ENTHUSE

IIT CHEMISTRY
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-block Elements

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
d-Block Elements
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Definition: They one often called 'transition elements' because their position
position in the periodic table is
between s-block and p-block elements Typically, the transition elements have an incompletely filled
d-level, are not considered as transition elements but they are d-block elements. Since Zn group has d 10
configuration in their ground state as well as in stable oxidation state, they are not considered as
transition elements but they are d-block elements.
1st SERIES
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Z 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
4s 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
3d 1 2 3 5 5 6 7 8 10 10

2nd SERIES
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Z 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
5s 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2
4d 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 10 10

3rd SERIES
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Z 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
6s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2
5d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 10

4th SERIES
Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
Z 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
7s 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
5d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 10

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
General Characteristics:
(i) Metallic character: They are all metal and good conductor of heat & electricity
(ii) Electronic configuration: (n–1)d1–10ns1–2
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
4s1 4s1
Others are as usual 3d5 3d10

(iii) M.P. Cr  Maximum Zn Lowest m.p.

Mo 6 no. of unpaired e–s Cd Due to no unpaired e–
W Are involved in metallic bonding Hg For metallic bondig

(iv) Variation in atomic radius:

Sc  Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

decreases Remains increases

same again
(v) Ionisation energy:
1st , 2nd , 3rd, IE,s are increasing from left to right for 1st Transition series, but not regularly.
For 2nd IE Cr > Fe > Mn and Cu > Zn
For 3rd IE Mn > Cr > Fe and Z has highest.
Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Atomic number 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Electronic
M 3d14s2 3d24s2 3d34s2 3d54s2 3d54s2 3d64s2 3d74s2 3d104s2 3d104s1 3d104s2
configuration
M+ 3d14s1 3d24s1 3d34s1 3d5 3d54s1 3d64s1 3d74s1 3d84s1 3d10 3d104s1
M2+ 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d1 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d9 3d10
M3+ [Ar] 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d1 3d5 3d6 3d7 - -
Enthalpy of
atomization 326 473 515 397 281 416 425 430 339 126
 –1
1H /kJ mol
Ionisation
Enthalpy,
I 631 656 650 653 717 762 758 736 745 906
1H/kJ
mol–1
1H II 1235 1309 1414 1592 1509 1561 1644 1752 1958 1734
III 2393 2657 2833 2990 3260 2962 3243 3402 3556 3829

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
VARIABLE
BLE OXIDATION STATES POSSIBLE:
(1) The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the
middle of the series. Manganese, for example, exhibits all the oxidation states from +2
to +7.
(2) The lesser number of oxidation states
states at the extreme ends stems from either too few
electrons to lose or share (Sc, Ti) or too many d electrons (hence fewer orbitals
available in which to share electrons with others) for higher valence (Cu, Zn).
(3) scandium(II) is virtually unknown and titanium (IV) is more
Thus, early in the series scandium(II)
stable than Ti(III) or Ti(II).
(4) At the other end, the only oxidation state of zinc is +2 (no d electrons are involved).
(5) The maximum oxidation states of reasonable stability correspond in value to the sum of
the s and d electrons upto manganese (TiIVO2, VVO2+, CrVIO42–
2
, MnVIIO4–) followed by
a rather abrupt decrease in stability of higher oxidation states, so that the typical species
to follow are FeII,III, CoII,III, NiII, CuI,II, ZnII.
(6) riability of oxidation states, a characteristic of transition elements, arises out of
The variability
incomplete filling of d orbitals in such a way that their oxidation states differ from each
other by unity, e.g., VII, VIII, VIV, VV.
(7) variability of oxidation states of non transition elements
This is in contrast with the variability
where oxidation states normally differ by a unit of two.
(8) An interesting feature in the variability of oxidation states of the dd–block elements is
noticed among the groups (groups 4 through 10)
10).
(9) In group 6, Mo(VI) and W(VI) are found to be more stable than Cr(VI). Thus Cr(VI) in
the form of dichromate in acidic medium is a strong oxidising agent, whereas MoO3 and
WO3 are not.
(10) Low oxidation states are found when a complex compound ha
has ligands capable of
-acceptor
acceptor character in addition to the -bonding.
bonding. For example, in Ni(CO)4 and
Fe(CO)5, the oxidation state of nickel and iron is zero.
(11) As the oxidation number of a metal increases, ionic character decreases. In the case of
Mn, Mn2O7 is a covalent green
g oil. Even CrO3 and V2O5 have low melting points. In
these higher oxides, the acidic character is predominant. Thus, Mn2O7 gives HMnO4
and CrO3 gives H2CrO4 and H2Cr2O7. V2O5 is, however, amphoteric though mainly
acidic and it gives VO 34 as well as VO2+ salts. In vanadium there is gradual change
from the basic V2O3 to less basic V2O4 and to amphoteric V2O5. V2O4 dissolves in acids
to give VO2+ salts. Similarly, V2O5 reacts with alkalies as well as acids to give VO 34
and VO4 respectively. The well characterised CrO is basic but Cr2O3 is amphoteric.

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Oxidation state of the Ist transition series
Most common ones are in bole types:
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
+1 +1
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3
+4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4 +4
+5 +5 +5
+6 +6 +6
+7

Trends in stability of higher oxidation state :

(1) Table shows the stable halides of the 3d series of transition metals. The highest
oxidation numbers are achieved in TiX4 (tetrahalides), VF5 and CrF6. The +7 state for
Mn is not represented in simple halides but MnO3F is known, and beyond Mn no metal
has a trihalide except FeX3 and CoF3.
(2) oxidation state is due to either higher
The ability of fluorine to stabilise the highest oxidation
lattice energy as in the case of CoF3, or higher bond enthalpy terms for the higher
covalent compounds, e.g., VF5 and CrF6.
(3) Although VV is represented only by VF5, the other halides, however, undergo hydrolysis
to give oxohalides, VOX3.
(4) Another feature of fluorides is their instability in the low oxidation states e.g.,
VX2 (X = CI, Br or I)
Formulas of halides of 3d-metals
Oxidation Number
+6 CrF6
+5 VF5 CrF5
+4 TiX4 VX I4 CrF4 MnF4

+3 TiX3III VX3 CrF3 MnF3 FeX 3I CoF3 CuX II2 ZnX2

+2 TiX2 VX2 CrF2 MnX2 FeX2 CoX NiX2 CuX III

+1
Key : X = F  I ; XI = F  Br ; XII = F  Cl ; XIII = Cl  I

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
and the same applies to CuX. On the other hand, all Cu(II) halides are known except the
iodide. In this case, Cu2+ oxidises I– to I2:
2Cu2+ + 4I–  Cu2I2(s) + I2
(5) However, many copper (I) compounds are unstable in aqueous solution and undergo
disproportionation.
2Cu+  Cu2+ + Cu
(6) The stability of Cu2+(aq) rather than Cu+(aq) is due to the much more negative HydH
of Cu2+(aq) than Cu+, which more than compensates for the second ionisation enthalpy
enth
of Cu.
(7) The ability of oxygen to stabilise the highest oxidation state is demonstrated in the
oxides.
(8) The highest oxidation number in the oxides coincides with the group number and is
attained in Sc2O3 to Mn2O7.
(9) Beyond Group 7, no higher
hig oxides of Fe above Fe2O3, are known, although ferrates
(VI)(FeO4)2–, are formed in alkaline media but they readily decompose to Fe2O3 and O2.
(10) Besides the oxides, oxocations stabilise Vv as VO 2 ,VIV as VO2+ and TiIV as TiO2+
(11) The ability of oxygen to stabilise these high oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine.
Thus the highest Mn fluoride is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7. The ability
of oxygen to form multiple bonds to metals explains its superiority.
(12) In the covalent oxide Mn2O7, each Mn is tetrahedrally surrounded by O’s including a
Mn–O–Mn
Mn bridge.
(13) The tetrahedral [MO4]n ions are known for VV, CrVl, MnV, MnVI
V
and MnVII.

FORMATION OF COLOURED ION:

Colour: (aquated)
Ta4+  colourless Sc3+  colourless
V4+  blue Ti3+  purple
V2+  violet V3+  green
Cr3+  green Cr2+  blue
Mn2+  light pink Mn3+  violet
Fe3+  yellow Fe2+  light green
Ni2+  green Co2+  pink
Zn2+  colourless
colourles Cu2+  blue

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
CATALYTIC PROPERTIES
(1) The transition metals and their compounds are known for their catalytic activity. This
activity is ascribed to their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form
complexes. Vanadium (V) oxide (in Contact ct Process), finely divided iron (in Haber’s
Process), and nickel (in Catalytic Hydrogenation) are some of the examples.
(2) Catalysts at a solid surface involve the formation of bonds between reactant molecules
(first row transition metals utilise 3d and 4s
and atoms of the surface of the catalyst (first
electrons for bonding).
(3) This has the effect of increasing the concentration of the reactants at the catalyst surface
and also weakening of the bonds in the reacting molecules (the activation energy is
lowering).
(4) Also because the transition metal ions can change their oxidation states, they become
more effective as catalysts. For example, iron(III) catalyses the reaction between iodide
and persulphateions.
2I¯ + S2O82–  I2 + 2SO42–
An explanation of this catalytic action can be given as:
2Fe3+ + 2I¯  2 Fe2+ + I2
2 Fe2+ + S2O82–  2Fe3+ + 2SO42–
Catalyst Used
TiCl3  Used as the Ziegler-Natta
Ziegler Natta catalyst in the production of polythene.
V2O5  Convert SO2 to SO3 in the contact process for making H2SO4
MnO2  Used as a catalyst to decompose KClO3 to give O2
Fe  Promoted iron is used in the Haber-Bosch
Haber Bosch process for making NH3
FeCl3  Used in the production of CCl4 from CS2 and Cl2
PdCl2  Wacker process for converting C2H4 + H2O + PdCl2 to CH3CHO + 2HCl + Pd.
Pd  Used for hydrogenation (e.g. phenol to cyclohexanone).
Pt/PtO  Adams catalyst, used for reductions.
Pt  Formerly used for SO2  SO3 in in the contace process for making H2SO4
Pt/Rh  Formerly used use in the ostwald process for making HNO3 to oxidize NH3 to NO
Cu  Is used in the direct process for manufacture of (CH3)2 SiCl2 used to make
silicones.
Cu/V  Oxidation of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone mixture to adipic acid which is used
to make nylone
ylone-66
CuCl2  Decon process of making Cl2 from HCl
Ni  Raney nickel, numerous reduction processes (e.g. manufacture of
hexamethylenediamine, productiomn of H2 from NH3, reducing anthraquinone
to anthraquinol in the production of H2O2
FeSO4 + H2O2  Used as Fenton's reagent for oxidizing alcohols to aldehydes.

