000 nominal value.
c) To the banker as collateral security for a loan of ` 20,00,000 – ` 25,00,000 nominal value.
You are required to prepare necessary journal entries Journal Entries. (RTP May 2018)
Solution
Note: No entry is made in the books of account of the company at the time of making issue
of such debentures. In the “Notes to Accounts” of Balance Sheet, the fact that the debentures
being issued as collateral security and outstanding are shown by a note under the liability
secured.
3. On 1st April, 2017, Pehal Ltd. issued 64,500 shares of ` 100 each payable as follows:
` 30 on application, ` 30 on allotment, ` 20 on 1st October, 2017; and ` 20 on 1st
February, 2018.
By 20th May, 60,000 shares were applied for and all applications were accepted. Allotment
was made on 1st June. All sums due on allotment were received on 15 th July; those on 1st call
were received on 20th October. You are required to prepare the Journal entries to record the
transactions when accounts were closed on 31st March, 2018. (RTP Nov 2018)
Solution
Book of Pehal Ltd.
Journal Entries
Date Particulars Dr. Cr.
2017 ` `
May 20 Bank Account Dr. 18,00,000
To Share Application A/c 18,00,000
(Application money on 60,000 shares at ` 30 per
share received.)
June 1 Share Application A/c Dr. 18,00,000
To Share Capital A/c 18,00,000
(The amount transferred to Capital Account on
60,000 shares ` 30 on application. Directors’
resolution no........ dated…. )
Share Allotment A/c Dr. 18,00,000
To Share Capital A/c 18,00,000
(Being share allotment made due at ` 30 per
share. Directors’ resolution no dated )
July 15 Bank Account Dr. 18,00,000
To Share Application and Allotment A/c 18,00,000
(The sums due on allotment received.)
Oct. 1 Share First Call Account Dr. 12,00,000
To Share Capital Account 12,00,000
(Amount due from members in respect of first
call-on 60,000 shares at ` 20 as per Directors,
resolution no... dated...)
Oct. 20 Bank Account Dr. 12,00,000
To Share First Call Account 12,00,000