Chemistry

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL 2
4541
TAJUK: ELECTROCHEMISTRY / ELEKTROKIMIA
Section A
Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows a simple cell using zinc and copper as the electrodes and blue solution of X
as the electrolyte. The reading of the voltmeter is 1.8V.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu sel ringkas menggunakan zink dan kuprum sebagai elektrod dan
larutan biru X sebagai elektrolit. Bacaan voltmeter ialah 1.8V.
(a) In Diagram 1 , show the direction of the flow of electrons.

Dalam Rajah 1, tandakan arah aliran elektron.
Zinc to copper [1 mark]
(b) Which metal reacts as the negative terminal?

Logam yang manakah bertindak sebagai terminal negatif ?
Zinc
[1 mark] (c) What is the energy change in the cell above?

Apakah perubahan tenaga di dalam sel di atas?
Chemical energy to electrical energy
Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

4541
[1 mark]
(d) Name
the ion that gives the blue colour of solution X.
Namakan ion yang memberikan warna biru larutan X.
Copper (II) ion
[1 mark]
(e) (i) After a few minutes, the copper rod becomes thicker. Give a reason.
Selepas beberapa minit, rod kuprum menjadi tebal. Berikan satu sebab.
Copper is submitted on the cathode
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a half equation for your answer in (e)(i).

Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi jawapan anda di (e)(i).
Cu*2+ + 2e Cu
[1 mark]
(f) (i) State the change in the reading of the voltmeter if zinc rod is replaced by
magnesium rod.
Nyatakan perubahan yang berlaku kepada bacaan voltmeter jika rod zink
diganti dengan rod magnesium?
The reading of the voltmeter increases

4541
[1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer

in (f)(i).
Jelaskan jawapan anda di (f)(i).
Distance between copper and magnesium is further compared to copper and zinc so the voltage
will increase
[2 marks]
(g) Write the overall ionic equation for the cell.
Tuliskan persamaan ion keseluruhan bagi sel.
Zn + Cu*2+ Zn*2+ + Cu
[1 mark]
2 Diagram 2 shows the combination between a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan gabungan satu sel kimia dengan satu sel elektrolisis.

4541
Diagram / Rajah 2
Referring to Cell X,
Merujuk kepada Sel X,
(a) (i) State the energy change occurred in cell X.
Nyatakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku dalam sel X.
Chemical energy to electrical energy
[1 mark] (ii)
State the
negative terminal.
Give your reason.
Nyatakan terminal negative. Berikan sebab.

4541
Magnesium because it is more electropositive and has a higher tendency to release

electron
[2 marks]
(iii) State the change observed at the copper electrode.

Nyatakan perubahan yang diperhatikan pada elektrod kuprum.
Mg Mg*2+ + 2e
[1 mark]
Referring to Cell Y,
Merujuk kepada Sel Y,
(b) (i) State all the ions present in concentrated sodium chloride solution.
Nyatakan semua ion yang terdapat dalam larutan natrium klorida pekat.
Na+, H+, OH- and Cl-
[1 mark]
(ii) Name the gas collected at the anode.

Namakan gas yang terkumpul di anod.
Chlorine gas
[1 mark]

4541

4541
3 Diagram 3 shows two beakers containing copper plates immersed in different solutions. Rajah
3menunjukkan dua buah bikar yang mengandungi logam kuprum dicelupkan ke dalam dua
larutan yang berbeza.
Diagram 3/Rajah 3
(a) (i) Predict whether displacement reaction occurs in Set 1 and Set 2.
Ramalkan sama ada tindak balas penyesaran berlaku dalam Set 1 dan Set 2.
Set 1 : No displacement occurs
Set 2: Displacement occurs

[2 marks]
(ii) State one observation for the dispalcement reaction that occurs in (a)(i).
Nyatakan satu pemerhatian bagi tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku di (a(i).
Colourless silver nitrate will turn into blue colour and the copper rod becomes thinner
[1 marks]

4541
(iii) Write the ionic equation for the displacement reaction that occurs in (a)(i).
Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas penyesaran yang berlaku di (a)(i).
Cu (s) + Ag (aq) Cu*2+ (aq) + Ag (s)
[1 marks] (b) Based on your answer in (a)(i), arrange copper, lead and silver in
the order of increasing electropositivity.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (a)(i), susunkan kuprum, plumbum, dan argentum dalam
tertib penambahan keelektropositifan.
Silver. Copper. Lead ( Ag, Cu, Pb)

[1 mark]
(a) If copper is replaced with zinc in Set I, state whether zinc can displaced lead from
lead(II) nitrate solution. Explain your answer.
Jika kuprum digantikan dengan zink, nyatakan sama ada zink boleh menyesarkan plumbum
daripada larutan plumbum(II) nitrat. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
It will occur because zinc is more electropositive than lead and has the tendency to
release electron
[2 marks]
(b) State two uses of the electrochemical series.

Nyatakan dua kegunaan siri elektrokimia.
To determine the positive and negative terminals in voltaic cell and displacement
process
[2 marks] 4 When concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution is

electrolysed using carbon electrodes, gases are collected at the electrodes.

4541
Apabila larutan akueus pekat natrium klorida dielektrolisiskan menggunakan elektrod

karbon, gas-gas terhasil dikumpulkan pada elektrod.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram for the set-up of apparatus to carry out the electrolysis.
Lukiskan satu gambar rajah berlabel susunan radas untuk menjalankan elektrolisis.
Test tube
carbon electrodes sodium chloride

solution
ammeter [2 marks]
switch battery
(b) Name the gases collected at the anode and cathode.
Namakan gas yang terkumpul pada anod dan katod.
Anode/anod: Chlorine gas
Cathode/katod: Hydrogen gas

[2 marks]
(c) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode and cathode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod dan katod.
Anode/anod: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e
Cathode/katod: 2H+ + 2e H2
[2 marks] (d) Suggest a chemical test to identify the gas produced at the anode.