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Formation of Interstitial Compounds
Interstitial compounds are those which are formed when small atoms like H, C or N are trapped
inside the crystal lattices of metals. The principal physical and chemical characteristics of these
compounds are as follows:
(i) They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
(ii) They are very hard, some borides approach diamond in hardness.
(iii) They retain metallic conductivity.
conductivity
(iv) They are chemically inert.
Alloy Formation
An alloy is a blend of metals prepared by mixing the components. Alloys may be homogeneous
solid solutions in which the atoms of one metal are distributed randomly among the atoms of
oys are formed by atoms with metallic radii that are within about 15 percent
the other. Such alloys
of each other.
Because of similar radii and other characteristics of transition metals, alloys are readily formed
by these metals. The alloys so formed are hard and have often high high melting points. The best
known are ferrous alloys: chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum and manganese are
used for the production of a variety of steels and stainless steel. Alloys of transition metals with
(coppe zinc) and bronze (copper-tin),
non transition metals such as brass (copper-zinc) (copper are also of
considerable industrial importance.

Do yourself – 1
1. metals like B and C to the interstitial sites of a transition metal results the
Addition of non-metals
metal
(A) of more ductability (B) of less ductability
(C) less malleable (D) of more hardness
2. The ionisation energies of transition elements are
(A) less than p-block
block elements block elements
(B) more than s-block
(C) less than s-block
block elements block elements
(D) more than p-block
3. having more tendency to form complex than representative elements
Transition elements having
(s and p-block elements) due to
(A) availability of d-orbitals
orbitals for bonding
(B) variable oxidation states are not shown by transition elements
(C) all electrons are paired in d-orbitals
d
(D) f-orbitals
bitals are available for bonding
4. The metal(s) which does/do not form amalgam is/are
(A) Fe (B) Pt (C) Zn (D) Ag
5. Transition elements are usually characterised by variable oxidation states but Zn does not
show this property because of
(A) completion of np-orbitals
orbitals (B) completion of (n–1)d1)d orbitals
(C) completion of ns-orbitals
orbitals (D) inert pair effect

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
CHROMATE – DICHROMATE
Residue (Fe2O3)

Filtrate(Na2CrO4)
Dissolve in water
and filtered
1000º 1300ºC
Preparation: 4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 
red hot in presence of air
 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(chromite ore)
[Lime (CaO) added with Na2CO3 which keeps the mass porous so that air has access to all parts
and prevents fusion]
Then, 2Na2CrO4 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + Na2Cr2O7 + H2O
Conc. Its solubility Hence, suitable temp. is to be
Upto 32ºC increases Employed to crystallise out
And then decreases Na2SO4 first.
Then Na2Cr2O7 is crystallised out as Na2Cr2O7 2H2O on evaporation.
(red crystal)
How to gen K2Cr2O7:
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl 
double
decomposition
 K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Hot conc.
NaCl crystallises out first and filtered off. Then K2Cr2O7 crystallised out on cooling
The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible in aqueous solution depending upon
pH of the solution. The oxidation state of chromium in chromate and dichromate is the
same.
2 CrO42– + 2H+  Cr2O72– 2
+ H2 O
2– – 2–
Cr2O7 + 2OH  2CrO4 + H2O
The structures of chromate ion, CrO42– and the dichromate ion, Cr2O72– are shown below. The
chromate ion is tetrahedral whereas the dichromate ion consists of two tetrahedra sharing one
corner with Cr–O–Cr bond 126 . Sodium and potassium dichromates are strong
ond angle of 126º.
oxidising agents; the sodium salt has a greater solubility in water and is extensively used as an
oxidising agent in organic chemistry. Potassium dichromate is used as a primary standard in
umetric analysis. In acidic solution, its oxidising action can be represented as follows:
volumetric
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e–  2Cr3+ + 7H2O ( E = 1.33V)

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Thus, acidified potassium dichromate will oxidise iodides to iodine, sulphides to sulphur, tin
half reactions are noted below:
(II) to tin(IV) and iron(II) salts to iron(III). The half-reactions
6 I–  3I2 + 6e– ; 3 Sn2+  3Sn4+ + 6e–
3H2S  6H+ + 3S + 6e– ; 6 Fe2+  6Fe3+ + 6e–
The full ionic equation may be obtained by adding the half
half-reaction
reaction for potassium dichromate
to the half-reaction
reaction for the reducing agent, for e.g.,
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+  2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O
* Similarities
arities between hexavalent Cr & S-compounds:
S
(i) SO3 & CrO3  both acidic.
(ii) S  SO 24  , S2 O 72  , Cr  CrO 24  , Cr2 O 72 

(iii) CrO 4 2 & SO 24 are isomorphous


(iv) SO2Cl2 & CrO2Cl2 
OH
 SO 24  & CrO 24  respectively.

(v) SO3Cl– & CrO3Cl– 
OH
 SO 24  & CrO 24 
(vi) CrO3 & (SO3) has same structure

Q. In laboratory K2Cr2O7 is used mainly not Na2Cr2O7. Why?

Sol. Na2Cr2O7 is deliquescent enough and changes its concentration and can not be taken as primary
standard solution whereas K2Cr2O7 has no water of crystallisation and not deliquescent.
Q. How to standardise Na2S2O3 solution in iodometry?
Sol. K2Cr2O7 is primary standard  strength is known by weighing the salt in chemical balance and
dissolving in measured amount of water.
Then in acidic solution add. KI
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6I–  2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O
This I2 is liberated can be estimated with S2O32–.

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
MANAGANATE & PERMANGANATE
PREPARATION OF MANGANATE ( MnO 24  ):-

MnO2  KOH

or NaOH,
 [2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O]
 in presence of air
Green
Gr MnO2 + 2KOH + KNO3  K2MnO4 + KNO2 + H2O
melt 3MnO2 + 6KOH + KClO3  3K2MnO4 + KCl + 3H2O]

If KOH
Cold On used K2MnO4(isomorphrous
Green soln. With K2SO4)
Water evaporation
+ little If naOH Na2Mn4.10H2O
alkali used Isomorphrous with
Na2SO410H2O

In presence of KClO3 & KNO3 the above reaction is more faster because these two on
decomposition provides O2 easily.
* Manganate is also obtained when KMnO4 is boiled with KOH.
4KMnO4 + 4KOH  
boiled
 4K2MnO4 + 2H2O + O2
Properties : The above green solution is quite stable in alkali, but in pure water and in
presence of acids, depositing MnO2 and giving a purple solution of permanganate.
3K2MnO4 + 2H2O  2KMnO4 + MnO2  + 4KOH
purple dark brown
Prob. : E 0 MnO2 / MnO  2.26V ; E 0 MnO2 /MnO  0.56V
2 2 2 4

Prove that MnO 24 will disproportionate in acidic medium.

Conversion of MnO 24 to MnO 4
3K2MnO4 + 2H2SO4  2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2K2SO4 + 2H2O
or 3K2MnO4 + 2H2O + 4CO2  2KMnO4 + MnO2 + 4KHCO3
1
But in the above method of Mn is lost as MnO2 but when oxidised either by Cl2 or by O3
3

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
2K2MnO4 + Cl2  2KMnO4 + 2KCl [Unwanted MnO2 does not form]
OR
2K2MnO4 + O3 + H2O  2KMnO4 + 2KOH + O2
OR
Electrolytic oxidation in
MnO 42 
alkaline solution
 MnO 4
Manganate permangnate ion

Oxidising Prop. of KMnO4 : (in acidic medium)

(i) MnO 4 + Fe+2 + H+  Fe+3 + Mn+2 + H2O

(ii) MnO 4 + I– + H+ 
 Mn+2 + I2 + H2O

(iii) MnO 4 + H2O2 + H+  Mn+2 + O2 + H2O


(iv) MnO 4 + SO2 
H
 Mn+2 + H2SO4
(v) MnO 4 + NO 2 + H+  Mn+2 + NO3 + H2O

(vi) MnO 4 + H2C2O4 + H+  Mn+2 + CO2 + H2O

(vii) MnO 4 + H2S  Mn2+ + S  + H2O

2+
(viii) MnO 4 + S2 O 32  Mn
 + S  + SO 24
(1) It is not a primary standard since it is difficult to get it in a high degree of purity and free from
traces of MnO2.
(2) It is slowly reduced to MnO2 especially in presence of light or acid
4MnO 4 + 4H+  4MnO2 + 2H2O + 3O2
Hence it should be kept in dark bottles and standardise just before use.
(ix) 2KMnO4 + 16HCl  2KCl + 5Cl2 + 8H2O + 2MnCl2
Note: Permanganate titrations in presence of hydrochloric acid are unsatisfactory since
hydrochloric acid is oxidised to chlo
chlorine.
Oxidising Prop. of KMnO4 in neutral or faintly alkaline solution.
2MnO 4 + 2OH–  2MnO 24  +H2O + O. Then 2MnO 24  + 2H2O  2MnO2 + 4OH– + 2O

(i) 2KMnO4 + H2O + KI  2MnO2 + 2KOH + KIO3

(ii) 2KMnO4 + 3HCO2K  2MnO2 + KHCO3 + 2K2CO3 + H2O
(iii) 2KMnO4 + 3H2O2  2KOH + 2MnO2 + 2H2O + 3O2
(iv) Thiosulphate is oxidised almost quantitatively to sulphate:
8MnO 4 + 3S2 O 32  + H2O  8MnO2 + 6SO 24  + 2OH–

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Oxidising Prop. in neutral or weakly acidic solution:
2
(i) 2KMnO4 + 3MnSO4 + 2H2O 
in presence Zn or ZnO
 5MnO2 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4
or MnO 4 + Mn+2 + 2H2O  5MnO2 + 4H+
In absence of Zn+2 ions, some of the Mn
M +2 ion may escape, oxidation through the formation of
insoluble MnII[MnIVO3] manganous permanganite.
Uses of KMnO4 :
Besides its use in analytical chemistry, potassium permanganate is used as a favourite oxidant
in preparative organic chemistry. Its uses
uses for the bleaching of wool, cotton, silk and other
textile fibres and for the decolourisation of oils are also dependent on its strong oxidising
power.
* In laboratory conversion of Mn+2 to MnO4– is done by :
(i) PbO2 (ii) Pb3O4 + HNO3 (iii) Pb2O3 + HNO3 (iv) NaBiO3/H+
(v) (NH4)2S2O8/H+ (vi) KIO4/H+
Heating effect :

2KMnO4 
200ºC
 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
green Black
2K2MnO4 
at red
hot
 K2MnO3 + O2
SILVER AND ITS COMPOUND
(I)
Aq. regia
Not dissolved
Dry or No effect
Metallic Ag Moist air

