Moon, Tides, Lunar and Solar

Moon
 Is Earth's only permanent natural satellite

 The largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits
 Distance from the Earth
384,403 kilometers (238,857 miles))
 Diameter
476 kilometers (2,160 miles)
 Earth takes 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes.
 Surface composition
Rocky
It's pockmarked with craters formed by asteroid impacts millions of years ago.
 Craters have not eroded
 Craters formed by asteroid
 Composition of the lunar surface
The average composition of the lunar surface by weight is 43 percent oxygen, 20 percent
silicon, 19 percent magnesium, 10 percent iron, 3 percent calcium, 3 percent aluminum, 0.42
percent chromium, 0.18 percent titanium and 0.12 percent manganese.
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to step onto the surface of the Moon
. Edwin Aldrin, both of the Apollo 11 mission. They and other moon walkers experienced the
effects of no atmosphere. Radio communications were used because sound waves can only be
heard by travelling through the medium of air
Apollo project to collect seismic data about the interior of the Moon. There is only residual
tectonic activity due to cooling and tidal forcing, but other moonquakes have been caused by
meteor impacts and artificial means, such as deliberately crashing the Lunar Module into the
moon
The Apollo and Luna missions returned 382 kilograms (840 pounds) of rock and soil from
which three major surface materials have been studied: the regolith, the maria, and the terrae.
Regolith
Micrometeorite bombardment has thoroughly pulverized the surface rocks into a fine-grained
debris
Maria
The dark, relatively lightly cratered maria cover about 16% of the lunar surface and is
concentrated on the nearside of the Moon, mostly within impact basins. This concentration may
be explained by the fact that the Moon's center of mass is offset from its geometric center by
about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) in the direction of Earth, probably because the crust is thicker on
the farside. It is possible, therefore, that basalt magmas rising from the interior reached the
surface easily on the nearside, but encountered difficulty on the farside.
The relatively bright, heavily cratered highlands are called terrae. The craters and basins in the
highlands are formed by meteorite impact and are thus older than the maria, having
accumulated more craters.
Views of the moon
Interior of the Moon

This artist's conception shows the interior of the moon based off of new research by NASA.
The moon contains 5 major divisions in its interior. It possesses a solid, iron-rich inner core
with a radius of nearly 150 miles and a fluid, primarily liquid-iron outer core with a radius of
roughly 205 miles. It has a partially molten boundary layer around the core estimated to have a
radius of nearly 300 miles followed by the mantle and then the crust. The moon's crust varies
from tens of kilometers in depth (under mare basins) to more than 100 kilometers in some
highland regions, with an average thickness of about 70 kilometers
This artist's conception shows the interior of the moon based off of new research by NASA.
The moon contains 5 major divisions in its interior. It possesses a solid, iron-rich inner core
with a radius of nearly 150 miles and a fluid, primarily liquid-iron outer core with a radius of
roughly 205 miles. It has a partially molten boundary layer around the core estimated to have a
radius of nearly 300 miles followed by the mantle and then the crust. The moon's crust varies
from tens of kilometers in depth (under mare basins) to more than 100 kilometers in some
highland regions, with an average thickness of about 70 kilometers
Apollo 11 - Footprint on the Moon

A close-up view of an astronaut's footprint in the lunar soil, photographed with a 70mm lunar surface
camera during the Apollo 11 extravehicular activity (EVA) on the Moon.
Apollo 15 - Lunar Roving Vehicle

This is a view of the Lunar Roving Vehicle photographed alone against the desolate lunar background
during an Apollo 15 lunar surface extravehicular activity (EVA) at the Hadley-Apennine landing site.
This view is looking north. The west edge of Mount Hadley is at the upper right edge of the picture.
Mount Hadley rises approximately 4,500 meters (14,800 feet) above the plain. The most distant lunar
feature visible is approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) away. (Courtesy NASA)
New moon
• The moon’s un-illuminated side is facing the earth. Is the first phase of the Moon
Waxing crescent
Moon less than one half illuminated by direct sunlight . The moon’s disk that is illuminated is
increasing.
First Quarter
One half of the moon appears to be illuminated by the direct sunlight
Waxing Gibbous
The moon appears to be more than one– half but not fully illuminated by sunlight. The fraction
of the moon’s disk that is illuminated is increasing. happens when the moon is between a 45
and 90 degree .
Full Moon
Illuminated side of the moon is facing the Earth the moons appears to be completely
illuminated by the direct sunlight.
Waning gibbous
Appears to be partly more than one-half but not fully illuminated

-The moons disk that is illuminated is decreasing
Last Quarter
One half of the moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight . The fraction of the of the
moons disk that is illuminated by decreasing
Solar and Lunar Eclipses

What is an eclipse?
• An eclipse occurs any time something passes in front of the Sun, blocking its light. This can be
the Earth or the Moon.
Is there more than 1 kind of eclipse?
• Lunar Eclipse- When the Earth casts a shadow on the moon, causing the moon to go dark.
Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon and casts a shadow on the Moon (Full Moon)
Solar Eclipse- When the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth, causing the sun to go dark.
The Moon comes between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow on part of Earth (New
Moon)
Lunar Eclipses
• The Earth moves between the Sun and the Moon, blocking th Sun’s light, and causing the
moon to glow red.
• Umbra – The dark inner portion of the shadow cone.

• Penumbral – the lighter outer portion of the shadow.
Types of Lunar Eclipses
• Total Lunar Eclipse – when the Moon passes completely into the Umbra, or total shadow of
the Earth.
• Partial Lunar Eclipse – Occur when the Moon does not fully move into the Umbra.
• Penumbral Lunar Eclipse – When the moon passes only through the penumbra, or partial
shadow. They are barely visible.
Total Lunar Eclipse – when the Moon passes completely into the Umbra, or total shadow of
the Earth.
Partial Lunar Eclipse – Occur when the Moon does not fully move into the Umbra
Total Solar Eclipse – can only occur if you are at the exact spot within the moon’s umbra
(which isn’t very big).

Partial Solar Eclipse – Visible if you are in the penumbra of the shadow. Only some of the
moon will be shadowed.
Annular Eclipse – occurs when the moon is farthest from the Earth in its orbit. This makes the
moon look smaller, so during the eclipse you see an outer ring of light from the Sun.
Why Don’t We See Lunar
Eclipses More Often?
• Well, lunar eclipses don’t happen every day because the Moon’s orbit is tilted. So, during most
months, the Moon is above or below the Earth.
Eclipse Seasons

Tides:
High or Low
What Are Tides?

 Tides are the daily rise and fall of Earth’s waters on its
coastlines.
 As the tide comes in, the level of water on the beach rises, and
as the tide goes out, the level of water on the beach goes down.
 Tides occur in all bodies of water, but they are most
noticeable in the ocean and large lakes.
High Tides
 High tides are when the water reaches its highest point.
Low Tides
 Low tides are when the water reaches its lowest point.
What Causes Tides?
Tides are caused by the interaction of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.
Gravity is the reason for tides. Gravity is the force. exerted by an object
that pulls other objects toward it.
Moon’s Gravity – Tidal Bulges
 The Moon pulls on the water on the side nearest to it more

strongly than it pulls on the center of the Earth.
This pull creates a bulge of water, called a tide bulge,

on the side of Earth facing the moon.
Tidal Bulges – High Tide

 In places where there are tidal bulges, high tide is occurring along the
coastlines.
Tidal Bulges – Low Tide
 In places between the bulges, low tide is occurring.
Sun’s Gravity and Tides

 The Sun is so large that its gravity also affects tides.
 At times, the Sun and Moon pull together on Earth’s waters in the same direction.
 At other times they pull in different directions.
Neap Tides
 Neap tides occur in between spring tides, at the first and third quarters of the Moon when the
Sun and Moon pull at right angles to each other. are not as high or low as
normal tides.
 “weak tides”

Moon, Tides, Lunar and Solar

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Moon

 Is Earth's only permanent natural satellite

Views of the moon

Interior of the Moon

Apollo 11 - Footprint on the Moon

Apollo 15 - Lunar Roving Vehicle

One half of the moon appears to be illuminated by the direct sunlight

Appears to be partly more than one-half but not fully illuminated

Solar and Lunar Eclipses

• Umbra – The dark inner portion of the shadow cone.

What Are Tides?

 The Moon pulls on the water on the side nearest to it more

This pull creates a bulge of water, called a tide bulge,

Tidal Bulges – High Tide

Sun’s Gravity and Tides

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