RDT 105 – Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE

MIDTERM – LECTURE 1
ALLYZA JOYCE ANAJAO

OUTLINE

I. Top 5 Most Common Legal Health Issues Common types of Medical Malpractice
II. Parameters of Legal Responsibility
A. Circumstances which affect Criminal Liabilities Failure to diagnose a serious condition
III. Legal Aspect and The Radiologic Technologist
A. Classification of Felonies according to means by  The most frequent form of malpractice is a
which they are committed misdiagnosis or failure to diagnose a condition that can
IV. First Board of Radiologic Technologies cause serious harm.
V. References  For example, suppose a doctor or technician fails to
diagnose a fractured knee or ankle during an
emergency room visit. As a result, the patient could
lose mobility in the affected leg and/or face a lifetime of
I. TOP 5 MOST COMMON LEGAL HEALTH ISSUES chronic pain. Furthermore, falling to diagnose a serious
disease can cause severe illness or death.
1. Patient Confidentiality
2. Patient Relationship Surgical errors
3. Malpractice
4. Negligence  Many types of medical malpractice involve surgical
5. Informed consent errors. Such mistakes can range from operating on the
6. Access to Quality Health Care wrong patient or body part to failing to provide
adequate post-surgical care. In addition, unsanitary
conditions can cause illness and serious infections.
Patient Confidentiality
Incorrect treatment of a medical condition
 Anyone legally authorized to make health care
decisions for a person lacking such capacity has the  A patient may experience deadly consequences when
same right of access to the person's personal medical a physician provides the wrong treatment of a critical
information. illness or injury. This also applies to doctors who fail to
 Health care Practitioners should routinely disclose their provide treatment for a patient's condition.
practices regarding privacy of personal medical
information. Birth injuries
o Protect Patient Information
 A birth injury can result when a doctor or technician
Patient Relationship makes an error during pregnancy, labor and/or
delivery.
Patient Relation with Health Care Professionals  The most common type of birth injury is cerebral palsy,
which may result when a newbom is deprived of
 The relationship between a patient and a physician is oxygen during the birth process. Other mistakes that
based on trust, which gives rise to physicians‘ ethical may ‗cause birth injuries are improper monitoring or
responsibility to place patients‘ welfare above the failing to perform a C-section when necessary.
physician‘s own self-interest.
 In general, physicians should not treat themselves or Cancer misdiagnosis
members of their own families. Physicians who are
employed by businesses or insurance companies, or  When a doctor misdiagnoses a serious disease such
who provide their medical expertise in sports should as cancer, the consequences can be fatal. Patients
protect the health and safety of participants. whose cancer is detected and treated in the stages
have higher survival rates. Therefore, if a patient is not
Malpractice diagnosed when symptoms first appear, the disease is
likely to progress to a stage where treatment is no
 a dereliction of professional duty or a failure to exercise longer effective.
an ordinary degree of professional skill or learning by
one (such as a physician) rendering professional Medication errors
services which results in injury, loss, or damage
 Malpractice takes many forms. Some types of  Many malpractice claims involve errors in prescribing
negligence are harder to recognize, especially when and administering medication. A doctor may prescribe
the patient does not discover the harm until weeks, the wrong drug or dosage. In addition, a pharmacist
months, or even years later. Doctors, nurses, may misread a prescription and provide the wrong
technicians, or other health care practitioners can medication to the patient. Further, a patient can have a
commit negligent acts that cause patients to suffer life-threatening reaction if a doctor fails to check for
serious consequences. drug allergies or interactions with existing medications.

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 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE

Bedsores Informed Consent

 Also known as pressure ulcers, bedsores form when a  Is the process in which a healthcare provider educates
patient is left in the same position for too long. a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a
Bedsores, which are a sign of neglect or inadequate given procedure or intervention. The patient must be
care, are commonly seen in hospitals and nursing competent to make a voluntary decision about whether
homes. if left untreated, bedsores can become infected to undergo the procedure or intervention. Informed
and lead to more serious health problems. consent is both an ethical and legal obligation of
medical practitioners
Anesthesia errors
Types of Informed Consent
 If an anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist makes a
mistake, it can cause permanent injury, brain damage 1. Signed/Written Consent
or even death. Common errors include failing to review 2. Online Consent
the patient's medical history or improperly monitoring
vital signs during surgery. Sample of Medical Informed Consent