H2S
Black [4Ag + 2H2S+O22Ag
2Ag2S + 2H2O]
H2SO4
2Ag + 2H2SO4Ag2SO4+SO2 + H2O
HNO3 Ag + 2HNO3AgNO3+NO2 + H2O
Hot conc.
Not affected dil. HCl
HCl E 0 Ag/ Ag   E 0 H /H
2
Hence in presence of O2.
Ag reacts with dil. HCl
4Ag + 4HCl + O2  4AgCl  + 2H2O
In the same way in presence of O2, Ag complexes with NaCN / KCN.
4Ag + 8KCN + 2H2O + O2  4K[Ag(CN)2] + 4KOH
AgNO3
Prepration : Reaction of Ag with dilute HNO3 or conc. HNO3.
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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Properties :
(i) It is called as lunar caustic because in contact with skin it produces burning sensation
like that of caustic soda with the formation of finely
finely devided silver (black colour)
(ii) Thermal decomposition :
(iii) Props. of AgNO3
6AgNO3 + 3I2 + 3H2O  5AgI + AgIO3 + 6HNO3
(excess)

(iv) Ag2SO4   2Ag + SO2 + O2
A(AgNO3)  B
added
 white ppt appears
Explain
B(Na2S2O3) A
added
 It takes time to give white

(vi) Ag2S2O3 + H2O   Ag2S + H2SO4
AgCl, AgBr, AgI (but not Ag2S) are soluble in Na2S2O3 forming
[Ag(S2O3)2]–3 complexes
(vii) AgBr + AgNO3  KBr
 AgBr  + KNO3
Pale yellow
ppt.
Heating effect: 2AgNO3   212 ºC
 2AgNO2 + O2
2AgNO2   500ºC
 2Ag + 2NO + O2

(viii)

Aqua. redia insoluble

Zn/HCl
AgNO3 dil. HCl AgCl AgHCl
[H]
NaOH
(conc.) Na2CO3 AgAgCl+2Na2CO34Ag
4Ag+4NaCl+2CO2+O2]
K2S2O8
Ag2O[2AgCl+2NaOHAg
O[2AgCl+2NaOH 2O+2NaCl+H2O]

AgO Black glucose

Ag O[Ag2O+C6H12O6AgC5H11CO2H]
AgO[Ag
gluconic acid

Ag2O + H2O2  2Ag + H2O + O2

K2S2O8 + 2AgNO3 + 2H2O  2AgO + 2KHSO4 + 2HNO3
* AgO supposed to be paramagnetic due to d9 configuration. But actually it is diamagnetic and
existsas AgI [AgIIIO2]
* Reaction involved in developer :
K2FeII(C2O4)2 + AgBr  KFeIII (C2O4)2 + Ag + KBr

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
ZINC COMPOUNDS
ZnO
It is called as phillospher's wool due to its wooly flock type appearance
1] 2Zn + O2  2ZnO
Preparation: [1]
[2] Calcination of ZnCO3 or Zn(NO3)2 or Zn(OH)2
Purest ZnO: 4ZnSO4 + 4Na2CO3 + 3H2O  ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2 + 4Na2SO4 + 3CO2
White basic zinc
carbonate

4ZnO + 3H2O  + CO2 

pure


Properties: [1] 
ZnO(cold)  ZnO(hot)
white yellow
[2] It is insoluble in water
[3] It sublimes at 400°C
[4] It is amphoteric oxide , react with acid & base both.
ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnO + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O
ZnO + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2O
[5] ZnO  Zn by H2 & C
 400ºC
ZnO + H2  Zn + H2O
ZnO + C  Zn + CO
[6] It forms Rinmann's green with Co(NO3)2
2Co(NO3)2  2CoO + 4NO2 + O2
CoO + ZnO  CoZnO2 or CoO·ZnO
Rinmann's green
Uses: (1) As white pigment, it is superior than white lead because it does not turn
into black
(2) Rinmann's green is used as green pigment
(3) It is used as zinc ointment in medicine
ZnCl2

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Preparation: ZnO + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O
ZnCO3 + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2O
It crystallises as ZnCl2 2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2HCl ZnCl + 2H2O
Anh. ZnCl2 cannot be made by heating ZnCl2·2H2O because

ZnCl2·2H2O   Zn(OH)Cl + HCl + H2O

Zn(OH)Cl   ZnO + HCl
To get anh. ZnCl2: Zn + Cl2  ZnCl2
Zn + 2HCl(dry)  ZnCl2 + H2
or Zn + HgCl2  ZnCl2 + Hg
Properties: (i) It is deliquescent white solid (when anhydrous)
(ii) ZnCl2 +H2S  ZnS
" + NaOH  Zn(OH)2  
excess
 Na2[Zn(OH)4]
" + NH4OH  Zn(OH)2  
excess
 [Zn(NH3)4]2+
Uses: [1] Used for impregnating timber to prevent destruction by insects
[2]
2] As dehydrating agent when anhydrous
[3]
3] ZnO·ZnCl2 used in dental filling
ZnSO4
Preparation:  Zn + dil H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
ZnO + dil H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O
ZnCO3 + dil H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2
Zn2O2 ZnSO
Parallel reaction
3
ZnS + O2  ZnO + SO2
2
ZnS + 4O3  ZnSO4 4O2
39  70ºC  70ºC  280ºC
Properties: ZnSO4.7H2O   ZnSO4.6H2O   ZnSO4.H2O  ZnSO2

>800ºC
1
O2+SO2+ZnO
2
Uses: [1] in eye lotion
[2] Lith
Lithophone making (ZnS + BaSO4) as white pigment

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
COPPER COMPOUNDS
CuO

Preparation: (i) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2   2CuO + H2O + CO2 (Commercial process )
Malachite Green
(native Cu-carbonate)
Cu
1
(ii) 2Cu + O2  2CuO & Cu2O + O2  2CuO
2

(iii) Cu(OH)2   CuO + H2O
(iv) 2Cu(NO3)2  
250ºC
 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

Properties: (i) CuO is insoluble in water

(ii) Readily dissolves in dil. acids
CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O
HCl  CuCl2
HNO3  Cu(NO3)2
(iii) It decomposes when, heated above 1100°C
4CuO  2Cu2O + O2
(iv) CuO is reduced to Cu by H2 or C under hot condition
CuO + C  Cu + CO 
CuO + H2  Cu + H2O 
CuCl2
Preparation:  CuO + 2HCl(conc.)  CuCl2 + H2O
Cu(OH)2·CuCO3 + 4HCl  2CuCl2 + 3H2O + CO2
Properties:  (i) It is crystallised as CuCl2·2H2O of Emerald green colour
(ii) dil. solution in water is blue in colour due to formation of
[Cu(H2O)4]2+ complex.
(iii) conc. HCl or KCl added to dil. solution of CuCl2 the colour changes
into yellow, owing to the formation of [CuCl4]2––
(iv) The conc. aq. solution is green in colour having the two complex ions
in equilibrium 2[Cu(H2O)4]Cl2  [Cu(H2O)4]2+ + [CuCl4]2– + 4H2O
(v) CuCl2  CuCl by no. of reagents

(a) CuCl2 + Cu-turnings   2CuCl
(b) 2CuCl2 + H2SO3 + H2O  2CuCl + 2HCl + 2H2SO4
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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
(c) 2CuCl2 + Zn/HCl  2CuCl + ZnCl2
(d) CuCl2 + SnCl2  CuCl + SnCl4
CuF3.2H2O  light blue Anh. CuCl2 is dark brown mass obtained
CuCl2 .2H2O green By heating CuCl2.2H2O at 150ºC
1 in presence
CuBr2 almost
 black of HCl vap.

CuI2 does not exit CuCl2.2H2O 

150ºC
HCl gas
CuCl2 + 2H2O

CuSO4
Preparation:  CuO + H2SO4(dil)  CuSO4 + H2O
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4(dil) CuSO4 + 2H2O
Cu(OH)2·CuCO3 + H2SO4 (dil)  CuSO4 + 3H2O + CO2
1
Cu + H2SO4 + O2  CuSO4 + H2O [Commercial scale]
2
(Scrap)
Cu + dil. H2SO4  no reaction {Cu is a below H in electrochemical series}
Properties: (i) It is crystallised as CuSO4·5H2O
On

(ii) 
exposure
FuSO4.5H2O   
100ºC
 CuSO4.3H2O   CuSO4.H2O
effloresence

Blue take places Pale blue Bluish white

230ºC
CuSO4(anh.)
white
750ºC
800ºC
1 CuO + SO3
CuO + SO2 O2
2
(iii) Revision with all others reagent
IRON COMPOUNDS
FeSO4·7H2O
Preparation:(i) Scrap Fe + H2SO4  FeSO4 + H2
(dil.)
(ii) From Kipp's waste
FeS + H2SO4(dil)  FeSO4 + H2S
7
(iii) FeS2 + 2H2O + O2  FeSO4 + H2SO4
2

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Properties: (i) It undergoes aerial oxidation forming basic ferric sulphate
4FeSO4 + H2O + O2 4Fe(OH)SO4
(ii) FeSO4·7H2O  
300ºC
 FeSO4 
high
temp.
 Fe2O3+SO2+SO3
anh.white
(iii) Aq. solution is acidic due to hydrolysis
FeSO4 + 2H2Ol Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4
weak base
(iv) It is a reducing agent
(a) Fe2+ + MnO 4 + H+  Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H2O

(b) Fe2+ + CrO 72 + H+  Fe3+ + Cr3+ + H2O

(c) Au3+ + Fe2+  Au + Fe3+
(d) Fe2+ + HgCl2  Hg2Cl2 + Fe3+
white ppt.
(v) It forms double salt. Example (NH4)2SO4·FeSO4·6H2O

FeO(Black)

Preparation: FeC2O4 
in absence of air
 FeO + CO + CO2
Properties: It is stable at high temperature and on cooling slowly disproportionates
into Fe3O4 and iron
4FeO  Fe3O4 + Fe

FeCl2
Preparation: Fe + 2HCl 
heated in
a currenmt of HCl
 FeCl2 + H2

OR

2FeCl3 + H2   2FeCl2 + 2HCl
Properties: (i) It is deliquescent in air like FeCl3
(ii) It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether also because it is sufficiently
Covalent
ovalent in nature
(iii) about 1000°C and vapour density indicates the presence
It volatilises at about
of Fe2Cl4. Above 1300°C density becomes normal

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(iv) It oxidises on heating in air
12FeCl2 + 3O2  2Fe2O3 + 8FeCl3
(v) H2 evolves on heating in steam
3FeCl2 + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 6HCl + H2
(vi) It can exist as different hydrated form
FeCl2·2H2O  colourless
FeCl2·4H2O  pale green
FeCl2·6H2O  green

Do yourself – 2
1. 
X
Cr2O72–  2–
 2CrO4 , X and Y are respectively
Y

(A) X = OH–, Y = H+ (B) X = H+, Y = OH–

(C) X = OH–, Y = H2O2 (D) X = H2O2, Y = OH–
2. Acidified chromic acid + H2O2    X + Y , X and Y are
Org.solvent

(blue colour)
(A) CrO5 and H2O (B) Cr2O3 and H2O (C) CrO2 and H2O (D) CrO and H2O
3. Cu + conc. HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + X (oxide of nitrogen); then X is
(hot)
(A) N2O (B) NO2 (C) NO (D) N2O3
4. CuSO4 solution reacts with excess KCN to give
(A) Cu(CN)2 (B) CuCN (C) K2[Cu(CN)2] (D) K3[Cu(CN)4]
– – –
5. In the equation: M + 8CN + 2H2O + O2  4[M(CN)2] + 4OH , metal M is
(A) Ag (B) Au (C) Cu (D) Hg

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
EXECISE-I
Select one or more than one correct options.
Q.1 (T) imparts violet colour in the flame test       (V)Red gas 
compd (U) +conc.H 2 SO 4

NaOH + AgNO 3

(W)Red ppt.  

