PP3 REVIEWER

ADR - Alternative Dispute Resolution

AF - Architectural Firm
ADC - Architectural Design Competition
Aicc - Architect in charge of construction
Aor - Architect-of-record
BPO - Business Process Outsourcing
CA - Consulting Architect
CEC - Codes of Ethical Conduct
DoLE - Department of Labor and Employment
DTI - Department of Trade and Industry
FPCA - Filipino Professional Consulting Architects
IAPOA - Integrated and Accredited Professional Organization of Architects
KPO - Knowledge Process Outsourcing
MoP - Manual of Procedure
PACS - Professional Architectural Consulting Services
PCA - Professional Consulting Architect
PRC - Professional Regulation Commission
PRBoA - Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture
SEC - Securities and Exchange Commission
RLA - Registered and Licensed Architect
SPP - Standards of Professional Practice
TSP - Temporary/ Special Permit

Architectural Design Competition (ADC)- is used for civic or monumental projects. The competition may either be an
idea competition, design or design build competition.

SPP DOCUMENT 201

 PRE-DESIGN SERVICES
 cover a broad line of architectural services ranging from initial problem identification to activities that would
allow the Architect to initially conceptualize an array of architectural and allied solutions.
 nominally include consultation, pre-feasibility studies, feasibility studies, site selection and analysis, site
utilization and land-use studies, architectural research, architectural programming, space planning, space
management studies, value management, design brief preparation, promotional services and other related
activities.
 Consultation
- When a Client calls upon the Architect to give oral or written advice and direction, to attend conferences, to
make evaluations and appraisals regarding a contemplated project and similar activities, the Architect
renders valuable inputs whether or not the Client pursues the project.
 Pre-Feasibility Studies
- These preliminary studies involve the procurement, analysis and use of secondary information gathered for
the project to aid the Client in early decision-making. They represent the Architect’s initial assessment of a
project’s soundness, allowing the Client to promptly explore available/ readily identifiable directions/
options. Researched/ processed/ validated secondary data are generally used for such studies e.g.
electronic, print, etc.

 Feasibility
 - Studies Detailed analysis of the project based on pre-feasibility studies will determine the viability of a
proposed development. The studies will set the project against present and future trends to forecast how it
will perform over time. This requires primary data gathering and analysis.
 Site Selection and Analysis
- This entails the formulation of site criteria, assistance to the Client in site evaluation as well as analysis to
determine the most appropriate site/s for a proposed project or building program.
 Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
- The detailed analysis of the site involves the identification of a site’s development potentials through the
proper utilization of land. The analysis covers the context of the site as well as that of its surrounding
environment and the development controls that apply to the site and its environs.
 Architectural Research
- Architectural research entails the conduct of primary and secondary researches and assembled facts used as
basis for conclusion.
 Architectural Programming
- This analytical problem-seeking process will lead to the statement and identification of both horizontal and
vertical requirements in offering a solution. It incorporates a space program with characterizations of the
envisioned spaces such as ambiance, cost range, etc.
 Space Planning
- The Architect determines the adequate size and appropriate configuration and assemblage for a proposed
project in consideration of the use, allocation and interface of spaces for given activities. Space planning is
done mainly through primary data gathering such as interviews, consultations, interfaces, focus group
discussions (FGDs), space planning surveys, space audits, etc. and subsequent analyses i.e. spatial layouts
with stacking concepts, particularly for multi-storey structures.
 Space Management Studies
- An analysis of the space requirements of the project based on organizational structure and functional set-up
pinpoints linkages and interaction of spaces. The formulation of the space program will serve as the basis for
the development of the architectural plan/design.
 Value Management
- This technique is applied in the cost management process to minimize the negative effect of simplified
operations associated with many cost-reduction programs. The goal of value management is to achieve an
unimpaired program at minimum cost. Thus, a plan, design or system that has been successfully value-
managed will still satisfy the same performance criteria as the costlier alternatives.
 Design Brief Preparation
- Under design brief preparation, the Architect states the project terms of reference (ToR) including the
concept, objectives and other necessary requirements to bid out architectural services (whether public or
private).
 Promotional Services
- Projects may require promotional activities in order to develop and generate financial support and
acceptance from governing agencies or from the general public. In such cases, the Architect can act as the
agent of the Owner by producing and coordinating the additional activities necessary to complete the
services. In all such activities, the Architect must maintain his professional status as the representative of the
Owner.

MANNER OF PROVIDING SERVICES

 After the initial meeting/ conversation/ correspondence with the Client, the Architect must submit his proposal
for pre-design services, stating the following:
- Scope of Work
- Manner of Payment
- Owner’s Responsibilities
 - Other Conditions of Services
 The Architect can render services in any of the following ways:
- As an individual Architect he must have special training and be knowledgeable in different fields to
supplement his skills.
- Architect’s Own Staff

It is possible for Architects (as natural persons) working in a single firm to specialize in a variety of ways.
Many Architects and firms (juridical persons) specialize without losing the generalist approach of the
Architect or firm.
- By Association, Consultation or Networking

Another common practice is consultation between an Architect and a firm of other disciplines, under the
extended terms of the Owner Architect Agreement.

METHOD OF COMPENSATION
 Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses
 Professional Fee Plus Expenses
- This method of compensation is frequently used where there is continuing relationship involving a series
of Projects.
 Lump Sum or Fixed Fee
- This method may be applied to government projects since they entail more paper work and time-
consuming efforts.
 Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses
 Mixed Methods of Compensation
- The SPP provides for more than one method of compensation on a project. Each project should be
examined to determine the most appropriate and equitable method of compensation.

SPP DOCUMENT 202

 REGULAR DESIGN SERVICES

 Foreign architects
- offering services under this service are subject to full compliances with Sec. 38 of R.A. No. 9266 and its
implementing rules and regulations (including resolutions of the Board which calls for a “local
counterpart Architect” for any foreign architect) and other periodic issuances of the Board and the
Commission as well as procedures/requirements of the Department of Labor and Employment and the
Bureau of Immigration and Deportation governing such foreign architects. Therefore, a foreign architect
practicing architecture in the Philippines for projects on Philippine soil must first secure a Temporary/
Special Permit (TSP) and a work permit from the Department of Labor and Employment (DoLE) and must
work in collaboration with a local counterpart Architect who is a Registered and Licensed Architect (RLA)
under Philippine law.
 Regular Design Services of an Architect
- In regular practice, the Architect acts as the Owner’s/ Client's/ Proponent’s Adviser and/or
Representative. He translates the Owner's needs and requirements to spaces and forms in the best
manner of professional service.
- The Architect’s work starts at the inception of the project when the Owner outlines his requirements to
the Architect. The work covers the various aspects of the project, from analysis and study of the needs
and requirements, to the preparation of the necessary instruments of service, and finally to the
 supervision during project implementation. It ends only when the general contractor or builder turns
over the completed project to the Owner.

