ECPE THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Nigel Downey Revised for the nr LISTENING & 7.0 tgEXAMINATION WRITING Bisa WRITING EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH Exam Center: Test Date: (center name) (ety) (country) NAME (printed): (family oF surname) (firstname) (middle name) NAME (signature): Birthdate: Registration Number: centerno. personal registration no. WRITING SECTION INSTRUCTIONS (30 minute time limit) ° You may write in pen or penci 0 You will have 30 minutes to write on one of the two topics. If you do not write on one of these topics, your paper will not be graded. If you do not understand the topics, ask the examiner to explain them. You may make an outline if you wish. Write about one-and-a-half to two pages. Your essay will be marked down ifit is extremely short. © Your essay will be graded on clarity and overall effectiveness, as well as on topic development, organization, and the range, accuracy and appropriateness of your grammar and vocabulary. oo TOPICS Task1 The environment has become a global problem. Do you think one solution might be to reduce the number of people living on the planet through limiting the number of children per family? Discuss your views. Task2 Huge sums of money are spent each year on cosmetic surgery in order to make people look younger. Do you think that this is money well spent or has society become too preoccupied with appearance? 16 ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION This section of the examination tests your understanding of spoken English. The listening section has three parts. There are 50 questions, Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not make any stray marks on the answer sheet. f you change your mind about an answer, erase your first answer completely. Part I- In this part, you will hear short conversations. From the three answer choices given, choose the answer which means about the same thing as what you hear, or that is true based upon what you hear. For example, listen 10 the conversation: EXAMPLE: A. He has already been there. B. He suggests they try it. C. She doesn't want to go there. The correct answer is“B." For problems 1 - 17, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions? 1. A. Bothare late 9. A. She will go out with the man. 8. Onlyheis ate. 8. She will have an enjoyable evening. C. Only she is late. C._ She will not see Jane and Peter. 2. A. He hasa problem. 10. A. She will be ready for the deadline. 8._He is working online, B. She will have an extension until Thursday. CC. Shes using the Internet. C._ She needs to have an extension, 3. A. Hedoes not have any notes. 11. A. Mary attended the meeting. B. She has difficulty taking notes, 8. Mary finished the report. C. She will keep notes for the man. C._He called Mary to the meeting, 4. A, She thinks the secretary is polite 12. A. The food is not ready. B. She knew a new secretary had been hired, B. The food is ready. C. She informed the man about the new . Only the meat is ready. secretary. 13. A. She had invited visitors for the weekend. 5. A. Sheis very tired, B._ She visited the man on the weekend. B. Shes giving advice to the man. He had expected the woman to visit. Hes flying at seven in the morning. 14. A. She requested a meeting, 6. A. Hedoes not mind about the woman B. She got an email about the meeting. complaining. He has just been to a meeting, B, Hes not happy about the work he has to do, 15. A, He thinks fashion is important for children, C._ She does not like her work. B. She disagrees with the man’s opinion. . She supports what the man says. 7. A. He prefers the subway. B. She does not drive to work. 16. A. He has his reservations about Sue. C._ Neither of them uses public transportation B._He lost his temper with Sue. C. He also admires Sue. 8 A. She does not know what to do. 8. She will write an assignment. 17. A. He is angry with himself. She will write an exam, B. He is angry with the woman She is angry with the man. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION aPES} EXAMINATION wa ReSMSN cy Part Il- In this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the three answer choices given, choose the one which best answers the question. EXAMPLE: The correct answer i A. Fine by me. B. If you go first. C. Let's say it. For problems 18 - 35, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated, Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions? 18, 19, 20. a 22. 23, 24 25. 26. For 50 minutes. Further than you think, It depends on the traffic. Because she wanted to visit her sister. She hasn't said a word to anyone. She refused to admit what she had done. | bought some, but not much. No, they didn't like shopping. Yes, | think they liked Because they left to go away. I don't think the offer was good. I need to get away. | deposit the checks | get. $200 is in his check account. You won't need more than $300. | used itin the pizza. Hl buy some tomorrow. twas about a kilo It's too expensive to buy them. We aren't used to the idea yet. People donate clothes. il make you an offer. Thanks, I'l take it. Nothing serious. {im looking for it everywhere. Im nearly finished, | read about it in the paper. 27. 28, 29. 30. 3 32, 33, 34, 35. It’s better to tell the truth, It’s probably in the hall. ‘They're suspecting fraud. When does he start? Its just a rumor. heard him too, wish | knew. Its irresponsible, ''m pleased you did. They fired the secretary. They will be saving on expenses. They will compete against each other. Let me check the schedule. I'm sorry to hear that. Neither is at all good. It opened last week. It’s on the corner. Itwasn't great. I bought some shoes. To change a sweater. heard it was good. We almost had an accident. We've seen that film before, We might get a taxi found it very useful. Try itagain later. That must be interesting. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION Partill- In this part, you will hear three short segments from a radio program. The program i called Learning from ‘she Experts.’ You will hear what two different radio guests have to say about three different topics. Each talk lasts 200ut two minutes, As you listen, you may want to take notes to help you remember information given in the talk. WRITE YOUR NOTES IN THIS TEST BOOKLET. After each talk, you will be asked some questions about what was said. From the three answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according co the information you heard. emember, no problems can be repeated. For problems 36 - 50, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. Do you have any questions? ‘SEGMENT 1 - WRITE NOTES HERE: 36. What point does the speaker make about husbands and wives? A. They may speak different languages. 8. They may be helped by seeking guidance. . They may communicate in different ways. 37. What does the speaker say is the purpose behind women's use of language? A. To achieve their goals B. To clarify factual information C. To make social connections 38. Why does the speaker suggest men might use more direct language? A. They are more verbally skilled. 