NH 3 soln.
 (X)
(W)Red ppt. 
dil HCl
 (Y)white ppt.
(U) 
NaOH

 (Z)gas (gives white fumes with HCl)
sublimes on heating
Identify (T) to (Z).
(A) T = KMnO4, U = HCl, V = Cl2, W = HgI2, X = Hg(NH2)NO3, Y = Hg2Cl2, Z = N2
(B) T=K2Cr2O7, U=NH4Cl, V=CrO2Cl2, W=Ag2CrO4, X=[Ag(NH3)2]+, Y=AgCl, Z = NH3
(C) T = K2CrO4, U = KCl, V = CrO2Cl2, W = HgI2, X = Na2CrO4, Y = BaCO3, Z = NH4Cl
(D) T = K2MnO4, U = NaCl, V = CrO3, W = AgNO2, X = (NH4)2CrO4, Y = CaCO3, Z = SO2

Q.2 Thee number of moles of acidified KMnO4 required to convert one mole of sulphite ion into
sulphate ion is
(A) 2/5 (B) 3/5 (C) 4/5 (D) 1

Q.3 
Fe  Mo
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g); Haber’s process, Mo is used as

(A) a catalyst (B) a catalytic promoter

(C) an oxidising agent (D) as a catalytic poison

Q.4 Potash alum is a double salt, its aqueous solution shows the characteristics of
(A) Al3+ ions (B) K+ ions
(C) SO42– ions (D) Al3+ ions but not K+ ions

Q.5 Mercury is a liquid at 0ºC

C because of
(A) very high ionisation energy (B) weak metallic bonds
(C) high heat of hydration (D) high heat of sublimation

Q.6 CrO3 dissolves in aqueous NaOH to give

(A) Cr2O72– (B) CrO42–
(C) Cr(OH)3 (D) Cr(OH)2

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Q.7 The correct statement(s) about transition elements is/are
(A) the most stable oxidation state is +3 and its stability decreases across the period
(B) transition elements of 3d-series
3d series have almost same atomic sizes from Cr to Cu
(C) the stability of +2 oxidation state increases across the period
(D) some transition elements like Ni, Fe, Cr may show zero oxidation state in some of their
compounds

Q.8 An ornamental of gold having 75% of gold, it is of .............. carat.

(A) 18 (B) 16 (C) 24 (D) 20

Q.9 Solution of MnO4– is purple-coloured

purple due to
(A) d-d-transition
(B) charge transfer from O to Mn
(C) due to both d-d-transition
transition and charge transfer
(D) none of these

Q.10 During estimation of oxalic acid Vs KMnO4, self indicator is

(A) KMnO4 (B) oxalic acid (C) K2SO4 (D) MnSO4

Q.11 Which of the following statements concern with transition metals?

(A) compounds containing ions of transition elements are usually coloured
(B) Zinc has lowest melting point among 3d-series
3d elements
(C) they show variable oxidation states, which differ by two units only
(D) they easily form complexes

Q.12 Correct statement(s) is/are

(A) an acidified solution of K2Cr2O7 liberates iodine from KI
(B) K2Cr2O7 is used as a standard solution for estimation
es of Fe2+ ions
(C) in acidic medium, M = N/6 for K2Cr2O7
(D) (NH4)2Cr2O7 on heating decomposes to yield Cr2O3 through an endothermic reaction

Q.13 The highest oxidation state among transition elements is

(A) + 7 by Mn (B) + 8 by Os (C) + 8 by Ru (D) + 7 by Fe

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Q.14 A compound of mercury used in cosmetics, in Ayurvedic and Yunani medicines and known as
Vermilon is
(A) HgCl2 (B) HgS (C) Hg2Cl2 (D) HgI

Q.15 Y(g) 
KI
 CuSO4 
dil H 2SO 4
 X(Blue colour), X and Y are
(A) X = I2, Y = [Cu(H2O)4]2+ (B) X = [Cu(H2O)4]2+, Y = I2
(C) X = [Cu(H2O)4]+, Y = I2 (D) X = [Cu(H2O)5]2+, Y = I2

Q.16 (NH4)2Cr2O7 (Ammonium dichromate) is used in fireworks.. The green coloured powder blown
in air is
(A) Cr2O3 (B)
B) CrO2 (C) Cr2O4 (D) CrO3

block element which is a liquid at room temperature, having high specific heat, less
Q.17 The d-block
reactivity than hydrogen and its chloride (MX2) is volatile on heating is
(A) Cu (B) Hg (C) Ce (D) Pm

Q.18 Coinage metals

tals show the properties of
(A) typical elements (B) normal elements
(C) inner-transition
transition elements (D) transition element

Q.19 Iron becomes passive by ..................... due to formation of .....................

(A) dil. HCl, Fe2O3 (B) 80% conc. HNO3, Fe3O4
(C) conc. H2SO4, Fe3O4 (D) conc. HCl, Fe3O4

Q.20 Bayer’s reagent used to detect olifinic double bond is

(A) acidified KMnO4 (B) aqueous KMnO4
(C) 1% alkaline KMnO4 solution (D) KMnO4 in benzene

Q.21 Amphoteric oxide(s) is/are

(A) Al2O3 (B) SnO (C) ZnO (D) Fe2O3

Q.22 Interstitial compounds are formed by

(A) Co (B) Ni (C) Fe (D) Ca

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Q.23 The transition metal used in X-rays
X tube is
(A) Mo (B) Ta (C) Tc (D) Pm

Q.24 The catalytic activity of transition

tran elements is related to their
(A) variable oxidation states (B) surface area
(C) complex formation ability (D) magnetic moment

MnO 4 +xe– MnO 24 

Q.25 (Alkaline medium)

+ ye– (Acidic medium) Mn2+

+ ze– (Neutral medium)

MnO2
x, y and z are respectively
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 5, 3 (C) 1, 3, 5 (D) 5, 33, 1

Q.26 When KMnO4 solution is added to hot oxalic acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in the
beginning but becomes instantaneous after some time. This is because
(A) Mn2+ acts as auto catalyst (B) CO2 is formed
(C) Reaction is exothermic (D) MnO4– catalyses the reaction.

Q.27 The higher oxidation states of transition elements are found to be in the combination with A
and B, which are
(A) F, O (B) O, N (C) O, Cl (D) F, Cl

Q.28 An element of 3d-transition oxidationn states x and y, differ by two units then
transition series shows two oxidatio
(A) compounds in oxidation state x are ionic if x > y
(B) compounds in oxidation state x are ionic if x < y
(C) compounds in oxidation state y are covalent if x < y
(D) compounds in oxidation state y are covalent
coval if y < x

Q.29 Pick out the incorrect statement:

(A) MnO2 dissolves in conc. HCl, but does not form Mn4+ ions
(B) MnO2 oxidizes hot concentrated H2SO4 liberating oxygen
(C) K2MnO4 is formed when MnO2 in fused KOH is oxidised by air, KNO3 , PbO2 or NaBiO3
(D) Decomposition of acidic KMnO4 is not catalysed by sunlight.

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Q.30 1 mole of Fe2+ ions are oxidised to Fe3+ ions with the help of (in acidic medium)
(A) 1/5 moles of KMnO4 (B) 5/3 moles of KMnO4
(C) 2/5 moles of KMnO4 (D) 5/2 moles of KMnO4

Q.31 The metals present in insulin and haemoglobin are respectively

(A) Zn, Hg (B) Zn, Fe (C) Co, Fe (D) Mg, Fe

Q.32 To an acidified dichromate solution, a pinch of Na2O2 is added and shaken. What is observed:
(A) blue colour olour changing to green
(B) Orange colour
(C) Copious evolution of oxygen (D) Bluish - green precipitate

Q.33 The rusting of iron is formulated as Fe2O3·xH2O which involves the formation of
(A) Fe2O3 (B) Fe(OH)3 (C) Fe(OH)2 (D) Fe2O3 + Fe(OH)3

Q.34 Metre scales are made-up

up of alloy
(A) invar (B) stainless steel (C) elektron (D) magnalium

Q.35 Amongst CuF2, CuCl2 and CuBr2

(A) only CuF2 is ionic
(B) both CuCl2 and CuBr2 are covalent
(C) CuF2 and CuCl2 are ionic but CuBr2 is covalent
(D) CuF2, CuCl2 ass well as CuBr2 are ionic

Q.36 A metal M which is not affected by strong acids like conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4 and conc.
solution of alkalies like NaOH, KOH forms MCl3 which finds use for toning in photography.
The metal M is
(A) Ag (B) Hg (C) Au (D) Cu

Q.37 Solid CuSO4·5H2O having covalent, ionic as well as co ordinate bonds. Copper atom/ion
co-ordinate
forms................. co-ordinate
ordinate bonds with water.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Q.38 CuSO4(aq) + 4NH3  X, then X is

(A) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (B) paramagnetic
(C) Coloured (D) of a magnetic moment of 1.73 BM

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Q.39 KMnO4 + HCl  H2O + X(g), X is a
(acidified)
(A) red liquid (B) violet gas
(C) greenish yellow gas (D) yellow-brown gas

Q.40 Purple of cassius is:

(A) Pure gold (B) Colliodal solution of gold
(C) Gold (I) hydroxide (D) Gold (III) chloride

Q.41 Amongst the following species, maximum covalent character is exhibited by

(A) FeCl2 (B) ZnCl2 (C) HgCl2 (D) CdCl2

Q.42 Number of moles of SnCl2 required for the reduction of 1 mole of K2Cr2O7 into Cr2O3 is
(in acidic medium)
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1/3

Q.43 Amphoteric oxide(s) of Mn is/are

(A) MnO2 (B) Mn3O4 (C) Mn2O7 (D) MnO

Q.44 Pick out the incorrect

ct statement:
(A) MnO 24  is quite strongly oxidizing and stable only in very strong alkalies. In dilute
alkali,neutral solutions, it disproportionates.
(B) In acidic solutions, MnO 4 is reduced to Mn2+ and thus, KMnO4 is widely used as
oxidising agent
(C) KMnO4 does not acts as oxidising agent in alkaline medium
(D) KMnO4 is manufactured by the fusion of pyrolusite ore with KOH in presence of air or
KNO3, followed by electrolytic oxidation in strongly alkaline solution.