SCOPE OF SERVICES
 Project Definition Phase
This phase involves the definition of the requirements of the project by the Owner. The Architect in turn informs
the Owner of the technical requirements of the project and the concomitant professional fees. In this phase, the
Architect:
- consults with the Owner to ascertain the conceptual framework and related requirements of the project
and confirms such requirements with him.
- gathers relevant information and data leading to the definition of the requirements of the project,
including the scope of the Architect’s services.
- reviews and refines the owner’s space requirements and translates them into an architectural program.
- prepares an initial statement of probable construction cost.
 Schematic Design Phase
This phase consists of the preparation of schematic design studies derived from the Project Definition Phase,
leading to conceptual plans. The Architect:
- evaluates the Owner’s program, schedule, budget, project site and proposes methods of project
deliveries.
- prepares the initial line drawings representing design studies leading to a recommended solution,
including a general description of the project for approval by the Owner.
- submits to the Owner a Statement of the Probable Project Construction Cost (SPPCC) based on current
cost parameters.
 Design Development Phase
Based on approved schematics and conceptual plans, the Architect prepares:
- the Design Development documents consisting of plans, elevations, sections and other drawings,
- outline specifications to fix and illustrate the size and character of the entire project as to type of
materials, type of structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary, electronic and communications systems.
- diagrammatic layout of construction systems, and 2.3.4 an updated SPPCC for submission to the Owner.
 Contract Document Phase
Based on the approved Design Development Documents, the Architect:
- prepares the complete Contract Documents consisting of detailed designs and construction drawings,
setting forth in detail the work required for the architectural, structural, electrical, plumbing/ sanitary,
mechanical, electronic and communication works prepared by the Architect and the respective
professionals involved.
- prepares Technical Specifications describing type and quality of materials, finish, manner of construction
and the general conditions under which the project is to be constructed.
- submits to the Owner seven (7) sets of all construction drawings and technical specifications for
purposes of obtaining a building permit.
- updates the SPPCC based on changes in scope, requirements or market conditions.
- assists the Owner in filing the required documents to secure approval of government authorities having
jurisdiction over the design of the Project.
 Bidding or Negotiation Phase
- In this phase, the Architect:
a. prepares the Bid Documents such as forms for contract letting, documents for construction,
forms for invitation and instruction to bidders, forms for bidders’ proposals, general / specific conditions
of contract, etc.
b. assists the Owner from the early stage of establishing a list of prospective Contractors to
awarding of the construction contract.
 - For competitive bids / procurements, the Architect:
a. furnishes complete sets of the Bid Documents for purposes of bidding in as many sets as may
be required to conduct a successful bidding. The said documents are loaned to bidders at an amount
sufficient to cover direct and indirect costs attendant to the preparation, packaging, reproduction and
delivery of the said documents.
The Bid Documents are the intellectual property of the Architect (Sec. 33 of R.A. No. 9266), and
must be returned by all entities acquiring bid documents. A bond may be required to assure the return
of the Bid Documents. The Architect retains the sole ownership and copyright to the said documents
(Sec. 33 of R.A. No. 9266). As such, bidders must not reproduce nor use the documents for unauthorized
purposes. The Owner also must not use the documents for any other purpose other than the project for
which the Owner and Architect signed an agreement.
b. helps in organizing and conducting pre-bid conferences,
c. responds to questions from bidders,
d. assists the Owner in obtaining proposals from Contractors, analyzes bid results and prepares
abstract of bids, notice of award, notice to proceed and other construction contracts.

- For negotiated contracts, the Architect performs similar functions as in item 2.5.2 but negotiates with
one Contractor instead of many bidders.
 Construction Phase
In this phase, the Architect performs the following:
- makes decisions on all claims of the Owner and Contractors on all matters relating to the execution and
progress of work or the interpretation of the Contract Documents.
- prepares change orders, gathers and turns over to the Owner written guarantees required of the
Contractor and Sub-Contractors.
- makes periodic visits to the project site to familiarize himself with the general progress and quality of
work and to ascertain that the work is proceeding in accordance with the Contract Documents. The
Architect shall not be required to make exhaustive or continuous 8-hour on-site supervision to check on
the quality of the work involved and shall not be held responsible for the Contractor's failure to carry
out the Construction work in accordance with the Contract Documents. During such project site visits
and on the basis of his observations, he shall report to the Client defects and deficiencies noted in the
work of Contractors, and shall condemn work found failing to conform to the Contract Documents.
- determines the amount owing and due to the Contractor and issues corresponding Certificates for
Payment for such amounts based on his observations and the Contractor's Applications for Payment.
These Certificates will constitute a certification to the Client that the work has progressed to the state
indicated and that to his best knowledge, the quality of work performed by the Contractor is in
accordance with the Contract Documents. The Architect shall conduct the necessary inspection to
determine the date of substantial and final completion and issue the final Certificate of Payment to the
Contractor.
- Should more extensive inspection or full-time (8-hour) construction supervision be required by the
Client, a separate full-time supervisor shall be hired and agreed upon by the Owner and the Architect
subject to the conditions provided in the SPP Document on Full -Time Supervision. When the Architect is
requested by the Owner to do the full time supervision, his services and fees shall be covered separately
in conformance with the applicable and appropriate SPP Document.

SPP DOCUMENT 203

SPECIALIZED ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES
 Design services needed within and outside the building which fall under Specialized Architectural Services as
listed under the pertinent provisions of R.A. No. 9266 and its 2004 IRR, include but are not limited to the
following:
- Architectural Interiors (AI)
- Acoustic Design
- Architectural Lighting Layout and Design
- Site Development Planning (SDP)
- Site and Physical Planning Services (including Master Development Planning, Subdivision Planning and
Urban Design)
- Comprehensive Development Planning
- Historic and Cultural Heritage Conservation and Planning
- Security Evaluation and Planning
- Building Systems Design
- Facilities Maintenance Support
- Building Testing and Commissioning
- Building Environmental Certification
- Forensic Architecture
- Building Appraisal
- Structural Conceptualization
- Preliminary Services
- Contract Documentation and Review
- Post-Design Services (including Construction Management Services)
- Dispute Avoidance and Resolution
- Architectural Research Methods
- Special Building/ Facility Planning and Design
- Building Components
- Management of Architectural Practices

 ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR (AI) SERVICES

- Architectural Interiors (AI), specifically mentioned under Secs. 3 (4) (g) and 14 (3) of R.A. No. 9266,
involve the detailed planning and design of the indoor/enclosed areas of any proposed
building/structure, including retrofit, renovation, rehabilitation, or expansion work which shall cover all
architectural and utility aspects, including the architectural lay-outing of all building engineering systems
found therein.
- Depending on the complexity of the Project, the Architect undertaking professional AI services must be
sufficiently experienced in the planning, design and detailing of AI elements.

 ACOUSTIC DESIGN SERVICES

- Acoustic design services involves the detailed planning and design to control sound transmission for
compatibility with the architectural design concept.
- Throughout architectural history, one of the limiting criteria in building design has been the need to
control sound in an enclosed space. The continuing evolution of products and techniques in sound
management and control has provided a wider flexibility in the design of the interior environment. This
allows the Architect to build an environment that answers the acoustical demands of varied activities
within an enclosed space.

 ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING LAYOUT AND DESIGN

- Architectural Lighting Layout and Design Services involves the detailed planning and design of light
transmission, timing and control for compatibility with the architectural design concept.
 - One of the limiting criteria in building design has been the need to control light in an enclosed or defined
space. The continuing evolution of products and techniques in lighting has provided a wider flexibility in
the design of the building’s interior and exterior environments. This allows the Architect to build an
environment that answers the lighting demands of varied activities within and outside a building.

 SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (SDP) SERVICES

- The space planning, architectural lay-outing and utilization of spaces within and surrounding a specific
building/ structure in relation with the existing natural and/or built environments have to be a well-
coordinated effort so that both the building/ structure and the host environment shall act as one.
Arising from his concept of the total environment, the Architect is not merely concerned with the
building/structure he creates but with the grounds and surrounding space as well. He studies the
existing environment in relation to the building/structure and consequently lays out the areas/ grounds
immediately surrounding the building/ structure.
- Ordinarily, the landscaping layout of small building projects could be done by the Architect as part of the
site development planning (SDP) effort. However, if the project is large in scale, the Architect must hire
other State-regulated professionals (RLPs) as qualified Specialist Consultants (SCs).

