Maslow Review

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (1943) According to McEwen and Wills, the 5 hierarchy of

• Father of humanistic psychology & a needs is divided into 2.


psychologist • D needs
• The Hierarchy of Needs started in 1943. o Needs in the hierarchy if deficiency is
According to Maslow, in order for us to go to present.
the next level of hierarchy of needs we need o These needs are basic and have the
to fully meet and fulfill the basic needs. greatest strength because they are
• He believed that the self is the core of the essential to human survival.
person which is unique and distinct to each o “D” motive needs must be satisfied
person. for a person in order to turn his
• Motivation is the key to Maslow’s theory since attention to the satisfaction of the
he assumed that we are active participant higher level of needs.
who strives for self-actualization instead of o Physiological: pag nagugutom ka,
being passive. nafefeel mo na you need to satisfy
• He stated that when a person strives for that need.
personal growth, it leads the person to his o Safety: pag may nagtatangka sa buhay
fullest potential. mo, you feel the need to be safe. You
will call for help.
Six incremental stages of Maslow’s theory o Belongingness and love need: craving
• Self-actualization: realization of the full for attention
potential (maximum capacity), peak of • B/G needs
wisdom (not everyone will achieve this), full o Higher level of needs. Such needs are
growth reflective of growth of a person.
o According to him in his study of o Being – to be what you want to be.
previous autobiographies, only to § Esteem
present or less reach the peak of the § Self-actualization
pyramid and some of them are o Growth – in some references
Abraham Lincoln and Albert Einstein. § Self-actualization only
o FULLEST POTENTIAL
§ Develops a problem-solving Do you have to encounter first a deficiency before
approach in life you can strive forward or can have that need?
§ Identifies with humankind • No. In B needs, you will always be striving for
§ Transcends the environment it until you get satisfied with the outcome of
§ Be able to make rational your activity, product, performance or service
decision. Brings inner peace in whatever you feel b needs is. It keeps going,
o CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF- you don’t get satisfied until when you feel you
ACTUALIZED PERSON are satisfied.
§ Realistic orientation
§ Straightforward Maslow’s Theory: Is his theory in (1942), true or not?
§ Acceptant of self and others You cannot move forward if you did not satisfy the
§ Close relationship with others first need.
§ Autonomous thinking • No, because there are times that the theory is
§ Appreciation of life not applicable. For instance, for those who are
§ Consideration of others underprivilege, they are deficient to the basic
§ Respect of others needs and doesn’t have enough access to the
• Esteem: need to be recognized, status in our food, etc. but for they achieved the love and
lives, position in our lives, confidence belongingness.
• Love and belongingness: belongingness to a • Therefore, in 1962. Abraham Maslow went
group, feeling love a family back to the theory and added another
• Safety: secured in home, free from any threat proposition. “When you didn’t satisfy fully the
• Physiological needs: basic needs need, but you can more or less satisfy the
need and move forward to the next level”. condition. The way you address the
• Situations that you can achieve the higher patients. We try to put it into the call
needs fist before the lower needs: out of the name. Address them to
o For example, people who are risking what they like the be called (Sir or
their lives (suicide bombers) – like Ma’am always)
they’re in their self-actualization, but
they have the physiological, safety, • Self-actualization
etc. needs. o Motivation where people seeks for
fulfillment and change through
Why study the hierarchy of needs related to nursing? personal growth.
• Mode for prioritization in taking care of clients o If the physiological to safety needs are
etc. achieved, it is easier for them to reach
• Allows the nurse to emphasize the person’s this.
strengths instead of focusing on person’s o The meaning of life is important to
deficiency them.
• Focuses on human potential and giving the o Communicate with the client, ask
people hope them what their ultimate purpose or
• We can just be dealing with one client if there goal in life is. Help them figure out
are a lot of different personality clients. We what they want the most and what
need to deal with one patient at a time. they want to do but the course of
• We need to prioritize the immediate needs of their communication help them
the clients if you have a handful of patients. realize what they really want to be.
Some of them will have different problems The communication is the key of the
and concerns. Who will you attend the first? nurse-patient relationship asking the
You can make use the hierarchy as a possible right questions, giving the most
mode of prioritization. As a guide, or a way for honest answers you can provide.
prioritizing.
Maslow’s extended Hierarchy of Needs (1987)
Interventions: Nursing Actions. • Transcendence — buddha, Jesus, monks,
• Physiological priests
o give medications for the sick for the • Self-actualization
increased temperature • Aesthetic needs: beauty, art
o assisting the patient if hungry • Cognitive needs: Know and understand
• Safety • Esteem needs
o Putting of pillows around the kid • Belongingness and love need
when in bed at the hospital • Safety needs
o Possible accident hazards • Physiological needs
• Love and belonging
o Care for example if the patient
doesn’t have the family, comfort the
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
patient professionally.
o Presence alone shows concern to the
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational
client and being true to the service.
theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of
• Esteem
human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels
o Patients came from accidents, for
within a pyramid. Maslow (1943, 1954) stated that
example nawalan siya ng gana, you’ll
people are motivated to achieve certain needs and
set goals for the patient to satisfy his
that some needs take precedence over others. Our
esteem needs. Actions that the client
most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be
will do, then there is the feeling of
the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that
achievement.
level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us,
o Respect the patients according to his
and so on.
cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the
hierarchy.
Therefore, not everyone will move through the
hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move
back and forth between the different types of needs.