Q.45 The aqueous solution of CuCrO4 is green because it contains

(A) green Cu2+ ions
(B) green CrO42– ions
(C) blue Cu2+ ions and green CrO42– ions
(D) blue Cu2+ ions and yellow CrO42– ions

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Q.46 Manganese steel is used for making railway
railw tracks because
(A) it is hard with high percentage of Mn
(B) it is soft with high percentage of Mn
(C) it is hard with small concentration of manganese with impurities
(D) it is soft with small concentration of manganese with impurities

troprusside ion, the iron exists as Fe2+ and NO as NO+ rather than Fe3+ and NO
Q.47 In nitroprusside
respectively. These forms of ions are established with the help of
(A) Magnetic moment in solid state (B) thermal decomposition method
(C) by reaction with KCN (D) by action with K2SO4

Q.48 Acidified KMnO4 can be decolourised by

(A) SO2 (B) H2O2 (C) FeSO4 (D) Fe2(SO4)3

Q.49 Transition elements in lower oxidation states act as Lewis acid because
(A) they form complexes (B) they are oxidising agents
(C) they donate electrons (D) they do not show catalytic properties

Q.50 The lanthanide contraction is responsible for the fact that

(A) Zr and Hƒ have same atomic sizes (B) Zr and Hƒ have same properties
(C) Zr and Hƒ have different atomic sizes (D) Zr and Hƒ have different properties

Natta catalyst used for polymerisation of ethene and styrene is TiCl4 + (C2H5)3Al,
Q.51 The Ziegler-Natta
the catalysing species (active species) involved in the polymerisation is
(A) TiCl4 (B) TiCl3 (C) TiCl2 (D) TiCl

Q.52 Ion(s) having non zero magnetic moment (spin only) is/are
(A) Sc3+ (B) Ti3+ (C) Cu2+ (D) Zn2+

Q.53 The electrons which take part in order to exhibit variable oxidation states by transition metals
are
(A) ns only (B) (n–1)d only
(C) ns and (n–1)d
1)d only but not np 1)d and np only but not ns
(D) (n–1)d

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Q.54 ‘Bordeaux mixture’ is used as a fungicide. It is a mixture of
(A) CaSO4 + Cu(OH)2 (B) CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2
(C) CuSO4 + CaO (D) CuO + CaO

Q.55 Which of the following reaction is possible

possi at anode?
(A) 2Cr3+ + 7H2O  Cr2O72– + 14 H+ (B) F2  2F–
1
(C) O2+ 2H+  H2O (D) None of these
2

Q.56 Colourless solutions of the following four salts are placed separately in four different test tubes
opper is dipped in each one of these. Which solution will turn blue?
and a strip of copper
(A) KNO3 (B) AgNO3 (C) Zn(NO3)2 (D) ZnSO4

Q.57 Peacock ore is:

(A) FeS2 (B) CuFeS2 (C) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (D) Cu5FeS4

solution, the decolourization is slow in the

Q.58 When acidified KMnO4 is added to hot oxalic acid solution,
beginning, but becomes very rapid after some time. This is because:
(A) Mn2+ acts as autocatalyst (B) CO2 is formed as the product
(C) Reaction is exothermic (D) MnO 4 catalyses the rea
reaction

Question No. 59 to 68
Questions given below consist of two statements each printed as Assertion (A) and Reason (R);
while answering these questions you are required to choose any one of the following four
responses:
truee and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(A) if both (A) and (R) are tru
(B) if both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A)
(C) if (A) is true but (R) is false
(D) if (A) is false and (R) is true

Q.59 Assertion: KMnO4 is purple in colour due to charge tra

transfer.
Reason: In MnO 4 , there is no electron present in d-orbitals
d orbitals of manganese.
Q.60 Assertion: K2CrO4 has yellow colour due to charge transfer.
Reason: CrO 24  ion is tetrahedral in shape.

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Q.61 Assertion: The highest oxidation state of chromium in its compounds is +6.
Reason: (n 1) d orbitals.
Chromium atom has only six electrons in ns and (n–1)

Q.62 Assertion: CrO3 reacts with HCl to form chromyl chloride gas.
Reason: Chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) has tetrahedral shape.

Q.63 Assertion: Zinc does not show characteristic properties of transition metals.
Reason: In zinc outermost shell is completely filled.

Q.64 Assertion: Tungsten has a very high melting point.

Reason: Tungsten is a covalent compound.

Q.65 Assertion: third of its molecular mass when it

Equivalent mass of KMnO4 is equal to one-third
acts as an oxidising agent in an alkaline medium.
Reason: Oxidation number of Mn is +7 in KMnO4.

Q.66 Assertion: Ce4+ is used as an oxidising agent in vvolumetric

olumetric analysis.
Reason: Ce4+ has the tendency of attain +3 oxidation state.

Q.67 Assertion: Promethium is a man made element.

Reason: It is radioactive and has been prepared by artificial means.

Q.68 Assertion: Cu+ ion is colourless.

Reason: Four water molecules are coordinated to Cu+ ion in water.

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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EXERCISE-II
JEE-MAIN
1. Number of electrons transferred in each case when KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent to give
MnO2, Mn2+, Mn(OH)3 and MnO42– are respectively : [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
(1) 3,5,4 and 1 (2) 4,3,1 and 5 (3) 1,3,4 and 5 (4) 5,4,3 and 1

2. Which of the following ions has the maximum magnetic moment? [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(1) Mn (2) Fe (3) Ti (4) Cr .

3. Most common oxidation state fo Ce (C

(Cerium) are : [AIEEE 2002, 3/225]
(1) +3, +4 (2) +2, +3 (3) +2, +4 (4) +3, +5

4. What would happen when a solution of potassium chromate is treated with an excess of dilute
HNO3 ? [AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) Cr2O72– and H2O are formed (2) CrO42– is reduced to +3 state of Cr
(3) CrO42– is oxidised to +7 state of Cr (4) Cr3+ and Cr2O72– are formed

5. Which one of the following nitrates will leaves behind a metal on strong heating ?
[AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) Copper nitrate (2) Manganese nitrate
(3) Silver nitrate (4) Ferric nitrate

6. The atomic numbers of V,Cr,Mn and Fe are respectively 23,24,25 and 26. Which one of these
may be expected to have the highest second ionization enthalpy ? [AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) Cr (2) Mn (3) Fe (4) V

7. Which of the following group of transition metals is called coinage metals ?

[AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) Cu, Ag, Au (2) Ru, Rh, Pb (3) Fe, Co, Ni (4) Os. Ir, Pt

8. electrons retained in Fe2+ (At. no. Fe = 26) ions are :

The number of d-electrons [AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 6

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9. Ammonia forms the complex ion [Cu(NH3)4]2+ with copper ions in the alkaline solutions but
not in acidic solutions. What is the Statement-2
Statement for it ? [AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) In acidic solutions hydration protects copper ions
(2) In acidic solutions protons co ordinate with ammonia molecules forming NH4+ ions and
co-ordinate
NH3 molecules are not available.
(3) pitated which is soluble in excess of any
In alkaline solutions insoluble Cu(OH)2 is precipitated
alkali
(4) Copper hydroxide is an amphoteric substance.

10. The radius of La3+ (Atomic number of La = 57) is 1.06Å. Which one of the following given
values will be closest to the radius of Lu3+ (Atomic number off Lu = 71) ?
[AIEEE 2003, 3/225]
(1) 1.60Å (2) 1.40Å (3) 1.06Å (4) 0.85Å

11. Cerium (Z = 58) is an important member of the lanthanoide. Which of the following statement
about cerium is incorrect? [AIEEE 2004, 3/225]
(1) The common
n oxidation state of cerium are +3 and +4.
(2) The +3 oxidation state of cerium is more stable than +4 oxidation state.
(3) The +4 oxidation state of cerium is not known in solution.
(4) Cerium (IV) acts as an oxidizing agent.

12. The lanthanide contraction

action is responsible for the fact that [AIEEE 2005, 3/225]
(1) Zr and Y have about the same radius (2) Zr and Nb have similar oxidation state
(3) Zr and Hf have about the same radius (4) Zr and Zn have same oxidation state.

13. Which of the following factors may be regarded as the main cause of lanthanide contraction ?
(1) Greater shielding of 5d electrons by 4f electrons [AIEEE 2005, 4½/225]
(2) Poorer shielding of 5d electron by 4f electrons
shell
(3) Effective shielding of one oof 4f electrons by another in the sub-shell
(4) Poor shielding of one of 4f electron by another in the sub
sub-shell.

14. only’’ magnetic moment [in units of Bohr magneton, ((B) of Ni2+ in aqueous
The ‘‘spin-only’’
solution would be (atomic number of Ni = 28) [AIEEE 2006, 3/165]
(1) 2.84 (2) 4.90 (3) 0 (4) 1.73

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15. Lanthanoid contraction is caused due to: [AIEEE 2006, 3/165]
(1) the appreciable shielding on outer electrons by 4ƒ electrons from the nuclear charge
(2) the appreciable
ble shielding on outer electrons by 5ƒ electrons from the nuclear charge
(3) the same effective nuclear charge from Ce to Lu
(4) the imperfect shielding on outer electrons by 4f electrons from the nuclear charge

16. Identify the incorrect statement among

amo the following. [AIEEE 2007, 3/120]
(1) The chemistry of various lanthanoids is very similar.
(2) 4f and 5f orbitals are equally shielded.
block elements show irregular and erratic chemical properties among themselves.
(3) d-block
(4) La and Lu have partially filled d orbitals and no other partially filled orbitals.

17. The actinoids exhibit more number of oxidation states in general than the lanthanoids. This is
because [AIEEE 2007, 3/120]
(1) The actinoids are more reactive than the lanthanoids.
(2) The 5f orbitals extend farther from the nucleus than the 4f orbitals.
(3) The 5f orbitals are more buried than the 4f orbitals
(4) There is a similarity between 4f and 5f orbitals in their angular part of the wave function

18. Larger number of oxidation states are exhibited by the actinoids than those by the lanthanoids,
the main reason being. [AIEEE 2008, 3/105]
(1) lesser energy difference between 5f and 6d than between 4f and 5d orbitals
(2) more energy difference between 5f and 6d than between 4f and 5d orbitals
(3) more reactive nature of the actinoids than the lanthanoids
(4) 4f orbitals more diffused than the 5f orbitals

19. In context with the transition elements, which of the following statements
statement is incorrect ?
[AIEEE 2009, 4/144]
(1) In the highest oxidation states, the transition metal show basic character and form
cationic complexes.
(2) In the highest oxidation states of the first five transition elements (Sc to Mn), all the 4s
and 3d electrons
ctrons are used for bonding.
(3) Once the d5 configuration is exceeded, the tendency to involve all the 3d electrons in
bonding decreases.
(4) In addition to the normal oxidation states, the zero oxidation state is also shown by
these elements in complexes.
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20. Knowing that the Chemistry of lanthanoids (Ln) is dominated by its +3 oxidation state, which
of the following statement is incorrect ? [AIEEE 2009, 4/144]
(1) The ionic sizes of Ln (III) decrease in general with increasing atomic number.
(2) Ln (III) compounds are generally colourless.
(3) Ln (III) hydroxides are mainly basic in character
(4) Because of the large size of the Ln (III) ions the bonding in its compounds is
predominently ionic in character.

