Title

OE18407 - Basics and Principles of Green

Building Design
Unit 1
Basics of Green Building and Assessment Methods
OBJECTIVES:
To impart knowledge on the principle and design of green buildings considering
all energy saving concepts.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to
Summarise the basics of green buildings and the assessment methods.
Identify the principles and elements of design of green buildings.
Describe about the thermal performance of building sections, lighting and
ventilation in buildings.
Appreciate the water conservation techniques and sustainable materials.
Recognize the guidelines of the energy conservation building code, model tools
used to calculate energy efficiency.
 Reference
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Dr. Dinesh Kumar Gupta, Vaibhao K. Sonarkar, Energy Conservation
and Building, Nirali Prakashan Publishers 2019.
2. Abe Kruger and Carl Seville, “Green building: principles and practices in
residential construction” Cengage learning, 2012

REFERENCES:
1. Sam Kubba , Hand book of green building and construction, Butterwort
heineman, 2012
2. Green Building A-Z, Jerry Yudelson, New Society Pub, 2007
3. R.S. Means, Green Building: Project Planning & Cost Estimating, Third
Edition, 2010
4. Jerry Yudelson, “The green building revolution”, Island press, 2010
 Contents

• Introduction of green building

• Concept of green building
• History of green building
• Need of green building in present scenario
• Importance of green building - Merits and demerits
• Classification of green building
• Assessment methods Global assessment and certification
• Local assessment, LEED India GRIHA (Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment)
Why Green Buildings?
 Why Green Buildings?
• Normally, buildings consume 40% of all material and
energy flows. Moreover, they account for 35% of the Co2
emissions in a place.
• Green building practices provide the framework and tools
to avoid this and also build in an efficient, healthy and
ecologically responsible manner. However, green
buildings aren’t only beneficial to the environment.
• In addition to these functions, they also provide better
indoor air quality and increase the productivity of the
occupants.
• Also, green buildings encourage companies to benefit
from the Green corporate image and to leave a positive
impression on customers, employees, business partners,
and shareholders.
Cause
Effect
Effect of Pandemic on CO2 emissions: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52614770
India’s Contribution
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42971504
 India offers “Panchamrit”
• India will get its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatt (GW) by
2030
• India will meet 50 per cent of its energy requirements from renewable
energy by 2030
• India will reduce the total projected carbon emissions by one billion
tonnes from now onwards till 2030
• By 2030, India will reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by less
than 45 per cent
• So, by the year 2070, India will achieve the target of Net Zero

It is lambasted as the world’s third highest polluter in 2019, but its scale of emissions, 2.88 CO2
giga tonnes (Gt) as compared to the highest polluter (China at 10.6 Gt) and second highest
(United States at 5 Gt), are not comparable, not by a stretch. And, we have a huge need to grow
our economy and to meet the energy needs of millions of our people.
• https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/climate-change/india-s-new-climate-
targets-bold-ambitious-and-a-challenge-for-the-world-80022
• Urbanization is a dynamic process that changes rural areas into urban
areas with an increasing number of people and the expansion of the
built environment horizontally and vertically.
• The built environment is the anthropogenic surroundings that provide
infrastructure and facilities for human activities, and they are the
fundamental components of the economy and social development of a
nation. Thus, the acceleration of urbanization played a considerable role
in rising CO2 emissions in the building sector.
• In general, the building sector ranges from construction to operation,
which can be further divided into residential and non-residential
buildings. These include the processes of adding structures to areas of
land and the operation, service, and maintenance of the building.
• With the building sector facing a resurgence in growth, a massive direct
and indirect impact on the environment has been reported.
• It is considered as one of the significantly consuming and waste
generating sectors of the economy.
• As a result of the energy consumption from this sector, the ambient CO2
level has increased, which generates enormous proportions of CO2
emissions.
• Sources of CO2 emissions in this sector can be from the energy
utilization required for the manufacturing and transportation of the
building materials to the processing of resources, construction waste
disposal, and the demands of construction equipment.
• The building sector consumes a substantial portion of non-renewable
energy and prompts the emission of a significant amount of CO2.
Building contributes approximately 39% of the annual global CO2.
• It has been reported that more than a one-third of the usage of total
energy and CO2 emissions is a result of the building sector in the
developed and developing nations. Therefore, CO2 emission mitigation
measures are crucial.
• Energy Generation and Use
• Residential buildings consume approximately 22% of the energy produced for
heating, cooling, cooking, water heating, and operating electrical devices. This
volume of energy demand and supply presents several problems.
• Electrical power generation carries significant environmental consequences,
including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, not to mention the
consumption of natural resources in the construction of new power generating
facilities.
• Direct air pollutants include volatile organic compounds (VOC) and small dust
particles (aerosols) that may contribute immediately to health and
environmental degradation. Greenhouse gases (GHG) are atmospheric gases,
such as carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (SOx), and nitrous oxides (NOx),
that are also emitted directly but lead to increasing global temperatures— that
is, the “greenhouse effect.”
• Coal plants add pollutants to the atmosphere, mining operations
can cause permanent damage to the land, and fly ash, a by-
product of power generation, can foul waterways if not properly
stored and managed.
• The operation of hydroelectric plants does not pollute the air, but
it reduces the availability and quality of water for downstream
communities and river habitats.
• Nuclear power, while not emitting pollutants, is produced in
plants that are costly to build and operate, and the issue of waste
disposal is not yet resolved.
• Both coal and nuclear plants use significant amounts of water to
operate, although hydroelectric plants lose water through
evaporation from reservoirs, further depleting supplies available
for drinking and irrigation.
 Bottom line

