Cloud Computing

Unit-1
Introduction to
cloud computing
Prof. Akshar Patel

[email protected]

Unit-1 Weightage : 15%

 Outline
▪ Understanding Cloud Computing:
1. Origin and influences
2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
3. Goals and Benefits
4. Risks and Challenges

▪ Fundamental Concepts and Models:

5. Roles and Boundaries
6. Cloud Characteristics

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1. Origin and influences

• A Brief History
• Definitions
• Business Drivers
• Technology Innovation
• Technology Innovations vs Enabling Technology
 A Brief History :
▪ In 1961, the Computer scientist John McCarthy: “computing may someday be
organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility. ... The
computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry.”

▪ In 1969, Leonard Kleinrock chief scientist of ARPANET says: “Computer

networks will probably see the spread of ‘computer utilities”.

▪ In 1990, The general public has been leveraging forms of Internet-based

computer utilities through various incarnations of search engines (Yahoo!,
Google), e-mail services (Hotmail, Gmail), open publishing platforms (MySpace,
Facebook, YouTube), and other types of social media (Twitter, LinkedIn).

▪ In the late 1990s, Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of bringing remotely

provisioned services into the enterprise.

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 A Brief History :
▪ In 2002, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform, a
suite of enterprise-oriented services that provide remotely provisioned storage,
computing resources, and business functionality.

▪ In 2006, Amazon.com launched its Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) services that
enabled organizations to “lease” computing capacity and processing power to
run their enterprise applications.

▪ April 2008 - Google App Engine announced in preview

▪ 2010 – Microsoft Azure
▪ May 2013 - Google Compute Engine is released to GA
▪ Other Cloud Providers: Alibaba Cloud, Salesforce, IBM, Digital Ocean, Dell,
Adobe, Dropbox, Oracle Cloud etc…

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 Definitions :

▪ A Gartner report listing cloud computing announcing its formal definition as:
“Cloud computing is a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-
enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using
Internet technologies.”

▪ Forrester Research provided its own definition of cloud computing:

“Cloud computing as a standardized IT capability (services, software, or
infrastructure) delivered via Internet technologies in a pay-per-use, self-service
way.”

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 Definitions :
▪ National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) definition: “Cloud
computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This
cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models,
and four deployment models.”

▪ This book provides a more concise definition: “Cloud computing is a specialized

form of distributed computing that introduces utilization models for remotely
provisioning scalable and measured resources”.

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 Business Drivers:

▪ It is important to note that these influences shaped clouds and the overall
cloud computing market from both ends.
✔ They have motivated organizations to adopt cloud computing.
✔ Industry motivates the providers of cloud environments and cloud technology
vendors.

▪ Capacity Planning: It is focused on minimizing this discrepancy to achieve

predictable efficiency and performance.
✔ Lead Strategy – adding capacity to an IT resource in anticipation of demand
✔ Lag Strategy – adding capacity when the IT resource reaches its full capacity
✔ Match Strategy – adding IT resource capacity in small increments, as demand
increases

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 Business Drivers:
▪ Cost Reduction: Two costs need to be accounted for: the cost of acquiring new
infrastructure, and the cost of its ongoing ownership.
✔ Capital expenses
✔ technical personnel required to keep the environment operational
✔ upgrades and patches that introduce additional testing and deployment
✔ utility bills and capital expense investments for power and cooling
✔ security and access control measures that need to be maintained
✔ administrative and accounts staff

▪ Organizational Agility: Businesses need the ability to adapt and evolve the
successfully face change caused by both internal and external factors.
Organizational agility is the measure of an organization’s responsiveness to
change.

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 Technology Innovation:

▪ Clustering: A cluster is a group of independent IT resources that are

interconnected and work as a single system.

▪ Grid Computing : A computing grid (or “computational grid”) provides a platform in

which computing resources are organized into one or more logical pools. These pools
are collectively coordinated to provide a high performance distributed grid.

▪ Virtualization: Virtualization represents a technology platform used for the creation of

virtual instances of IT resources.

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 Technology Innovations vs Enabling Technology
▪ It is essential to highlight several other areas of technology that continue to
contribute to modern-day cloud-based platforms.

✔ Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture

✔ Data Center Technology
✔ Virtualization Technology
✔ Web Technology
✔ Multitenant Technology
✔ Service Technology

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2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
• Cloud
• IT Resources
• On-Premise
• Cloud Consumer and Cloud Provider
• Scaling
• Cloud Service
• Cloud Service Consumer
 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
▪ This section establishes a set of basic terms that represent the fundamental
concepts and aspects pertaining to the notion of a cloud and its most primitive
artifacts.
1. Cloud : A cloud refers to a distinct IT environment that is designed for the
purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources.