4541
Cadangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengenalpasti gas yang terhasil di anod.
First, put a moist blue litmus paper into the test tube with the gas so that the blue litmus
paper will turn into red and decolourise
[2 marks]
(e) Why is concentrated hydrochloric acid not used for the manufacture of chlorine
gas by electrolysis?
Mengapakah asid hidroklorik pekat tidak digunakan dalam pembuatan gas klorin
melalui elektrolisis?
It is highly volatile and very expensive
[2 marks ]
5 Table 3 shows the descriptions and observations for two experiments I and II.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan penerangan dan pemerhatian untuk dua eksperimen I dan II.
Experiment Description Penerangan Observation Pemerhatian

Eksperimen
I Electrolysis of 1 mol dm-3 Brown deposits are formed at the

copper(II) sulphate solution using cathode and gas bubbles are
carbon electrodes released at the anode.
Elektrolisis 1 mol dm-3 larutan Enapan perang terbentuk pada
kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan katod dan gelembung-gelembung
elektrod karbon gas dibebaskan di anod.

4541
II Electrolysis of 1 mol dm-3 Mass of anode decreases and mass

copper(II) sulphate solution using of cathode increases
copper electrodes
Jisim anod berkurang dan jisim
katod bertambah
Elektrolisis 1 mol dm-3 larutan

kuprum(II) sulfat menggunakan
elektrod kuprum
Table 5/Jadual 5
(a) Based on Experiment I:
Berdasarkan Eksperimen I:
(i) What is the formula of the ion that is selectively discharged at the anode?
Apakah formula bagi ion yang dipilih untuk nyahcas di anod?
OH-
[1 mark]
(ii) State the reason for your answer in (a)(i).

Nyatakan sebab untuk jawapan anda di (a)(i).
The ions position in the electrochemical series
[1 mark]
(iii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e

4541
[1 mark]
(iv) Describe briefly the chemical test to confirm the product at the anode.
Huraikan secara ringkas ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan hasil di anod.
Use the glowing wooden splinter method and it will rekindle and get oxygen gas
[2 marks] (v) How does the intensity of the blue colour copper(II)
sulphate change?
Explain your answer.
Bagaimanakah keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berubah.
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The concentration of copper (II) ions decreases and the colour intensity
decreases
[2 marks]
(b) Based on Experiment II:

Berdasarkan Eksperimen II:
(i) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the anode.
Tulis setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
Cu Cu*2+ + 2e
[1 mark]
(ii) How does the intensity of the blue colour copper(II) sulphate change?

4541
Explain your answer.

Bagaimanakah keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum(II) sulfat berubah.
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
The blue intensity doesn’t change because the formation of Cu*2+ at the anode is the
same as the rate of discharge of Cu*2+ at cathode
[1 marks] Section B
Bahagian B
6. (a) A student has carried out an electrolysis process using dilute etanoic acid and carbon as
electrodes. What is produced at the cathode ? Write a half equation for the reaction.
Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan proses elektrolisis dengan menggunakan larutan

asid etanoik dan karbon sebagai elektrod. Apakah yang terhasil di katod? Tuliskan
persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas tersebut.
[2 marks]
Hydrogen gas is produced, 2H+ + 2e H2
(b) Diagram 6 shows two types of cells.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

4541
Diagram 6 / Rajah 6
Compare and contrast cell X and cell Y. Include the observations and half equations for
reactions at the electrodes in both cells in your answers .
Banding dan bezakan sel X dan sel Y. Sertakan pemerhatian dan persamaan setengah bagi
tindak balas di elektrod kedua-dua sel di dalam jawapan anda.

4541
[8 marks] (c) Table 6 shows the observation at the anode and cathode when the
dilute hydrochloric acid is electrolysed using carbon electrodes.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan pemerhatian pada anod dan katod apabila asid hidroklorik cair
dielektrolisiskan menggunakan karbon.
Electrode Observation
Elektrod Pemerhatian
Anode A colourless gas is released and relights a glowing splinter
Anod Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan dan menyalakan kayu uji berbara
Cathode A colourless gas is released and gives a ‘pop’ sound when tested
Katod with a lighted wooden splinter
Gas tidak berwarna dibebaskan dan menghasilkan bunyi ‘pop’
apabila diuji dengan kayu uji bernyala
Table 6 / Jadual 6
(i) Identify the products formed at the anode and cathode.

Write the half-equation for the reactions that occur.
Kenalpasti hasil yang terbentuk di anod dan katod
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
[4 marks/markah]

4541
(ii) What happens to the dilute hydrochloric acid at the end of the electrolysis?
Give one reason for your answer.
Apakah yang berlaku kepada asid hidroklorik cair pada akhir elektrolisis?
Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda.
[4 marks/markah]
The concentration of hydrochloric acid increases as the Cl- and OH- ions are attracted
to the anode. The OH- ions become discharged and the H+ ions are attracted to the anode
(iii) State the factor that determines the products formed at the electrodes in this experiment.
Nyatakan faktor yang menentukan hasil yang terbentuk di elektrod dalam
eksperimen ini.
[2 marks/markah]
The position of ions determine the anode and cathode
7. Diagram 7.1 shows the set-up of the apparatus to study the electrolysis of sodium chloride
solution using carbon electrodes.
Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan natrium Klorida
menggunakan elektrod-elektrod karbon.

4541
(a) Based on Diagram 7.1, state the factors that determine the products formed at
electrode P and electrode Q.
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, nyatakan faktor yang menentukan hasil yang
terbentuk pada elektrod P dan elektrod Q.
Electrode P is determined by concentration of electrolyte while electrode Q is determined by the
position of ions
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the reaction at electrodes; P and Q. Include the following in your explanation :
Terangkan tindak balas pada elektrod, P dan Q. Sertakan perkara berikut
dalam penerangan :
● List of ions attracted to each of
electrodes, P and Q
Senarai ion-ion yang tertarik ke
setiap elektrod, P dan Q
● Names of the ions
selectivelydischarged at each
electrode
Nama ion-ion yang dipilih untuk
dinyahcas di setiap elektrod
● The reason why the ions are
selectively discharged
Sebab ion-ion dipilih untuk
dinyahcas

4541
● Observation for each electrodes
Pemerhatian bagi setiap elektrod
[8
marks]

4541
(c) Diagram 7.2 shows two types of cell.

Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

4541
Diagram 7.2 / Rajah 7.2
Compare and contrast cell X and cell Y in term of :

Banding dan beza sel X dan sel Y dari segi :
● Type of cell
Jenis sel
● The energy change

Perubahan tenaga
● The terminals of the cells

Terminal bagi kedua-dua sel
● Ions presence in the electrolyte

Ion-ion yang hadir dalam elektrolit
● Observation
Pemerhatian
● Half equation for both electrodes

Setengah persamaan bagi kedua-dua elektrod
● Name of the processes occurred at the positive terminal of each cell

Nama proses yang berlaku pada terminal positif kedua-dua sel

4541

4541
[10 marks] Section C

Bahagian C
8. (a) Salman intends to electroplate an iron spoon with nickel.

Salman ingin menyadur satu sudu besi dengan nikel.
Nickel ,Ni is a transition element with oxidation number of +2 and +3.

Nikel ,Ni adalah unsur peralihan dengan nombor pengoksidaan +2 dan +3
Draw a labeled diagram to show how he can set up the apparatus.

Write the half equations at anode and cathode.
Lukiskan rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan bagaimana dia dapat menyediakan susunan
radas tersebut.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah pada anod dan katod.
Spoon Nickel
[4 marks] Nickel ( III ) nitrate
anode : Ni → Ni 2+ +2e
cathode : Ni2+ +2e → Ni

4541
(b) Two sets of experiment are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the discharged of ions
at the anode.
Dua set ekperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi nyahcas ionion
pada anod.
Table 8 shows information about both experiment.

Jadual 8 menunjukkan maklumat tentang kedua-dua eksperimen.
Experiment Electrolyte Type of Observation at anode

Eksperimen Elektrolit anode Pemerhatian pada anod
Jenis anod
I 0.0001 mol Carbon Bubble of gas produced light up a
karbon glowing splinter.
dm3MIsolution
Larutan MI Gelembung gas terhasil
dan menyalakan kayu uji
0.0001 mol dm-3 berbara.
II 1.0 mol dm-3 The solutionturns brown and turns

MI solution Carbon dark blue when starch solution is
karbon added.
Larutan MI
1.0 mol dm-3 Larutan bertukar perang dan
bertukar ke biru gelap apabila
larutan kanji ditambah.
Table 8/Jadual 8
Name the product formed at the anode in set I and set II. Explain how the products are
formed.
Namakan hasil yang terbentuk di anod dalam setI dan set II.Terangkan bagaimana hasil-
hasil tersebut terbentuk.

4541
[6 marks]
(c)
Chemical cell produces electrical energy through chemical reaction.
Sel kimia menghasilkan tenaga elektrik melalui tindak balas kimia.
By using two suitable metal electrodes and an electrolyte,describe an experiment to verify the above
statement.
Dengan menggunakan dua elektrod logam yang sesuai dan satu elektrolit ,huraikan suatu
eksperimen untuk mengesahkan pernyataan di atas.
[10 marks]
9 (a) A group of students carry out an electrolysis of ethanoic acid solution,

CH3COOH by using carbon electrodes.
Sekumpulan pelajar menjalankan suatu elektrolisis larutan asid etanoik,
CH3COOH, menggunakan elektrod karbon.
By using your knowledge of factors affecting the selective discharge of ions at the
electrodes,
Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan anda tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
pemilihan ion untuk dinyahcaskan di elektrod,
(i) Identify the ion that is selectively discharge at anode and cathode.
Kenal pasti ion yang dipilih menyahcas di anod dan katod.
(ii) Write half equation for the reactions occurred at anode and cathode.
Tuliskan persamaan setengah yang berlaku di anod dan katod.
(iii) Describe a chemical test to verify the product formed at cathode. Huraikan satu ujian kimia
bagi mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk di katod.
[6 marks]
(b) Table 9.1 shows the apparatus set-up to electroplate iron spoon.
Jadual 9.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menyadurkan sudu besi.

4541
Set Apparatus set up Observation on

Set Susunan radas iron spoon
Pemerhatian
terhadap sudu besi
A shiny grey solid deposited

Pepejal kelabu berkilat terenap
No changes
Tiada perubahan
II
Table / Jadual 9.1

Based on the observation in Table 9.1, explain the differences in Set I and Set II.
Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Jadual 9.1, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan
dalam Set I dan Set II.
[4 marks] (c) Table 9.2 shows the apparatus set-up and observation for
four different of cells using 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution
Jadual 9.2 menunjukkan susunan radas dan pemerhatian bagi empat sel yang berbeza
menggunakan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1.0 mol dm-3.

4541
Set Apparatus set up Observation on
Set Susunan radas iron spoon
Pemerhatian
terhadap sudu besi
Anode :
Anod :
Bubbles gas released
I Gelembung udara terbebas
Electrolyte :
Elektrolit :
The intensity of blue colour of
copper (II) sulphate solution
decreased
Keamatan warna biru larutan
Kuprum (II) sulfat berkurang
Anode:
Anod:
II Copper plate become thinner
Kepingan kuprum menipis
Electrolyte:
Electrolit:
copper (II) sulphate solution remain
Kuprum (II) sulfat kekal
III Anode :
Anod :
Magnesium plate become thinner
Kepingan magnesium menipis
Electrolyte :
Elektrolit :

4541

decreased

Kuprum (II) sulfat berkurang
IV Anode :
Anod :
Copper plate become thinner
Kepingan kuprum menipis
Electrolyte :
Elektrolit :
increased
Kuprum (II) sulfat bertambah
Table / Jadual 9.2 Based on Table 9.2:

Berdasarkan Jadual 9.2:
Explain why there are differences in the observation between

4541
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan pemerhatian di antara
(i) Cell I and Cell II
Sel I dan Sel II
(ii) Cell III and Cell IV
Sel III dan Sell IV
[10 marks] KERTAS 3 SOALAN STRUKTUR
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the set-up of apparatus for an experiment of Set I, Set II and Set III to
construct the electrochemical series based on the potential difference between two different
metals in a voltaic cell. Metal X acts as a positive terminal.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan susunan radas satu eksperimen bagi Set I, Set II dan Set III untuk
membina siri elektrokimia berdasarkan beza keupayaan antara dua logam berbeza dalam sel
voltan. Logam X bertindak sebagai terminal positif.
Set Set-up of apparatus