8. It gives them better status. C. Ithelps enforce cooperation. 39. What is the current view of linguists regarding male and female speech? A. They are not in agreement with each other. B. They believe men lack extensive verbal skills . They think the differences have been over-generalized. 40. How have brain scans helped the debate on male and female speech? A. They show similarities between the sexes. B. They indicate male and female brains are different. C. They prove that biological factors are paramount. ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION %EXAMINATION LISTENING Peasy SEGMENT 2 - WRITE NOTES HERE: LISTENING a 42. 43, 45. ‘According to the speaker, where were the ancient Celtic territ A. Ireland, Wales and Scotland B. In northern France C. Allover Europe Who were the Galatians? A. Greek raiders B. Turkish conquerors C. Celtic settlers What does the speaker say the Celts in Ireland were? A. Well educated B. Barbarian invaders C. Enemies of Greece and Rome Who would wear a torc in Celtic society? A. Artists and metal workers B. Persons of high status C. Poets and singers What Celtic legacy does the speaker say will continue? A. Celtic languages B. Genetic inheritance C. Traditions and customs ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION ‘SEGMENT 3 - WRITE NOTES HERE: 2. 49, 50 Who does the speaker say dreams of owning a cloak of invisibility? A. Harty Potter 8, Bullied children C. Japanese scientists What should a person looking at an ‘invisible cloak’ see? A. Aprojector B. Light reflecting beads C. Acamera image What is the principal problem which prevents scientists from cloaking a person? A. The expense B. The cameras C. The power source What benefit does the speaker mention for ‘invisibility’? A. Avoiding wars B. Better trained pilots C. Improved parking What does the speaker say is the most important drawback to the new technology? A. More bank robberies 8. Increased shoplifting C. Lack of countermeasures ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 2EXAMINATION - 1 GRAMMAR GRAMMAR GRAMMAR 51. "Why can't enter? What seems ___the 58. "And now! turn to___ if you want a successful problem?" career in this line of work” “Your name is not on the guest list, I'm afraid." A. how important education is A. being 8. how important is education B. tobe C. how education is the important C. to have to be D._ the importance in education D. is being 59. "You look depressed. What's wrong? Did the 52. "Til never finish this by five” interview not go well?" “if, I'll work overtime.” “Seldom _____an interview that's gone so badly." A. isneeded A. Ihaven't done B. need to be B. Ihave done C. needing C. have |had D. need be D. haven't! had 53. She wants ___with her staff before making a 60. Yes, ! know he shouldn't be begging here, but he is. final decision. homeless and__ desperate need of help. A. to discuss it A. under B. discussing B. of C._ to discuss about Cc. at D. the discussion of it D. in 54, "So how's Annette getting on in her new job?” 61. "Would you like to go out tonight?” “I've no idea. | haven't spoken to her ‘y “ ' A. since a long time A had rather not B._ long fora time B. would rather not C. inalongtime C._ would not prefer D. along time ago D. don't prefer it 55. "But | thought she was coming.” 62. Isn'tit time something____about the working “Well in spite of____that she was coming, don’t conditions? think she meant i A. was doing A. she had said B. isdoing 8. her having said © todo having her saying D. was done D. she has said 63. Under no circumstances enter the premises! 56. heard he passed his exams, but __ that | know A. you cannot little else. B. youcan A. other than you should 8. more of D. should you C._ instead of D. inaddition 64, He was very supportive and encouraging 57. He believed everything she told him and stopped to me altogether. A totalk B. and talked C._ talking D. totalking throughout the whole of last year. In fact, |_it without his help. ‘A. couldn't have done B. mustn't have done couldn't do D. couldn't be doing ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION RTs Salis She doesn't mind working overtime because she gets paid__. by the hour all the hour in the hour at the hour oNE> ‘Is she coming back to Florida soon?” *_____within the next six months” Intime Sometime Sometimes Atsome times one> They have run great difficulties since they ‘embarked on the new project. A. onto B. into Cc in D. to . No, thank you. | don't really ike wine, or any kind of alcohol _. ‘A. for that matter B. it matters forthe matter D. inthis matter if you should feel nausea or weakness at any point after treatment, ____ the doctor immediately. A. you would consult B.youwill consult © toconsult D. doconsult ‘Last | heard, she was working in South Africa” 5 " Why did she How come How did she Why come one> "So, who's the better player?" “Ronaldo. He's of the two” A. faster B. the fastest C. the faster D. fastest EU 72. | don't understand this. Everyone knows it wasn't her fault and yet they're treating her as if she's the one A. blaming B. toblame Chas blamed D. been blamed 73. They insisted on___ straightaway despite the fact that | wanted to stay. A. their leaving B. my leaving leaving me D. leaving us 74, |wish you had__me sooner. could have done something. A. have told B. been told Cc. tell D. told 75. She's only partially sighted and has considerable difficulty ___ anything at all, let alone handwriting. A. onreading B._ for reading C. toreading D. inreading 76. \for one am not sorry. He should have ____than to lend them money. A. thought more B. been better C. known more, D. known better 77. 'm sure he'll be reasonable__you don't talk back to him again. ‘A. assoonas B. as faras C. solongas D. so far as 78. attended the meeting would have made my boss very angry. Not having Having not Had | not If Ihad not gne> ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 2379. 80. 81. 82. 83, EXAMINATION GRAMMAR creat According to statistics, the less you smoke, you are likely to live, A. the longer B. longer than C. the longest D. much longer They have most certainly committed themselves ‘on the new project. A. are taking B. taking C. totaking D. taken Gaining all this weight is probably because of ____ exercising recently. A. me stopping B. having stopping C._ stopping me D. have stopped "But why do you object?” "Because your method is worst dangerous” A. atbest 8. better than C. forthe better D. the best ineffective and at "Why didn't you inform him?" “But! A. diddo B. didn't do . won'tdo D. was todo so and that’s why I thought he knew: “Vl pick her up from the airport, if you like.” "No, you that. She's made her own. arrangements" A. needn't have done 8. don'tneed doing C. needn'tdo D. needn't to do 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. Riau aug ‘And what were your reasons _this one rather than the other one? A. you choose 8. which you chose C. for choosing D. tochoose No sooner had she entered the room _the alarm went off. A. then B. as C than D. that was a fashionable, new convertible with leather seats and power-steering A. Their B. They're C. Theirs D. There's “Did you see Peter yesterday?” “|____ him in the afternoon, but | have to call and cancel today's meeting’ A. had seen B. have seen C._ was seeing D. saw ‘These boxes have Fragile’ sticker on them; they with care. A. canhandle B. canbe handled C. should be handled D. should handle "Did John wait for you yesterday?” “Yes, ___ that | wasn't coming, he did” A. his not telling B. mynottelling C._he has not been told D. not having been told ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONm1. 