Dental mistakes Implied Consent

 Like physicians, dentists and oral surgeons can also  Participation in a certain situation is sometimes
make harmful mistakes. A patient can suffer serious considered proof of consent.
harm if a dentist misdiagnoses oral cancer or makes a
mistake when administering anesthesia. Explicit Consent

Failure to prevent or treat infections

 Known as direct or express consent, is when an
individual is presented with a decision on whether they
 Hospital patients develop infections more often than authorize the collection, use, and/or disclosure of their
we imagine. And, for the elderly or those with personal information before data is collected.
compromised immune systems, any infection can turn
life-threatening, Active Consent
 In addition, many of today's infections, known as
―superbugs,‖ are resistant to traditional antibiotics.
Some infections are caused by negligence, ‗such as  Refers to a consumer being given a specific statement
unsanitary conditions or implements. Further, patients to agree on and they show their consent by ‗‘actively‘‘
can become ill when staff members ignore infection agreeing. This can be defined as another form of
prevention protocols such as hand-washing and explicit consent.
wearing masks.
Passive Consent

Negligence  Can be seen as another type of implied consent where

the consumer is assumed to have consented unless
they explicitly state otherwise.
 A failure to behave with the level of care that someone
of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the
same circumstances. The behavior usually consists of Opt-Out Consent
actions, but can also consist of omissions when there
is some duty to act.  It is the ability to decline consent at any point. For
example, you visit a website that clearly gives you an
Common Medical Negligence option to decline your consent. If the consumer
proceeds further without clearly declining the consent,
consent is granted. This type of consent is usually
 Incorrect Medication prescriptions or administration of
done in writing.
drugs.
o This can occur when a patient is prescribed
the wrong drug for their illness, receives
another patients medication or receives an Access to Quality Health Care
incorrect dosage of medication.
 Health care access is the ability to obtain healthcare
services such as prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and
Examples of Medical Negligence management of diseases, illness, disorders, and other
health-impacting conditions. For healthcare to be
1. Failure in Diagnosis accessible it must be affordable and convenient.
2. Providing Low-grade Treatment
3. Negligence in Providing Care

Different Types of Negligence II. PARAMETERS OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY

1. Gross Negligence What does Criminal Liability mean?

2. Comparative Negligence
3. Contributory Negligence  In simplest terms, when you are ‗‘criminally liable‘‘ it
4. Vicarious Negligence means you may be held legally responsible for
breaking the law. This can be potential or actual
responsibility-meaning that you actually committed the

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 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE

crime, or that you are simply suspected of committing

it. If the liability is proven in court, you will be held Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat
responsible for the crime and sentenced accordingly.
 Ignorance of the Law Is Not an Excuse
 In cases of criminal liability, the government believes
you may committed a criminal act, and the government
Dura Lex Sed Lex
prosecutes the case in court.

 The law is harsh but it is the law.

What determines Criminal Liability?
Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege
 In plain English, this means in order to prove that you
are criminally liable, the prosecution must prove  There must be no crime or punishment except in
‗‘beyond a reasonable doubt‘‘ not only that you accordance with fixed, predetermined law
committed the crime, but that you intended to do it.
However, certain exception exist where ‗‘strict liabilty‘‘ Felonies
is enforced, meaning that you can be held liable for the
crime regardless of your intentions. For example, you  Acts or omissions punishable by law and they may be
may be convicted of selling alcohol to a minor whether committed not only be means of deceit but also by
or not you knew the person‘s age. fault.

 You can also be ticketed for speeding even though you Classification of Felonies
didn‘t know you were exceeding the speed limit. Your According To Means by Which They Are Committed
experienced criminal defense attorney can advise
you where your alleged offense is a strict liability
Intentional Felonies