Set Susunan radas
I
V
Metal X Tin
Logam X Stanum
Sodium chloride
solution
Larutan natrium
klorida Voltmeter reading 0.7V
Bacaan voltmeter :
II
V
Metal X Zinc
Logam X Zink
Sodium chloride
solution
Larutan natrium
klorida Voltmeter reading
Bacaan voltmeter :

4541
V
Metal X Magnesium
Logam X Magnesium
III
Sodium chloride
solution
Larutan natrium
klorida Voltmeter reading
Bacaan voltmeter :
Dagram 1.1/ rajah 1.1
(a) Record the voltmeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 1.1.
Rekod bacaan voltmeter pada ruang yang disediakan dalam Rajah 1.1.
I) 0.7V
II) 1.6V
III)2.4V
[3 marks]
(b) For this experiment, state the :

Bagi eksperimen ini, nyatakan:
(i) manipulated variable pembolehubah

dimanipulasikan
Pair of metals
(ii) responding variable pembolehubah bergerak

balas

4541
Voltage
(iii) fixed variable pembolehubah dimalarkan
Sodium chloride solution
[3 marks]
(c) State one hypothesis for this experiment.

Nyatakan satu hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding
variable
[3 marks] (d) Based on the voltmeter readings in Diagram 1.1, arrange

metal X, zinc , magnesium and tin in ascending order of electropositivity of metals in
electrochemical series.
Berdasarkan bacaan voltmeter dalam Rajah 1.1, susunkan logam X, zink, magnesium dan
stanum dalam tertib menaik keelektropositifan logam dalam siri elektrokimia.
Metal X, Tin, Zinc, Magnesium
[3 marks]
(e) State the operational definition for potential difference of metals.

Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi beza keupayaan logam.
When two different metals are drenched into sodium chloride, the voltmeter gives a
reading

4541
[3 marks]
(f) Diagram 1.2 shows the result of the experiment for Set II after 40 minutes.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen bagi Set II selepas 40 minit.

4541
Voltan / voltage ______________________________________________
Positive terminal / terminal positif

______________________________________________
[3 marks]
(h) Write half equation for the reaction occurs at negative terminal and positive terminal in Set
III.
Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada terminal negatif dan
terminal positif dalam Set III.
At negative terminal
Pada terminal negative
Mg Mg*2+ + 2e
At positive terminal
Pada terminal positif
2H+ + 2e H2
[3 marks]
(i) Classify all the ions present in sodium chloride solution into cations and anions.
Kelaskan semua ion yang hadir di dalam larutan natrium klorida kepada kation dan
anion.
Cation Anion
Kation Anion

4541
Chloride ion, Cl-
Sodium ion, Na+ Hydroxide ion, OH-
Hydrogen ion, H+
[3 marks]
2. Rajah 2.1 dan Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi dua eksperimen.
Diagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show the set-up of the apparatus for two experiments.
Electrolytic cell I /Sel elektrolisis I
Beginning of experiment /Awal eksperimen After 30 minutes/ Selepas 30 minit
Rajah 2.1/ Diagram 2.1
Sel elektrolisis II/ Electrolytic cell II
Beginning of experiment /Awal eksperimen After 30 minutes/ Selepas 30 minit

4541
Rajah 2.2/ Diagram 2.2
Electrolytic cell I using carbon electrodes and 0.01 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride solution is used
as an electrolyte and Electrolytic cell II using copper electrodes and 0.01 mol dm -3 copper(II)
chloride solution is used as an electrolyte.
Sel elektrolisis I menggunakan elektrod karbon dan larutan kuprum(II) klorida, 0.01 mol dm -3
digunakan sebagai elektrolit manakala Sel elektrolisis II menggunakan elektrod kuprum dan
larutan kuprum(II) klorida, 0.01 mol dm-3 digunakan sebagai elektrolit.
(a) State observation at anode in Table 1

Nyatakan pemerhatian di anod dalam Jadual 1.
Electrolytic cell Observation

Sel elektrolisis Pemerhatian
I Bubbles of the gas released
II
Anode becomes thinner
[3 marks]
(b) Based on the answer at (a), write the half equation for the reaction happen in both cell.
Berdasarkan jawapan di (a), tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas yang
berlaku dalam kedua-dua sel tersebut.

4541
Electrolytic cell Half equation
Sel elektrolisis Persamaan setengah
I 4OH+ 2H2O + O2 + 4e
II Cu Cu*2+ + 2e
[3 marks]
(c) Based on the half equations in (b), name the products.

Berdasarkan setengah persamaan di (b), namakan hasil-hasil tersebut
Electrolytic cell Name of products

Sel elektrolisis Nama hasil-hasil
I Oxygen and water
II Copper (II) Ion
[3 marks]
(d) State an inference for Electrolytic cell II based on observation in 1(a).

Nyatakan inferens bagi Sel elektrolisis II berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam 1(a).
Copper will ionise and will oxidise
[3 marks]
(e) For this experiment, state:

(i) The manipulated variable:

4541
Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan :

Type of electrode
(ii) The responding variable:

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas :
Product of anode
(iii) The constant variable:

Pemboleh ubah yang ditetapkan :
Copper(II) sulphate
[3 marks] (f) State the hypothesis for this experiment

.Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.
When copper electrodes are used, copper anode becomes thinner and when carbon
electrodes is used colourless gas is released
[3 marks]
(g) State the operational definition for the factor of electrode type.
Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi faktor jenis elektrod.
[3 marks]

4541
(h) The experiment of Electrolytic cell I repeated by replace 0.01 mol dm -3 copper(II) chloride
solution to 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride solution. Predict the name of product formed at
anode.
Eksperimen Sel elektrolisis I diulangi dengan menggantikan larutan kuprum(II) klorida
0.01 mol dm-3 dengan larutan kuprum(II) klorida 1.0 mol dm-3. Nama hasil yang akan
terbentuk di anod.
[3 marks] (i) The following are example of chemical substances. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh
bahan kimia
Benzene Molten lead(II) chloride Leburan Molten naphthalene

Benzena Plumbum(II) klorida Leburan naftalena
Potassium carbonate solution Glucose solution
Larutan kalium karbonat Larutan glukosa
Classify the chemical substances into electrolyte and non-electrolyte

Kelaskan bahan-bahan kimia tersebut kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit.
[3 marks]
(j) (i) Draw a labelled diagram to show the electroplating of an iron key with
silver using silver nitrate solution as the electrolyte.