112. 113, 114, 115. 116. 17. EXAMINATION - VOCABULAR' Mua It's time for us to take. of our financial resources. A. supply B. provision C. stock D. reserve Inflationary costs are out of control. A. spiraling B._ plummeting C. tumbling D. mushrooming We were fortunate to obtain a plane ticket atthe _minute. A. closing 8. last C. final D. absolute The ___ relationship between the two countries was the cause of continual international concern, A. tentative 8. tangible C. turbulent D. tranquil Her period of office was _by a series of financial scandals. A. marked B. noticeable C. striking D. perceived People often complain that children nowadays don't seem to respect their__. A. elderly B. elders C. aged D. age Governments are always predicting ___in the economy. A. aU-turn: B. anintern C. aturnout D. anupturn 118. 119. 120, 121. 122. 123. 124, VOCABULARY Aseries of ____ in the health service led to immediate government intervention. A. crises B. spates C. outbreaks D. waves ‘The President expressed her dismay that such an incident should occur during her _. A. period B. office C. chair D. tenure How do you __ your coffee, sir? Black or Some of the new school books are beautifully A. illustrated 8. pictured C drawn D. depicted This room has been __as a no-smoking area. A. designed B. designated C. described D. destined With serial killers, itis important to establish ___ to the murders. A. apattern 8. amotive G asuspect D. aninvestigation The best thing about living in the countryside is the___ greenery. A. mytiad 8. innumerable Cc. untold D. abundant ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION125. 126, 127. 128, 129. 130. 131 EXAMINATION - 1 VOCABULARY Meee MiG When countries lack sufficient __, it acts as a 132. There isa large effort___ to rebuild arts brake on the transport of goods. education in the New York City public schools. A. infrastructure A. under way B. networks B. along way . routing C. outofthe way D. navigation D. inthe way The thieves __entry through an open 133. Swollen rivers, heavy from days of steady rain window. are threatening to__ towns in the area, A. made A. inundate B. gained B. immerse Cc staged Cc. dip D. left D. plunge Our new product has been so successful that 134. Companies are joining forces with governments demand has far___ supply. in Africa to_regional campaigns against A. outraged malaria. B. outnumbered A. fabricate C. outstripped B. originate D. outwitted mount D. produce Itishard to__a world without borders. A. picture 135. heavy fall of snow had_ the city's 8. see transportation system, C. view A. dislocated D. perceive B. dissolved C. dissipated _—__ bya string of successive wins, the team D. disrupted approached the Final with high morale. ‘A. Nourished 136. This month's sales figures offera__of hope. B. Fortified for the depressed economy. C Armed A. blaze D. Equipped B. flare © glimmer Public opinion has _ strongly in favor of the D. glistening new legislation A. swung 137. After____ in obscurity for many years, her early B. wavered novels have recently been rediscovered. reached A. abolishing D. considered B. flourishing languishing The president's plan projects sharp reductions D. shattering in investments abroad, with the first__ coming this September. 138. The threat of unemployment has been__ on A. cuts the horizon for a while now, B. drops A. intimidating C. discounts B. daunting D. concessions looming D. overwhelming ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION. 7139, 140. 141. 142. 143, 144, 145, EXAMINATION Mea Meet ea Her work is sometimes good, but the problem is she'snot___. A. consistent B. invariable unremitting D. incessant Take notes during the lecture to help you the information afterwards, assimilate B. contain C. seize D. embrace > British police officers are expected to use guns only as a last . A. resort B. treatment C. conduct D. behavior have already been sent to shareholders. Dividends Divisions Dissections Dimensions onP> Id like to start the speech by_a few rumors that have been spreading recently. A. annulling B. dispelling . enacting D. repealing She control of the family investments to her son A. renounced B, disowned disclaimed D. relinquished One of the organization's aims is to information about the disease so that more people know of its symptoms. A. disentangle B. deride C. dwindle D. disseminate 146. 147. 148, 149, 150. 1 Mee it Wve We can do nothing but wait; until we've got official permission to go ahead with the plans werein___. A. limbo B. fringe margin D. norm Dealing with ___ refusal from an employee is easier than dealing with false compliance. an offset a remedial anagile an outright goe> The integrity of a marine ecosystem could be due to the impact of coastal reclamation. compromised conceded conciliated confronted poe> The US chicken industry faces_ pressure to minimise costs in order to become more competitive. A. eminent B. distinctive C. retentive D. relentless The authorities have _their original decision to allow development of this rural area. A. dispensed B. detached . refrained D. revoked ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 isa READING This text is from an article concerning archaeological The world was stunned when excavations in China's Xianyang Province uncovered an army of terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi, Emperor of China. However, the massive ‘mound, once comparable to the Egyptian Pyramids, hhas to date remained an enigma, but bearing the promise of treasures far in excess of anything found before. The size and magnificence of Oin's tomb can be directly linked to his prominence while alive. When he ascended the throne in 231 BCE, he was but one of seven kings. However in a series of admittedly ruthless campaigns he eventually united the disparate provinces to crown himself first Emperor of China at his new capital of Xianyang. As the size of his empire grew, so. his ambitions, including for the life thereafter. Hence, an immense mausoleum, a fitting monument to his achievements, was ordered. It was undoubtedly one of the most extraordinarily colossal construction projects of ancient times. It took almost three quarters of a million workers thirty-six years to complete the site, finally handed over in 210 BCE on the Emperor's death. The entire funerary complex lies deep underground, with a pit sunk 100 ‘meters into the earth, There, a gigantic palace complex was erected, housing the burial vault and surrounded by side chambers and passageways, topped by an earthen mound, Since the tomb remains unexplored, much of what is known today comes from historical sources. They describe the Emperor as having been laid to rest in a bronze casket surrounded by a pool of mercury and accompanied by vast riches, such as jade and gold. Although nothing has yet been exposed by scientists, high levels of mercury at least partially confirm the historical sources. However, whether the tomb was looted following the collapse of Oin's empire shortly after his death remains to be seen 154, ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 151. 