WHAT WILL BE THE SOLUTION THEN…

GREEN BUILDING
 IS THIS
GREEN BUILDING ??
 Introduction
• Green building is a set of design, construction, and building operation
practices that minimize a building’s total environmental impact. Decisions
made while planning, building, renovating, and maintaining homes have long-
term direct impacts on many different aspects of our environment— air
quality, health, natural resources, land use, water quality, and energy use.
• At the same time, our building decisions have major economic implications,
from the cost of land and materials to the labor and financing required to
build.
• Buildings are a primary point of consumption of energy, water, and raw
materials. Residential buildings account for approximately 21% of all primary
energy use, while commercial buildings represent another 19%.
Internationally, residential buildings use approximately 15% of primary energy.
Buildings are also responsible for a significant portion of air and water
pollution.
 Green Building - Defn
• the practice of (1) increasing the efficiency with which buildings and
their sites use energy, water, and materials, and (2) reducing building
impacts on human health and the environment, through better siting,
design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal—the
complete building life cycle.
• the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines green building as
follows:
• The practice of creating structures and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a
building’s life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility,
durability, and comfort.
• Green building is also known as a sustainable or ‘high performance’
building.
Green is a concept that is solely focused on the
environment, while sustainable buildings take into
account all three pillars of sustainability: planet, people,
and profit.
• LCA is the investigation and valuation of the environmental,
economic, and social impacts of a product or service.
• The materials used to construct, remodel, and maintain a house
all have an impact on the environment, as does the energy used
to heat, cool, light, and run equipment, and the amount of water
used during the home’s lifetime.
• Neighborhood design affects how much land is consumed, how
far people drive, and the amount of water pollution caused by
runoff from roofs, lawns, and roads. Green building strives to
reduce these negative impacts.
A Green Building is one
which uses less water,
optimizes energy efficiency,
conserves natural resources,
generates less waste and
provides healthier space for
occupants as compared to
conventional buildings.
• Green building is the practice of creating structures
and processes that are environment friendly and
resource-efficient throughout the life span of a building
right from site selection to design, construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and deconstruction.
• A structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or
reused in an ecological and resource-efficient manner.
Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives
such as protecting occupant health; improving employee
productivity; using energy, water, and other resources
more efficiently; and reducing the overall impact to the
environment.
Typical Layout Of Green Building
 Objectives of Green Building