Deceit (Dolo)
Circumstances which affect Criminal Liabilities

Justifying  The act is performed or the omission incurred with

deliberate intent or malice to do an injury.
 Are crimes or offenses that are intentionally carried out
 Under which the law justifies a person from criminal to cause harm and injury to others
liability for the commission of a crime
Culpable Felonies
Exempting
Fault (Culpa)
 Circumstances under which the law exempt a person
from criminal liability for the commission of a crime.
 The act is performed without malice.
 There is no intention to harm others but the harm was
Mitigating
still done either through negligence, lack of skill, or
even through the ignorance of the law
 Those which do not constitute a justification or excuse
of the offense in question, but which, in fairness and
mercy, may be considered extenuating or reducing the
degree or normal culpability
IV. FIRST BOARD OF RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIES
Aggravating
The Board of Radiologic Technology was created on February
27, 1992 by virtue of Republic Act No. 7432 also known as the
 Those attending the commission of a crime which
increase the criminal liability of the offender or make ―Radiologic Technology Act of 1992.‖
his guilt more severe
The first Board was composed of

 Fortunato C. Gabon Jr. as Chairman

III. LEGAL ASPECT AND  Jose T. Gaffud,
THE RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGIST  Editha C. Mora
 Dexter R. Rodelas
 Dr. Eulinia M. Valdezco
Doctrine or Force Majeure
as Members. The Rules and Regulations governing the
examination, registration, licensure and practice of radiologic
 An irresistible force, one that is unforeseen or
inevitable and x-ray technology was promulgated on September 20, 1993
o Certain acts, events or circumstances
beyond the control of the parties, The Board conducted its first fully computerized licensure
examinations on December 27, 1993, the results of which were
Doctrine of Respondent Superior released on April 9, 1994.

 Let the master answer for the acts of a subordinate

o An employer is responsible for the negligent
acts or omissions of its employees.

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 ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE

1st Chairman

 Fortunato C. Gabon (001)

Radiologic Technologist

 Dexter Rodelas (002)

 Editha C. Mora (003)

Radiologist

 Jose T. Gaffud

Physicist

 Eulinia M. Valdezio

Resolution

(#1)

 April 9, 1994

(#2)

 Adaptation of seal/logo for Board of RT

 May 12, 1993

(#3)

 Registration as RT of 3 Members of the Board

(#4)

 Reschedule of XT & RT Licensure Examination from

December 1993 to June 26 & 27 1993 (First Exam)

V. REFERENCES

PPT

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 RDT 105 – Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity

PATIENT CONFIDENTIALITY
MIDTERM – LECTURE 2
ALLYZA JOYCE ANAJAO

OUTLINE  Any healthcare provider that electronically stores,

processes or transmits medical records, medical
claims, remittances, or certifications must comply with
I. Introduction HIPAA regulations
A. Confidentiality in Practice
B. Confidentiality Laws
C. Health Care Providers
D. Personally Identifiable Information Personally Identifiable Information
E. Guideline to protect Patient Information
F. What is Breach of Confidentiality  HIPAA requires that all patients be able access their
II. References own medical records, correct errors or omissions, and
be informed how personal information is shared/used

Guideline to protect Patient Information

I. INTRODUCTION
 Keep medical documentation and electronic
Patient Confidentiality information secure.
 Exercise caution when discussing patient information.
 This workshop on confidentiality is designed to  Ensure there is a need to know before accessing
increase awareness of their responsibilities regarding patient information.
privacy of patient records.  Ask supervision any questions when doubt
 Report any HIPPA violations
Goal Question..

What can health care professionals do to improve their practices What is Breach of Confidentiality
in regards to preserving the confidentiality of patient’s health
care information?  A breach of confidentiality is a disclosure to a third
party, without patient consent or court order, of private
information that the physician has learned within the
patient-physician relationship.
Confidentiality in Practice  Disclosure can be oral or written, by telephone or fax,
or electronically, for example, via email or health
Goals of this presentation: information networks.

 Promotes awareness of confidentiality laws and o Telephone

requirements, and district policy. o Mail
 Advocates compliance with procedures regarding o Email
health care records, and the concept of HIPPA. o Memo
 Exercise the caution use of all documented an o Others
electronic medical records
 Being sensitive to violations of confidentiality in verbal What to do when violation take place?
exchanges with others.
 If there are any violations made by fellow employees or
outside entities, it needs to be reported immediately to
Confidentiality Laws supervisor.

HIPPA  Individuals who do not adhere to HIPAA policies and

procedures can be fined regardless of whether or not
they knowingly violated the act.
 Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act
was introduces to help prevent access to confidential
information of patient by unauthorized people. Health  The minimum penalty for a HIPAA violation where the
care providers and health care professionals would individual did not know he violated HIPAA is $100 per
need to receive their HIPAA training so that they are violation. ‗The annual maximum for the minimum
able to comply with the requirements that are specified penalty amount is $25,000 for repeat violations
by the Act.