152. 153. 155. READING -overies in China. The author predicts that... A. mote guards for the tomb will be discovered, 8. the Egyptian Pyrar to puzzle scientists. C. the tomb contains incomparable riches. D. the tomb will be larger than any other. ‘What was Oin’s greatest achievement? ‘A. He became king. B. He unified China, C. He constructed an enormous tomb. D. He founded a new capital What is unusual about Oin’s tomb? A. Itis enormous. B, Itwas not finished until after his death. C. Part of it lies deep underground. D. It contains a series of buildings. What do scientists know about the tomb? A. Mercury is present. B. The Emperor was buried in a bronze coffin, C. It contains a large number of treasures. D. It has been looted. What can be inferred about the author's portrayal of Oin? A. Oinisa figure of admiration. B. Oinis a violent oppressor. C. Oin exploited his people for his own personal gain. D. Oin is nota very significant historical figure.EXAMINATION - 1 US satan eds This text is taken from an article in a science magazine concerning earthquakes. In the Pacific Northwest, scientists are becoming 156. increasingly interested in earthquakes barely perceptible to the inhabitants living above. These ‘slow quakes; though uneventful in terms of loss of life and property, appear to form part of a cycle of extremely regular, and thus predictable, earthquakes, at intervals of approximately fourteen and a half months. But what has drawn most attention to these peculiar earth movements is that they may act as a precursor to much more destructive earthquakes, of the type more familiar to the layperson, Slow quakes may last for weeks, but during this period they are thought to release as much energy as shorter, much more devastating, seismic activity. However, the latter often seems to follow a period of slow quakes, such asin Chile and Japan, leading scientists to suggest that the Northwest is due for a‘big one! It may be that stress released deep below the surface in one part of a fault leads to increased stress elsewhere closer to the surface, with catastrophic results. Unfortunately, scientists are hampered by the difficulties in actually detecting such subtle earth movements using current seismometers. Instead, they rely on the GPS or Global Positioning System to reveal how the land is being buckled and stretched. What they found was that, while their positioning monitors generally showed a northwest movement as expected, at regular intervals there would be a minute shift in the opposite direction, marking a slow quake event. While it is hoped that one day scientists will be able to forecast potential disaster, caution should be exercised, Although the cycle of slow quakes appears to be regular in this phase, experience of larger ‘predictable’ earthquakes, such as that of the Parkfield section of the San Andreas fault in California, show that this is still a new science with a great deal to learn. 157. 158, 159. 160. What is a feature of slow quake events? A. They only occur in the Pacific Northwest. B. They are highly destructive. C. Most people are unaware of them. D. Each one is the same. Why are scientists interested in slow quakes? ‘A. They are predictable. B, Larger earthquakes may follow. C. They have a long duration. D. Massive amounts of energy are released. Why are slow quakes difficult to measure? A. No instruments can detect them. B. Seismometers cannot be placed near them, C. The movement of the surface is too abrupt. D. Very little evidence of them can be detected. Why does the writer mention Parkfield? A. Itis onan earthquake zone. B. Itis an area of predictable earthquakes. C. Slow quakes occur there regularly. D. Earthquake prediction is imprecise. The writer wrote the article in order to... ‘A. show that large earthquakes may one day be predictable. B. warn about the danger of an earthquake in the Pacific Northwest. . inform the reader about catastrophic earthquakes. D. criticize the lack of progress in seismology. ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 dS UC) sacs This text is from an article giving information about the carrot. Carrots today are a ubiquitous orange vegetable served up in an appetizing variety of forms all around the world, It appears the original plant came from Central Asia over 3,000 years ago, spreading through ‘the Near East before finally reaching Europe. At that ‘ime, the part today usually associated with the dining table was white, yellow, green or even purple, and was used for medicinal purposes, rather than culinary. For example, Ancient Greek physicians used the root, and juices in treating a variety of ailments and even snakebite. In the Medieval period, carrots found a yet more unusual role, as women of fashion took to adorning their hairstyles with the long feathery leaves. Gradually, the vegetable began to take on its more customary role as a food source, when the juice began to be added to butter to produce a brighter, more appealing color. By the time of the early colonization of the Americas, it had become a popular crop and Thomas Jefferson, for example, raised a number of different varieties. Since then, a vast range of types have been bred. One of the ‘most popular varietes is the baby-cut carrot, which is actually a long and slender carrot that has been cut and peeled to produce these attractive little vegetables. There are good reasons for the popularity of this vegetable. In addition to its taste, carrots provide a number of health benefits. Carrots contain a large amount of beta-carotene, which the human body can convert into vitamin A, and which gives them their bright orange color. In fact, one carrot provides sufficient beta-carotene to supply double the average daily requirement of vitamin A, and modern research indicates that this chemical plays an important role in decreasing the risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer. Vitamin A is essential for fighting infection, for healthy skin and hair, for bone growth, and according to some, for improved night vision. Since the body absorbs only what it needs, it appears we can gorge on carrots without fear. 161. 162 163. 164. 