 SITE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING (INCLUDING MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, SUBDIVISION PLANNING AND
URBAN DESIGN)
- Physical planning refers to the orderly arrangement within a piece of land or property on which vertical
structures such as buildings, monuments and the like, as well as horizontal developments such as rights-
of-way (ROWs), open spaces and activity spaces are to be proposed.
- Planning, as we know it today, started with physical planning, with Architects performing the lead role.
The great cities of the world have taken shape mainly through the activities of visionary Architects who
actively engaged in physical planning.
- The Architect is concerned not merely with a building/structure but with its immediate surroundings as
well. In planning for a building, he studies its interrelationship with other structures, the surrounding
environment, and their effect and impact on the neighboring areas.
- If the Architect is commissioned to do physical plans for specific site, he has to go beyond the study of
human behavior and activities and must undertake an in-depth study of the host site’s economic
systems, its laws and regulations, tax structure, infrastructure, utilities, and all other components that
will have a bearing on the project.

 COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING (CDP) SERVICES

- Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) Services are based on the concept of expanded physical
planning services to include other activities necessary for the proper handling of the numerous
components considered in the formulation, implementation and realization of a Master Development
Plan (MDP). Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP) covers the range of all services from primary
data gathering through the formulation of the MDP and the parallel preparation of the environmental
impact assessment/ statement (EIA/S).
- While the planning team is multi-disciplinary, the CDP Services may place heavy emphasis on the non-
physical/ non-engineering components of the development plan i.e. financial, economic/market
demand/forecast, administrative-political-institutional-legal, socio-cultural, environmental, and the like.
In contrast, MDP Services puts a premium on the physical planning and engineering components of the
development plan, which are the direct or sequential physical translations of the inputs from the initial
stages of the CDP effort.
- If suitably trained and experienced, the Architect’s ability to synthesize and organize into a whole, the
various information relating to the user’s needs, perception and expectations, site and climatic
 conditions, construction technology, materials, cost and other information, qualifies him to take the lead
role in an undertaking that cuts across various disciplines.
- The Consulting Architect is concerned with the management and use of land as well as the conservation,
preservation and upgrading of the human environment. Since the Architect, particularly if a separate
RLP i.e. Environmental Planner (EnP) with suitable training and experience in physical and land use
planning, has the social commitment and technical experience as coordinator of several disciplines, he is
qualified to lead the multidisciplinary team in offering Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP)
Services.

Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP), may include the following components:

- Physical Component - land use and the changes which occur within the physical environment (within
the space where such activities take place), represented mainly by the MDP.
- Economic Component - the nation’s assets and its management.
- Socio-Cultural Component - the people, their living conditions and the seeking of ways to ameliorate it.
- Transport Component - road and transit networks, land-sea-air linkages, the movement of people and
goods from one place to another.
- Legal and Administrative Component - the relationship of adopted development proposals and policies
to existing laws.

 HISTORIC AND HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND PLANNING

The suitably trained and experienced Consulting Architect in this area of architectural practice provides
research, assessment, recording, management, interpretation and conservation of historical heritage.

 FORENSIC ARCHITECTURE
The Architect in this area of practice undertakes a scientific study on the built environment’s well-being, which
allows the Architect to focus on the ways in which the building/structure can best maintain itself and prolong its
life in a cost-efficient manner, and finally provide recommendations to the Owner/ Client. The forensic study
may include:
 determination as to the causes of building, building component and/or building material deterioration
 the causes of observed building deficiencies e.g., non-compliance with planning and building laws, deviations
from original use or function of spaces
 research on possible faulty activities and operations during the project implementation phase
 determination of faulty plan/ design and/or construction methodology.

 BUILDING APPRAISAL
Appraisal is defined as an act or process of estimating value. The Consulting Architect in this area of practice
places value on the building/ structure condition and defects, and on its repair and maintenance, including the
required improvements.

 STRUCTURAL CONCEPTUALIZATION
The Architect in this area of practice conceives, chooses and develops the type, disposition, arrangement and
proportioning of the structural elements of an architectural work, giving due considerations to safety, cost-
effectiveness, functionality and aesthetics.

 PRELIMINARY SERVICES
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Site Analysis,
Space Planning and Management, Architectural Programming, and the other services under SPP Document 201.

 CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION AND REVIEW SERVICES

 The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Specification Writing,
Estimation and Quantity Survey, Architectural Production, Architectural Software, Architectural Support Services
and Contract Document Review.

 POST-DESIGN SERVICES (INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION SERVICES)

The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Pre-
Construction, Construction, Post-Construction and the other services under SPP Documents 204, 206 and 207.
Included under this specialized practice is the preparation of the Fire Safety and Life Assessment Report (FALAR)
required by R.A. No. 9514, the 2008 Fire Code of the Philippines and its 2009 IRR.

 DISPUTE AVOIDANCE AND RESOLUTION

The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the various modes of
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) prescribed under R.A. No. 9285, the ADR Act of 2004 and its IRR i.e.
Construction Arbitration, Mediation and Conciliation, Negotiation and of Contract Administration, Quality
Surveys, Appraisals and Adjustments and Expert Testimony. An Architect specializing in ADR must preferably be
State-accredited.

 ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH METHODS

The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Research
Methods, Philippine Architecture and its History, Architectural Materials and Finishes, Building Types and
Standards, Architectural Design Trends, Architectural Writing and Architectural Photography.

 SPECIAL BUILDING/ FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN

The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the Planning and Design
Processes required for Housing Developments, Recreational and Tourism Estates, Health Care and Hospitality
Facilities, Transportation and Telecommunications Facilities, Production and Extractive Facilities, Utility-related
Developments, Secure Facilities, Business and Industrial Parks, Economic Zones and Community Architecture
and the like.

 BUILDING COMPONENTS
The Consulting Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of Building
Materials and Finishes, Construction Methodologies, Building Envelopes including cladding and roofing systems,
Architectural Fenestrations and Architectural Hardware, Fixtures and Fittings.

 MANAGEMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICES

The Architect in this area of practice must have much more than the basic knowledge of the Types of
Architectural Office Operations, Architectural Office Management, Accounting / Finance / Taxation / Audit,
Labor Code, Architectural Marketing and Project Development, Proposals/ Negotiations/ Contracts, Contract
Administration, File Management and Limitations of Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Knowledge Process
Outsourcing (KPO) Operations.

SPP DOCUMENT 204-A

 FULL-TIME SUPERVISION SERVICES
 SCOPE OF SERVICES
- Quality Control
- Evaluation of Construction Work
- Preparation of Daily Inspection Reports
- Filing of documents
SPP DOCUMENT 204-B
 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES
- Due to the increasing complexity of construction projects, there is an upward demand for more effective
cost control and faster project implementation consistent with high quality of work. Construction
Management Services were thus instituted to fill this need in the construction industry.
- The Architect can serve as the Construction Manager (CM). His training in the coordination of various
specialties allows him to supervise and assure proper monitoring of all construction activities with
regards to quality, workmanship and cost.