II. REFERENCES
Health Care Providers
PPT
 Health care providers are those who store healthcare
records in electronic form, healthcare clearing houses Patents; ‘’providing hippa compliant targeted advertising to
handle the billing needs of the providers. All Health patient’’ in patent application approval process. (2013).
care providers must attend annual HIPPA training Marketing Weekly News, 283. Retrieved from Proquest
sessions.

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 RDT 105 – Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity

INTENTIONAL AND UNINTENTIONAL TORTS

MIDTERM – LECTURE 3
ALLYZA JOYCE ANAJAO

OUTLINE Intentional Torts

I. Introduction Intentional Torts against persons

A. The Basis of Tort Law
B. Intentional Torts Assault
C. Unintentional Tort
II. References  Act intended to cause an apprehension of harmful or
offensive contact
 Act caused apprehension in the victim that harmful or
offensive contact is imminent
I. INTRODUCTION
Battery
TORTS
 An intent to cause am unwanted contact
 The unwanted harmful contact
 Torts are wrongful actions
 Compensation
 Through tort law, society seeks to compensate those
 Defenses to assault and battery
who have suffered injuries as a result of the wrongful
 Consent
conduct of others
 Self-defense
 Product liability Is a major area of tort law under which
sellers can be held liable for defective products  Defense of others
 A growing body of law is designed to protect the health
and safety and the credit of the customers False Imprisonment

 Intent to confine or restrain a person

The Basis of Tort Law  Actual confinement in boundaries not of the l=plaintiff‘s
choosing
 Wrongs and compensation
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

One person or group brings suit against another  Outrageous conduct by the defendant
 Intent
 Severe emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff with
 Obtain compensation (money damages) emotional distress being caused by the defendant‘s
 Other relief for harm suffered conduct

Purpose of Tort Law is to provide remedies Defamation

 Invasion of protected interest or rights  Wrongfully harming a person‘s good reputation

o Slander – breaching this duty orally
Elements of a Tort o Libel – breaching this duty in writing

 Points that plaintiff must prove to succeed  The publication requirement

 It requires intent  The defenses against defamation
o Truth
o Privileged communication
Tortfeasor o Made without actual malice

The person accused Invasion of right to privacy

 Intended the consequences of an act  Use of person‘s name, picture or likeness for
commercial purposes without permission
 Knew or should have known that certain consequences
would result from an act  Intrusion into person‘s affairs or seclusion
 Publication of information that places person in false
light
Falls into Two Categories
 Public disclosure of private facts about individual that
ordinary person would find objectionable
 Against persons
 Against property Appropriation

 Use by one person of another person‘s name, likeness,

or identifying characteristics without permission and for
the benefit of the user

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 INTENTIONAL AND UNINTEINTIONAL TORTS

Misrepresentation (Fraud) II. REFERENCES

 Intentional deceit for personal gain PPT

 Elements of fraud:
o Misrepresentation of facts or conditions with https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/uninentional-tort.asp
knowledge that they are false or with reckless
disregard for the truth
https://thebusinessprofessor.com/es_US?criminal-civil-
o Intent to induce another to rely on the
misrepresentation law/unintentional-tort0def
o Justifiable reliance by the deceived party

Wrongful Interference

 Wrongful interference with a contractual relationship

o Valid , enforceable contract exists between
two parties
o Third party knows that this contract exists
o Third party intentionally causes either of the
two parties to breach the contract

 Wrongful interference with a business relationship

o Defendant knew or had reason to know that a
third party and the plaintiff are in a business
relationship
o Defendant inteionally interfered in the
relationship
o Defenses to wrongful interference

Trespass to land

 Trespass criteria, rights, and duties

 Defenses against trespass to land
 Trespass to personal property
 Conversion

Unintentional Tort

What is Unintentional Tort?

 An intentional tort refers to an act that is unintended

nut causes injury, losses, and damages to the victim.
 When an unintended accident occurs, it can lead to
body injury, damage of property or even material loss,
such an unintended accident is an unintentional tort
 Most common tort is Negligence.