165. What was true about the original carrots? A. They were popular for their flavor. B. They were eaten in Central Asia. C. They were grown for their color. D. They were not orange. What use were carrots originally put to? ‘A, They were a cure for illness. B. They prevented snakebite, . They decorated dining tables. D. They were a fashion accessory. How are baby-cut carrots different from other carrots? ‘A. They were grown by Thomas Jefferson. B. They are long and thin. C. Their color is an attractive orange, D. Their shape is altered, What benefit of carrots does the author seem to doubt? A. the amount of Vitamin A available in carrots B. the role of Vitamin A in preventing cancer C. the ability to see better at night D. the fact that carrots can safely be eaten in huge quantities What would be an appropriate title for the text? A. The benefits and dangers of carrots B. A historical perspective on carrots as a food source C. The carrot: more than a tasty vegetable D. Carrots: decoration and medication ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 READING ia vuley This text is taken from an article in a science magazine concer Prime numbers have been well known to 166. mathematicians for some considerable time, in fact since Eratosthenes discovered the principle in the third century BCE. These are numbers which can only be divided by one and by themselves, such as three and five, and are important in that they are the components of integers - whole numbers. Recently there has been a 167, breakthrough in understanding these unusual figures. This advance concerns the Twin Prime Conjecture ~ an idea that there are an infinite number of prime number pairs which are separated from each other by only two numbers, for example 11 and 13; 17 and 19; 29 and 31; 41 and 43; 59 and 61. It seems that prime numbers occur in this pattern with surprising frequency, particularly with smaller numbers. As the numbers get larger, however, the interval also increases dramatically. This has led to the question of whether there may in fact be a ceiling to how many twin primes canbe discovered. With a new technique for identifying smaller than average gaps between primes, researchers believe they are closer to solving this riddle. They hope that this will enable them not only to identify the frequency and location of an indefinite number of twin primes, but may also shed light on another enigma, the Riemann Hypothesis, which concerns an infinite sum of numbers known as the Zeta function, and for which there is currently a tantalizing bait of one million dollars. 170. 168. 169. READING 1e numbers. What are integers, according to the author? A. They are part of prime numbers. B. They were discovered over 2,000 years ago. C. They are divisible by one. D. They contain prime numbers. ‘What is the principle of the Twin Prime Conjecture? A. pairs of numbers occurring at the same interval B. an unlimited number of twin primes C. prime numbers that occur consecutively D. small numbers of primes What recent breakthrough has been made? A. Prime numbers are whole numbers. 8. Prime numbers are very frequent. C. Integers are different to prime numbers. D. Understanding how unusual prime numbers are. What do scientists hope to leam? A. the upper limit of prime numbers B. where and when all prime numbers occur C. the size of intervals between pairs of primes D. whether prime numbers always occur in pairs What is a large reward being offered for? A. prime numbers B. the Twin Prime Conjecture C. the Reimann Hypothesis D. the Zeta function ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 Vocabulary Practice 1 ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION The items from the vocabulary section have been listed in the columns below. Use them for the exercises which follow. supply losing marked U-turn period provision last noticeable intern office stock final striking tumout chair reserve absolute perceived upturn tenure spiral tentative elderly crisis savor plummet tangible elders spate flavor tumble turbulent aged outbreak taste mushroom, tranquil age wave take Activity 1: Primary Meaning illin the gaps in the following sentences using the words above. You may have to change the form of the word. 1. Jane isso she never seems to get stressed. 2. The of health cate is often the responsibility of the government. 3. When she dropped her ring in the river,it__out of sight. 4, Asudden of measles caught the local hospital by surprise. 5. Wemadea_____ arrangement to meet at 9.00 and welll confirm tomorrow. 6 2. 8 The eagle down to catch its prey. Customers complained bitterly when the shop ran out of __ Refting through waters is dangerous. 9. In baseball, you are allowed 3 attempts to the ball 10. There was a sudden in the economy following the drop in interest rates. 11, From what | understand, his excuse is fiction 12. Young people should respect their ; 13, Brazil___most of Europe with coffee products. 14, The__for the election was higher than expected. 15, There have been a__ ‘of burglaries in the area. 16. _ often have to work long hours at the hospitals. 17. The Internet is fine, but a book is more 18. Peter the taste of the freshly grilled steak. 19. University professors usually get___after a number of years. 20. The car made a dangerous on the freeway. Activity 2: Secondary Meaning ‘Many of the vocabulary items have a secondary meaning, which is often a metaphorical use. Use this meaning tofill in the gaps in the sentences below. 1. Garolfelta ‘of nausea every time she smelt cigarette smoke. 2. Fast food shops have been all over the country recently 3. Hehada childhood which left him insecure for life. 4, The demonstration was __by violence. 5. My_____in music covers everything from classical to pop. 6. Inflation has been out of control due to high oil prices. 7. You should make for your retirement while you are stil young, 8. Thefans__ ‘the moment when their team unexpectedly won, 9. The called the meeting to order. 10. Currently we are in the digital : 11, The price of gold took a ‘on the international markets. 12. He bears a resemblance to his grandfather. 13, Students studying for their have to work hard. 14, Share prices ___at the news of the hostile takeover bid. 15, In American English, a sentence ends with a 4 ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 Activity 3: Associated Contexts Write words for the following contexts from the vocabulary from this test. Can you think of any others? Availal Rise & fall - Ending Obvious Problems Duration IE Food : Business/Finance Retail Opinion Activity 4: Word Grammar ‘What are the noun, verb and adjectival forms of the words? Write them in the ‘spaces below. | Noun Verb Adjective spiral ; tentative tangible turbulent ‘tranquil striking elderly ae Tumout = upturn crisisferises outbreak - wave flavor taste ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 35EXAMINATION - 1 Activity 5: Associated Prepositions Fill in the spaces in the sentences below with an appropriate prepositio 1, The shop had plenty of shoes stock 2. The Government has been office for the past two years. 3. She decided to keep some money reserve in case of need 4, The economy is «tisis at the moment. 5. Therewasan outbreak__flu last winter. 6. Aspate violent crimes is concerning our community. 7. Our office supplies them __ paper clips. 8. Jane takes no notice her mother's comments, 9. The thunderstorm struck fear the young children. 