 FUNCTIONS AND DESCRIPTION OF TASKS

- Coordination and Supervision
- Cost and Time Control
- Quality Control of Work and
- Keeping of Records

SPP DOCUMENT 205

 POST-CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
- Building administration and management goes beyond maintenance and upkeep functions. It requires
the services of a multi-disciplinary professional who can perform a wide range or functions for the
efficient and economical operation and maintenance of a building, facility or a complex.
- In Post-Construction Services, the channels of communication are kept open among the building
owners, operators, architects, engineers, builders, manufacturers, building research groups, utility
providers, furniture and equipment vendors and building administrators/ property managers to provide
access to information regarding the performance and upkeep of buildings.
- The Architect may be engaged as the Building Administrator and/or Property Manager of a commercial,
industrial, residential or institutional building, facility or complex to maximize the lifespan of the
building/s in order to produce the maximum economic return.

SPP DOCUMENT 206

 COMPREHENSIVE ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES
- The concept of Comprehensive Architectural Services crystallized through the years in response to the
demands of emerging complex building projects. The transition of the architectural profession from
providing “basic” and “additional” services to that of a comprehensive nature is due to the realization
that continuity of services related to design and construction is necessary for the execution of a
completely viable project.
- Comprehensive Architectural Services refers to the range of professional services that covers Pre-design
Services, Regular Design Services, Specialized Architectural Services, Construction Services and Post
Construction Services.
- In this extended dimension, the Architect is the prime professional. He functions as creator, author, and
coordinator of the building design which becomes the basis for the construction of a project. In order for
him to be able to properly assist and serve his Client, the Architect has to be knowledgeable in other
fields in addition to building design.
- The Architect is not expected to perform all the services. Rather, he is to act as the agent of the Client in
procuring and coordinating the necessary services required by a project.
 Scope of Services
- Pre-Construction Phase
As early as during the design development phase, perhaps even concurrently with the Architect’s
commission, the Project Manager (PM) should conduct regular consultations with the Owner and with
the Architects and Engineers (for A&E services) on all aspects of planning for the project.
 - Construction Phase
If the Project Manager (PM) also serves as the Construction Manager (CM) to oversee time, cost and
quality control during the construction of the project, he shall provide the services detailed under SPP
Documents 204-A and/or 204-B.
 A team consisting of professionals such as but not limited to:
- Architects
- Engineers
- Market Analysts
- Accountants
- General Contractors
- Real Estate Consultants
- Sociologists
- Planners
- Bankers
- Lawyers

 Pre-Design Services (SPP Document 201)

o Consultation
o Pre-Feasibility Studies
o Feasibility Studies
o Site Selection and Analysis
o Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
o Architectural Research
o Architectural Programming
o Space Planning
o Space Management Studies
o Value Management
o Design Brief Preparation
o Promotional Services

 Regular Design Services (SPP Document 202)

o Project Definition Phase
o Schematic Design Phase
o Design Development Phase
o Contract Documents Phase
o Bidding or Negotiation Phase
o Construction Phase

 Specialized Architectural Services (SPP Document 203)

o Architectural Interiors (AI)
o Acoustic Design
o Architectural Lighting Layout and Design
o Development Planning (SDP)
o Site and Physical Planning Services (including Master
o Development Planning, Subdivision Planning and Urban Design)
o Comprehensive Development Planning (CDP)
o Historic and Cultural Heritage Conservation and Planning
o Security Evaluation and Planning
 o Building Systems Design
o Facilities Maintenance Support
o Building Testing and Commissioning
o Building Environmental Certification
o Forensic Architecture
o Building Appraisal
o Preliminary Services
o Contract Documentation and Review
o Post-Design Services (including Construction Management
o Services)
o Dispute Avoidance and Resolution
o Architectural Research Methods
o Special Building/ Facility Planning and Design
o Building Components
o Management of Architectural Practices

 Construction Services
o Fulltime Supervision Services (SPP Document 204-A)
- Construction Management Services (SPP Document 204-B)
o Post-Construction Services (SPP Document 205)
- Building and Facilities Administration
- Post-Construction Evaluation

SPP DOCUMENT 207

 DESIGN BUILD SERVICES
- In any building project, there is need to balance the elements of time, quality and cost, which, in many
cases, can best be achieved by the Architect performing Design-Build Services.
- The building industry and the architectural profession have devised several methods of project delivery
with the ultimate goal of handling projects in the shortest possible time, at the lowest possible cost and
at an acceptable quality and performance.
- An Architect with his education, training and expertise qualifies him to take a direct role in the project,
from conceptualization to implementation.
- Design-Build Services simplifies and expedites the process of project delivery while providing creative
cost-effective solutions.
- The Architect renders professional services in the implementation of his design. In Design-Build Services,
he assumes the professional responsibility and civil liability for both the design and the construction of
the project.
 SCOPE OF DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES
- Design-Build Services by Administration
The scope of Design-Build Services by Administration includes the Architect’s Regular Design Services
(reference SPP Document 202) namely:
o Project Definition Phase
o Schematic Design Phase
o Design Development Phase
o Contract Document Phase
o Construction Phase
When the various phases of design services are completed, the Construction Phase goes beyond
periodic inspection and assessment to include the following:
 a. Preparation of schedule of work, program and estimates of materials, labor, transportation,
equipment and services as reference for the construction.
b. Organization and hiring of construction personnel, designation of duties and remunerations
c. Negotiation and entering into contract with piecework contractors and evaluation of work
accomplishments
d. Procurement of materials, plants and equipment, licenses and permits
e. Authorizing and undertaking payments of accounts
f. Keeping records and books of accounts
g. Negotiation with Government and private agencies having jurisdiction over the project, and
h. Management of all other business transactions related to the project construction /
implementation.

SPP DOCUMENT 208

 ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN COMPETITION
- The purpose of this SPP for Architectural Design Competition (ADC) is to state the principles upon which
competitions are based and by which Promoters/ Owners should be guided in organizing ADCs. It has
been drawn up in the interest of both Project Proponents/ Owners and Competitors.
 DEFINITIONS
o Owner - The person or organization who undertakes or promotes an ADC with the primary objective of
obtaining excellence in design for a project or for a development concept. The Owner issues the
invitation to Architects to submit plans/designs in accordance with a program and finances the ADC.
o Jury - The people appointed by the Owner to assess the entries to the competition. The members of the
Jury are called Jurors. It consists of a majority of registered and licensed architects (RLAs, hereinafter
referred to as “Architect/s”) assisted by a lay Juror to represent and voice the intention of the Owner.
They are nominated by the Owner and approved by the integrated and accredited professional
organization of architects (IAPOA).
o Professional Advisor – An Architect nominated by the Owner and approved by IAPoA to organize the
ADC on behalf of the Owner.
o Technical Advisors – Specialist personnel who may be consulted by the Jurors during the conduct of the
ADC to permit them to obtain all necessary relevant information.
o Competition Secretariat – The body formed by the Owner and approved by the Professional Advisor, to
assist the Professional Advisor and the Jury in the administrative conduct of the ADC
o Classification of Architectural Design Competitions (ADCs)
o Conditions – The full conditions include the program, instructions on submission of entries, site plans,
entry forms and official envelopes and labels. These are drawn up by the Professional Advisor.
o SPP on ADC – refers to the Philippine Standard of Professional Practice (SPP) on Architectural Design
Competitions (ADC).
o IAPOA ADC Committee – appointed by the IAPOA National President to oversee all architectural design
competitions (ADCs) referred to the IAPOA.