Negligence

 Negligence, which is the most common form of

unintentional tort can be proven in court, if a plaintiff
files a lawsuit against the defendant to negligence, the
plaintiff is required to prove three factors in the court.
These are:

Duty of care:

 The plaintiff must be able to prove that the defendant

owe them duty of care by avoiding careless actions
that could result into harm
 The plaintiff must also be able to prove that the
defendant provide standard care that a ‗‘reasonable‘‘
person would have provided
 The plaintiff must be able to prove that their injuries or
losses were caused by the defendants‘ actions.

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 RDT 105 – Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity

LEGAL DOCTRINES PROFESSIONAL STANDARD

& MEDICAL RECORDS
MIDTERM – LECTURE 4
ALLYZA JOYCE ANAJAO

OUTLINE 10 Components of a Medical Record

I. Legal Doctrines 1. Identification Information

A. Professional Standard
II. Medical Records  One of the first important components you can find in
A. 10 Components of a Medical Record medical records is identification information. Medical
B. Use of Medical Records records need to have information to help identify who
C. Components of Medical Record the history belongs to.
D. Labeling of Medical Record Folder  E.g. your date of birth, name, marital status, and social
E. Issue of Medical Record Number/UID Number security number may be noted down.
F. Sequence of Medical Record
G. Completion of Medical Records 2. Medical History
III. Radiographic Images as Legal Documents
IV. References
 Medical history is condiered for everyone, even those
who have never been to a doctor or hospital. However,
most people in the U.S do have atleast some form of
medical history, whether large or small.
 The history can include:
I. LEGAL DOCTRINES o Allergies
o Treatments
Professional Standard o Medical care
o Present and Past Diagnosis
Professional standards are a set of practice, ethics, and
behaviours that members of a particular professional group must
adhere to. These sets of standards are frequently agreed to by a
governing body that represents the interests of the group.

The main purpose of professional standards is to direct and

maintain safe and clinically competent nursing practice.

II. MEDICAL RECORDS

What is a Medical Record?

The medical record is a legal document providing a chronicle of

a patient‘s medical history and care. Physicians, nurse
practitioners, nurses and other members of the health care team
may be entries in the medical record.
3. Medication Information
The medical record includes a variety of types of ‗‘notes‘‘
entered over time by health care professionals, recording  Medicines a patient is ingesting need to be
documented in their medical record as it could affect
observations and administration of drugs and therapies, orders
their course and treatment. Whether they have tried
for the administration of drugs and therapies, test results, x-rays, herbal remedies, illegal substances, or OTC
reports, etc. medication, everything should be included.
 This information may be gathers through patient
testimony or through prescriptions from past doctors
already on file.

4. Family History

 A patients family‘s medical history can play an

important role in their health. Many healtg concerns
can be generic, amking them important to add to the
file. Some helath problems of family members may not
be worrisome, however, some hereditary diseases and
cancers that may be passed down should be
documented.

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 LEGAL DOCTRINES PROFESSIONAL STANDARD & MEDICAL RECORDS

 Thus, if it is accessible, a patient‘s family‘s medical 10. Financial Information