21. The correct order of E 0 M2 / M values with negative sign for the four successive elements Cr, Mn,
Fe and Co is [AIEEE 2010, 4/144]
(1) Mn > Cr > Fe > Co (2) Cr > Fe > Mn > Co
(3) Fe > Mn > Cr > Co (4) Cr > Mn > Fe > Co

22. In context of the lanthanoids, which of the following statement is not correct ?
[AIEEE 2011, 4/120]
(1) There is a gradual decrease in the radii of the members with increasing atomic number
in the series.
(2) All the member exhibit +3 oxidation state.
(3) Because of similar properties the separation of lanthanoids is not easy.
(4) Availability of 4f electrons results in the formation of compounds in +4 state for all the
members of the series.

23. The outer electron configuration of Lu (Atomic No : 71) is : [AIEEE 2011, 4/120]
3 5 2 8 0 2 4 4 2
(1) 4ƒ 5d 6s (2) 4ƒ 5d 6s (3) 4ƒ 5d 6s (4) 4ƒ 5d1 6s2
14

24. Iron exhibits +2 and +3 oxidation states. Which of the following statements about iron is
incorrect ? [AIEEE 2012, 4/120]
(1)
1) Ferrous oxide is more basic in nature than the ferric oxide.
(2) Ferrous compounds are relatively more ionic than the corresponding ferric compounds
(3) Ferrous compounds are less volatile than the corresponding ferric compounds
(4) Ferrous compoundss are more easily hydrolysed than the corresponding ferric compounds.

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25. Which of the following arrangements does not represent the correct order of the property stated
against it ? [JEE(Main) 2013, 4/120]
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
(1) V < Cr < Mn < Fe : paramagnetic behaviour
(2) Ni2+ < Co2+ < Fe2+ < Mn2+ : ionic size
(3) Co3+ < Fe3+ < Cr3+ < Sc3+ : stability in aqueous solution
(4) Sc < Ti < Cr < Mn : number of oxidation states

26. Four successive members of the first row transition elements are liste
listed below with atomic
numbers. Which one of them is expected to have the highest E 0 M3 //M
M 2
value ?
[JEE(Main) 2013, 4/120]
(1) Cr(Z = 24) (2) Mn(Z = 25) (3) Fe(Z = 26) (4) Co(Z = 27)

27. Which series of reactions correctly represents chemical relations related to iron and its
compound ? [JEE(Main) 2014, 4/120]
(1) Fe    FeSO4 
dill H 2SO 4 H 2 SO 4 ,O 2
 Fe2(SO4)3 
heat
Fe
(2) Fe 
O 2 ,heat
FeO 
dillH 2SO 4
 FeSO4 
heat
Fe
(3) Fe 
Cl 2 ,heat
FeCl3 
heat ,air
 FeCl2  Fe
Zn

0 0
(4) Fe 
O 2 ,heat
Fe3O4 
CO,600 C
 FeO 
CO,700 C
 Fe

28. The equation which is balanced and represents the correct product(s) is :
[JEE(Main) 2014, 4/120]
(1) Li2O + 2KCl 2LiCl + K2O
(2) [CoCl(NH3)5]+ + 5H+  Co2+ + 5NH4+ + Cl–
(3) [Mg(H2O)6]2+ + (EDTA)4– 
excess, NaOH
 [Mg(EDTA)]2+ + 6H2O
(4) CuSO4 + 4KCN  K2 [Cu(CN)4] + K2SO4

29. The colour of KMnO4 is due to : [JEE(Main) 2015, 4/120]

(1) M  L charge transfer transition (2) d – d transition
(3) L  M charge transfer transition ( 4)  – * transition

30. When XO2 is fused with an alkali metal hydroxide in presence of an oxidizing agent such as
disproportionates in acidic solution to afford a
KNO3 ; a dark green product is formed which disproportionates
dark purple solution. X is : 2018(online)]
[JEE(Main) 201
(1) Ti (2) V (3) Cr (4) Mn
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31. The transition element that has lowest enthalpy of atomisation is : [JEE-Main 2019]
(1) Zn (2) Cu (3) Fe (4) V

32. Consider the following reduction processes : [JEE-Main 2019]

Zn2+ + 2e–  Zn(s); Eº = –0.76 V
Ca2+ + 2e–  Ca(s); Eº = –2.87 V
Mg2+ + 2e–  Mg(s); Eº = –2.36 V
Ni2+ + 2e–  Ni(s); Eº = –0.25
– V
The reducing power of the metals increases in the order :
(1) Ca < Mg < Zn < Ni (2) Zn < Mg < Ni < Ca
(3) Ni < Zn < Mg < Ca (4) Ca < Zn < Mg < Ni

33. The electrolytes usually used in the electroplating of gold and silver, respectively, are :
[JEE-Main 2019]
(1) [Au(CN2)]– and [Ag(CN)2]– (2) [Au(NH3)2]+ and [Ag(CN)2]–
(3) [Au(CN2)]– and [Ag(Cl)2]– (4) [Au(OH)4]– and [Ag(OH)2]–

34. The element that usually does NOT show variable oxidation states is : [JEE-Main 2019]
(1) Cu (2) Sc (3) V (4) Ti

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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EXERCISE-III
JEE-ADVANCED
1. Amongst the following identify the species with an atom in +6 oxidation state.
[JEE 2000, 3/35]
 3 2
(A) MnO 4 (B) Cr(CN) 6 (C) NiF 6 (D) CrO2Cl2

2. Write the balanced chemical equations for developing photographic films. [JEE 2000, 2/100]

3. In the standardization oof Na2S2O3 using K2Cr2O7 by iodometry, the equivalent weight of
K2Cr2O7 is : [JEE 2001, 3/35]
(A) (molecular weight)/2,(molar mass)/2 (B) (molecular weight)/6
(C) (molecular weight)/3 (D) same as molecular weight

4. Anhydrous ferric chloride

oride is prepared by : [JEE 2002, 3/150]
(A) heating hydrated ferric chloride at a high temperature in a stream of air.
(B) heating metallic iron in a stream of dry chlorine.
(C) reaction of metallic iron with hydrochloric acid.
(D) reaction of metallic iron with nitric acid.

5. When MnO2 is fused with KOH, a coloured compound is formed. The product and its colour is:
[JEE 2003, 3/144]
(A) K2MnO4, green (B) Mn2O3, brown (C) Mn2O4, black (D) KMnO4, purple

6. The product of oxidation of I– with MnO4– in alkaline medium is : [JEE 2004, 3/144]
(A) IO 3 (B) I2 (C) IO– (D) IO 4

7. The pair of compounds having metals in their highest oxidation state is: [JEE 2004, 3/144]
–
(A) MnO2, FeCl3 (B) [MnO4] , CrO2Cl2
2– 3–
(C) [Fe(CN)6] , [Co(CN)6] (D) [NiCl4]2– , [Ni(CO)4].

8. Which of the following pair of compounds is expected to exhibit same colour in aqueous
solution ? [JEE 2005, 3/84]
(A) FeCl3 , CuCl2 (B) VOCl2 , CuCl2 (C) VOCl2, FeCl2 (D) FeCl2 , MnCl2

9. Give equations and describe the process for the developing of black and white photographic
film. When sodium thiosulphate solution is treated with acidic solution turns milky white. Give
the half reaction of the above described process. [JEE 2005, 4/60]

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10. [JEE 2005, 4/60]

MCl4 Zn (B) purple colour compound

(A)
Colourless
Liquid at room
Temperature,
Transition metal

Moist Air

White fumes
(C)
Identify (A), (B) and (C). Also explain colour difference between MCl4 and (B).

11. Match the reactions in Column I with nature of the reactions/type of the products in Column II.
[JEE 2007, 6/162]
Column I Column II
(A) O O2 + O

2
2
2 (P) Redox reaction

(B) CrO 24  + H+  (Q) One of the products has trigonal planar

p structure

(C) MnO 4 + NO2 + H+ (R) Dimeric bridged tetrahedral metal ion

(D) NO 3 + H2SO4 + Fe2+ (S) Disproportionation

12. Among the following, the coloured compound is : [JEE 2008, 3/163]
(A) CuCl (B) K3[Cu(CN)4] (C) CuF2 (D)[Cu(CH3CN)4]BF4

13. The oxidation number of Mn in the product of alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO2 is.
[JEE 2009, 4/160]

14. Reduction of the metal centre in aqueous permanganate ion invo

involves: [JEE 2011, 4/180]
(A) 3 electrons in neutral medium (B) 5 electrons in neutral medium
(C) 3 electrons in alkaline medium (D) 5 electrons in acidic medium

15. The colour of light absorbed by an aqueous solution of CuSO4 is: [JEE 2012, 3/136]
(A) organge-red (B) blue
blue-green (C) yellow (D) violet

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16. Which of the following halides react(s) with AgNO3 (aq) to give a precipitate that dissolves in
Na2S2O3 (aq)? [JEE 2012, 4/136]
(A) HCl (B) HF (C) HBr (D) HI

17. Consider
onsider the following list of reagents: [JEE(Advanced) 2014, 3/120]
Acidified K2Cr2O7, alkaline KMnO4, CuSO4, H2O2, Cl2, O3, FeCl3, HNO3 and Na2S2O3.
The total number of reagents that can oxidise aqueous iodide to iodine is

18. atement(s) about Cr2+ and Mn3+ is (are) :

The correct statement(s) [JEE(Advanced) 2015, 4/168]
[Atomic numbers of Cr = 24 and Mn = 25]
(A) Cr2+ is a reducing agent
(B) Mn3+ is an oxidizing agent
(C) Both Cr2+ and Mn3+ exhibit d4 electronic configuration
(D) When Cr2+ is used as a reducing agent, the chromium ion attains d5 electronic
configuration.

19. Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ by using [JEE(Advanced) 2015, 4/168]

(A) H2O2 in presence of NaOH (B) Na2O2 in water
(C) H2O2 in presence of H2SO4 esence of H2SO4
(D) Na2O2 in presence

20. Fusion of MnO2 with KOH in presence of O2 produces a salt W. Alkaline solution of W upon
electrolytic oxidation yields another salt X. The manganese containing ion’s present in W and
X, respectively, are Y and Z. Correct statement(s) is(are) [JEE(Advanced) 2019]
(1) Y is diamagnetic in nature while Z is paramagnetic
(2) In aqueous acidic solution, Y undergoes disproportionation reaction to give Z and MnO2
(3) Both Y and Z are coloured and have tetrahedral shape
(4) In both Y and Z, -bonding occurs between p-orbitals
orbitals of oxygen and d-orbitals
d of
manganese

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NCERT EXAMPLER
Multiple Choice Questions (Type
(Type-I)
1. Electronic configuration of a transition element X in +3 oxidation state is [Ar]3d5. What is its
atomic number?
(A) 25 (B) 26 (C) 27 (D) 24

2. The electronic configuration of Cu(II) is 3d9 whereas that of Cu(I) is 3d10. Which of the
following is correct?
(A) Cu(II) is more stable
(B) Cu(II) is less stable
(C) Cu(I) and Cu(II) are equally stable
(D) Stability
ty of Cu(I) and Cu(II) depends on nature of copper salts

3. Metallic radii of some transition elements are given below. Which of these elements will have
highest density?
Element Fe Co Ni Cu
Metallic radii/pm 126 125 125 128
(A) Fe (B) Ni (C) Co (D) Cu

4. Generally transition elements form coloured salts due to the presence of unpaired electrons.
Which of the following compounds will be coloured in solid state?
(A) Ag2SO4 (B) CuF2 (C) ZnF2 (D) Cu2Cl2

5. On addition of small amount of KMnO4 to concentrated H2SO4, a green oily compound is

obtained which is highly explosive in nature. Identify the compound from the following.
(A) Mn2O7 (B) MnO2 (C) MnSO4 (D) Mn2O3

6. presence of unpaired electrons. Identify the

The magnetic nature of elements depends on the presence
configuration of transition element, which shows highest magnetic moment.
(A) 3d7 (B) 3d5 (C) 3d8 (D) 3d2

7. Which of the following reactions are disproportionation reactions?

(a) 2Cu+ Cu2+ + Cu (b) 3MnO 24 + 4H+  2MnO 4 + MnO2 + 2H2O

(c) 2KMnO4  K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 (d) 2MnO 4 + 3Mn2+ + 2H2O  5MnO2 + 4H+
(A) a, b (B) a, b, c (C) b, c, d (D) a, d

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8. oxalicc acid solution, the decolourisation is slow in the
When KMnO4 solution is added to oxali
beginning but becomes instantaneous after some time because
(A) CO2 is formed as the product. (B) Reaction is exothermic.
(C) MnO 4 catalyses the reaction. (D) Mn2+ acts as autocatalyst.
atalyst.

9. KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent in acidic medium. The number of moles of KMnO4 that will
be needed to react with one mole of sulphide ions in acidic solution is
2 3 4 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5

10. Which of the following is amphoteric oxide?

Mn2O7, CrO3, Cr2O3, CrO, V2O5, V2O4
(A) V2O5, Cr2O3 (B) Mn2O7, CrO3 (C) CrO, V2O5 (D) V2O5, V2O4

11. Interstitial compounds are formed when small atoms

atoms are trapped inside the crystal lattice of
metals. Which of the following is not the characteristic property of interstitial compounds?
(A) They have high melting points in comparison to pure metals.
(B) They are very hard.
(C) They retain metallic co
conductivity.
(D) They are chemically very reactive.

12. The magnetic moment is associated with its spin angular momentum and orbital angular
momentum. Spin only magnetic moment value of Cr3+ ion is ___________.
(A) 2.87 B.M. (B) 3.87 B.M. (C) 3.47 B.M. (D) 3.57 B.M.

13. KMnO4 acts as an oxidising agent in alkaline medium. When alkaline KMnO4 is treated with
KI, iodide ion is oxidised to ____________.
(A) I2 (B) IO– (C) IO 3 (D) IO 4

14. Which off the following statements is not correct?

(A) Copper liberates hydrogen from acids.
(B) In its higher oxidation states, manganese forms stable compounds with oxygen and
fluorine.
(C) Mn3+ and Co3+ are oxidising agents in aqueous solution.
(D) Ti2+ and Cr2+ are reducing agents in aqueous solution.

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15. When acidified K2Cr2O7 solution is added to Sn2+ salts then Sn2+ changes to
(A) Sn (B) Sn3+ (C) Sn4+ (D) Sn+

16. Highest oxidation state of manganese in fluoride is +4 (MnF4) but highest oxidation
oxidati state in
oxides is +7 (Mn2O7) because ____________.
(A) fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen.
(B) fluorine does not possess d-orbitals.
d
(C) fluorine stabilises lower oxidation state.
(D) in covalent compounds fluorine can form single bond only while oxygen forms double
only
bond.

17. Why is HCl not used to make the medium acidic in oxidation reactions of KMnO4 in acidic
medium?
(A) Both HCl and KMnO4 act as oxidising agents.
(B) KMnO4 oxidises HCl into Cl2 which is also an oxidising agent.
(C) KMnO4 is a weaker oxidising agent than HCl.
(D) KMnO4 acts as a reducing agent in the presence of HCl.

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type

(Type-II)
Note : In the following questions two or more options may be correct.
18. Transition elements show magnetic
magnetic moment due to spin and orbital motion of electrons. Which
of the following metallic ions have almost same spin only magnetic moment?
(A) Co2+ (B) Cr2+ (C) Mn2+ (D) Cr3+

19. In the form of dichromate, Cr(VI) is a strong oxidising agent in acidic medium but Mo(VI) in
MoO3 and W(VI) in WO3 are not because ___________.
(A) Cr(VI) is more stable than Mo(VI) and W(VI).
(B) Mo(VI) and W(VI) are more stable than Cr(VI).
group-66 of transition series are more stable.
(C) Higher oxidation states of heavier members of group
(D) Lower oxidation states of heavier members of group 6 of transition series are more stable.
group-6

20. Which of the following ions show higher spin only magnetic moment value?
(A) Ti3+ (B) Mn2+ (C) Fe3+ (D) Co3+

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21. Transition elements form binary compounds with halogens. Which of the following elements
will form MF3 type compounds?
(A) Cr (B) Co (C) Cu (D) Ni

22. Which of the following will not act as oxidising agents?

(A) CrO3 (B) MoO3 (C) WO3 (D) CrO 24

III. Short Answer Type

23. Why does copper not replace hydrogen from acids?

24. Why E0 values for Mn, Ni and Zn are more negative than expected?

25. Why first ionisation enthalpy of Cr is lower than that of Zn ?

26. Transition elements show high melting points. Why?

27. When Cu2+ ion is treated with KI, a white precipitate is formed. Explain the reaction with the
help of chemical equation.

28. Out of Cu2Cl2 and CuCl2, which is more stable and why?

29. When a brown compound of manganese (A) is treated with HCl it gives a gas (B). The gas
taken in excess, reacts with NH3 to give an explosive compound (C). Identify compounds A, B
and C.

30. Although fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, but the ability of oxygen to stabilise
higher oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine. Why?

31. Although Cr3+ and Co2+ ions have same number of unpaired electrons but the magnetic moment
of Cr3+ is 3.87 B.M. and that of Co2+ is 4.87 B.M. Why?

32. Explain why does colour of KMnO4 disappear whenn oxalic acid is added to its solution in
acidic medium.

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2
33. When orange solution containing Cr2 O 7 ion is treated with an alkali, a yellow solution is
formed and when H+ ions are added to yellow solution, an orange solution is obtained.
obtained Explain
why does this happen?

34. A solution of KMnO4 on reduction yields either a colourless solution or a brown precipitate or
a green solution depending on pH of the solution. What different stages of the reduction do
these represent and how are the
they carried out?

35. E0 of Cu is + 0.34V while that of Zn is – 0.76V. Explain.

36. The halides of transition elements become more covalent with increasing oxidation state of the
metal. Why?

37. While filling up of electrons in the atomic orbitals, the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbital
but reverse happens during the ionisation of the atom. Explain why?

38. Reactivity of transition elements decreases almost regularly from Sc to Cu. Explain.

IV. Matching Type

Note : Match the items of Column I and Column II in the following questions.
39. Match the catalysts given in Column I with the processes given in Column II.
Column I (Catalyst) Column II (Process)
(A) Ni in the presence of hydrogen (i) Zieglar Natta catalyst
(B) Cu2Cl2 (ii) Contact process
(C) V2O5 (iii) Vegetable oil to ghee
(D) Finely divided iron (iv) Sandmeyer reaction
(E) TiCl4 + Al (CH3)3 (v) Haber’s Process
(F) Decomposition of KClO3

40. Match the properties given in Column I with the metals given in Column II.
Column I (Property) Column II (Metal)
(A) An element which can show +8 oxidation state (i) Mn
(B) 3d series element that can show upto +7 oxidation state (ii) Cr
(C) 3d series element with highest melting point ii)
(iii) Os
(iv) Fe
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41. Match the solutions given in Column I and the colours given in Column II.
Column I (Aqueous solution of salt) Column II (Colour)
(A) FeSO4.7H2O (i) Green
(B) NiCl2.4H2O (ii) Light pink
(C) MnCl2.4H2O (iii) Blue
(D) CoCl2.6H2O (iv) Pale green
(E) Cu2Cl2 (v) Pink
(vi) Colourless

42. Match the properties given in Column I with the metals given in Column II.
Column I (Property) Column II (Metal)
(A) Element with highest second ionisation
io enthalpy (i) Co
(B) Element with highest third ionisation enthalpy (ii) Cr
(C) M in M (CO)6 is (iii) Cu
(D) Element with highest heat of atomisation (iv) Zn
(v) Ni

V. Assertion and Reason Type

Note : In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of
reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(A) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(B) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(C) Assertion is not true but reason is true.
(D) Both assertion and reason are false.

43. Assertion: Cu2+ iodide is not known.

Reason: Cu2+ oxidises I– to iodine.

44. Assertion: Cu cannot liberate hydrogen from acids.

Reason: Because it has positive electrode potential.

45. Assertion: The highest oxidation state of osmium is +8.

Reason: Osmium is a 5d--block element.

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VI. Long Answer Type
46. Identify A to E and also expla
explain the reactions involved.
CuCO3

CuO (D)
Heat with Cus Ca(OH)2
(A) (E)
HNO3(conc.) Milky
(B) CO2
NH3(aq.) Ca(HCO3)2
(C) Clear Solution
Blue Solution

47. When a chromite ore (A) is fused with sodium carbonate in free excess of air and the product is
dissolved in water, a yellow solution of compound (B) is obtained. After treatment of this
yellow solution with sulphuric acid, compound (C) can be crystallised from the solution. When
compound (C) is treated with KCl, orange crystals of compound (D) crystallise out. Identify A
to D and also explain the reactions.

48. When an oxide of manganese (A) is fused with KOH in the presence of an oxidising agent and
dissolved in water, it gives a dark green solution of compound (B). Compound (B)
disproportionates in neutral or acidic solution to give purple compound (C). An alkaline
solution of compound (C) ooxidises potassium iodide solution to a compound (D) and
compound (A) is also formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions
involved.