SPP DOCUMENT 209

 PROFESSIONAL ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTING SERVICES
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
o Comprehensive Development- refers to the holistic and progressive growth and advancement of a
community, province, region and nation inclusive of their respective economic, social, physical,
environmental and institutional sectors.
o Consortium or Association - refers to a coalition of purely Filipino professional consultants (i.e. RLA-
PCAs) or consulting firm/s (i.e. SEC- and/or PRC-registered architectural firms/ RAFs); or Filipino
professional consultants (i.e. RLA-PCAs) or consulting firm/s (i.e. RAFs) in collaboration with foreign
 professional consultant/s and/or foreign consulting firm/s authorized to render consulting/ consultancy
services, as herein defined; in the Philippine setting, the use of the terms Consortium and Association
may carry certain tax and legal implications;
o Consulting Architect (FPCA), Filipino Professional
o Consultant, Foreign
o Consulting Architect (PCA), Professional
o Consulting Agreement - means a binding covenant or understanding entered into by a professional
consulting architect (PCA) and/or consulting firm (i.e. RAF only) with an Owner/ Client, whether in
Government, private sector or CSO or the international community (with projects on Philippine soil),
that provides such terms and conditions mutually agreed upon by the parties, under which specific
work, study or joint venture requiring special or technical skills and expertise, shall be undertaken.
o Consulting Architectural Firm (CAF) - refers to an architectural corporation, association, group or
partnership duly registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or other concerned
government regulatory agency or instrumentality or to a single proprietorship duly registered with the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and likewise registered with the Commission/ Board to perform
Stateregulated architectural services such as professional architectural consulting services (PACS) as
herein defined.
o Cost, Total Project (see Project Cost)
o Cost, Salary (see Salary Cost)
o Direct Costs or Reimbursable Expenses - refer to expenses in connection or related to the project
o Filipino Professional Consulting Architect (FPCA) - refers to a Filipino citizen, a natural person who
possesses the qualifications of a Filipino Professional Consultant (FPC) as hereafter defined; the FPCA
must be a Philippine-registered and licensed architect (RLA) and must be a member in good standing of
the IAPoA; the FPCA must also be a RLA specializing in any or several branch/es of the State-regulated
profession of architecture as defined under R.A. No. 9266 and its derivative regulations; if the FPCA signs
and seals architectural documents, he then becomes an Architect-of-record (Aor) for a project and
thereby assumes the attendant professional responsibilities and civil liabilities consistent with the
provisions under valid and subsisting laws.
o Foreign Consultant (FC) or Foreign Architect (FA) - refers to an individual, not a citizen of the Philippines
o Multiplier - refers to a factor which compensates the Professional Consulting Architect (PCA). The
“multiplier” varies according to the types of architectural consulting work, the organization and
experience of the Professional Consulting Architect (PCA) and the geographic area in which his office is
located.
o Overhead refers to the following:
1. provisions for office, light, air-conditioning, and similar items for working space;
2. depreciation allowances or rental of furniture, equipment and instruments;
3. vehicle and travel-related expenses;
4. office supplies;
5. taxes and insurances other than those included as salary cost;
6. library and periodical expenses and other means of keeping abreast with new developments
and/or technologies;
7. executive, administrative, accounting, legal, stenographic, and clerical salaries and expenses,
other than those that are identifiable as salaries including reimbursable non-salary expenses,
plus salaries or imputed salaries of partners and principals to the extent that they perform
general executive and administrative services as distinguished from technical or advisory
services directly applicable to particular projects; these services and expenses, essential to the
conduct of the business, includes preliminary arrangements for new projects or assignments,
and interest on borrowed capital;
 8. business development expenses, including salaries of principals and salary costs of employees so
engaged; and
9. provision for loss of productive time of technical employees between assignments, and for time
of principals and employees on public interest assignments
o Professional Consulting Architect (PCA) - refers to any person, whether natural or juridical, duly
licensed, registered and/or duly accredited by the Commission. This also refers to a person, whether
natural or juridical, duly certified/recognized by the concerned APO under the PTC or CBNE as one who
possesses the appropriate knowledge and, skills, training, and relevant experience i.e. specialization/s
required to perform and/or render the service/s required; the PCA must be a Philippineregistered and
licensed Architect (RLA), with a valid registration certification and Commission identification (ID) card
and must be a member in good standing of the IAPoA.
o Professional Organization, Accredited (APO) - generally refers to any organization under the umbrellas
of the CBNE and PTC; in the case of professional architectural consulting services (PACS), the term shall
specifically refer to the IAPOA;
o Professional Architectural Consulting Services (PACS) - means the rendering by a professional
consulting architect (PCA) or by a consulting firm (i.e. a RAF), of independent advice, extension of
technical assistance and services, as well as undertaking of activities, requiring appropriate knowledge,
skills, training and experience, recognized competence, integrity, and/or financial and logistical
capability.
o Project Cost - means the total cost of the project which includes but is not limited to construction cost,
fees for professional services, the cost of land, right-of-way (ROW), legal, administrative and other
related expenses of the client.
o Reimbursable Expenses
o Salary Cost - means the cost of salaries (including sick leave, vacation, holiday and incentive pay
applicable thereto) of professional consultants for the time directly chargeable to the projects; plus
excise, and payroll taxes as well as all other imposable taxes/duties; and contributions for social security
and insurance benefits.

Proprac Surprise Quiz

1. Specialized Allied Services – Type of services daw ng Interior designers

2. Architectural Interiors – mentioned na rin sa question ang Architectural Interiors
3. SPP doc. 203 / Specialized Architectural Services – See Official gazzete for exact definition
4. Architectural Research Methods – may namention about case study chuchu – pahanap na lng din sa gazette /
net exact definition
5. SPP doc. 208 / Architectural Research Methods- See Official gazzete for exact definition
6. TRUE- kung pede daw tumanggap ng prject galling sa ibang architect

7-10 Architects Responsibility to:

 Client
 Manufacturer
 Supplier
 Co- Architects

` 11-15 Proccess of Bidding to Contractors (Discussion earlier)

11. Send Invitation

12. Pre –Bid meeting

13. Bidding Proper

 14. Resubmit

15. Awarding of Bids

16-17 Types of Design Build Services

 Design Build by Administration

 Design Build by Guaranteed maximum cost

18-20 Components of Contract

 Scope of Service
 Professional fee
 Time or Duration

LEGAL CONTRACT

 NOTARIZED
 WITH SIGN OF AN ARCHITECT AND CLIENT
 WITH WITNESS

GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION

 LATE PAYMENT
 MALPRACTICE
 DELAY IN SERVICE

MODE OF PAYMENT (CASH)

 INSTALLMENT
BASIS: DOWNPAYMENT, BALANCE, MILESTONE, APPEARANCE
 FULL PAYMENT

MILESTONE IN CONSTRUCTION

 CONCRETING
 MASONRY
 CARPENTRY
 PAINTING
 TURN-OVER

ACCOMPLISHMENT (BASIS TO DETERMINE ACCOMPLISHMENT)

 EXPERIENCE
 MATERIAL CONSUMED
 TOTAL COST

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

 DESIGN
 ESTIMATES / BOQ / WBS
 SPECIFICATIONS
 PERMITS
 BIDDING PROCESS

CONTRACTOR QUALIFICATIONS
  EXPERIENCE
 LABOR FORCE
 EQUIPMENTS
 **LICENSED

PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CONSTRUCTION PHASE)

**KUNG KAILAN VIVISIT YUNG ARCHITECT SA SITE

 LAY-OUTING
 CONCRETING
 MASONRY WORKS
 FINISHING WORKS
 TURN-OVER / TESTING NAND COMMISSIONING
PLANNING REVIEWER

 URBAN DESIGN
- process of designing and shaping cities, towns and villages
- involvesa the arrangement of group of buildings, streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and
districts, entire cities and transport system, and services and amenities.
- An interdisciplinary field
- About making connections between people and places movement and urban form, nature, and the buyilt
fabric.