history is often added to their medical record.
 Financial information is also an important part of a
patient's medical records.
5. Treatment History
 Some of the information included is:
o Subscriber name
 A person‘s treatment history is another vital part of th o Policy number
epatient‘s medical record. The treatment history o Name, phone number, and address of
encompasses all threatments they have evey insurance payer
undergone and their results. o Relationship of the patient to the one insured
 Some things include: o Phone number, address, and name of the
o Chief Complaints responsible party
o History of Illness o Occupation, employer phone number, and
o Vital Signs employer of the responsible party
o Physical Examination
o Surgical History
o Obstetric History Use of Medical Records
o Medical Allergies
o Family History
o Immunization History  To document the course of patient's illness &
o Habits include diet, alcohol intake, exercise, treatment.
drug use/abuse, smoking, etc.  Communicate between attending doctors and other
o Developmental History health Care professional providing care to the patient
 Collection of health Statistics.
6. Medical Directives  Legal Matters & Court Cases
 Insurances Cases
 Medical directives are crucial documents to outline
directions by the patient regarding what they want or
do not want in case they cannot communicate their Components of Medical Record
medical care. These include the DNR, known as the
‗‘do not resuscitate‘‘ order, and their will.  Front Sheet or identification Summary Sheet
 Consent for Treatment
7. Lab Results  Legal Documents like referral letter, request for
Information etc.
 Different lab results that the patient has received are all  Discharge Summary, referral slip
added to the record. These can be results on lab  Admission notes, clinical progress notes, Nurses
results related to cells, tissues, or body fluids. Other progress note
reports such as x-ray and imaging test produces  Operation report if operation has been performed
through mammograms, scans, x-rays, and ultrasounds  Investigation reports like, X-ray, pathology etc.
are all added as well.  Orders for treatment and medication forms listing dally
medications ordered and given with signatures of the
8. Consent Forms doctor prescribing the treatment and the nurse
administering it
 Patients should be able to make informed decisions
about their care; thus the physician should let the
patient know all important information about all medical Labelling of Medical Record Folder
procedure
 Information includes: The following should be written in the medical record folder:
o Diagnosis
o Recovery Chances  Patient‘s Name
o Recommended Treatment
 Patient‘s medical record number
o Benefits and Risks of the treatment
 Year of last attendance
o Risks if the treatment is not taken
o Success probability is treatment is taken
o Length of recovery time and challenges
Issue of Medical Record Number/UID Number
9. Progress Notes
Medical Record Numbering Systems are How We Give a
 Progress notes are made by ohysicisna if changes or Number to Medical Records.
new information come up during the course of the
treatment.  The MRN should be issued in straight numerical order
 Some information included within these notes are: from the NUMBER REGISTER commencing with the
o Bowel and bladder functions. number 1.
o Observation of the mental and physical o For example, if the last number given to a
condition of the patient patient were 342, the number issued to the
o Sudden changes taking place next patient would be 343 and the next 344
o Food intake and so on.
o Vital signs o Manual System

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 LEGAL DOCTRINES PROFESSIONAL STANDARD & MEDICAL RECORDS

 In a Computerized System, UID / MR Number is auto CT Scan Patient History Form

generated and there is OPD visit number & IPD Visit
Number
o UID Number is permanent but OPD Visit
number/ IPD number may change

Sequence of Medical Record

 Information & identification sheet

 Clinical Notes
 Diagnostic reports
 Blood Transfusion notes
 Nurse Notes
 Informed Consent
 X-ray Films are stored Separately

Completion of Medical Records Mammography Patient History Form

 The consent form for treatment has been signed by the

patient;
 Patient identification details (name and medical record
number) are correct and entered on all forms
 Doctors have recorded all essential information
 Doctors have signed and dated al clinical entries
 The front sheet has been completed and signed by the
attending doctor
 Nurses have recorded and signed all daily notes
regarding the condition and care of the patient;
 All the orders for treatment have been recorded in the
medication form and signed;
 Medication administration has been recorded and
signed
 The anesthetic form (if any) has been completed and
signed
 The operation form (if any) has been completed and
signed, X-Ray Film
 The main condition/principle diagnosis has been
recorded on the front sheet
 Operations and/or procedures have been recorded on
the front sheet
 Diagnostic reports have been attached
 Discharge/referral summary is duly filed and signed.

III. RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGES AS LEGAL DOCUMENTS

Medical imaging developed rapidly to play a central role in

medicine today by supporting diagnosis and treatment of a
disease. Medical imaging encompasses technologies like
ultrasonography, x-rays, mammography, computed tomography
(CT scans), and nuclear medicine
IV. REFERENCES
Medical imaging is crucial in a variety of medical settings and at
PPT
all major levels of health care. The use of diagnostic imaging
services is essential in confirming, assessing and documenting
https://www.who.int/activities/strengthening-medical-
the course of many diseases and response to treatment.
imaging
Many low and lower-middle income countries cannot afford
https://www.who.int/activities/strengthening-medical-
imaging equipment, and often there is a shortage of healthcare
imaging
workers trained to use such equipment.

https://www.asrt.org/docs/default-source/practice-
The WHO collaborates with partners and manufacturers to
standrads/psrad.pdf?sfvrsn=13e176d024
develop technical solutions for improved diagnostic imaging
services in remote locations. In addition, the WHO and partners
https://digitalhealth.folio3.com/blog/10-components-of-a-
provide training programs in the use and management of
medical-record/
medical imaging with emphasis on patient safety.