2. IT Resources :

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
3. On-Premise : An IT resource that is hosted in conventional IT enterprise within
an organizational boundary (that does not specifically represent a cloud) is
considered to be located on the premises of the IT enterprise, or on-premise for
short. An IT resource that is on-premise cannot be cloud-based, and vice-versa.

4. Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers: The party that provides cloud-based IT
resources is the cloud provider. The party that uses cloud-based IT resources is the
cloud consumer.

5. Scaling : Scaling, from an IT resource perspective, represents the ability of the IT

resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands. The following are types
of scaling:
✔ Horizontal Scaling – scaling out and scaling in
✔ Vertical Scaling – scaling up and scaling down

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
Horizontal Scaling : The allocating or releasing of IT resources that are of the same type is
referred to as horizontal scaling (Figure 3.4).
▪ The horizontal allocation of resources is referred to as scaling out and the horizontal
releasing of resources is referred to as scaling in.
▪ Horizontal scaling is a common form of scaling within cloud environments.

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
Vertical Scaling : When an existing IT resource is replaced by another with higher or lower
capacity is considered vertical scaling .

▪ The replacing of an IT resource with another that has a higher capacity is referred to as
scaling up and the replacing an IT resource with another that has a lower capacity is
considered scaling down.

▪ Vertical scaling is less common in cloud

environments due to the downtime required
while the replacement is taking place.

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
6. Cloud Service : A cloud service is any IT resource that is made remotely
accessible via a cloud. Unlike other IT fields that fall under the service technology
umbrella—such a service-oriented architecture—the term “service” within the
context of cloud computing is especially broad.

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 2. Basic Concepts and Terminology
7. Cloud Service Consumer: The cloud service consumer is a temporary runtime
role assumed by a software program when it accesses a cloud service.

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3. Goals and Benefits

• Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs

• Increased Scalability
• Increased Availability and Reliability
 Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs :
▪ The most common economic rationale for investing in cloud-based IT
resources is in the reduction or outright elimination of up-front IT
investments, namely hardware and software purchases and ownership
costs.

▪ A cloud’s Measured Usage characteristic represents a feature-set that

allows measured operational expenditures (directly related to business
performance) to replace anticipated capital expenditures.

▪ This is also referred to as proportional costs.

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 Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs :

▪ This elimination or minimization of up-front financial

commitments allows enterprises to start small and accordingly
increase IT resource allocation as required. Moreover, the
reduction of up-front capital expenses allows for the capital to be
redirected to the core business investment.

▪ The data centers are commonly located in destinations where real

estate, IT professionals, and network bandwidth can be obtained
at lower costs, resulting in both capital and operational savings.

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 Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs :
▪ Common measurable benefits to cloud consumers include:

1. On-demand access to pay-as-you-go computing resources on a short-term

basis (such as processors by the hour), and the ability to release these
computing resources when they are no longer needed.

2. The perception of having unlimited computing resources that are available on

demand, thereby reducing the need to prepare for provisioning.

3. The ability to add or remove IT resources at a fine-grained level, such as

modifying available storage disk space by single gigabyte increments.

4. Abstraction of the infrastructure so applications are not locked into devices or

locations and can be easily moved if needed.

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 Increased Scalability:
▪ By providing pools of IT resources, along with tools and technologies
designed to leverage them collectively, clouds can instantly and
dynamically allocate IT resources to cloud consumers, on-demand or via
the cloud consumer’s direct configuration.

A simple example of
usage demand fluctuations
throughout a 24 hour
period is provided

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 Increased Availability and Reliability

▪ The availability and reliability of IT resources are directly associated with

tangible business benefits.

▪ A hallmark of the typical cloud environment is its intrinsic ability to

provide extensive support for increasing the availability of a cloud-based
IT resource to minimize or even eliminate outages, and for increasing its
reliability so as to minimize the impact of runtime failure conditions.

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 Increased Availability and Reliability

▪ Specifically:

▪ An IT resource with increased availability is accessible for longer periods

of time (for example, 22 hours out of a 24 hour day). Cloud providers
generally offer “resilient” IT resources for which they are able to
guarantee high levels of availability.

▪ An IT resource with increased reliability is able to better avoid and

recover from exception conditions. The modular architecture of cloud
environments provides extensive failover support that increases
reliability.