URBAN DESIGN AS DEFINED IN SECTION 3 OF R.A 9266

Physical and systematic design undertaken by an architect on a community and urban plane, more comprehensive than,
and an extension of the architecture and building, entourage, utilities and movement systems.

OPERATES 3 SCALES

 The REGION – city and town

 The NEIGHBORHOOD – district and corridor
 The BLOCK – street and building

URBAN DESIGN GIVES:

 Form – pattern
 Shape – spatial structure
 Character

URBAN DESIGN – physical improvement

URBAN PLANNING – management and development

ARCHITECTURE – building design and plan

URBAN DESIGN CONSIDERS

 Pedestrian zones
 Incorporation of nature and within a city
 Aesthetics
 Urban structure
 Urban typology, density and sustainability
 Accessibility
 Legibility and wayfinding
 Animation
 Function and fit
 Complimentary mixed uses
 Character and meaning
 Order and incident
 Continuity and change
 Civil society
 Participation and engagement
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

- Can refer to a usually small social unit of any size that shares common values
- Expression of a community’s vision
- Often formally conducted by NGOs, universities or government agencies to progress the social well-being of a
local, regional and sometimes national communities.
- Design process encourages community groups to set goals and work together to achieve them.

COMMUNITY PLANNING

- Involves the formulation of ling range visions, goals, policies and strategies for achieving social, economic, and
environmental sustainability within a community in order to guide future community development

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

- Architecture carried out with the active participation of the community or the end-users.
- Movement that argues the importance of user involvement I the design, construction and management of the
environment
- Based on the democratic design system of decision-making that advocates the inclusion of community members
in issues concerning their built environment.

 COMMUNITY – group of people in a common settlement with particular characteristics in common

 ARCHITECTURE – art and science in designing and constructing buildings

AIM OF COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

- To improve the quality of the environment by involving people in the design and management of the buildings
and spaces they inhabit.

 THREE FUNDAMENTAL CLAIMS

1. Users’ participation leads to greater user satisfaction
2. Users’ participation is more economical, at least in long term
3. Users’ participation produces psychological and sociological benefits

SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF DESIGN OF COMMUNITIES

SOCIO-CULTURAL

- Relating to or involving combination of socio and cultural factors

- Customs, lifestyles and values that characterize a society or group

 CULTURAL ASPECTS
1. Concepts of beauty
2. Education
3. Language
4. Law and politics
5. Religion
6. Social organization
7. Technology and material
8. Culture
9. Values
10. Attitude
  SOCIAL FACTORS
1. Reference groups
2. Family
3. Role and status in society
4. Time and available resources

SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

- Point of view that is built upon the idea that: society and culture is the major factors influencing personal
development

 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS REFERRING TO A MAN

1. Religion
2. Attitude
3. Economic status
4. Class
5. Language
6. Politics
7. Law

SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS IN COMMUNITY DESIGN

1. Geography
2. Anthropology
3. Cultural landscape

How this influences the design?

1. Availability of local materials

Most designer design with available materials. It is not common for people to design with materials
which are not available or which are difficult to obtain.
2. Environmental issues
Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation
and resource depletion, etc
3. Disaster prone areas
The word sustainable is defined as using a resource so that it is not depleted or permanently damaged.
Sustainability is one of the most significant concepts of this decade influencing the design community
planning and architecture.
4. Diverse land
Architect’s design on many places. And each of these places have unique terrain

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

- architectural style designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local
traditions
- did not use formally schooled architects but relied on the design skills and tradition of local builders.

 FACTORS AFFECTING VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

a. Climatic condition
 b. Culture
c. Technological advancement

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

- Landscape that has been affected, influenced or shaped by human involvement

ETHNOGRAPHIC LANDSCAPE

- landscape are symbolic environments that people create to give meaning and definition to their physical
environment

HISTORICAL SITES

- historic sites are cultural landscapes significant for their association with a historic event, activity or person

VERNACULAR LANDSCAPE

- landscape that evolved through use by the people whose activities or occupancy shaped those landscapes.

WHY ARE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IMPORTANT?

- These special sites reveal aspects of our country’s origins and development as well as our evolving relationships
with the natural world. They provide scenic, economic, ecological, social recreational, and educational
opportunities helping communities to better understand themselves.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: AESTETICS / COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

- Movement that community architecture is today can also be traced back to the 1930s from the urban renewal
measures of the government in both the U.K. and North.
- In the UK, Urban Renewal can be directly linked to the economic boost that the country observes in the post-war
period when the attention turned to the improvement of the living conditions in poor neighborhoods.
- 1930s - The story was the same in the US, where the slum clearance movement gave birth to the Urban Renewal
policies. Slum clearance was an outcome of the great depression period during the 1930s when the physically
deteriorated neighborhoods became the focus attention in the US.
- 1930s - At the same time the development of the Modern Movement in Architecture led by Architects like Le
Corbusier propagated the notion of high-rise buildings employing industrial construction techniques as the
future of Urban Development.
- Anticipation of slum clearance and urban renewal as solution to all social and physical problems of the “blighted
areas” failed to live up to their claims and expectations.
- 1945-1952 – Unite D’ Habitation, Le Corbusier
- 1960s - The first significant step as a result of the 1960s debate on the community participation in planning and
decision-making was the concept of Advocacy Planning in the US.
- Paul Davidoff – an urban planning professor, first introduced this concept in the article published in the
November 1965 issue of the Journal of the American Institute of Planners, Entitled “Advocacy and Pluralism in
Planning”
- Davidoff in his article, called for Democracy in the planning profession, where voices of all interest groups are
heard, and the role of the planner is that of an advocate for these interest groups.
- 1970s – parallel to the advocacy Planning movement in the United States, the community groups in the United
Kingdom launched community action in the 1960s and 1970s.
 - The project that laid the Foundation of “Community Architecture Movement” in Britain was the Black Road
Area Improvement Project in Macclesfield, Cheshire, under the able leadership of Rod Hackney, the first
Community Architect in Britain.
- “Community Architecture is the Architecture of the Community”. No rules to Community architecture. It is
more than “an attitude of mind” that inspires architects to taken on work directly with their lower-income user
clients.
- 2013 – royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) released a paper titled “Guide to Localism” composed of 2
parts:
o Part one being “Neighborhood Planning”
o Part two “Getting Community Engagement Right”
- The paper is part of the “Localism Bill” being proposed. The project of RIBA now termed as “Localism”.
- Localism – another form of the community architecture movement with the same driving principle of getting the
people to join in the designing and development process of their own places.
- AESTETICS – set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty.
o Ancient aesthetics
- Greece had the most influence on the development of the aesthetic in the west.
- Greek Philosophers initially felt that aesthetically appealing objects were beautiful in and of
themselves. Plato felt that beautiful objects incorporated proportion, harmony and the unity
among their parts. Similarly, in the metaphysics, Aristotle found that the Universal elements of
beauty were order, symmetry and definiteness.

o Islam aesthetics
- Islamic - refers not only on the religion, but to any form of art created in an Islamic culture or in
an Islamic context.
- According to Islam, human works of art are inherently flawed compare to the work of God.

o Indian aesthetics
- Indian art evolved with the emphasis on inducing special spiritual or philosophical states in the
audience, or with representing them symbolically.
- VASTU SHATRA – is a traditional Hindu system of architecture, with literally translates to
“science of architecture”
 These are text found on the Indian subcontinent that describe principles of design, layout,
measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement and spatial geometry.
 Vastu Shastras incorporate traditional Hindu and in some case Buddhist Beliefs.
 The design is intended to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of
various parts of the structure and ancient beliefs utilizing geometric pattern (YANTRA),
symmetry and directional alignments.
o Chinese aesthetics
- Confucius emphasized the role of the arts and humanities (music and poetry) in broadening
human nature and aiding “li” (etiquette, the rites) in bringing us back to what is essential about
humanity.
- His opponent Mozi, however argued that music and fine arts were classist and wasteful,
benefiting the rich but not the common people.

