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2.3 Flow through a Circular Tube

Fig. 2.3-1. Cylindrical shell of fluid over which the z momentum balance is made for axial flow in a circular tube . The z
momentum fluxes drz and dzz are given in full in Eqs. 2.3-9 and 2.3-10.

2.3 Flow through a Circular Tube

rate of momentum in rate of momentum out rate of momentum in rate of momentum in
− + - +
by convective transport by convective transport by molecular transport by molecular transport

force of gravity
=0
acting on system

Rate of z-momentum in across annular surface at z=0

𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓 ɸ𝒛𝒛 |𝒛 = 𝟎

Rate of z-momentum out across annular surface at z=L

𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓 ɸ𝒛𝒛 |𝒛 = 𝑳

Rate of z-momentum in across cylinder surface at r

𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 ɸ𝒛𝒛 |𝒓

Rate of z-momentum in across cylinder surface at r+Δr

𝟐𝝅(𝒓 + ∆𝒓)𝑳 ɸ𝒓𝒛 | 𝒓 + Δ𝒓
= 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝑳ɸ𝒓𝒛 |𝒓 + Δ𝒓

Gravity force acting in z-direction On cylindrical shell

(𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓𝑳)𝝆𝒈

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2.3 Flow through a Circular Tube

𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳𝜱𝒓𝒛)|𝒓 − (𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳𝜱𝒓𝒛) 𝒓+ Δ𝒓 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓)(𝜱𝒛𝒛)|𝒛=𝟎 − ((𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓)(𝜱𝒛𝒛) 𝒛 = 𝑳 (𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓𝑳)𝝆𝒈 = 𝟎

𝝏𝒗𝒛
𝝓𝒓𝒛 = 𝝉𝒓𝒛 + 𝝆𝒗𝒓 𝒗𝒛 = −𝝁 + 𝝆𝒗𝒓 𝒗𝒛
𝝏𝒓
𝝏𝒗𝒛
𝜱𝒛𝒛 = 𝒑 + 𝝉𝒛𝒛 + 𝝆𝒗𝒛 𝒗𝒛 = 𝒑 − 𝝁 + 𝝆𝒗𝒛 𝒗𝒛
𝝏𝒛

i. because vr = 0, we can drop the term ρvrvz

ii. because vz = vz(r), the term ρvzvz will be the same at both ends of the tube
iii. because vz = vz(r), the term -2µəv,/əz will be the same at both ends of the tube.
Hence Eq. 2.3-8 simplifies to

𝒅 𝓟 𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳
𝒓𝝉𝒓𝒛 = 𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝑳

• in which 𝓟 = p - pgz is a convenient abbreviation for the sum of the pressure and
gravitational terms.' the Equation may be integrated to give

𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳 𝑪𝟏
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = 𝒓+
𝟐𝑳 𝒓

2.3 Flow through a Circular Tube

• B.C. 1: at r = 0, τ = finite  C1=0
𝓟 𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = 𝒓
𝟐𝑳

Substitution of Newton's law of viscosity

𝒅𝒗𝒛 𝓟 𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳
= 𝒓
𝒅𝒓 𝟐𝝁𝑳

By integration
𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 = 𝒓 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟒𝝁𝑳

Fig. 2.3-2 The momentum-flux distribution

𝓟𝒐−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟐 and velocity distribution for the downward
B.C.2: at r=R, vz=0  𝑪𝟐 = flow in a circular tube
𝟒𝝁𝑳

(𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳)𝑹𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 = 𝟏−
𝟒𝝁𝑳 𝑹

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2.3 Flow through a Circular Tube

i. The maximum velocity vz, max occurs at r = 0 and is
(𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳)𝑹𝟐
𝒗𝒛, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝟒𝝁𝑳

ii. The average velocity (vz) is obtained by dividing the total volumetric flow rate by the cross-sectional area
(𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳)𝑹𝟐 𝟏
𝒗𝒛 = = 𝒗𝒛, 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝟐

iii. The mass rate of flow w is the product of the cross-sectional area ,πR2, the density ρ, and the
average velocity (v,)….. Hagen-Poiseuille equation
𝝅(𝓟𝒐−𝓟𝑳)𝑹𝟒𝝆
w= 𝟖𝝁𝑳

iv. The z-component of the force, Fz of the fluid on the wetted surface of the pipe is just the shear
stress τrz integrated over the wetted area.