10, Samhasataste__ some really unfunny jokes. Activity 6: Associated Words and Phrases Decide which words are commonly associated with each item. 1._runoutof outbreak 2. atoom rmarked/striking 3._out of control absolute 4,_all over the place stock 5. stages reserve 6. round chair 2._ triumph spiral 8. negotiations turbulent 9._evidence mushroom, 10. childhood closing 11, improvement final 12, policy tentative 13, meeting U-turn 14, management tangible 15. war isis ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 1 7: Expressions Decide which expression should be used for each gap. Prices of goods are set by the laws of a marked man 2. No, not the boy at the end of the line, the. last but one 3. Iwas in France when Jan had her baby, sol was . the last to know +. Governments have to the possibility of earthquakes. make provision for Fite fighters are prepared to leave the station — takeit as read 5. You're so immature! Why don't you supply and demand 7. Presidents of the US can for two terms, have good taste 3. When choosing clothes, it’s important to hold office 3. Failing to report that error has made Mark _ for the boss. actyour age 10. In this kind of situation just __ _that well be working late. at short notice ‘The items from the vocabulary section have been listed in the columns below. Use them for the exercises which follow. illustrate pattern infrastructure outrage nourish motive network outnumber fortify draw suspect route outstrip arm depict investigate navigate outwit equip design myriad make picture swing designate innumerable gain see waver describe untold stage view reach be destined abundant force perceive consider Activity 8: Primary Meaning Fillin the gaps in the following sentences using the words above. You may have to change the form of the word. 1. The police were puzzled by the absence of, for the murder, 2. Heleft the house, his news stil 3. Children’s books are often beautifully 4. Ancient peoples used the stars to at night. 5. There were problems that morning and Carol felt she just couldn't cope. 6. Inpoker the playerstryto____each other. 7. Short cuts sometimes take longer than going by the normal 8 The painting a young couple at a wedding celebration. 9. Graduating with high marks, Frankfelthe ___for a great career. 10, Floral are often used for curtains. 11. The areawas__asa nature reserve. 12. Supply has demand, causing prices to drop. 13, ARtera__of problems to deal with, Jane decided to quit her job. 14, The Romans their towns to protect them against barbarian invaders. 15, Developing countries often have a poor. including water supplies. 16. He was convicted of robbery. 17. She__ about going to Canada to work, but eventually decided she would. 18, Interior ___ features regularly in magazines about the home. 19. Most people develop a of friends while they are at school. 20. Apples tend to be more _ in September, ECPE BOOK 2-HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 7EXAMINATION - 1 Activity 9: Secondary Meaning Many of the vocabulary items have a secondary meaning, which is often a metaphorical use. Use this meaning tofillin the gapsiin the sentences below. 1 by their previous wins, the team felt confident before the match. Some items have been omitted by _ She walked into the meeting confident that she was with all the information she needed. Her love of painting was by frequent trips to the art gallery. . From your description, I can just what your new house looks like. Inmy there should be more parks inthe city. Howard got top marks by Con all his knowledge of the subject. 2 3. 4 5. 6. The government still has to a number of obstacles in the economy. 7. 8. 9. At conferences it's important to and exchange business cards. 10.|___the new house won't be finished in time for the wedding, 11, Serial killers usually exhibit. of behavior. 12. AMaster’s degree isa good ___ toa better ob. 13, The recent spate of protests _ the government's failure to help poor farmers. 14, The workers, a protest, concerned about falling production. 15, The storm caused __damage to the crops in the area. 10: Associated Contexts Write words for the following contexts from the vocabulary from this unit. Can you think of any others? See anne enn ne En EET ES ESEEEIEESEIEE SCC Provide something _—— Protest _ oo Be more than SSS Police Quantity Predict ——— Travel Art Opinion Decision 8 ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION,EXAMINATION - 1 Actvity 11: Word Grammar ‘what are the noun, verb and adjectival forms of the words? Write them in the spaces below. E Noun Verb ‘Adjective illustrate destine motivate suspect investigate : abundant network force outrage perceive nourish fortify arm reach consider Activity 12: Associated Prepositions Fil in the spaces in the sentences below with an appropriate preposition: He was suspected having cheated in the exam. 2 Only Jack had a motive embezzling the frm’ funds. 3 There were myriads flowers in his garden. 4 | predict shes destined ‘great things = The police were out force for the demonstration. The Japanese are perceived being very polite 7 She wavered whether to go or not. 2 Milkis often fortified vitamin D, 3 Hewasarmed agun 2. Mike always keeps his cell phone reach. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 39EXAMINATION - 1 sociated Words and Phrases Decide which words are commonly associated with each item. 1._point outrage 2. project untold 3._ behavior gain 4. success swing crime motive numbers investigate computers ilustrate obstacles pattern progress network 10. advantage make 11. public opinion outwit 12. your opponent navigate 13. infavor of reach 14, destination perception 15. common design Activity 14: Expressions Decide which expression should be used for each gap. 1. When I saw him he was, see eye to eye 2. Asthegame_____ it was clear the team would win. enroute 3. She was arrested having stolen the car. on suspicion of 4, The packages, __ and will arrive tomorrow. prime suspect 5. _____hisexcellent record, the company awarded him a bonus. inview of 6. Asfaras the police was concerned, he was the reach a conclusion 7. She will bringing the matter up at the next meeting. make @ point of 8, He was upset when his son decided to join the drew toa close 9. John and Bill never_on any issue and end up arguing. armed forces 10. There was so litle evidence that it was difficult to, about the picture of health what had happened. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION 2EXAMINATION - 2 littl) aS ALE ELNL? q EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH Exam Center:. Test Date: (center name) ety) (country) NAME (printed): (family or summame) (first name) (middie name) NAME (signature): Birthda‘ in Number: Registrat canter personal registration no. WRITING SECTION INSTRUCTIONS (30 minute ‘You may write in pen or pencil ‘You will have 30 minutes to write on one of the two topics. If you do not write on one of these topics, your paper will not be graded. If you do not understand the topics, ask the examiner to explain them. You may make an outline if you wish. Write about one-and-a-half to two pages. Your essay will be marked down if itis extremely short. Your essay will be graded on clarity and overall effectiveness, as well as on topic development, organization, and the range, accuracy and appropriateness of your grammar and vocabulary. coo of TOPICS Task 1 Education systems often emphasize history and literature when teaching children about their culture. However, Painting and sculpture are often not given as much attention. Do you think that artis an important part of a child’s education? Discuss your views. Task2 In many countries, the festivals of some large immigrant communities are celebrated in addition to the national traditional ones. Do you think this enriches the life of all citizens and promotes multiculturalism or does it weaken national identity? Discuss. a ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 ss section of the examination tests your understanding of spoken English. The listening section has three parts. “rere are 50 questions. Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not make any stray marks on the arswer sheet. If you change your mind about an answer, erase your first answer completely. Pact | - In this part, you will hear short conversations. From the three answer choices given, choose the answer rich means about the same thing as what you hear, or that is true based upon what you hear. For example, listen conversation: MLE: A. He has already been there. B. He suggests they try it. C. She doesn't want to go there. ‘orrect answer is “B.” problems 1 - 17, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated. >e2se listen carefully. Do you have any questions? A. He disagrees with the woman. 10. A. She can get coffee on the same floor. 3. She is surprised. B. She will go downstairs to get coffee. C._ She says sports benefit the body. C. The cafeteria is on the second floor. >A. He advises the woman to stay home. 11. A. She will help the man. 3. He thinks he should not go to work. B. They will not continue their work. C. She will go to work despite her fever. C. They will help each other. = A. Hegot drunk. 12. A. He has a question for the woman. 8. His car was taken away. B. She is surprised to see the man. © He was robbed. C. She found the mans cell phone. + A. Mark did not have experience. 13. A. He met Tom accidentally. 3. Mark made some excuses. B. She knew that Tom was in Mexico. Mark did not make a mistake. C. Tomis planning a trip to Mexico. = A. Heis disappointed. 14. A. He gave up smoking. 3. She is sure they'll get the raise. B. He smokes. C. They got a raise months ago. C. He has started smoking. =A. People should be praised for working hard. 15. A. Shes not well, 3. He believes workaholism is an addiction. B. Her work has piled up. C. Workaholism should be encouraged. C. She will be absent again, ~ A. Heis going to offer his assistance. 16. A. They are both going to the concert. 8. She is convinced she can do it. B. She is going to the concert alone. She likes to rely on other people. C. She will find a ticket for the man. 2A. Jane already has the job. 17. A. He agrees with what the woman says. 8. Jane will probably get the job. B. He thinks he works harder now. Jane will not get the job. C. She thinks the man works very hard. > He could not print his a 8. Heis sure he can print at the library. C. She is going to help the man. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION aASS EXAMINATION - 2 acs Sua) Part Il-In this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the three answer choices given, choose the one which best answers the question. EXAMPLE: A. Fine by me. B. Ifyou go first. © Let's say it The correct answer is “A” For problems 18 - 35, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions? 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25, 26. ‘A. You saved it on my hard disk. B. Itis too detailed. C. They need to write it. A. I'll do it as soon as I can. Itwasn’t at all easy. C. We close at 5:00 pm. A. Across the road. B. Fish and chips. C. They hired a new cook. A. It's optional. B. Itwas enjoyable. C. Not many will attend, A. | forgot my umbrella. B. Ithasn't rained today. . Iilpick you up. A. She's a secretary. B. Everyone's talking about it. ing a raise. C. They're get A. [got married last year. B. I needed to get in shape. C. Ididn't have time. ‘A. Athome. B. Last week. C. Mark did. 27. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. ep n> Can you give me their number? 'm glad you painted the house. \ didn't know you were a painter. Its a love story. I don’t know if I'l like it. The actors. After work. By bus. On the train. I'm staying here. | prefer the lift. like to exercise. Across the desk from him. She was watching TV. There are lots of empty seats. Not as far as | know. They're going this year. I'm enjoying it. It’s a great hotel. My friend visited it. llown a house there. Yes, it's the sale price. Yes, | brought it. Yes, they bought it here. I'm just about to, | put them there, Where's that? ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 SES kcs ua uals Partll-in this part, you will hear three short segments from a radio program. The program is called “Learning from ‘Te Experts.’ You will hear what two different radio guests have to say about three different topics. Each talk lasts 2=0ut two minutes, As you listen, you may want to take notes to help you remember information given in the talk. wS:TE YOUR NOTES IN THIS TEST BOOKLET. After each talk, you will be asked some questions about what was sz From the three answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according = the information you heard. 3emember, no problems can be repeated. For problems 36 - 50, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. Do you have any questions? ‘SEGMENT 1 - WRITE NOTES HERE: Why does Mr. Chanda mention the four groups of people? A. To show that they connected the world 8. To show that they had different motives C. To show that they were selfish What does the speaker say about donkeys and camels? A. They were used in remote areas. 8, They comprised the first steps in trading C. They united the world. According to Mr. Chanda, what makes globalization so dramatic? A. Itis easy to see, B. Itis too fast. C. Itis horrifying, What does the speaker say about the World Trade Center? A. Itshows the vulnerability of globalization. 8. Itslowed down the globalization process. . Itwas a direct result of increased globalization. How does the speaker feel about the response to threats today? A. Highly anxious 8. Cautiously optimi C. Somewhat disappointed ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 45EXAMINATION - 2 EAS) eyes) ‘SEGMENT 2 - WRITE NOTES HERE: ets a. 42. 43. 