Deficiency needs vs. growth needs

This five-stage model can be divided into The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model
deficiency needs and growth needs. The first four includes:
levels are often referred to as deficiency needs (D-
needs), and the top level is known as growth or being 1. Physiological needs - these are biological
needs (B-needs). requirements for human survival, e.g. air, food,
• In McEwen and Wills, first 3 are D needs while drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex, sleep. If
the last 2 is the B needs. these needs are not satisfied the human body
cannot function optimally. Maslow considered
Deficiency needs arise due to deprivation and are physiological needs the most important as all the
said to motivate people when they are unmet. Also, other needs become secondary until these needs
the motivation to fulfill such needs will become are met.
stronger the longer the duration they are denied. For 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security,
example, the longer a person goes without food, the order, law, stability, freedom from fear.
more hungry they will become. 3. Love and belongingness needs - after
Maslow (1943) initially stated that individuals physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled,
must satisfy lower level deficit needs before the third level of human needs is social and
progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. involves feelings of belongingness. The need for
However, he later clarified that satisfaction of a needs interpersonal relationships motivates behavior.
is not an “all-or-none” phenomenon, admitting that Examples include friendship, intimacy, trust, and
his earlier statements may have given “the false acceptance, receiving and giving affection and
impression that a need must be satisfied 100 percent love. Affiliating, being part of a group (family,
before the next need emerges” (1987, p. 69). friends, work).
When a deficit need has been 'more or less' 4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two
satisfied it will go away, and our activities become categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity,
habitually directed towards meeting the next set of achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the
needs that we have yet to satisfy. These then become desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g.,
our salient needs. However, growth needs continue to status, prestige). Maslow indicated that the need
be felt and may even become stronger once they have for respect or reputation is most important for
been engaged. children and adolescents and precedes real self-
Growth needs do not stem from a lack of esteem or dignity.
something, but rather from a desire to grow as a 5. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal
person. Once these growth needs have been potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the growth and peak experiences. A desire “to
highest level called self-actualization. become everything one is capable of
Every person is capable and has the desire to becoming”(Maslow, 1987, p. 64).
move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-
actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often
disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs. Life
experiences, including divorce and loss of a job, may
The expanded hierarchy of needs

It is important to note that Maslow's (1943,


1954) five-stage model has been expanded to include
cognitive and aesthetic needs (Maslow, 1970a) and
later transcendence needs (Maslow, 1970b). Changes
to the original five-stage model are highlighted and
Maslow posited that human needs are
include a seven-stage model and an eight-stage
arranged in a hierarchy:
model; both developed during the 1960's and 1970s.
"It is quite true that man lives by bread alone — when
there is no bread. But what happens to man’s desires
1. Biological and physiological needs - air, food,
when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is
chronically filled? drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
At once other (and “higher”) needs emerge 2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security,
and these, rather than physiological hungers, order, law, stability, etc.
dominate the organism. And when these in turn are 3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship,
satisfied, again new (and still “higher”) needs emerge intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and
and so on. This is what we mean by saying that the giving affection and love. Affiliating, being part of
basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of a group (family, friends, work).
relative prepotency" (Maslow, 1943, p. 375). 4. Esteem needs - which Maslow classified into two
Maslow continued to refine his theory based categories: (i) esteem for oneself (dignity,
on the concept of a hierarchy of needs over several achievement, mastery, independence) and (ii) the
decades (Maslow, 1943, 1962, 1987). desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g.,
Regarding the structure of his hierarchy, status, prestige).
Maslow (1987) proposed that the order in the 5. Cognitive needs - knowledge and understanding,
hierarchy “is not nearly as rigid” (p. 68) as he may have curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and
implied in his earlier description. predictability.
Maslow noted that the order of needs might 6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for
be flexible based on external circumstances or beauty, balance, form, etc.
individual differences. For example, he notes that for 7. Self-actualization needs - realizing personal
some individuals, the need for self- esteem is more potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal
important than the need for love. For others, the need growth and peak experiences.
for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most 8. Transcendence needs - A person is motivated by
basic needs. values which transcend beyond the personal self
Maslow (1987) also pointed out that most (e.g., mystical experiences and certain
behavior is multi-motivated and noted that “any experiences with nature, aesthetic experiences,
behavior tends to be determined by several or all of sexual experiences, service to others, the pursuit
the basic needs simultaneously rather than by only of science, religious faith, etc.).
one of them” (p. 71).