WHAT DOES AN ARCHITECT DO FOR COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE?

ARCHITECTS

- Investigate the needs of the community extensively to ensure a suitable design for the location.
 - An architect works in consultation with local inhabitants in designing housing and other amenities.

ORIENTING EXERCISES FOR DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND ACTION IN COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE

 Access to Resources
- series of participatory exercises - allows development practitioners to collect information and raises
awareness among beneficiaries
 Analysis of Tasks
- gender analysis tool - raises community awareness about the distribution of domestic, market, and
community activities according to gender and familiarizes planners with the degree of role flexibility
that is associated with different tasks.
 Logical Framework
- matrix that illustrates a summary of project design, emphasizing the results that are expected when a
project is successfully completed.
 Assessment of Needs
- tools that draw out information about people’s varied needs, raises participants’ awareness of related
issues and provides a framework for prioritizing the needs.
 Participant’s Observation
- fieldwork technique used by anthropologists and sociologists to collect qualitative and quantitative data
that leads to an in-depth understanding of peoples' practices, motivations, and attitudes.
 Seasonal Diagrams
- Show the major changes that affect a household, community or region within a year such as those
associated with climate, crops, labor, availability and demand, livestock, prices and so on.
 Socio-Cultural Profiles
- Detailed descriptions of the social and cultural dimensions that in combination with technical, economic,
and environmental dimensions serve as a basis for design and preparation of policy and project work.
 Village Meetings
- Meetings with many users in participatory development, including information sharing and group
consultation, consensus building, prioritization and sequencing of interventions, and collaborative
monitoring and evaluation.
 Identifying Sense of Time and Place
- growing number of planners and architects are seeking to design communities that have a stronger
"sense of place”

COMPACT PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

- mixed use
- strong pedestrian orientation
- active civic and community life
- closer links between public transit & land use
-higher housing densities

TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL FORMS IN PLANNING

 Centralized Form - A number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central parent-form
 Linear Form – series of forms arranged sequentially in a row
 Radial Form– composition of linear forms extending outward from a central form in a radial manner
 Clustered Form– collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait
 Grid Form– set of modular forms related and regulated by a three-dimensional grid

BUILDING ORGANIZATION IN PLANNING

 Centralized Organization– central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped
 Ex. Villa Farnese, Caprarola, 1547–1549, Giacomo da Vignola

 Linear Organization– linear sequence of repetitive spaces

Ex. Unite D’ Habitation, Le Corbusier
 Radial Organization– central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner
Ex. Andrew Melville Hall, University of St. Andrews
 Clustered Organization– spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship
Ex. Fallingwater (Kaufmann House), near Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania ,1936–1937, Frank Lloyd Wright
 Grid Organization– spaces organized within the field of a structural grid or other three-dimensional framework
Ex. Crystal Palace, London, England

VISUAL PROPERTIES OF FORM

 Shape
- characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form
- principal aspect by which we identify and categorize forms
 Size
- physical dimensions of length, width, and depth of a form.
- While these dimensions determine the proportions of a form, its scale is determined by its size relative
to other forms in its context.
 Color
- A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in terms of an individual’s
perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value.
- attribute that most clearly distinguishes a form from its environment. It also affects the visual weight of
a form
 Texture
- The visual and especially tactile quality given to a surface by the size, shape, arrangement, and
proportions of the parts.
- also determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form reflect or absorb incident light
 Position
- The location of a form relative to its environment or the visual field within which it is seen.
 Orientation
- The direction of a form relative to the ground plane, the compass points, other forms, or to the person
viewing the form.
 Visual Inertia
- The degree of concentration and stability of a form
- depends on its geometry as well as its orientation relative to the ground plane, the pull of gravity, and
our line of sight.

WHAT ARE SIGN AND SYMBOLS?

- signs are used to convey information in pictorial form signs and symbols are commonly used in every situation.
- Pictograms and symbols are easier to recognize and understand, cross various language barriers, and often close
the communication gap.
- Symbols are quickly becoming the standard for traffic control devices throughout the world.

SEMIOTICS

- The study of SIGNS and SYMBOLS and their use and interpretation.
- “Symbolism in Architecture is another form of communication.”- Robert Venturi
SAFETY COLORS

 SAFETY RED- Fire, Danger, Stop

 SAFETY YELLOW- Caution
 SAFETY ORANGE- Warning
 SAFETY GREEN- Safety First
 SAFETY BLUE- Notice

MANDATORY SIGNS

- road signs which are used to set the obligations of all traffic which use a specific area of road.
- Unlike prohibitory signs, mandatory signs tell traffic what it must do, rather than must not do.
- Most mandatory road signs are circular, may use white symbols on a blue background with white border or
black symbols on a white background with a red border, although the letter is also associated with prohibit
signs.

PROHIBITION SIGNS

- means a safety sign behaviour likely to cause a risk to health or safety.

- generally, use a black safety symbol in a red circle with a diagonal cross through.

WARNING SIGNS

- These signs are yellow type of sign which indicates a potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring special
attention.
- Some are traffic signs that indicate roads that may not be readily apparent to a driver.

SAFETY SIGNS

- medium of communication that convey information or instructions regarding the physical safety of people
- Signs in workplaces may be posted in variety of areas in order to draw attention to them, such as on walls, on
doors, on machinery and products, or as floor makings
- usually have a symbol and text, although there are safety signs that have only one of the two

DANGER SIGNS

- Safety signs for warning when a hazard or a hazardous condition is likely to be life-threatening.
- The word 'Danger' is featured inside a red oval which in turn is inside a black rectangle and often feature other
warning symbols.

ADDITIONAL SIGN RECYCLED

- This mark is placed on recycled objects to tell the consumer that they are buying a recycled product
- This is a big advertising point as companies like their products to be seen as being environmentally friendly

ADDITIONAL SIGN FRAGILE

- This mark is placed on breakable objects packaging to tell people handling the box to treat it.

ADDITIONAL SIGN DISABLED

- This is used to show disabled access.

ADDITIONAL SIGNS MALE AND FEMALE

- These signs are used commonly to distinguish the male and female toilets.
 - In public toilets, triangle (represents skirt or dress) used for female toilets and the inverted triangle (represents
broad-shouldered tuxedo) for male toilets.

THE MEANING OF COLORS ON ROAD SIGNS.

 Red: Red generally means stop. The use of red on signs is limited to stop, yield, and prohibition signs.
 White: A white background indicates a regulatory sign.
 Yellow: conveys a general caution message.
 Green: shows permitted traffic movements or directional guidance
 Fluorescent yellow/green: Indicates pedestrian crossings and school zones.
 Blue indicates road user services, tourist information, and evacuation routes.
 Orange: Orange is used for warning and guidance in roadway work zones.
 Coral: Coral is used for incident management signs.
 Brown: Brown is used to showing guidance to sites of public recreation or cultural interest.