44, 45. What is ‘Alex’, according to the speaker? A. Afive-year old child B. Achimpanzee'’s name C. Avian Learning Experiment What did researchers originally believe? A. Apes could be taught to speak, B. Only humans could be taught to speak. C. Parrots could be taught to speak. What did Dr. Pepperberg do with Alex? A. She corrected his mistakes. B, She used him to teach children. C. She taught him to describe objects. What was the result of Alex's training? A. He became extremely intelligent. B. He had a young child's mental abilities. C. He learned to discuss abstract concepts. What did the results of the experiment prove? A Birds have evolved to be good communicators, B. Birds are skilled at rote learning. C. Birds can develop complex lea 19 skills, ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION,EXAMINATION - 2 SEGMENT 3 - WRITE NOTES HERE: & Where did Henry Moore want his sculpture to be exhibited? A. In beautiful buildings B. Incities Inwild nature 47. What would Henry Moore like about Kew? A. Itis not prim. 8. Ithasazoo. C. Itis vast. +3. In which season does the speaker imply the view through the sculptures will change? A. In spring B. Insummer Cc. Inwinter 43. What inspired Henry Moore to create “Oval with Points"? A. Desert landscapes 8. Classical architecture Anelephant's skull What does the speaker say "Large Upright” was partly inspired by? A. Asnail shell 8. Amother and child C. Interior design ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION, a51 52. 53. 54, 55. 56. 57. EXAMINATION - 2 Eo added GRAMMAR Se raid “it’s been decided that cor tothe 58. The law stipulates that new cars_with seat issue at next week's meeting” belts. A. isbeing given A. are fitted B._ was to be given B. befitted C. will be given are fit D. will have given D. fit John didn't realize he had found pieces of an 59, She will claim ___for the injury caused. ancient vase and A. damages A. norwe had B. damage B. neither did we C. damaged C sodidwe D. damaging D. we did too 60. It became clear in yesterday's meeting that the He denied __a salary for giving his services to economics of the plan _investors. the company. A. ate worrying A. being paid B. has worried B. paying C. isto worry C. tohave paid D. beworrying D. tobe pai 61. “I think deforestation is the main problem in the "Who did you say _ to see me this morning?” area’ A. did he come “True, it’s something __a lot of problems” B. had he come ‘A. has created CC. was coming B. having created D. will he come C. that creating "So John didn't tell you? Come on, be honest, who___?" A. didtell you B. did youtell C. you told D. you did tell “1s Jim coming tomorrow?" “Idon't expect him, but _ he come, I'll call you” A. could B. might C. should D. would “Ihear you, but can't agree with you” A. as much as much as so much that the more understand your point, | B. Se D. 62. 63. D. which has created “Did Mary quit her job after all?” “No, an interview with another company, she decided not to” A. after having had B. had she had she had D. were she to have He would not have committed himself to this project ihe ___ how time consuming it would be. A. had known B. has known C._knows D. knew |. He drives too fast. Yesterday he came an accident. A. closely to have close to having closely to having 8. G D. close to have ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 70. Only when she left the shop _ was gone. A. did she realize 8. had she realized she had realized D. she realized ___ her credit card No sooner had the announcement been made than ‘A. did the public start to protest B. protesting started the public C._ the public started to protest D. to protest started the public The study showed ___ for children in developing countries. A. how important immunization is, B. how is immunization important C. that how important immunization is ©. that how immunization is important “Is Fred doing well with the project?” “Yes, he's__onit” ‘A. hardly working 8. hard working C. working hardly D. working hard “Who did you talk to about the new assignment?” “No one __ than the people involved in it” A. but B. except C. other D. rather “Has Bob made any suggestions for the new project?” “No, all he does is about it” A. complain B, complaining C. tobe complaining D. complained “This is a really boring topic!” “Yes, | didn’t want to read the assignment, prepare a presentation on it!” A. apart from B. even much less D. rather not 72. 73. 74, 7. 76. 7. 78. “Has it been decided who will go to London next week?" “No, they A. have yet B. haven't yet yet have D. yet haven't to tell us” “This restaurant has _ recommend it to anyone.” ‘A. such good B. sogood C. good soa D. sucha good service that I'd “Peter's coming next week, _suits me just fine’. that which who what pne> Gina couldn't decide _ to go to the office party on Friday night or go away for the weekend. A if B. between C neither D. whether “ls this Peter's cell phone?" "it must be. Only he was here a minute ago. It can't, nobody else anybody else's nobody's else somebody's else's goere “The lecture was way above my head. | understood anything.” A. almost B. somehow C. hardly D. nearly “rm glad Tom is working with us.” “Me too. He __ experience in the field” A. is appearing to have B. appears to have appears he has D. appears having ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION, 4979. 80. 81 82. 83. EXAMINATION I aaa berg So ridiculous ‘A. did the situation look that B. the situation looked that C. did look that the situation D, looked that the situation “Im getting tired. It’s ime _ home” A. we went B. we had gone C. we are going D. wewill go “I've decided to see a doctor because I've been feeling ill over__ A. the last two months B. the two last months C. the latest two months D. the two latest months "ve made___ something to eat” A. allus 8. usall C weall D. allwe “Let's not do anything until | talk to Gary?” “OK. I'l wait hear from you then.” A. by the time 8. until C. while D. just before . She was a graduate, ‘A. as most of her friends B. as most her friends were C._as were most of her friends D. as they were most of her friends everybody burst out laughing. 85, 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. A Ldataduiloe Dave Lucas will join the company immediately, ‘as was agreed last week as he was agreed last week as it was last week agreed as agreed as was last week poe “Is Anne coming tomorrow?" “I don't think so. she would have called me” ‘A. Did she come B. Would she come C. Were she coming D. Was she to come She did not mind working late__. A. atleast B. inthe least C. inthe least D. the least “Vve just read A. allofit B. the whole of C. whole D. whole of the ___ War and Peace’ she went on working. A. Astired as she was B. She was tired C. Tired as was she D. Was she as tired “"m anxious about my driving test” “Youll be fine; just don't forget to signal _ right or left. A. aslongas you turn B._ having turned C. when turning D. while you are turned ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONfa keys Scientists have long been studying the relationship 31) ___ mental exercise and mental decline. Studies have shown that keeping the brain active is 100d precaution (92) _failing mental abilities. nose who play musical instruments or even enjoy crossword puzzles are more successful at (93)__ the onset of senile dementia, an extremely worrying condition (94) __ the elderly. Now it =2ppears from the latest research that languages can se added to the list of (95) _for the mind, