Pals Studyguide Jan2021
Pals Studyguide Jan2021
Pals Studyguide Jan2021
PALS Study Guide 2020 Guidelines
Pre‐Course Requirements
The PALS course now requires a mandatory Precourse Self‐Assessment and Precourse Work with a passing score of
at least 70%. Students may take the self‐assessment as many times as needed. Please bring your Certificate of
Completion with you to the PALS class or email in advance to [email protected]. Instructions for accessing
the Precourse Requirements are included in your registration confirmation.
PALS Written Exam
The ACLS Provider exam is 50 multiple‐choice questions, with a required passing score is 84%. All AHA exams are now
“open resource” which means student may use the PALS manual, study guides, handouts and personal notes during
the exam. Using the PALS Provider Manual ahead of time with the online resources is very helpful.
BLS Review for Child and Infant
Assessment Steps for BLS Compressions
Make sure scene is safe Compress at least one‐third the depth of the chest
Tap/shout to check for responsiveness Compress at a rate between 100 – 120/min
Call for help if patient is unresponsive Allow for full Chest recoil between compression
Check for pulse and breathing for at least 5 but no PEtCO2 (intubated) < 10 mmHg indicates poor compressions
more than 10 seconds Interruptions in compressions should be < 10 seconds
If no pulse (or not sure if there is a pulse) begin CPR Switch compressors every 2 min.
If alone and witnessed collapse, immediately
activate EMS/AED before CPR
If alone and not witnessed, do 2 minutes of
CPR before activating EMS/AED
Breaths During CPR Rescue Breathing
Compressions to breaths ratio 30:2 if single rescuer For a patient who is not breathing or breathing effectively
Compressions to breaths ratio 15:2 with 2 rescuers Give 1 breath every 2‐3 seconds
Each breath given over 1 second Each breath given over 1 second
An effective breath will result in visible chest rise An effective breath will result in visible rise/fall of the chest
CPR with ETT: 1 breath every 2‐3 seconds with Excessive ventilation decreases cardiac output
continuous compressions Difficulty positioning airway for patency, place NPA or OPA
Verify ETT placement: waveform capnography
OPA Placement = Measure from the corner of the mouth to
the angle of the mandible
Effective Team Dynamics
1. Clear roles and responsibilities: Team leader should clearly delegate tasks
2. Knowing your limitation: Stay in scope of practice / ask for a new role if inappropriately assigned
3. Constructive interventions: if someone is about to make a mistake address that team member immediately
4. Knowledge sharing
5. Summarizing and Re‐evaluation
6. Closed loop communication: Repeat back the order
7. Mutual respect
Systemic Approach
Initial Impression Primary Assessment Secondary Assessment
This is a quick “doorway” assessment Airway Head to Toe Physical
looking at the child’s Appearance, Work of Breathing History: SAMPLE
Breathing, and Circulation Circulation Signs and Symptoms
Is the child in failure or distress? Disability Allergies
Exposure Medications
Past Medical History
Last Meal
Events leading up to admission
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PALS Study Guide 2020 Guidelines
Respiratory
Grunting, associated with Lung Tissue Disease, is an attempt to maintain positive pressure and prevent collapse of the
alveoli and small airways. Patient should be evaluated quickly, it may indicate respiratory distress or respiratory failure.
Upper Airway Obstructions usually is associated with abnormal sounds (Stridor, hoarseness,) and increased WOB during
the inspiratory phase. Examples include croup, epiglottis, foreign body, and anaphylaxis.
Respiratory Failure is inadequate Oxygenation or inadequate Ventilation, or both.
Common Respiratory Complications
Upper Airway Obstruction Lower Airway Obstruction
Inspiratory Stridor is a common finding Expiratory Wheezing is a common finding
Foreign Body, Croup, Epiglottitis, Anaphylaxis, Trauma Asthma, Bronchiolitis
VS, oxygen, monitor, IV, CXR, possible blood gas VS, oxygen, monitor, IV, CXR, possible blood gas
Nebulized Epi (Racemic Epinephrine), Steroids Bronchodilator (Albuterol)
Keep child calm to prevent situation from worsening Consider CPAP or BiPAP
Lung Tissue Disease Disordered Control of Breathing
Expiratory Grunting is a common finding Absent or abnormal breathing
Crackles often heard on auscultation Toxins, poisons, head trauma, seizures
Hypoxemia despite oxygen administration Ensure adequate oxygen and ventilation
Pneumonia Treat the underlying cause to correct
O2, monitor, IV, CXR, blood gas, CBC, Cultures
Antibiotics within first hour, provide supportive care
Shock / Circulatory
IO placement is an acceptable option if IV access cannot quickly be established. Contraindications to IO
placement include previous attempts, infection, or crush injury in the same extremity.
In Shock but BP is acceptable = Compensated / BP is unacceptable = Hypotensive
o Acceptable BP is 70 + 2(age in years). Example: 4 y/o is compensated if his systolic pressure is
greater than 78.
Common Shock / Circulatory Complications
Hypovolemic Shock Obstructive Shock
Blood or fluid loss Must fix the underlying cause
Treat with fluid bolus and consider blood products Examples: Cardiac Tamponade, Tension Pneumothorax
Standard bolus: 20cc/kg of Isotonic Crystalloids (NS) Consider CPAP or BiPAP
Deliver bolus over 5 to 10 minutes Tension Pneumothorax most common = needle
decompression and chest tube
Cardiovascular Shock Distributive Shock
Pulmonary edema and possible enlarged heart More common in individuals with a weak immune system
Consult Cardiology / 12 lead / Ultrasound such as cancer patients
Consider smaller/slower boluses if needed (10cc/kg) Support oxy and ventilation, support blood pressure
Consider CPAP/BiPap to mobilize fluids Antibiotics within the first hour
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PALS Study Guide 2020 Guidelines
Cardiac
Rhythms
Normal Sinus Rhythm
Acceptable rate range varies according to age
Sinus Bradycardia
Most common, usually Resp/oxygen related. If patient is
compromised and not an immediate Respiratory fix, start
CPR. Epi is the first drug for Pediatric patients
Sinus Tachycardia
Response to fever, pain, dehydration, physical
exertion. Corrected by treating the underlying cause
Supraventricular Tachycardia
HR greater than 220 in Infants, and 180 in Children. P
wave can be absent or abnormal, rate does not vary with
activity. If stable, consider Vagal Maneuvers but do not
waist time if unstable. Adenosine or Synchronized
Cardioversion
Ventricular Tachycardia
Always verify if pulse is present. If so, use the Tachycardia
Algorithm, wide complex. If no pulse, use the Cardia
Arrest Algorithm. Shockable Rhythm (defib), Meds: Epi
and Amiodarone (or Lidocaine) if refractory
Ventricular Fibrillation
As with Pulseless V‐tach, Shockable Rhythm (defib),
Meds: Epi and Amiodarone (or Lidocaine) if refractory
Asystole
High Quality CPR with minimal interruptions. Meds: Epi
PEA: Any Organized Rhythm without a PULSE
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