49. (I) Answer the following questions :

(A) Which element of the first transition series has highest second ionisation enthalpy?
(B) Which element of the first transition series has highest third ionisation enthalpy?
(C) Which element of the first transition series has lowest enthalpy of atomisation?
(II) Identify the metal and justify your answer.
(A) Carbonyl M (CO)5
(B) MO3F

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50. Mention the type of compounds formed when small atoms like H, C and N get trapped inside
the crystal lattice of transition metals. Also give physical and chemical characteristics of these
compounds.

51. (a) Transition metals can act as catalysts because these can change their oxidation state. How
does Fe(III) catalyse the reaction between iodide and persulphate ions?
(b) Mention any three processes where transition metals act as catalysts.

52. A violet compound of manganese

manganese (A) decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen and
compounds (B) and (C) of manganese are formed. Compound (C) reacts with KOH in the
presence of potassium nitrate to give compound (B). On heating compound (C) with conc.
H2SO4 and NaCl, chlorine gas is liberated and a compound (D) of manganese along with other
products is formed. Identify compounds A to D and also explain the reactions involved.

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ANSWER KEY
Do yourself – 1
1. BCD 2. AB 3. A 4. AB 5. B

Do yourself – 2
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. AB

EXECISE-I
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. ABC 5. AB 6. B 7. ABCD
8. A 9. B 10. A 11. ABD 12. ABC 13. BC 14. B
15. B 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. B 20. C 21. ABC
22. ABC 23. A 24. ABC 25. B 26. A 27. A 28. BC
29. D 30. A 31.. B 32. AC 33. D 34. A 35. AB
36. C 37. D 38. ABCD 39. C 40. B 41. C 42. A
43. AB 44. C 45. D 46. A 47. A 48. ABC 49. A
50. AB 51. B 52. BC 53. C 54. B 55. A 56. B
57. D 58. A 59.. B 60. B 61. A 62. B 63. C
64. C 65. B 66. A 67. A 68 C

EXERCISE-II (JEE MAINS)

1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 3 6. 1 7. 1
8. 4 9. 2 10. 4 11. 3 12. 3 13. 4 14. 1
15. 4 16. 2 17. 2 18. 1 19. 1 20. 2 21. 1
22. 4 23. 4 24. 4 25. 1 26. 4 27. 4 28. 2
29. 3 30. 4 31. 1 32. 3 33. 1 34. 2

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EXERCISE-III
EXERCISE (JEE ADVANCED)
1. D
2. C6H4(OH)2 + 2AgBr  2Ag + C6H4O2 + 2HBr.
AgBr + 2Na2S2O3  Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr.

3. B 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. B

9. Developer is usually a weak reducing agent like potassium ferrous oxalate, an alkaline solution
of pyrogallol or an alkaline solution of quinol.
In the process of development of the photographic film, the exposed/activated AgBr grains are
preferentially reduced by one of the reducing agent described above.

HO HO O O + 2e– 2H+

Hydroquinone Quinone
– –
AgBr + e  Ag(s) Br
The photographic film is then fixed by washing with hypo solution to remove the unreduced
AgBr grains from the film.
AgBr + 2Na2S2O3  Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaBr
S2O32– + H2O  2SO2 + 2H+ + 4e–
S2O32– + 6H+  2S(white milky) + 3H2O

10. (A) is TiCl4 as it has no unpaired electron and is liquid at room temperature on account of
ovalent character because of high polarising power of Ti+4 being covalent gets hydrolysed
covalent
forming TiO2(H2O)2 and HCl (B) which fumes in air.
omplex Ti(III) has one unpaired electron (3d1) which gives violet/purple
In [Ti(H2O)6]Cl3 complex
colour to d-d transition.
TiCl4  Zn
 TiCl3 
Hydrolysis
H2O
 [Ti(H2O)6]Cl3
(A) Purple or violet
Colour less (B)

moist air

TiO2.(H2O)2 + HCl (white fumes)

11. (A) – P, S ; (B) – R ; (C) – P, Q ; (D) – (P).

12. C 13. 6 14. ACD/AD 15. A 16. ACD 17. 7
18. ABC 19. CD 20. 234

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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NCERT EXAMPLER
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. A
8. D 9. A 10. A 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A
15. C 16. D 17. B 18. AD 19. BC 20. BC 21. AB
22. BC
23. Cu shows positive EƟ value.
value
24. Hint : Negative E values for Mn2+ and Zn2+ are related to stabilities of half filled and fully
Ɵ

filled configuration respectively. But for Ni2+ , EƟ value is related to the highest negative
enthalpy of hydration.

25. Ionisation enthalpy of Cr is lower due to stability of d 5 and the value for Zn is higher
h because
its electron comes out from 4s orbital.

26. The high melting points of transition metals are attributed to the involvement of greater number
of electrons in the interatomic metallic bonding from (n orbitals in addition to ns electrons
(n-1) d-orbitals

27. Hint : Cu2+ gets reduced to Cu+

2Cu2+ + 4I–  Cu2I2 + I2
(white precipitate)
28. Hint : CuCl2 is more stable than Cu2Cl2. The stability of Cu2+ (aq.) rather than Cu+(aq.) is due
to the much more negative .hydHƟ of Cu2+ (aq.) than Cu+(aq.).

29. A = MnO2 B = Cl2 C = NCl3

MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
(A) (B)
NH3 + 3Cl2  NCl3 + 3HCl
(excess) (C)

30. Hint: It is due to the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds to metals.

31. Hint: Due to symmetrical electronic configuration there is no orbital contribution in Cr3+ ion.
Howeverer appreciable orbital contribution takes place in Co2+ ion.

32. KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent. It oxidises oxalic acid to CO2 and itself changes to Mn2+ ion
which is colourless.
5C 2 O 24 + 2MnO 4 + 16H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 10CO2
(Coloured) (Colourless)
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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
33. Cr2 O72 OH  CrO24
H

Dichromate Chromate
(Orange) (Yellow)

34. Oxidising behaviour of KMnO4 depends on pH of the solution. In acidic medium (pH < 7)
7
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e–  Mn2+ + 4H2O
(Colourless)
In alkaline medium (pH>7)
MnO4 + e  MnO 24
(Green)
In neutral medium(pH=7)
MnO24 + 2H2O + 3e–  MnO2 + 4OH–
(Brown precipitate)

35. on enthalpy to transform Cu(s) to Cu2+ (aq) is not balanced by its hydration
Hint: High ionisation
enthalpy. However, in case of Zn after removal of electrons from 4s-orbital,
4s stable 3d10
configuration is acquired.

36. transition element decreases. As per Fajan’s

As the oxidation state increases, size of the ion of transition
rule, as the size of metal ion decreases, covalent character of the bond formed increases.

37. n + l rule : For 3d = n + l = 5 4s = n + l = 4

So electron will enter in 4s orbital.
responsible for the ionisation of atom. 4s electrons are loosely held by the
Ionisation enthalpy is responsible
nucleus. So electrons are removed from 4s orbital prior to 3d.

38. Hint : It is due to regular increase in ionisation enthalpy.

39. (A)  (iii) ; (B)  (iv) ; (C)  (ii) ; (D)  (v) ; (E)  (i)

40. (A)  (iii) ; (B)  (i) ; (C)  (ii)

41. (A)  (iv) ; (B)  (i) ; (C)  (ii) ; (D)  (v) ; (E)  (vi)

42. (A)  (iii) ; (B)  (iv) ; (C)  (ii) ; (D)  (i)

43. (A) 44. (A) 45. (B)

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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
46. A = Cu B = Cu(NO3)2 C = [Cu(NH3)4] D = CO
C 2
E = CaCO3 F = Cu2[Fe(CN)6] G = Ca (HCO3)2
CuCO3  CuO + CO2
CuO + CuS  Cu + SO2
(A)
Cu + 4HNO3 (Conc)  Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 2H2O
(B)
2+
Cu + NH3  [Cu(NH3)4]
(B) (C)
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO
CaCO3 + H2O
(D) (E)
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2  Ca (HCO3)2
47. A = FeCr2O4 B = Na2CrO4 C = Na2Cr2O7.2H2O D = K2Cr2O7
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2  8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(A) (B)
+ +
2NaCrO4 + 2H  Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na + H2O
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl  K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
(C) (D)
48. A = MnO2 (B) K2MnO4 (C) KMnO4 (D) KIO3
2 MnO2 + 4KOH + O2  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
(A) (B)
3MnO42– + 4H+ 2MnO
2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O
(C)
2MnO4– + H2O + KI  2MnO2 + 2OH– + KIO3
(A) (D)

49. (a) (A) Cu, because the electronic configuration of Cu is 3d104s1. So second electron needs to
be removed from completely filled dd-orbital.
(B) Zn [Hint : As above]
(C) Zn [Hint : No unpaired electron for metallic bonding]
(b) (A) Fe(CO)5 [Hint : EAN rule]
(B) MnO3F [Hint : Mn shows +7 oxidation state; electrons are not involved in bonding.]
sta d-electrons

50. Interstitial compounds.

Characteristic properties :
(A) High melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
(B) Very hard.
(C) Retain metallic conductivity.
(D) Chemically inert.
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 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
51. (a) Reaction between iodide and persulphate ions is :
2I   S2 O82  
Fe(III)
 I2  2SO42
Role of Fe (III) ions :
2Fe3+ + 2I–  2Fe2+ + I2
2Fe2+ + S2O82–  2Fe3+ + 2SO42–
(b) (A) Vanadium (V) oxide in contact process for oxidation of SO2 to SO3.
vided iron in Haber’s process in conversion of N2 and H2 to NH3.
(B) Finely divided
(C) MnO2 in preparation of oxygen from KClO3.

52. A = KMnO4 B = K2MnO4 C = MnO2 D = MnCl2


KMnO4   K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
(A) (B) (C)
MnO2 + KOH + O2  2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
MnO2 + 4NaCl + 4H2SO4  MnCl2 + 2NaHSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2
(D)

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 Result Highlights 2020

6 100
RANK 39
99.9986085
RANK 40
99.9986085
RANK

Percentile Percentile Percentile

HARSHVARDHAN AGARWAL VAIBHAV SAHA DAKSH KHANDELWAL
DLP CCP CCP

2019

100 Percentile 99.99 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.98 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.97 Percentile 99.96 Percentile 99.96 Percentile
HIMANSHU GAURAV SINGH GAURAV KRISHAN GUPTA SARTHAK ROUT VIBHAV AGGARWAL RITVIK GUPTA BHAVYA JAIN AYUSH PATTNAIK SAYANTAN DHAR
2019 (*SDCCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP) 2020 (CCP) 2019 (CCP) 2020 (DLP)
 IIT CHEMISTRY
ENTHUSE

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