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 RDT 105 – Professional Ethics, Jurisprudence and Cultural Sensitivity

PATIENT CONSENT
MIDTERM – LECTURE 5
ALLYZA JOYCE ANAJAO

OUTLINE
 Anesthesia
I. Introduction  Radiation
A. What is informed consent?  Chemotherapy
B. Why is informed consent important in Healthcare  Some advanced medical tests, like a biopsy
C. What types of procedure need informed consent?  Most vaccinations
D. Why do you need to sign a consent form?  Some blood tests, like HIV testing
E. Can others sign a consent form on your behalf?
F. When is informed consent not required?
G. Summary Parts/Elements of Patient Consent
II. References
An Informed consent agreement should include the following
information:

 Diagnosis of your condition

I. INTRODUCTION
 Name and purpose of treatment
 Benefits, risks, and alterative procedures
What is informed consent?  Benefits and risks of each alternative

Informed consent is when a healthcare provider — like a doctor,

nurse, or other healthcare professional — explains a medical
treatment to a patient before the patient agrees to it. This type of
communication lets the patient ask questions and accept or deny
treatment.

Ina healthcare setting, the process of informed consent includes:

 Your ability to make a decision

 Explanation of information needed to make the
decision
 Your understanding of the medical information
 Your voluntary decision to get treatment

Why is Informed Consent important in Healthcare?

1. Informed consent creates trust between doctor and

patient by ensuring good understanding, [Example of a Patient/Medical Consent Form]

2. It also reduces the risk for both patient and doctor. With
excellent communication about risks and options, Why do you need to sign a consent form?
patients can make choices which are best for them and
physicians face less risk of legal action. When you sign the form, it means:

3. To work effectively, informed consent must allow

 You received all the relevant information about your
patients to make the decisions right for them. This
procedure from your healthcare provider.
means medical professionals must offer enough
information to patients to enable them to make a choice  You understand this information.
and provide enough time, where possible, so patients  You used this information to determine whether or not
don‘t feel pressured. Pain, medication and some you want the procedure.
medical conditions can affect judgment and  You agree, or consent, to get some or all of the
understanding, so doctors must consider these factors treatment options.
when seeking consent from a patient.
Once you sign the form, your healthcare provider can move
forward with the procedure,
What types of procedure need informed consent?
If you don‘t want a procedure or treatment, you can choose to
The following scenarios require informed consent: not sign the form. Your healthcare provider won't be able to
provide specific types of treatment if you don‘t agree to it.
 Most surgeries
 Blood transfusions

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 PATIENT CONSENT

Can others sign a consent form on your behalf?

In some cases, another person can sign a consent form for

you. This is appropriate in the following scenarios:

 You aren't of legal age. In most states, if you're

younger than 18, a parent or guardian will need to give
consent on your behalf. But some states allow teens
who are emancipated, married, parents, or in the
military to provide their own consent,
 You want someone else to make the decisions. If you'd
like to let another person make your future medical
decisions, you can fill out a form called an advance
directive. This allows someone else to give consent on
your behalf if you're unable to.
 You can't give consent. Another person can make your
medical decisions if you can't provide consent. This
may happen if you're in a coma, or have a condition
like advanced Alzheimer‘s disease.

When is informed consent not required?

Informed consent isn’t always required in emergencies.

In an emergency, your provider may look for your closest blood

relatives for consent. But if your relatives aren‘t available, or if
you‘re in a life-threatening situation, a healthcare provider can
perform the necessary life-saving procedures without consent.

Summary

When a healthcare provider recommends a specific procedure,

you have the right to. accept or refuse it. If you decide to move
forward, you'll need to give informed consent first.

Informed consent means that you made a voluntary and

educated decision. It also means that your healthcare provider
has fully explained the medical procedure, including its risks and
benefits.

Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions or

concerns about this process. As the patient, you have the right
to make informed choices about your medical care and what
works best for you

II. REFERENCES

PPT

https://www.healthline.com/health/informed-consent

https://www.gallaghermalpractice.com/blog/post/the-
importance-of-patient-informed-consent/

https://windsongwny.com/radiology/wp-
content/uploads/sites/2/2017/01/CT-CONSENT-FORM.pdf

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