THE MEANING OF SHAPE OF ROAD SIGNS.

 An octagon road sign conveys the need to stop. A stop sign is the only sign that uses this shape.
 An upside-down triangle road sign always means “yield.”
 Pennant-shaped Road signs warn drivers of no-passing zones.
 Diamond-shaped Road signs always warn possible hazards ahead.
 Round-shaped signs are used for railroad signs.
 A pentagon-shaped road sign provides a warning that a school zone is ahead, or a school crossing zone is
approaching.
 A horizontal rectangle- shaped road sign usually provides guidance to drivers but can be used for a variety of
needs.
 Vertical rectangle road signs are typically used to inform drivers of regulatory notices, such as speed limits.

ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN

 BUILDINGS
- buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design.
- buildings shapes and articulate space by forming the street walls of the city.
- well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place.

SAMPLE OF A BUILDING

a. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
- these are buildings which are used for normal residential purposes and should facilitate
activities such as sleeping, living and cooking.
b. EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
- these are buildings housing educational institutions such as schools or colleges which are
affiliated and recognized by an appropriate board, university or any similar affiliation authority.
c. INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS
- these types of buildings consist of buildings that are constructed by the government, semi-
government organizations or registered trusts for specific purposes.
d. COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
- buildings where commercial activities take place. a commercial building could contain one or
more of many types of businesses, including retailers, restaurants, offices or manufacturing.
e. INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
 - types of commercial properties used for business purposes. simply put, are factories or other
large premises primarily used for manufacturing or storing raw materials, goods, or services for
economic purposes.

 PUBLIC SPACES
- public space is the living room of the city and it is where people come together to enjoy the city.
- public spaces make high quality in the city possible.
- public spaces range from grand central plazas and squares to small local neighborhood parks.

SAMPLE OF A PUBLIC SPACE

a. PUBLIC SQUARE
- most squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, concerts, political rallies, and other events that
require firm ground.
- being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat
markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. at their center is often a well, monument, statue or another
feature.

 STREETS
- these are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces themselves.
- they are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as the size, scale and character of the
building that line them.
- the pattern of the street network is part of what defines as a city and what makes each city unique.

SAMPLE OF STREET

 MAIN STREET
- it is usally a focal point for shops and retailers.
 HIGH AND FORE STREET
- high street frequently used fot the street name of the primary business street of towns or cities.
- fore streets are often used for the main street.
 SKYWAY
- skyway is usually used in the us for long or high bridges for traffic
 BOULEVARD
- multilane arterial thoroughfare, divided with a median down the center, and perhaps with roadways
along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often
with above-average quality of landscaping and scenery.
 ESPLANADE
- long, open, level area, usually next to river or large body of water, where people may walk.
 ALLEY
- a narrow passageway between or behind buildings.

 TRANSPORT
- transport system connects the parts of cities and help shape them and enable movement throughout
the city.
- they include road, rail, bicycle and pedestrian networks together form the total movement system of a
city.
- the balance of these various transport systems in what helps define the quality and character of cities
and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians.

SAMPLE TRANSPORTATION
 - train
- bus
- jeepneys
- taxis
- tricycles
- private
- automobiles
- bicycle
- sidewalk

 LANDSCAPE
- it is the green part of the city that weaves throughout, in the form of urban parks, street trees, plants,
flowers, and water in many forms.
- the landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces and
elements.

SAMPLE OF LANDSCAPE

 CENTRAL PARK
- one of those places that make new york such great place to live. the huge park. 341 hectares large (843
acres). is located in the center of manhattan. its design has served as an example for city parks around
the world.
 POCKET PARK
- small park accessible to the general public. pocket parks are frequently created on a single vacant
building lot or on small, irregular pieces of land. they also may be created as a compoment of the public
space requirement of large building projects.

THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

 Kevin Andrew Lynch

- American urban planner and author
- Best known for his work on mental mapping & on perceptual form of urban environments
- Famous book: The Image of the City
- Disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright, spend his academic career at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Practice site planning and urban design
 1960 book
- about the look of cities, and whether this look is of any importance, and whether it can be changed
- result of a five-year study of Boston, Jersey City and Los Angeles
 First section of the book
- New concepts of LEGIBILITY and IMAGEABILITY are presented
 Followed by that, Lynch introduced three American cities as examples
 Third Section of the book
- five elements and their interrelationships are summarized
 In Lynch’s view,

IMAGE can be explained as:

- “a picture especially in the mind”

- sentimental combination between objective city image and subjective human thoughts
 Productions of environment images are influenced by two processes between the observer and the observed
  The observer, with great adaptability and in the light of his own purposes, selects, organizes and endows with
meaning what he/she sees
 Therefore, the specific image can be totally different from the different perspective of observers

KEVIN LYNCH says that:

 A city is constructed in space, but of a vast scale.

 A city is described with its surroundings and elements.
 Explains that people’s perception of the city is important.
 Going through a city from the viewers mind is “image of the city”.
 Elements like nodes, paths, districts, edges, landmarks make a city.
 To make a visual plan (map)
 Analyzing the forms and public areas.
 Understand problems, opportunities and use them in designing a city

CONCEPT OF LEGIBILITY

 It is said to be the ease with which people understand the layout of a place.
 To understand the layout of the city, people make a mental map, which contains mental images of the city
constrains (varies from every individual)

CREATING A MENTAL MAP

 Mental Map- person’s perception of the world

 A mental map is an individual’s own map of their known world
 Mental maps of individuals can be investigated.
- By asking for directions to a landmark or other location.
- By asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or describe that area.
- By asking a person to name as many places as possible in a short period of time.

Every person has a different mental map according to his/ her understanding of the city.

CONCEPT OF IMAGEABILITY

 Another term introduced by Lynch

 Quality of physical object, which gives an observer a strong vivid image
 High imageable city would be well formed, would contain distinct paths
 They should be instantly recognizable
 Well-formed city is highly dependent upon the elements
 Remembering your city on images is meaningful
 E.g.: Well-designed paths include special lighting, clarity of direction, etc.
 Similarly with nodes, landmarks, districts, edges
 These elements placed in good form, increase human ability to see and remember patterns and it is these
patterns which make easier to learn

IMAGEABILITY

 Maybe analyzed into three components:

 Identity (as a separate entity)
  Structure (spatial relationship between elements)
 Meaning (practical or emotional)

MAYBE BE STRENGTHENED BY 5 MAJOR ELEMENTS:

 Paths
- Channel along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or potentially moves
- May be the streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads and other channels in which people travel
- Along this path the other environmental elements are arranged and related.
 Edges
- Linear elements not used or considered as paths by the observer
- Boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges of
development, walls.
 Districts
- Medium-to-large sections of the city
- conceived of as having two-dimensional extent
- which the observer mentally enters “inside of”
- recognizable as having some common, identifying character
- Always identifiable from the inside
- also used for exterior reference if visible from the outside
 Nodes
- Points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are the intensive foci to
and from which he is traveling
- May be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths,
moments of shift from one structure to another
 Landmarks
- A rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, mountain
- Use involves the singling out of one element from a host of possibilities
- Some are distant ones, typically seen from many angles and distances, over the tops of smaller
elements, and used as radial references