Hierarchy of needs summary


(a) human beings are motivated by a hierarchy of
needs.
(b) needs are organized in a hierarchy of prepotency
in which more basic needs must be more or less met
(rather than all or none) prior to higher needs.
(c) the order of needs is not rigid but instead may be
flexible based on external circumstances or individual
differences.
(d) most behavior is multi-motivated, that is,
simultaneously determined by more than one basic
need.
Self-actualization are;
Instead of focusing on psychopathology and 3. Spontaneous in thought and action;
what goes wrong with people, Maslow (1943) 4. Problem-centered (not self-centered);
formulated a more positive account of human 5. Unusual sense of humor;
behavior which focused on what goes right. He was 6. Able to look at life objectively;
interested in human potential, and how we fulfill that 7. Highly creative;
potential. 8. Resistant to enculturation, but not purposely
Psychologist Abraham Maslow (1943, 1954) unconventional;
stated that human motivation is based on people 9. Concerned for the welfare of humanity;
seeking fulfillment and change through personal 10. Capable of deep appreciation of basic life-
growth. Self-actualized people are those who were experience.
fulfilled and doing all they were capable of. 11. Establish deep satisfying interpersonal
The growth of self-actualization (Maslow, relationships with a few people;
1962) refers to the need for personal growth and 12. Peak experiences;
discovery that is present throughout a person’s life. 13. Need for privacy;
For Maslow, a person is always 'becoming' and never 14. Democratic attitudes;
remains static in these terms. In self-actualization, a 15. Strong moral/ethical standards.
person comes to find a meaning to life that is
important to them. Behavior leading to self-actualization:
As each individual is unique, the motivation (a) Experiencing life like a child, with full absorption
for self-actualization leads people in different and concentration;
directions (Kenrick et al., 2010). For some people self- (b) Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths;
actualization can be achieved through creating works (c) Listening to your own feelings in evaluating
of art or literature, for others through sport, in the experiences instead of the voice of tradition, authority
classroom, or within a corporate setting. or the majority;
Maslow (1962) believed self-actualization (d) Avoiding pretense ('game playing') and being
could be measured through the concept of peak honest;
experiences. This occurs when a person experiences (e) Being prepared to be unpopular if your views do
the world totally for what it is, and there are feelings not coincide with those of the majority; (f) Taking
of euphoria, joy, and wonder. responsibility and working hard;
It is important to note that self-actualization is (g) Trying to identify your defenses and having the
a continual process of becoming rather than a perfect courage to give them up.
state one reaches of a 'happy ever after' (Hoffman,
1988). The characteristics of self-actualizers and the
Maslow offers the following description of self- behaviors leading to self-actualization are shown in
actualization: the list above. Although people achieve self-
'It refers to the person’s desire for self- actualization in their own unique way, they tend to
fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to share certain characteristics. However, self-
become actualized in what he is potentially. actualization is a matter of degree, 'There are no
The specific form that these needs will take will of perfect human beings' (Maslow,1970a, p. 176).
course vary greatly from person to person. In one
individual it may take the form of the desire to be an It is not necessary to display all 15
ideal mother, in another it may be expressed characteristics to become self-actualized, and not only
athletically, and in still another it may be expressed in self-actualized people will display them. Maslow did
painting pictures or in inventions' (Maslow, 1943, p. not equate self-actualization with perfection. Self-
382–383). actualization merely involves achieving one's
potential. Thus, someone can be silly, wasteful, vain
Characteristics of self-actualized people and impolite, and still self-actualize. Less than two
1. They perceive reality efficiently and can percent of the population achieve self-actualization.
tolerate uncertainty;
2. Accept themselves and others for what they
Educational applications

Applications of Maslow's hierarchy theory to


the work of the classroom teacher are obvious. Before
a student's cognitive needs can be met, they must first
fulfill their basic physiological needs. For example, a
tired and hungry student will find it difficult to focus
on learning. Students need to feel emotionally and
physically safe and accepted within the classroom to
progress and reach their full potential.
Maslow suggests students must be shown
that they are valued and respected in the classroom,
and the teacher should create a supportive
environment. Students with a low self-esteem will not
progress academically at an optimum rate until their
self-esteem is strengthened.
Maslow (1971, p. 195) argued that a
humanistic educational approach would develop
people who are “stronger, healthier, and would take
their own lives into their hands to a greater extent.
With increased personal responsibility for one’s
personal life, and with a rational set of values to guide
one’s choosing, people would begin to actively change
the society in which they lived”.

You might also like