4541
Lukis satu rajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan penyaduran kunci besi dengan
argentum menggunakan larutan argentum nitrat sebagai elektrolit.
[3 marks] (ii) What will happen to the iron key after electrolysed for
20 minutes? Apakah yang akan berlaku kepada kunci besi itu selepas 20 minit dielektrolisiskan?
[3 marks]
3. Diagram 3.1 shows the apparatus set-up used in an experiment to construct

the electrochemical series by measuring the voltage of copper and metal L in
a simple voltaic cell .
The experiment is repeated by replacing metal L with metal M, metal N, metal Q and metal R.
Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan dalam satu eksperimen untuk membina
siri elektrokimia dengan mengukur voltan antara logam kuprum dengan logam L dalam sebuah
sel kimia ringkas
Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggantikan logam L dengan logam M, logam N, logam Q dan
logam R.

4541

4541
Diagram 3.2 / rajah 3.2
(a) Record the voltmeter readings in the spaces provided in Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2.
Catatkan bacaan voltmeter pada ruang yang disediakan dalam Rajah 3.1 dan Rajah 3.2.

4541
[3 marks] (b) Construct a table to record all the voltmeter reading for the
different pairs of metals. Bina satu jadual untuk merekod semua bacaan voltmeter untuk pasangan
logam yang berlainan.
[3 marks]
(c) For this experiment, state:
(i) The manipulated variable:

Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan :
(ii) The responding variable:

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas :
:
(iii) The constant variable:
Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan
[3 marks] (d) State the hypothesis for this experiment

.Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

4541
[3 marks]
(e) Based on the voltmeter readings, arrange all the metals according to the electropositivity in
ascending order.
Berdasarkan bacaan voltmeter, susunkan semua logam tersebut mengikut
keelektropositifan dalam susunan menaik.
[3 marks]
(f) Predict the voltage value for each of the following pair of metals:
Ramalkan nilai voltan bagi setiap pasangan logam berikut:
Pair of metals Voltage/V

Pasangan logam Voltan /V
M and R
M dan R
M and L
M dan L
N and Q
N dan Q
[3 marks] (g) Below is a list of chemical substances solution:

Di bawah ialah senarai beberapa larutan bahan kimia:
● Sodium chloride *tetrachlorometane * chloroform

4541
Natrium klorida tetraklorometana klorofom
▪ Silver nitrate * Hydrochloric acid

* Glucose
Argentum nitrat Asid hidroklorik Glukosa
Classify these substances into electrolyte and non-electrolyte.

Kelaskan bahan-bahan ini kepada elektrolit dan bukan elektrolit
Electrolyte Non-electrolyte
Bukan elektrolit
Elektrolit
[3 marks]

4541
(a) Problem statement

Pernyataan masalah
(b) All the variables
Semua pemboleh ubah
(c) Statement of the hypothesis
Pernyataan hipotesis
(d) List of substances and apparatus
Senarai bahan dan radas
(e) Procedure of the experiment
Prosedur eksperimen
(f) Tabulation of data
Penjadualan data
[17 marks]
2 Diagram 2 shows the conversation between two students about the electrolysis experiment.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan perbualan antara dua orang pelajar tentang eksperimen elektrolisis
Chan Siew : I carried out an experiment of electrolysis copper(II) chloride

solution using carbon electrodes. I observed the gas bubbles are released at
anode.
Saya telah menjalankan eksperimen elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) klorida
dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon. Saya perhatikan gelembong gas
. dibebaskan di anod.
Amina: But why when I used copper as electrodes, I observed the anode
become thinner?
Tapi mengapa apabila saya menggunakan kuprum sebagai elektrod,

saya perhatikan anod semakin nipis?

4541
Diagram 2/ Rajah 2
Referring to the conversation above, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of the
type of electrode to the product at anode.
Merujuk kepada perbualan di atas ,rancang satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan jenis
elektrod ke atas hasil di anod.
Your planning should include the following aspects:
Perancangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut:

Pernyataan masalah
Semua pemboleh ubah
(e) Procedure of the experiment Prosedur eksperimen
(f) Tabulation of data Penjadualan data
[17 marks]
The voltage of simple chemical cell built using two different metals depends on the
position of both metals in Electrochemical Series
Nilai voltan bagi sel kimia ringkas yang dibina menggunakan dua logam yang berbeza
bergantung kepada kedudukan kedua-dua logam itu dalam Siri
Elektrokimia
Referring to the statement above, plan a laboratory experiment to compare the voltage of two
simple chemical cell
Merujuk kepada pernyataan di atas ,rancang satu eksperimen untuk membezakan nilai voltan
bagi dua sel kimia ringkas

4541
Perancangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut:

Pernyataan masalah
Semua pemboleh ubah
(e) Procedure of the experiment
Prosedur eksperimen
(f) Tabulation of data
Penjadualan data
[17 marks]

7 4541
Cadangkan satu logam lain yang dapat menyesarkan ion kuprum, Cu 2+.
____________________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark/ 1
markah ]
(f) Why is zinc powder added in excess?
Mengapa serbuk zink ditambah secara berlebihan?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark/ 1 markah ]
3 Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of neutralization in an

experiment. Potassium chloride solution and water produced when 50.0 cm 3 of 1.0
mol dm -3 acid A reacts with 50.0 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 alkali B.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba peneutralan dalam suatu
eksperimen. Larutan kalium klorida dan air terhasil apabila 50.0 cm 3 asid
A 1.0 mol dm -3 bertindak balas dengan 50.0 cm 3 alkali B 1.0 mol dm -3 .