• The aim of green building design is to minimize

resources, maximize the reuse, recycling and
utilization of renewable resources.
• It maximizes the reuse, recycling,and utilization of
renewable resources.
• It maximizes the use of efficient building material and
construction practices, optimizes the use of onsite
resources and use of renewable sources of energy, use
efficient waste management practices and provide
comfortable and hygienic indoor working
conditions.
• Low Impact
• Minimize impact on natural environment
• Energy Efficient
• Reduced Energy usage and Water usage
• Healthy
• Protect occupant health and increase
productivity
• Minimize waste
• Designed and constructed in a manner that
minimizes waste, pollution, and environmental
degradation
 What makes building green?
• Green Building strategies relate primarily to land use,
building design, construction, and operation, which
together help minimize or mitigate a building’s overall
impact on the environment.
• The chief objectives of green buildings are therefore
to increase the efficiency with which buildings utilize
available natural resources such as energy, water, and
materials, and simultaneously to minimize a
building’s adverse impact on human health and the
environment.
• Sustainability defined as “a means of meeting the
needs of the present generation without compromising
those of the future.”
• To successfully achieve sustainability, it is also necessary to identify and
minimize a building’s need for resources that are in short supply or
locally unavailable and to encourage the use of readily available resources
such as sun, rain, and wind.
• The main elements of green buildings and sustainability as the
following,
1. Siting: This includes selecting a suitable site that takes advantage of
mass transit availability, and protecting and retaining existing landscape
and natural features. Plants should be selected that have low water and
pesticide needs and that generate minimum plant trimmings.
2. Water efficiency: This can be achieved by applying certain water
efficiency strategies like dual plumbing to use recycled water for toilet
flushing or a gray water system that recovers rainwater or other non
potable water for site irrigation” and “Minimize wastewater by using
ultra low-flush toilets, low-flow showerheads, and other water
conserving fixtures.” Whenever possible, state of-the-art irrigation
controllers and self-closing hose nozzles should be used.
3. Energy efficiency: To achieve optimum energy performance and
energy efficiency, a number of passive strategies should be
employed such as utilizing a building’s size, shape, and orientation;
passive solar design; and natural lighting. Alternative sources of
energy should be considered such as photovoltaics and fuel cells,
which are now widely used and readily available.
4. Materials efficiency and resource conservation: Selection of
construction materials and products should be based on key
characteristics such as reused and recycled content, zero or low off-
gassing of harmful air emissions, zero or low toxicity, sustainably
harvested materials, high recyclability, durability, longevity, and
local production.
5. Environmental air quality: Studies show that buildings with
good overall indoor air quality can reduce the rate of respiratory
disease, allergy, asthma, and sick building symptoms, and increase
worker productivity.
In addition to adequate ventilation, construction materials and
interior finish products should be chosen with zero or low
emissions to improve indoor air quality. Many building materials
and cleaning/maintenance products emit toxic gases, such as VOCs
and formaldehyde. These gases can have a harmful impact on
occupants’ health and productivity.
6. Building operation and maintenance: Commissioning of green
buildings on completion ensures that they perform according to the
design goals that were intended.Commissioning includes testing
and adjusting the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems to
certify that all equipment meets design criteria. It also requires staff
instruction on the operation and maintenance of equipment. Proper
maintenance allows a building to continue to perform at optimum
levels, as designed and commissioned.
 As Conclusion
• Both water conservation and energy efficiency rely heavily on
climate, whereas indoor environment quality and material and
resource conservation are largely independent of it. And although
site sustainability depends on climate to some degree, and more
specifically on the specifications and micro-elements that are
particular to a site, it is important to note that different regions
or locations may encounter different climates — hot, arid, humid,
freezing, and windy.
• Therefore, understanding a region’s climate and readily available
resources can help avoid the use of inappropriate techniques on
a project that may have an adverse impact and invariably
increase the project’s costs and therefore its viability.
 Characteristics of Green Building
1. Promote Selection of Appropriate Sites and Environmentally
Sustainable Site Development
• Locate projects on sites away from wetlands, above the 100-year
flood level, away from prime agricultural land and away from
endangered or threatened species habitat.
• Locate projects on sites where there is already urban infrastructure
to serve them.
• Provide opportunities and building infrastructure for people to
commute to work using public transit and bicycles.
• Minimize parking to discourage excessive auto use.
• Provide low-emission vehicles and car-sharing arrangements to
reduce gasoline use.
• Protect open space in site development and restore open space on
already impacted sites.
• Manage stormwater to reduce the rate and quantity of stormwater
runoff, and use best practices to clean stormwater before it leaves
the site.
• Manage landscaping and parking lots to reduce excessive areas
of open pavement that cause heating of the area around a
building in summer, leading to more air-conditioning use.
• Control interior and exterior light from leaving the site, helping to
make skies darker at night.
2. Promote Efficient Use of Water Resources
• Control irrigation water use for landscaping, using as little as
possible. Select native landscaping which demands little or no
added water.
• Look for alternative ways to reduce sewage flows from the project,
possibly even treating the wastewater onsite.
• Use water-conserving fixtures inside the building, to reduce
overall water demand.
3. Conserve Energy, Use Renewable Energy and Protect
Atmospheric Resources
• Reduce the energy use (and environmental impact) of buildings
20% or more below the level of a standard building.
• Use onsite renewable energy to supply a portion of the building’s
electrical and gas (thermal energy) needs, using solar photovoltaic
(PV) panels or solar water heating.
• Commission the building by verifying the functional performance of
all energy-using systems after they are installed but before the
building is occupied.
• Reduce the use of ozone-harming and global-warming chemicals
in building refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
• Provide a means to troubleshoot the building’s energy use on a
continuing basis by installing measuring and monitoring devices.
• Supply 35% or more of the building’s electrical supply with
purchased green power from offsite installations, typically from wind
farms
4. Conserve Building Materials, Reduce Construction Waste
and Sensibly Use Natural Resources
• Install permanent locations for recycling bins to encourage the
practice in building operations.
• Reuse existing buildings, including interior and exterior materials,
to reduce the energy use and environmental impacts associated with
producing new building materials.
• Reduce construction waste disposal by 50% or more to cut costs
and reduce landfill use.
• Use salvaged and reclaimed building materials such as decorative
brick and wood timbers that are still structurally sound.
• Use recycled-content building materials that are made from
“downcycled” materials such as recycled concrete, dry wall, fly ash
from coal- fired plants and newspapers.
• Use materials that are harvested and processed in the
region, within 500 miles, to cut the transportation impacts
associated with bringing them from farther away.
• Use rapidly renewable materials that have a ten-year
regeneration time or less, such as bamboo, cork,
wheatboard etc.
5. Protect and Enhance Indoor Environmental Quality
• Provide non-smoking buildings, or separate ventilation
systems
where smoking is allowed (such as in high-rise housing).
• Monitor delivery of outside air ventilation so that it responds
to demand by using sensors for carbon dioxide levels to
adjust air flow.
• Provide for 30% increased ventilation above code levels,
or natural ventilation of indoor work areas, to increase the
amount of healthy air in the building.
• Use low-emitting materials in the building to reduce
sources of future contamination, including off-gassing
from paints and coatings, adhesives and sealants, carpets
and backing and composite (or engineered) wood products.
• Make sure that areas where chemicals are mixed or used
(such as inhouse printing plants or large copy rooms) are
separately ventilated, and install walk-off mats or grilles at
building entrances to capture contaminants before they
enter the building.
• Provide for individual thermal comfort of building
occupants, with respect to temperature and humidity.
• Provide for occupant control of building lighting and
ventilation systems.
• Provide for adequate daylighting of interior work
spaces, using both vision glazing and overhead light
sources such as skylights and roof monitors (vertical
glazing).
• Provide for views of the outdoors from at least 90% of
all workspaces so that people can connect with the
environment.
 Importance of Green Building