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4. Risks and Challenges

• Increased Security Vulnerabilities

• Reduced Operational Governance Control
• Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
• Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
 Increased Security Vulnerabilities

▪ The moving of business data to the cloud means that the responsibility
over data security becomes shared with the cloud provider.

▪ The remote usage of IT resources requires an expansion of trust

boundaries by the cloud consumer to include the external cloud.

▪ The overlapping of trust boundaries and the increased exposure of data

can provide malicious cloud consumers (human and automated) with
greater opportunities to attack IT resources and steal or damage
business data.

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 The shaded area with diagonal lines indicates the overlap of two
organizations’ trust boundaries

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 Reduced Operational Governance Control
▪ Cloud consumers are usually allotted a level of governance control that is lower
than that over on-premise IT resources.

▪ This can introduce risks associated with how the cloud provider operates its
cloud, as well as the external connections that are required for communication
between the cloud and the cloud consumer.

▪ Example:
▪ An unreliable cloud provider may not maintain the guarantees it makes in the
SLAs that were published for its cloud services. This can jeopardize the quality
of the cloud consumer solutions that rely on these cloud services.
▪ Longer geographic distances introduce fluctuating latency and potential
bandwidth constraints.

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 Reduced Operational Governance Control
▪ Cloud consumers are usually allotted a level of governance control that is lower
than that over on-premise IT resources.

▪ This can introduce risks associated with how the cloud provider operates its
cloud, as well as the external connections that are required for communication
between the cloud and the cloud consumer.

▪ Example:
▪ An unreliable cloud provider may not maintain the guarantees it makes in the
SLAs that were published for its cloud services. This can jeopardize the quality
of the cloud consumer solutions that rely on these cloud services.
▪ Longer geographic distances introduce fluctuating latency and potential
bandwidth constraints.

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 Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
▪ Due to a lack of established industry standards within the cloud
computing industry, public clouds are commonly proprietary to various
extents.

▪ For cloud consumers that have custom-built solutions with

dependencies on these proprietary environments, it can be challenging
to move from one cloud provider to another.

▪ Portability is a measure used to determine the impact of moving cloud

consumer IT resources and data between clouds.

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 Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
▪ Third-party cloud providers will frequently establish data centers in affordable
or convenient geographical locations.

▪ Cloud consumers will often not be aware of the physical location of their IT
resources and data when hosted by public
▪ clouds.

▪ For some organizations, this can pose serious legal concerns pertaining to
industry or government regulations that specify data privacy and storage
policies.

▪ For example, some UK laws require personal data belonging to UK citizens to be

kept within the United Kingdom.

▪ Another potential legal issue pertains to the accessibility and disclosure of data.

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5. Roles and Boundaries
• Cloud Provider
• Cloud Consumer
• Cloud Service Owner
• Cloud Resource Administrator
• Additional Roles
• Organizational Boundary
• Trust Boundary
 Cloud Provider
▪ The organization that provides cloud-based IT resources is the cloud provider.

▪ When assuming the role of cloud provider, an organization is responsible for

making cloud services available to cloud consumers, as per agreed upon SLA
guarantees.

▪ The cloud provider is further tasked with any required management and
administrative duties to ensure the on-going operation of the overall cloud
infrastructure.

▪ Cloud providers normally own the IT resources that are made available for lease
by cloud consumers; however, some cloud providers also “resell” IT resources
leased from other cloud providers.

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 Cloud Consumer
▪ A cloud consumer is an organization (or a human) that has a formal contract or
arrangement with a cloud provider to use IT resources made available by the
cloud provider.

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 Cloud Service Owner
▪ The person or organization that legally owns a cloud service is called a cloud
service owner.
▪ The cloud service owner can be the cloud consumer, or the cloud provider that
owns the cloud within which the cloud service resides.

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 Cloud Service Owner

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 Cloud Resource Administrator
▪ A cloud resource administrator is the person or organization responsible for
administering a cloud-based IT resource (including cloud services).

▪ The cloud resource administrator can be (or belong to) the cloud consumer or
cloud provider of the cloud within which the cloud service resides.

▪ Alternatively, it can be (or belong to) a third-party organization contracted to

administer the cloud based IT resource.

▪ For example, a cloud service owner can contract a cloud resource administrator
to administer a cloud service

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 Cloud Resource Administrator

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 Cloud Resource Administrator

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 Additional Roles
▪ The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture defines the following
supplementary roles:

1. Cloud Auditor – A third-party (often accredited) that conducts independent

assessments of cloud environments assumes the role of the cloud auditor. The
main purpose of the cloud auditor role is to provide an unbiased assessment (and
possible endorsement) of a cloud environment to help strengthen the trust
relationship between cloud consumers and cloud providers.