4541
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
TAJUK: BAHAN KIMIA UNTUK PENGGUNA
Section A
Bahagian A
1. Diagram 1 shows the label of ingredients on a bottle of pineapple

jam. Rajah 1 menunjukkan label ramuan pada sebotol jem nanas.

4541
(a) State one suitable food colouring to be used in the pineapple jam.
Nyatakan satu pewarna makanan yang sesuai digunakan dalam jem nanas.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(b) State two purposes of adding sugar in the pineapple jam.

Nyatakan dua tujuan menambahkan gula dalam jem nanas.
_____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]
(c) What is the function of sodium sulphite in the pineapple jam? Apakah fungsi
natrium sulfit dalam jem nanas?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah] (d)(i) State two reasons why citric acid is added into the
pineapple jam.
Nyatakan dua sebab mengapa asid sitrik ditambahkan ke dalam jem nanas.
_____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]

(ii) State another food additive that can be used to replace citric acid.
Nyatakan bahan tambah makanan yang lain yang boleh digunakan
untuk menggantikan asid sitrik.
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]

4541
(e) During the manufacturing of the pineapple jam, ethyl butanoate is added.
Semasa pembuatan jem nanas, etil butanoat ditambahkan.
(i) State the functional group of ethyl butanoate.
Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi etil butanoat.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(ii) State two chemicals that can be used to prepare ethyl butanoate in the school
laboratory.
Nyatakan dua bahan kimia yang boleh digunakan untuk menyediakan etil butanoat
di dalam makmal sekolah.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 marks/markah]
(f) Suggest another food additive that can replace sugar so that the pineapple jam will
be suitable for the consumption of a diabetic patient.
Cadangkan satu bahan tambah makanan yang lain yang dapat menggantikan
gula dalam jem nanas supaya jem ini sesuai diambil oleh pesakit diabetes.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
2(a) Diagram 2 shows an aloe vera plant. Aloe vera plant can be used as a traditional
medicine.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan pokok lidah buaya. Pokok lidah buaya boleh digunakan
sebagai ubat tradisional.

4541
(i) Which of the parts K, L, M or N is used as the main source of

medicine? Antara bahagian K, L, M dan N, yang manakah
digunakan sebagai sumber utama ubat?
______________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(ii) What type of disease can be cured by using aloe vera?

Apakah jenis penyakit yang dapat diubati dengan menggunakan lidah buaya?
_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah] (iii) How is aloe vera used to treat the disease in
(a)(ii)?
Bagaimanakah lidah buaya digunakan mengubati penyakit di (a)(ii)?
_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(b) Table 2 shows three types of medicine.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan tiga jenis ubat.

4541
(i) Complete Table 2 to show the functions of the types of medicine given.
Lengkapkan Jadual 2 untuk menunjukkan fungsi ubat yang diberikan.
[3 marks/markah]
(ii) What is the side effect of analgesic medicine such as aspirin if it is used by a
child below 2 years old?
Apakah kesan sampingan ubat analgesik, seperti aspirin, jika digunakan oleh
seorang kanak-kanak yang berumur 2 tahun ke bawah?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1
mark/markah] (iii) Why must patients complete the course of antibiotics
prescribed by the doctor? Mengapakah pesakit perlu menghabiskan antibiotik yang
dipreskripsikan oleh doktor?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(iv) Barbiturate is an example of psychotherapeutic medicine. State the function of

barbiturate.
Barbiturat ialah satu contoh ubat psikoterapeutik. Nyatakan fungsi barbiturat.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
3 The equation below shows the preparation of soap in the laboratory.

Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan penyediaan sabun di dalam makmal.

4541
(a)(i)
State the name of the process.
Nyatakan nama proses itu.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(ii) What is the name of substance Z?

Apakah nama bahan Z?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(iii) Explain why sodium chloride solid is added to the mixture.

Jelaskan mengapa pepejal natrium klorida ditambahkan kepada campuran.
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(b) Two cleaning agents, P and Q, are used to wash clothes in well water and pipe water.
Table 3 shows the results obtained.
Dua bahan pencuci, P dan Q, digunakan untuk mencuci kain dalam air perigi dan
air paip.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.
(i) State the type of cleaning agents P and Q.

4541
Nyatakan jenis bahan pencuci P dan Q.
P : ____________________________________________________________________
Q : ____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]
(ii) What is the meaning of scum?

Apakah maksud kekat?
__________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(iii) State the two ions in well water that cause the formation of scum.
Nyatakan dua ion dalam air perigi yang menyebabkan pembentukan kekat.
___________________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]
(iv) State one advantage of cleaning agent P compared to Q.
Nyatakan satu kelebihan bahan pencuci P berbanding dengan Q.
___________________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]

4541
4 Diagram 4.1 shows three main substances needed in the preparation of soap in the
school laboratory.
Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan tiga bahan utama yang diperlukan dalam penghasilan sabun
di makmal sekolah.
(a) What is meant by soap?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sabun?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(b) What is the homologous series of palm oil?

Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak kelapa sawit?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(c) When concentrated sodium hydroxide is added to sunflower oil, substances X and Y
are formed.
Apabila natrium hidroksida pekat ditambah pada minyak bunga matahari, bahan
X dan Y terhasil.
(i) Name substances X and Y.

Namakan bahan X dan Y.
X:__________________________________________________________________
Y: __________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]
(ii) State the name of the process to prepare soap. Nyatakan nama
proses penyediaan sabun.
___________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(d) Why is sodium chloride powder added to the soap mixture?

Mengapakah serbuk natrium klorida ditambahkan kepada campuran sabun?

4541
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(e) State another chemical that can replace concentrated sodium hydroxide to obtain
soap. Nyatakan bahan kimia lain yang boleh menggantikan natrium hidroksida pekat
untuk menghasilkan sabun.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(f) Diagram 4.2 shows the structural formula of a soap anion.

Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan struktur formula bagi suatu anion sabun.
(i) State the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the soap anion.
Nyatakan bahagian hidrofilik dan hidrofobik dalam anion sabun itu.
Part X/ Bahagian X : _____________________________________________
Part Y/ Bahagian Y : _____________________________________________

[2 marks/markah]
(ii) State the property of the hydrophobic part of the soap anion.
Nyatakan sifat bagi bahagian hidrofobik dalam anion sabun itu.
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]

4541
5 The following chemical equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a

laboratory.
Persamaan kimia yang be rikut menunjukkan suatu tindak balas semasa penyediaan
sabun di dalam makmal.
(a) What is this reaction called?

