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    Simpson

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    Anik Ahamed
    Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

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    Simpson

    Uploaded by

    Anik Ahamed
    72 views6 pages
    Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

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    Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    72 views6 pages

    Simpson

    Uploaded by

    Anik Ahamed
    Simpson's rule is a numerical integration method used to approximate the definite integral of a function. It is more accurate than other methods like the trapezoidal rule. Simpson's rule formula for n+1 equally spaced subdivisions is given. Simpson's 3/8 rule is based on cubic interpolation rather than quadratic and its formula is presented. An example calculates the integral of an exponential function from 0 to 2 using Simpson's 3/8 rule and compares the result to the exact value, demonstrating its accuracy even with just one interval.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Simpson’s rule is one of the numerical methods which is used to evaluate the definite integral.
    Usually, to find the definite integral, we use the fundamental theorem of calculus, where we have to
    apply the antiderivative techniques of integration. However, sometimes, it isn’t easy to find the
    antiderivative of an integral, like in Scientific Experiments, where the function has to be determined
    from the observed readings. Therefore, numerical methods are used to approximate the integral in
    such conditions. Other numerical methods used are trapezoidal rule, midpoint rule, left or right
    approximation using Riemann sums. Here, we will discuss Simpson’s rule formula, 1/3 rule, 3/8 rule
    and examples.

    Simpson’s Rule Formula


    Simpson’s rule methods are more accurate than the other numerical approximations and its formula
    for n+1 equally spaced subdivision is given by;
    Where n is the even number, △x = (b – a)/n and xi = a + i△x
    If we have f(x) = y, which is equally spaced between [a, b] and if a = x0, x1 = x0 + h, x2 = x0 + 2h ….,
    xn = x0 + nh, where h is the difference between the terms. Or we can say that y0 = f(x0), y1 = f(x1), y2 =
    f(x2),……,yn = f(xn) are the analogous values of y with each value of x.

    Simpson’s 3/8 Rule


    Another method of numerical integration is called “Simpson’s 3/8 rule”. It is completely based on the
    cubic interpolation rather than the quadratic interpolation. Simpson’s 3/8 or three-eight rule is given
    by:

    ∫ab f(x) dx = 3h/8 [(y0 + yn) + 3(y1 + y2 + y4 + y5 + …. + yn-1) + 2(y3 + y6 + y9 + ….. + yn-3)]

    This rule is more accurate than the standard method, as it uses one more functional value. For 3/8
    rule, the composite Simpson’s 3/8 rule also exists which is similar to the generalized form. The 3/8
    rule is known as Simpson’s second rule of integration.

    Simpson’s Rule Example


    Using the Simpson’s 3/8 rule with n=3 calculate I s 2and compare with the exact
    integral of the function f(x) =e x on the interval(0,2) . Find the value of h  so that
    the error is less then 0.001.
    SOLUTION

    It is important to note that n defines the number of intervals on which a cubic


    polynomial is defined. Each interval has a width of 3h Since n=1 the spacing h
    can be calculated as :
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    b−a 2−0
    h= = =0.6667
    3n 3

    Therefore, x 0=0, x l 1=0.6667, x r 1 =1 and x 1 =2.0 . The values of the function at these
    points are given by:

    f(x ¿¿ 0)¿ =e 0 =1.00 f(x ¿¿ l1)¿ =e 0.6667=1.94773

    f(x ¿¿ r 1)¿= e 1.333 f(x ¿¿ 1)¿= e 2 = 7.3891

    According to the Simpson’s 3/8 rule we have:

    I s 2 =3h\8 (f( x ¿¿ 0)¿ +3f(x ¿¿ l1)¿ + f¿ ¿))

    3∗0.6667
    = (1+3*1.94773 +3*3.79367+7.3891)
    8

    =6.403

    Which is already a very good approximation to the exact value of I =6.38906


    even though only 1 interval was used.
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    Discussion: Simpson's 3/8 rule, also called Simpson's second rule, requires one more function
    evaluation inside the integration range and gives lower error bounds, but does not improve on order
    of the error.
    Simpson's 1/3 and 3/8 rules are two special cases of closed Newton–Cotes formulas.
    In naval architecture and ship stability estimation, there also exists Simpson's third rule, which has
    no special importance in general numerical analysis, see Simpson's rules (ship stability).
    Simpson's R Simpson’s Rule
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