2. Cloud Broker – This role is assumed by a party that assumes the responsibility of
managing and negotiating the usage of cloud services between cloud consumers
and cloud providers.

3. Cloud Carrier – The party responsible for providing the wire-level connectivity
between cloud consumers and cloud providers assumes the role of the cloud
carrier. This role is often assumed by network and telecommunication providers.

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 Organizational Boundary
▪ An organizational boundary represents the physical perimeter that surrounds a
set of IT resources that are owned and governed by an organization.
▪ The organizational boundary does not represent the boundary of an actual
organization, only an organizational set of IT assets and IT resources.
▪ Similarly, clouds have an organizational boundary

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 Trust Boundary
▪ When an organization assumes the role of cloud consumer to access cloud-
based IT resources, it needs to extend its trust beyond the physical boundary of
the organization to include parts of the cloud environment.
▪ A trust boundary is a logical perimeter that typically spans beyond physical
boundaries to represent the extent to which IT resources are trusted.

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6. Cloud Characteristics

1. on-demand usage
2. ubiquitous access
3. multitenancy (and resource pooling)
4. Elasticity
5. measured usage
6. resiliency
 On-Demand Usage
▪ A cloud consumer can unilaterally access cloud-based IT resources giving the
cloud consumer the freedom to self-provision these IT resources.

▪ Once configured, usage of the self-provisioned IT resources can be automated,

requiring no further human involvement by the cloud consumer or cloud
provider.

▪ This results in an on-demand usage environment. Also known as “on demand

self-service usage,” this characteristic enables the service-based and usage-
driven features found in mainstream clouds.

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 Ubiquitous network access
▪ This means that computing facilities can be accessed from anywhere over the
network using any sort of thin or thick clients (for example smartphones,
tablets, laptops, personal computers and so on).

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 Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)
▪ Multitenancy : The characteristic of a software program that enables an instance of
the program to serve different consumers (tenants) whereby each is isolated from
the other, is referred to as multitenancy.

▪ A cloud provider pools its IT resources to serve multiple cloud service consumers by
using multitenancy models that frequently rely on the use of virtualization
technologies. Through the use of multitenancy technology, IT resources can be
dynamically assigned and reassigned, according to cloud service consumer
demands.

▪ Resource pooling : Resource pooling allows cloud providers to pool large-scale IT

resources to serve multiple cloud consumers. Different physical and virtual IT
resources are dynamically assigned and reassigned according to cloud consumer
demand.
▪ Resource pooling is commonly achieved through multitenancy technology, and
therefore encompassed by this multitenancy characteristic

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 Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)
▪ Multitenancy :

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 Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)
▪ Resource Pooling :

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 Elasticity
▪ Elasticity is the automated ability of a cloud to transparently scale IT resources,
as required in response to runtime conditions or as pre-determined by the
cloud consumer or cloud provider.

▪ Elasticity is often considered a core justification for the adoption of cloud

computing, primarily due to the fact that it is closely associated with the
Reduced Investment and Proportional Costs benefit.

▪ Cloud providers with vast IT resources can offer the greatest range of elasticity.

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 Elasticity

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 Measured Usage
▪ The measured usage characteristic represents the ability of a cloud platform to
keep track of the usage of its IT resources, primarily by cloud consumers.

▪ Based on what is measured, the cloud provider can charge a cloud consumer
only for the IT resources actually used and/or for the timeframe during which
access to the IT resources was granted.

▪ Measured usage is not limited to tracking statistics for billing purposes. It also
▪ encompasses the general monitoring of IT resources and related usage
reporting.

▪ Therefore, measured usage is also relevant to clouds that do not charge for
usage.

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 Resiliency
▪ Resilient computing is a form of failover that distributes redundant
implementations of IT resources across physical locations.

▪ IT resources can be pre-configured so that if one becomes deficient, processing

is automatically handed over to another redundant implementation.

▪ Within cloud computing, the characteristic of resiliency can refer to redundant

IT resources within the same cloud (but in different physical locations) or across
multiple clouds.

▪ Cloud consumers can increase both the reliability and availability of their
applications by leveraging the resiliency of cloud-based IT resources.

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Unit: 1 – Introduction to cloud computing 57 CGPIT, UTU
Thank You

End of Unit-1