Apakah nama tindak balas ini?
____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(b) What is the homologous series of palm oil?

Apakah siri homolog minyak sawit?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]
(c)(i) Draw the structural molecule of soap.

Lukis struktur molekul bagi sabun.
[2 marks/markah]
(ii) Based on the structure in (c)(i), which part of the soap molecule is soluble in
grease? Berdasarkan struktur di (c)(i), bahagian sabun yang manakah larut di
dalam gris?
_____________________________________________________________________
[1 mark/markah]

4541
(d) Diagram 5.2 shows the cleaning action of soap. Based on Diagram 5.2, explain the
cleansing action of soap.
Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan tindakan pencucian sabun. Berdasarkan Rajah 5.2,
terangkan tindakan pencucian sabun.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[5 marks/markah]
(e)(i) What is hard water?

Apakah air liat?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks/markah]
(ii) Explain briefly the cleansing action of soap in hard water.

Terangkan dengan ringkas tindakan pencucian sabun di dalam air liat.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4541
_____________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/markah]
Section B
Bahagian B
6(a) Diagram 6 shows the label on a box of sugar-free cake bought from a shop.
Identify three types of food additives present in this cake and state their
functions. Rajah 6 menunjukkan label pada satu kotak kek tanpa gula yang
dibeli dari kedai. Kenal pasti tiga jenis bahan tambah makanan yang hadir
dalam kek ini dan nyatakan fungsinya .
[7 marks / markah ]
(b) Food additives are now widely used in processed foods for specific purposes. The
use of food additives however may give rise to health problems. Give three
examples of food additives and their functions and any health problems that may
arise. Bahan tambahan makanan digunakan secara meluas dalam makanan proses
untuk tujuan tertentu. Namun begitu, penggunaan bahan-bahan tambahan makanan
mungkin menimbulkan masalah kesihatan. Beri tiga contoh bahan tambah makanan
dan fungsinya serta sebarang masalah kesihatan yang mungkin berlaku.
[9 markah ]
(c) List two types of modern medicines. Name one example for each type.
Senaraikan dua jenis ubat moden. Namakan satu contoh bagi setiap jenis . [4
markah ]

4541
7(a) The following are the structural formulae of two cleaning agents X and
Y. Berikut adalah formula struktur untuk dua agen pembersih X dan Y.
Cleaning agent X : CH 3( CH 2) 10 CH 2 – OSO 3- Na +
Agen pembersih X
Cleaning agent Y : CH 3( CH 2) 14 – CO 2- Na +
Agen pembersih Y
(i) Identify the hydrophilic parts and the hydrophobic parts of cleaning agents X and Y.
Kenal pasti bahagian hidrofilik dan bahagian hidrofobik bagi agen pembersih X dan
Y.
[4 marks / markah ]
(ii) Using either one of the cleaning agents : X or Y, explain the cleansing action of
the cleaning agent in removing grease.
Dengan menggunakan sama ada agen pembersih X atau Y , terangkan tindakan
pembersihan agen pembersih tersebut dalam penanggalan gris.
[4 marks / markah ]
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of these two cleaning agents : X and Y.
Bandingkan kelebihan dan keburukan dua agen pembersih ini : X dan Y.
[4 marks / markah ]
(b) Using suitable materials, describe how you can prepare a sample of soap in the
laboratory. Name the reaction involved.
Dengan menggunakan bahan yang sesuai, huraikan bagaimana anda boleh
menyediakan satu sampel sabun dalam makmal. Namakan tindak balas yang terlibat.
[8 marks/ markah
]

4541
Section C
Bahagian C
8(a) Diagram 8.1 shows a label on an ice cream container.

Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan label pada suatu bekas ais krim .
(i) From the list of the ingredients, state two types of food additives found in the
ice cream. Name one example and state its function for each type of food
additives. Daripada senarai bahan kandungan, nyatakan dua jenis bahan
tambah makanan yang
terdapat dalam ais krim ini. Namakan satu contoh dan nyatakan fungsinya untuk
setiap jenis bahan tambah makanan itu .
[6 marks / markah
]
(ii) Food additives are still widely used in our foods. In your opinion, do you agree
that food additives should be continued being used in our foods? Give your
reason. Bahan tambah makanan masih digunakan dalam makanan kita secara
meluas. Pada
pendapat anda, adakah anda setuju bahawa bahan tambah makanan terus digunakan
dalam makanan kita? Berikan alasan anda.
[4 marks / markah
]
(b) A student conducted an activity to compare the effectiveness of cleansing action

of soap and detergent by using sea water and rain water. Describe an experiment
to compare the cleansing effect of soap and detergent in sea water and rain water.
In your description, include the procedure of the experiment and conclusion.
Seorang pelajar menjalankan satu aktiviti untuk membandingkan keberkesanan
tindakan pencucian sabun dan detergen dengan menggunakan air laut dan air
hujan. Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan keberkesanan pencucian
sabun dan detergen menggunakan air laut dan air hujan. Dalam huraian anda,
sertakan prosedur eksperimen dan kesimpulan.

4541
[7 marks / markah
]
(c) Diagram 8.2 shows a conversation between a patient and a doctor.

Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan perbualan antara seorang pesakit dengan seorang doktor .
Based on the conversation, state the type, example and the function of the medicine
given by the doctor.
Berdasarkan perbualan, nyatakan jenis, contoh dan fungsi ubat yang diberikan oleh
doktor.
[3 marks / markah
]

4541
9. The following poster shows the precaution steps to be taken in battling coronavirus,
COVID-19.
Poster berikut menunjukkan beberapa langkah berjaga-jaga dalam memerangi virus
korona, COVID-19.
Diagram / Rajah 9
(a) Explain the effectiveness of water and soap in washing of hands.