• The related concepts of sustainable development and

sustainability are integral to green building. Effective
green building can lead to
1. Reduced operating costs by increasing productivity
and using less energy and water
2. Improved public and occupant health due to improved
indoor air quality
3. Reduced environmental impacts by, for example,
reducing storm water runoff and the heating effect.
 Benefits of Green Building

A Green Building can have tremendous benefits, both tangible and

intangible. The immediate and most tangible benefit is in the
reduction in water and operating energy costs right from day one,
during the entire life cycle of the building.
Tangible Benefits
• Energy Savings : 20 - 30 %
• Water Savings : 30 - 50%
Intangible Benefits
• Enhanced air quality,
• Excellent day lighting,
• Health & wellbeing of the occupants,
• Conservation of scarce national resources
• Enhance marketability for the project
 Economic Benefits
➢ Reduced operating costs:
1. Savings on energy and water, typically 30% to 50%, along with
reduced “carbon footprint” from energy savings
2. Maintenance cost reductions from commissioning and other
measures to improve and assure proper systems integration and
performance
3. Increased value from higher Net Operating Income and better
public relations
4. Tax benefits for specific green building investments
5. Risk management benefits, including faster lease-up and sales
and lower employee exposure to odors or the effects of irritating
or toxic chemicals in building materials
6. Marketing benefits, especially for developers and consumer-
products companies
• Reduced maintenance costs: Studies shows that the energy-
saving buildings that are properly commissioned at 50 cents to $
1 per square foot of initial cost (equal to one year of savings)
show additional operational savings of 10 to 15 percent in energy
costs. They also tend to be much easier to operate and maintain.
• Increased building value: Increased annual energy savings also
create higher building values. Imagine a building that saves $
37,500 per year in energy costs versus a conventional building.
For a small up-front investment, an owner can reap benefits that
typically offer a payback of three years or less and a rate of
return exceeding 20 percent.
• Tax benefits: Many states have begun to offer tax benefits for
green buildings. To qualify for the credit, a building must be
certified by a licensed architect or engineer, and must meet
specific requirements for energy use, materials selection, indoor
air quality, waste disposal, and water use.
 Productivity Benefits
In the service economy, productivity gains for healthier indoor
spaces are worth anywhere from 1 to 5 percent of employee costs.
With energy costs typically less than $2.50 per square foot per year,
productivity gains from green buildings could easily equal or exceed
the entire energy cost of operating a building. Productivity and
health gains provide more than two-thirds of the total benefits
of green buildings
 Risk-Management Benefits

Green building certification can provide some measure of protection

against future lawsuits through third-party verification of measures
installed to protect indoor air quality. Green buildings are also seen
as less risky by insurers.

Health Benefits
Of course, a key element of productivity is healthy workers. By
focusing on measures to improve indoor environmental quality,
such as increased ventilation, daylighting, views to the outdoors,
and low-toxicity finishes and furniture.
Figure 3.3 shows that green buildings reduce their occupants’
symptoms by an average of 41.5 percent on an annual basis.
• By having the building certified by an independent third party
and by designing well above code-required minimums, a
company might have a better defense against employee lawsuits
for sick building syndrome symptoms, building-related illnesses,
and other ailments
 Public Relations and Marketing Benefits

• Stakeholder relations and occupant satisfaction.