𝑭𝒛 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝓟𝒐 − 𝓟𝑳 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝒑𝒐 − 𝒑𝑳 + 𝝅𝑹𝟐𝑳𝝆𝒈

2.4 Flow through an annulus

 We now solve another viscous flow problem in
cylindrical coordinates, namely the steady-state
axial flow of an incompressible liquid in an annular
region between two coaxial cylinders of radii kR
and R as shown in Fig. 2.4-1. The fluid is flowing
upward in the tube that is, in the direction opposed
to gravity.
 We make the same postulates as in 2.3: vz = vz(r),
vr = 0, vƟ = 0, and p = p(z). Then when we make
a momentum balance over a thin cylindrical shell of
liquid, we arrive at the following differential
equation:

𝒅 𝒑𝒐+𝝆𝒈𝟎 − 𝒑𝑳+𝝆𝒈𝑳 𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳

𝒅𝒓
𝒓𝝉𝒓𝒛 = 𝑳
𝒓= 𝑳
𝒓
By integration:
𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑪𝟏
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = 𝒓+
𝑳 𝒓

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2.4 Flow through an annulus

B.C. at r = λ R, τrz=0
𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑪𝟏
𝟎= 𝟐𝑳
𝝀𝑹 + 𝝀𝑹 r
kR

After substituting C1 λR
𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹 𝒓 𝑹
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = − 𝝀𝟐 𝒓
𝟐𝑳 𝑹
𝒅𝒗𝒛 𝓟 −𝓟 𝑹 𝒓 𝑹
=− 𝟎 𝑳 − 𝝀𝟐
𝒅𝒓 𝟐𝝁𝑳 𝑹 𝒓
𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 = − 𝟒𝝁𝑳 − 𝟐𝝀𝟐 𝒍𝒏 𝒓 + 𝑪𝟐
𝑹

We now evaluate the two constants of integration, λ and C, by using the no-slip condition on
each solid boundary
B.C. 1 at r=kR, vz=0
B.C. 2 at r=R, vz=0
𝟏−𝒌𝟐
C2=-1 ; 𝟐𝝀𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒊𝒏
𝒌

2.4 Flow through an annulus

𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹 𝒓 𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝑹
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = − 𝟏
𝟐𝑳 𝑹 𝟐 𝒍𝒏( ) 𝒓
𝒌

𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝑹
𝒗𝒛 = − 𝟏− − 𝟏 𝒍𝒏
𝟒𝝁𝑳 𝑹 𝒍𝒏 𝒓
𝒌
𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟐
𝒊) 𝒗𝒛, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒗𝒛|𝒛 = 𝝀𝑹 = − 𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐 𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐
𝟒𝝁𝑳

𝟐𝝅 𝑹
𝟎 𝒌𝑹 𝒗𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟐 𝟏−𝒌𝟒 𝟏−𝒌𝟐
𝒊𝒊) 𝒗𝒛 = 𝟐𝝅 𝑹 = − 𝟏
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝟏−𝒌𝟐 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝟎 𝒌𝑹 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 𝒌

𝝅 𝓟𝟎−𝓟𝑳 𝑹𝟒𝝆 (𝟏−𝒌𝟐 )𝟐

𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒘 = 𝟏 − 𝒌𝟒 − 𝟏
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝒌

𝒗) 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝑹𝑳 −𝝉𝒓𝒛 𝒓 = 𝒌𝑹 + 𝟐𝝅𝑹𝑳 +𝝉𝒓𝒛 𝒓 =𝑹

= 𝝅𝑹𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒌𝟐 ) 𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳

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2.5 Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids

 Thus far we have considered flow situations with solid-fluid and liquid-gas boundaries. We
now give one example of a flow problem with a liquid-liquid interface.
 Two immiscible, incompressible liquids are flowing in the z direction in a horizontal thin slit
of length L and width W under the influence of a horizontal pressure gradient (po - pL)/L.
 The fluid flow rates are adjusted so that the slit is half filled with fluid I (the more dense
phase) and half filled with fluid I1 (the less dense phase).
 A differential momentum balance leads to the following differential equation for the
momentum flux:

 This equation is obtained for both phase I and phase 11. Integration of Eq. 2.5-1 for the two
regions gives:
𝒅𝝉𝒙𝒛 𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳
=
𝒅𝒙 𝑳
𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳
𝝉𝐈𝒙𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝑪𝐈𝟏
𝑳
𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳
𝝉𝐈𝐈
𝒙𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝑪𝐈𝐈
𝟏
𝑳

2.5 Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids

𝐈 𝐈𝐈
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟏: 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝝉𝐈𝒙𝒛 = 𝝉𝐈𝐈
𝒙𝒛  𝑪𝟏 = 𝑪𝟏 if Newton’s law substituted

𝒅𝒗𝐈𝒛 𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳
−𝝁𝐈 = 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝑳

𝒅𝒗𝐈𝐈 𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳
−𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝒛
= 𝒙 + 𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝑳

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2.5 Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝑪𝟏
𝒗𝐈𝒛 = − 𝒙𝟐 + + 𝑪𝐈𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝐈 𝑳 𝝁𝐈

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝑪𝟏
𝒗𝐈𝐈
𝒛 =− 𝒙𝟐 + + 𝑪𝐈𝐈
𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝑳 𝝁𝐈𝐈

𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟐: 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝐈𝒛 = 𝒗𝐈𝐈
𝒛

𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟑: 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = −𝒃, 𝒗𝑰𝒛 = 𝟎
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟒: 𝒂𝒕 𝒙 = +𝒃 , 𝒗𝐈𝑰
𝒛 =𝟎
𝐈 𝐈𝐈
From 𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟐: 𝑪𝟐 = 𝑪𝟐
𝒑𝟎 − 𝒑𝑳 𝟐 𝑪𝟏
From 𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟑: 𝟎 = − 𝒃 + 𝐈 𝒃 + 𝑪𝐈𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝐈 𝑳 𝝁
𝒑𝟎 − 𝒑𝑳 𝟐 𝑪𝟏
From 𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟒: 𝟎 = − 𝒃 − 𝐈𝐈 𝒃 + 𝑪𝐈𝐈
𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝑳 𝝁
From these three equations we get
𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃 𝝁𝐈−𝝁𝐈𝐈
𝑪𝟏 = −
𝟐𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝝁𝐈
𝑪𝟐 = − =𝑪𝐈𝐈
𝟐
𝟐𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈

2.5 Flow of two adjacent immiscible fluids

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃 𝒙 𝟏 𝝁𝑰−𝝁𝑰𝑰
𝝉𝒙𝒛 = −
𝑳 𝒃 𝟐 𝝁𝑰+𝝁𝑰𝑰

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝝁𝐈 𝟏 𝝁𝐈−𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝒙 𝒙

𝒗𝐈𝒛 = +𝟐 − (𝒃)𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝑰𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝒃

𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃𝟐 𝟐𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝝁𝑰−𝝁𝑰𝑰 𝒙 𝒙

𝒗𝐈𝐈
𝒛 = + − (𝒃)𝟐
𝟐𝝁𝐈𝐈𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈 𝝁𝑰+𝝁𝑰𝑰 𝒃

𝟏 𝟎 𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃𝟐 𝟕𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈
𝒗𝐈𝒛 = 𝒃 𝒗𝐈
−𝒃 𝒛
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝝁𝐈𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈

𝟏 𝒃 𝐈𝐈 𝒑𝟎−𝒑𝑳 𝒃𝟐 𝝁𝐈+𝟕𝝁𝐈𝐈
𝒗𝐈𝐈
𝒛 =𝒃 𝒗
𝟎 𝒛
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝝁𝐈𝐈𝑳 𝝁𝐈+𝝁𝐈𝐈

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2.6 Creeping flow around a sphere

 In the preceding sections several elementary viscous flow problems have been solved. These
have all dealt with rectilinear flows with only one non-vanishing velocity component. Since
the flow around a sphere involves two non-vanishing velocity components, vr ,and vƟ it
cannot be conveniently understood by the techniques explained at the beginning of this
chapter.

𝟐 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝟑
𝒗𝒓 = 𝒗∞ 𝟏 − + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟑 𝒓 𝟐 𝒓

𝟑 𝑹 𝟏 𝑹 𝟑
𝒗𝜽 = 𝒗∞ 𝟏 − + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟒 𝒓 𝟒 𝒓

𝒗𝝓 = 𝟎

𝟐
𝟐 𝝁𝒗∞ 𝑹
𝒑 = 𝒑𝟎 − 𝝆𝒈𝒛 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝟑 𝑹 𝒓

Fig. 2.7-1. Sphere of radius R around which a fluid is

flowing. The coordinates r, p, and d are shown. For
more information on spherical coordinates.

Problems
In a gas absorption experiment a viscous fluid flows upward
through a small circular tube and then downward in laminar flow
on the outside. Set up a momentum balance over a shell of
thickness Δr in the film, as shown in Fig. 2B.6. Note that the
"momentum in" and "momentum out" arrows are always taken in
the positive coordinate direction, even though in this problem the
momentum is flowing through the cylindrical surfaces in the
negative r direction.
a) Show that the velocity distribution in the falling film (neglecting
end effects) is

𝜌𝑔𝑅 2 𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑣𝑧 = 1− + 2𝑎2 ln
4𝜇 𝑅 𝑅

b) Obtain an expression for the mass rate of flow in the film.

c) Show that the result in (b) simplifies to Eq. 2.2-21 if the film
thickness is very small.

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Problems
𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓+∆𝒓 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳∆𝒓𝝆𝒈 = 𝟎 ] … …/𝟐𝝅𝑳∆𝒓

𝒅
− 𝒓𝝉𝒓𝒛 + 𝒓𝝆𝒈 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙

𝝆𝒈𝒓𝟐
𝒗𝒛 = − + 𝑪𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒓 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟒𝝁

𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟏: 𝒂𝒕 𝒓 = 𝑹, 𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎
𝑩. 𝑪. 𝟐: 𝒂𝒕 𝒓 = 𝒂𝑹, 𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎

𝝆𝒈𝑹𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 𝒓
𝒗𝒛 = 𝟏− + 𝟐𝒂𝟐 𝐥𝐧( )
𝟒𝝁 𝑹 𝑹

𝟐𝝅 𝒂𝑹
𝑸= 𝒗𝒛 𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽
𝟎 𝑹