Terangkan keberkesanan air dan sabun dalam pencucian tangan.
[6 marks / markah ]
(b) Based on your answer in (a), describe the cleansing action for soap to
remove the dirt from the clothes.
Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (a), huraikan kesan pencucian bagi sabun untuk
menanggalkan kotoran daripada pakaian .

4541
[8 marks / markah
]
(c) Name two types of modern medicine, function and an example for each type
of medicine.
Namakan dua jenis ubat moden, fungsinya dan satu contoh bagi setiap jenis ubat.
[6 marks / markah ]
KERTAS 3 SOALAN STRUKTUR

1. Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus used to investigate the cleansing action of
soap and detergent on a pair of socks with oily stain.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji tindakan
pencucian sabun dan detergen ke atas sepasang stokin dengan kotoran berminyak.

4541
(a) (i)
State
one
observation based on the Diagram 1.

Nyatakan satu pemerhatian berdasarkan pada Rajah 1.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/ markah ]
(ii) Based on the observation in 1(a)(i), state your inference. Berdasarkan

pemerhatian pada 1(a)(i), nyatakan inferens anda .
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/ markah ]
(b) Experiment II is repeated by using soft water to replace hard water. Predict your
observation.
Eksperimen II diulang menggunakan air lembut menggantikan air liat. Ramalkan
pemerhatian anda.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
[3 marks/ markah ]

4541
2. Diagram 2 shows two beakers each containing water and saturated sugar
solution. One spoon of rice is placed in the two beakers and is left for one week
as shown in the diagram.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan dua bikar setiap bikar yang mengandungi air dan larutan
gula pekat. Satu sudu nasi diletakkan ke dalam kedua-dua bikar tersebut dan
dibiarkan selama satu minggu.
(a) State the observation after one week in each of the beaker.
Nyatakan pemerhatian yang berlaku selepas satu minggu di dalam kedua-
dua bikar tersebut.
__________________________________________________________________
_
[3 marks/ markah ]
(b) State all the variables involved in this experiment.

Nyatakan pemboleh ubah bagi eksperimen ini.
[3 marks / markah ]

4541
Manipulated variable
Pemboleh ubah
dimanipulasikan
Responding variable
Pemboleh ubah
bergerak balas
Fixed variable
Pemboleh ubah
dimalarkan
(c) State the inference for this experiment.

Nyatakan inferens bagi eksperimen ini.
___________________________________________________________________
_
[3 marks / markah ]
(d) State the operational definition for this experiment.

Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi eksperimen ini.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[3 marks / markah ]
(e) What do you think will happen if we replace the saturated sugar solution with a
salt solution instead?

4541
Apakah yang akan terjadi sekiranya kita menggantikan larutan gula tepu dengan
larutan garam ?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[3 marks / markah ]
KERTAS 3: MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN

4541
1. Diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus used to investigate the cleansing
action of soap and detergent on a piece of cloth stained with oil.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menyiasat tindakan
pembersihan sabun dan detergen pada pakaian yang dikotori minyak.
Based on the above diagram, plan one laboratory experiment to compare the
effectiveness of soap and detergent in hard water.
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, rancang satu eksperimen untuk membandingkan keberkesanan
sabun dan detergen dalam air liat.

Perancangan anda perlu mengikut aspek berikut:
(a) Aim of the experiment/ Tujuan eksperimen
(b) All the variables/ Semua pemboleh ubah
(c) Statement of the h ypothesis / Pernyataan hipotesis
(d) List of substances and apparatus /S enarai bahan dan radas
(e) Procedure of the experiment / Kaedah eksperimen
(f) Tabulation of data/ Penjadualan data
[17 marks/ markah ]
2. Based on observation in Diagram 2, plan an experiment to investigate the

effectiveness of cleansing agent X and cleansing agent Y in hard water.

4541
Berdasarkan pemerhatian dalam Rajah 2, rancang satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji
keberkesanan agen pencuci X dan agen pencuci Y dalam air liat.
Your planning should include the following aspects.

Perancangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut :.
(a) Aim of the experiment / Tujuan eksperimen
(b) All the variables/ Semua pemboleh ubah
(c) Statement of the hypothesis / Pernyataan hipotesis
(d) Lists of substances and apparatus / Senarai bahan dan alat radas
(e) Procedure for the experiment/ Prosedur eksperimen
(f) Tabulation of data/ Penjadualan data
[17 marks/ markah ]

Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL 2

(a) In Diagram 1 , show the direction of the flow of electrons.

(b) Which metal reacts as the negative terminal?

[1 mark] (c) What is the energy change in the cell above?

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Copper (II) ion

Copper is submitted on the cathode

(ii) Write a half equation for your answer in (e)(i).

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

[1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Chemical energy to electrical energy

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Magnesium because it is more electropositive and has a higher tendency to release

(iii) State the change observed at the copper electrode.

Na+, H+, OH- and Cl-

(ii) Name the gas collected at the anode.

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Set 1 : No displacement occurs

Set 2: Displacement occurs

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Silver. Copper. Lead ( Ag, Cu, Pb)

(b) State two uses of the electrochemical series.

[2 marks] 4 When concentrated aqueous sodium chloride solution is

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Apabila larutan akueus pekat natrium klorida dielektrolisiskan menggunakan elektrod

carbon electrodes sodium chloride

Anode/anod: Chlorine gas

Cathode/katod: Hydrogen gas

Anode/anod: 2Cl Cl2 + 2e

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

It is highly volatile and very expensive

Experiment Description Penerangan Observation Pemerhatian

I Electrolysis of 1 mol dm-3 Brown deposits are formed at the

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

II Electrolysis of 1 mol dm-3 Mass of anode decreases and mass

Elektrolisis 1 mol dm-3 larutan

(ii) State the reason for your answer in (a)(i).

The ions position in the electrochemical series

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

(b) Based on Experiment II:

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Explain your answer.

Seorang pelajar telah menjalankan proses elektrolisis dengan menggunakan larutan

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

(i) Identify the products formed at the anode and cathode.

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

(c) Diagram 7.2 shows two types of cell.

Modul Kimia SPM WPKL

Compare and contrast cell X and cell Y in term of :

● The energy change

● The terminals of the cells

● Ions presence in the electrolyte

● Half equation for both electrodes