• Environmental stewardship: Being a good neighbor is appropriate
not just for building users, but for the larger community.
Developers, large corporations, universities, some health-care
organizations, schools, local government, and building owners have
long recognized the marketing and public relations benefits
(including branding) of a demonstrated concern for the environment.
Green buildings fit right in with this message.
• More competitive product in the marketplace: Speculative
commercial and residential developers are realizing that green
buildings can be more competitive in certain markets, if built on
a conventional budget.
• Green buildings with lower operating costs and better indoor
environmental quality are more attractive to a growing group of
corporate, public, and individual buyers and tenants.
• Greenness will not soon replace known real-estate attributes
such as price, location, and conventional amenities, but green
features will increasingly enter into decisions about leasing space
and purchasing properties and homes.
• Recruitment and Retention Benefits
One often overlooked aspect of green buildings is their effect on
people’s interest in joining or staying with an organization.
Financing Green Projects
Whether you are a private developer or a nonprofit school or
organization, raising money for projects is always an issue. For
private developers, raising both debt and equity capital is the
challenge. The rise of socially responsible property investing
promises to reward those developers who build green.
• Investing in green buildings has begun to attract considerable
attention as a form of socially responsible investing, a practice
that is growing faster than overall investing.
Cost Vs Lifetime
 Benefits of Green Building
• Reduction of natural resource consumption
• Reduction of operating costs
• Health, comfort and safety for all residents
• Energy optimization and reduction of energy
consumption
• Increased productivity of the occupants
• Better indoor air quality (IAQ has a tremendous impact
on human health)
• Green Building encourages companies to benefit from
the Green corporate image and to leave a very positive
impression on customers, employees, business
partners and shareholders.
❑ The green buildings reduce certain negative impacts through
more effective planning, design, construction, and operation
based on the guidelines of green standards.
❑ Savings on energy costs and maintenance costs make green
building especially attractive to owners. Moreover it provides the
users to have good health condition, comfort and an improved
overall quality of life. Thus, Green building construction is
advantageous in social, economical and environmental aspects.
❑ These advantages are mentioned in the following:
• Conservation of scarce national resources.
• Reduction in energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort
levels. Energy savings could range from 30 - 40 % (as mentioned
in National Building Code), which directly reduce energy bills.
• According to National Building Code (NBC), green buildings save
material to about 25- 40% compared to conventional buildings.
• Reduction in destruction of natural areas, habitats,
biodiversity etc. and prevent soil loss from erosion.
• Reduction in air and water pollution (with direct health
benefits).
• Reduction in water consumption. Water is saved around 36
- 40% as mentioned in NBC.
• Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse.
• Enhanced image and marketability.
• Enhancing and protecting the health and well-being of the
occupants.
• Heighten aesthetic qualities.
• Optimize life-cycle economic performance
Environmental Benefits
• Protect biodiversity and ecosystems
• Improve air and water quality
• Reduce waste streams
• Conserve natural resources
Economic Benefits
• Reduce operating costs
• Create, expand, and shape markets for green product and services
• Improve occupant productivity
Social Benefits
• Enhance occupant comfort and health.
• Heighten aesthetic qualities.
• Minimize strain on local infrastructure.
• Improve overall quality of life.
Comparison
Almost all countries have their own Green Building Rating
programme.
BREEAM
• BREEAM is the world’s leading sustainability assessment method for
master planning projects, infrastructure and buildings. It addresses a
number of lifecycle stages such as new construction, refurbishment and
in-use.
• BREEAM is used not only for building but also for master planning and
infrastructure developments, which considers new construction,
refurbishment and also in-use.
• So, if you want to make a BREEAM assessment for a building it need not
be newly constructed. It can be building already been used or some
building which is been used for something else before and we have done
some changes and you have refurbished and made into a new building
those are also can come under BREEAM category.
• Globally there are more than 536,300 BREEAM certified developments,
and almost 2,229,500 buildings registered for assessment since it was first
launched in 1990. So, it has over 536,341 certification and more than 2
million registered buildings and it has over 73 countries.
Ratings
LEED Certification
 LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) was developed

and piloted in the US in 1998 as a consensus based building rating system
based on the use of existing building technology.
• The rating system addresses specific environmental building related impacts
using a whole building environmental performance approach LEED was created
in 2000 by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), for rating design and
construction practices that would define a green building in the United States.
• LEED is used throughout North America as well as in more than 30 countries
with over 6,300 projects currently certified across the globe and over 21,000
projects registered.
• As of September 2010, over 35 state governments, 380 cities and towns, and 58
counties have enacted sustainable legislation, ordinances, or policies, many of
which specifically call for LEED certification.
• LEED consists of credits which earn points in 7 categories: Site
Selection, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and
Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, Regional Priority, and
Innovation in Design.
• One hundred points are available across these categories with
mandatory prerequisites such as minimum energy and water-use
reduction, recycling collection, and smoke control.
• Since its inception, LEED standards have become more stringent as
the market has changed and expanded to include distinct rating
systems that address different building types: New Construction,
Existing Buildings, Commercial Interiors, Core & Shell, Schools,
Retail, Healthcare, Homes, and Neighborhood Development.
• The LEED certification process takes place at LEED Online. Project
teams are required to compile documentation to show
compliance with LEED requirements and upload this
documentation to the LEED Online website.
• The documentation is then reviewed by the Green Building
Certification Institute (GBCI); a LEED certification is earned if all
prerequisites and a sufficient number of credits are earned.
• There are four levels of LEED certification: Certified, Silver, Gold,
and Platinum.
• There are no on-site visits required and certification can occur
upon completion of construction.

https://www.usgbc.org/leed-tools/scorecard
Rating Programmes
PEARL
GREEN STAR
Green Globes
BREEAM Vs LEED
Green Building Rating Systems in
India
India currently has the below green rating systems for buildings.
1. Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
2. Leadership in Energy and Environment Design (LEED)
3. IGBC rating systems

These green rating systems aim to quantify the environmental,

economic and socio-economic benefits of green building design with
an emphasis on sustainable site planning, optimized energy
performance, efficient materials, and construction practices, water,
and waste management strategies; and indoor environmental
quality.
GRIHA
• GRIHA is Sanskrit word meaning ‘abode’
• It is a rating tool that facilitates assessment of the performance of
buildings based on nationally accepted conditions or benchmarks

• Eligibility
All new construction projects with built
up area more than 2500 m2
(excluding parking, basement area,
and typical buildings) are eligible for
certification under GRIHA v.2019.
The main ideology behind the organization
is to minimize a building’s resource
consumption, waste generation, and
overall environmental impact by
comparing them to certain nationally
acceptable limits and benchmarks.
It does so, adopting the Five ‘R’ philosophy of sustainable development,
namely
1. Refuse – to blindly adopt international trends, materials, technologies,
products, etc. Specially in areas where local substitutes/equivalents are
available
2. Reduce – the dependence on high energy products, systems, processes,
etc.
3. Reuse – materials, products, traditional technologies, so as to reduce the
costs incurred in designing buildings as well as in operating them
4. Recycle – all possible wastes generated from the building site, during
construction, operation and demolition
5. Reinvent – engineering systems, designs, and practices such that India
creates global examples that the world can follow rather than us following
international examples.
• The minimum points required for certification are 50.
• It has been envisioned by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) and
built in cooperation with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,
Government of India as of November 1 2007, GRIHA is a five star rating
system for green buildings which emphasizes on the passive solar
techniques for optimizing indoor visual and thermal comfort.
• GRIHA was developed as an indigenous building rating system,
particularly to address and assess non-air conditioned or partially air
conditioned buildings.
• In order to address energy efficiency, GRIHA encourages optimization of
building design to reduce conventional energy demand and further
optimize energy performance of the building within specified comfort
limit.
• GRIHA integrates all relevant Indian codes and standards for buildings
and act as a tool to facilitate implementation of the same.
• The system was developed to 'design and evaluate' new
buildings. A building is evaluated based on its performance
that was predicted for its entire life span – inception
through operation. The stages of the life cycle that are
identified for assessment are:

1. Pre-construction stage
2. Building planning and construction stages
3. Building operation and maintenance stage
• GRIHA has been developed to rate commercial, institutional and
residential buildings in India emphasizing national environmental
concerns, regional climatic conditions, and indigenous solutions by
integrating all relevant Indian codes and standards for buildings.
• GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria covering various subjects
such as sustainable site planning, energy and water optimization,
sustainable building materials, waste management and building
operations & maintenance.
• There are bonus points for strategies implemented over and above the
listed GRIHA Criteria.
• Building types include but are not limited to offices, retail spaces,
institutional buildings, hotels, hospital buildings, healthcare facilities,
residences, and multi-family high-rise buildings.
 Benefits

Some of the benefits of a green building to owner, user, and the society
are:
• Reduced air pollution and water pollution (direct health benefits)
• Reduced water consumption
• Reduction in energy consumption without compromising the comfort
levels
• Decreased destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and
reduced soil erosion etc.
• Reduced waste generation because of recycling and reuse
https://www.grihaindia.org/griha-rating
Rating Process
 IGBC - Indian Green Building Council

➢ Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) formed the Indian Green Building

Council (IGBC) in year 2001.
➢ The vision of the council is, "To enable a sustainable built
environment for all and facilitate India to be one of the global
leaders in the sustainable built environment by 2025".
➢ IGBC is the non profit research institution having its offices in CII-
Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, which is itself a LEED
certified Green building.
➢ Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) has licensed the LEED Green
Building Standard from the USGBC.
➢ IGBC facilitates Indian green structures to become one of the green
buildings.

https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showratingSysnosign
IGBC
• The purpose of this rating system is to ensure that an existing or
upcoming project should incorporate the finest green building
practices that would ensure sustained savings and enhanced
operation and processes.
• The IGBC defined an important development in the growth of
green buildings with different credit systems to address
individual aspects of different kind of the buildings and
construction which include IGBC for New Buildings, Existing
Buildings, Homes, Residential societies, Interior, Health care,
Schools, Factory Buildings, Data Centre, Campus, Village,
Township, Cities, Landscape, Affordable housing, Health and
Well-being.
• IGBC Green New Buildings rating system is a voluntary and consensus-
based programme. The rating system has been developed based on
materials and technologies that are presently available.
• The objective of IGBC Green New Buildings rating system is to facilitate
a holistic approach to create environment-friendly buildings, through
architectural design, water efficiency, effective handling of waste,
energy efficiency, sustainable buildings, and focus on occupant
comfort & well-being.
• The rating system evaluates certain mandatory requirements & credit
points using a prescriptive approach and others on a performance
based approach. The rating system is evolved so as to be
comprehensive and at the same time user-friendly.
• The program is fundamentally designed to address national priorities
and quality of life for occupants
• Recognition for architectural excellence through integrated design
approach.
• Recognition for passive architectural features.
• Structural design optimization with regard to steel and cement. This
is a developmental credit.
• Projects are encouraged to attempt this credit, so as to help IGBC in
developing baselines for future use.
• Water use reduction for construction. This is also a developmental
credit.
• Handholding from IGBC Counsellors will now be available for the
projects.
 100 POINT SYSTEM

https://igbc.in/igbc/redirectHtml.htm?redVal=showratingSysnosign
• LEED INDIA: An Indian adaptation of LEED USA, by
Indian green building council
 Components
• Sustainable sites (construction related pollution
prevention, site development impact, transportation
alternatives, storm water management, heat island effect, and
light pollution)
• Water efficiency (landscaping water use reduction, indoor water
use reduction, and waste water management strategies)
• Energy and atmosphere (commissioning, whole building energy
performance optimization, refrigerant management, renewable
energy use, and measurement and verification)
• Materials and resources (recycling collection locations, building
reuse, construction waste management, and the purchase of
regionally manufactured materials, materials with recycled
content, rapidly renewable materials, salvaged materials)
• Indoor environmental quality (environmental tobacco smoke
control, outdoor air delivery monitoring, increased ventilation,
construction indoor air quality, use low emitting materials, source
control, and controllability of thermal and lighting systems)
• LEED India encompasses rating systems for:
1. Existing Buildings (EB)
2. New Construction (NC)
3. Core and Shell (C&S)
4. Green Homes
• These represent the measurable indicators for global and local concerns
in the Indian scenario. Based on the points achieved, the building may
be eligible for LEED-certified, Silver, Gold or Platinum Rating.
• Many buildings in India register for a LEED Green Building Rating. Some
of the major structures that register for a LEED rating are IT Parks,
Offices, Banks, Airports, Convention Centres, Educational institutions,
Hotels, and Residential complexes.
• LEED-INDIA is, therefore, one of the chief councils to give a green rating
to a structure, whether an apartment, independent home or office.
• 7% of electricity (12500 units)
through solar panels, solid
waste management, water
recycling.
• The solid waste management
plant of 14.25 tones per day
will be converting waste into
electrical energy.
• 80% of station run-off water is
collected and recycled by the
water recycling plant at basin
bay yard.
• 96% of recycled water is used
for the station cleaning
purposes.
 Perceptions and realties about green building

• Perception 1: Green buildings are costlier.

Reality:
• The incremental cost is always relative and depends on the extent of
eco-friendly features already considered during design. The critical
paradigm is to look at the incremental cost in relation to the life cycle
cost. This kind of an approach could be revealing.
• Who knows, buildings would last for a 50 years or 60 years or 100
years! Over its life cycle, the operating cost would work out to 80-85 %
while the incremental cost which is a one-time cost is only about 8-10 %.
• There is a decreasing trend in the incremental cost over the years. This
trend would continue and we all look forward to the day when the cost of
a green building is lower than a conventional building.
• Perception 2: Green buildings have to be air-conditioned.
Reality: Green building concepts and the LEED rating can be applied for
non-air conditioning buildings.

• Perception 3: Green buildings take more time.

Reality: There is a general perception that going the green way may affect
the project schedules. This was perhaps the case for the CII - Godrej GBC
building when it was the first time that a green building rating tool was being
applied in the country. The design in this case took about one-and half
years while the construction was completed in about 9 months! Thanks to
the Green building movement; now there is so much of capacity building
that has happened in the country. Now, there is absolutely no difference in
the time involved in constructing a green building vis-à-vis a normal
building.
 BARRIERS FOR GREEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
IN INDIA

While green building practices are increasingly being adopted in India, there are few
challenges and barriers too. They are as follows:
1. Even today, a large section of Indian users is unaware of green
buildings.
2. Developers already go through a tedious process of multiple
approvals and are apprehensive of the additional burden of green
compliances in the list of approvals, which can potentially cause more
delays.
3. The lack or inadequacy of mandatory laws to enforce large-scale
implementation of green buildings norms is not helpful.
4. There are very few incentive plans, and those that exist vary across
states and even cities, depending on different governing bodies.
5. In India, architects, engineers, contractors and workers possess less
skills and the knowledge required for green buildings construction.
6. The initial cost for green building construction definitely involve a higher
cost than the conventional ones.
 India’s First Green Rated City - Rajkot

Read more at:

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/77043130.cms?utm_source=contentofint
erest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
Olympia Tech Park - Chennai
 Suzlon One Earth

• Suzlon One Earth is a

LEED Platinum and
GRIHA 5 star certified
building and is one of
the greenest
corporate campuses
in the world.
• It is divided into five
interconnected,
individual buildings
that are aptly named
after the elements of
nature – Sun, Aqua,
Sky, Tree and SEA.
 Features
• Low-energy materials - More than 70 percent of materials used in the interiors
have a reduced carbon footprint. They ensure higher recycled content, have
lower embodied energy and are rapidly renewable.
• Renewable energy-based exterior lighting - LED street lighting is powered
entirely by renewable energy-based systems located on the site thus reducing
approximately 25 percent of the total lighting load. Ninety percent of regularly
occupied spaces have daylight exposure, thereby saving on artificial lighting.
• Daylight & occupancy sensors - Daylight sensors are used in the workstation
area for maximum use of artificial lighting. Occupancy sensors control task
lighting in unoccupied workstations ensuring savings of about 20 percent of
energy costs.
• Efficient ventilation system - Jet fans installed in the basements intermittently
push out stale air & bring in fresh air, saving 50 percent energy as compared to
ducted basement ventilation system.
• Storm & rainwater management system - Channels all rain received into a
controlled flow, preventing soil erosion and facilitating removal of silt.
 Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre in
Hyderabad, India

• This was the first LEED Platinum-rated green building

outside the United States, boasting energy savings of
63%.
• Vegetated roofs cover 55-60% of the building’s roofs, and
the remaining portion of the roof is covered by solar photo
voltaic with a 24 KW capacity.
• The 100 to 120 units of power generated per day is fed
into the grid meeting 20% of the total energy cost of the
building.
• Water leaving the root zone treatment is directed to one of
three ponds, thereafter to be used for domestic purposes.
• The building achieves a 35 percent reduction of municipally
supplied potable water, in part through the use of low-flush
toilets and waterless urinals.
• As part of the zero discharge design, recycled water from
the building is used for irrigation and any runoff is directed
to percolate at grade.
One Angel Square, Manchester, UK:

• The 500,000 sf, 14-story One

Angel Square in Manchester,
England, is being promoted as
"the most environmentally-
friendly building in the world.“

• The structure earned a Building

Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment
Method (BREEAM) score of
95.16%, the highest score ever
given by BREEAM.

BREEAM
'Outstanding' rating
• The open atrium faces south
to collect heat from the sun, an
example of passive solar
building design.
• The diagonal slice is angled to
the south to allow sunlight to
pass into the upper floors and
atrium.
• The sun emits electromagnetic
radiation in the form
of ultraviolet, but changes
to infrared when it passes
through glass.
 The Crystal, London, UK

• With both Leadership in

Energy and
Environmental Design
(LEED) Platinum and
BREEAM Outstanding
ratings, the Crystal, in
London’s east end,
offers a fossil fuel free
vision of the future.

• Run entirely on electricity – the majority of which is generated by photovoltaic

solar panels – the building is lit by a combination of LED and fluorescent lights,
which are switched on or off depending on the amount of daylight present.
• The building’s roof collects rainwater, while sewage is treated, recycled and re-
used onsite.
 One Bryant Park, New York City, U.S.
• The first high rise building to get LEED Platinum certification, the Bank of
America Tower, in Manhattan, is one of the world’s greenest skyscrapers.
• As well as having CO2 monitors, waterless urinals and LED lighting, the
building also has its own generation plant that produces 4.6 megawatts of
clean, sustainable, energy.
 Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China
• The newest addition, Shanghai Tower, stands 632
meters tall and is the second-tallest building on
the planet, after Dubai’s Burj Khalifa.
• Wind turbines located near the top of the
structure
• Smart controls will monitor everything from
ventilation to heating and lighting, helping to cut
energy bills in the process.
• According to the tower’s architects, Gensler, over
$556,000 will be saved thanks to lighting controls
alone, with the other sustainable features helping
to reduce the building’s carbon footprint by
34,000 metric tons annually.

It is the tallest and largest LEED Platinum certified

building in the world.
 Micro Emission Sun-Moon Mansion, Dezhou, China

Resembling a sun dial,

the Sun-Moon
Mansion, in Dezhou,
Shangdong province,
is 75,000 square
meters in size and one
of the world’s largest
solar powered
structures.

The building – which contains offices, a hotel and a conference center – is

powered by solar energy, with features including a solar powered hot water
supply, energy saving glass, and 50,000 square feet of solar paneling.
 Bahrain World Trade Center, Manama, Bahrain

Currently home to the world’s tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, the Middle East
has become a hotbed for innovative, stunning skyscrapers. In Bahrain, it’s
impossible to ignore the Bahrain World Trade Center’s clean energy credentials.
Three huge wind turbines – 29 meters in diameter– are sandwiched between two
vast ‘sail’ shaped towers, generating clean energy for the building.
 Manitoba Hydro Place, Winnipeg, Canada

• Located in Winnipeg, Manitoba Hydro Place

makes use of, “passive design and natural
ventilation,” to make it one of North America’s
most energy efficient office buildings.

• The building has a geothermal system to heat and

cool the building, roof gardens and triple-glazed
windows. Over 60 percent of energy savings have
been made.

Manitoba Hydro Place received LEED Platinum

certification
 Conclusion
• Globally, buildings are responsible for nearly 40 percent of energy use
(including 60 percent of electricity use), 40 percent of waste generated
(by volume), and 40 percent of material resource use.
• In cities, buildings occupy 50 percent or more of land area. Buildings
are responsible for not just a large percentage of the world‘s water
use, but a large percentage of wasted water as well.
• In order to mitigate the effect of buildings along their lifecycle, Green
Building (GB) has become a new building philosophy, which uses more
environmentally friendly materials, implements strategies to save
resources and energy, lowers waste generation, improves indoor
environmental quality, reduces harmful gas emissions etc.
• This might lead to environmental, financial, economic, and social
benefits. For instance, savings in operation and maintenance costs in
GBs can be realized through the installation of high-efficiency
illumination and insulation systems or through a suitable material.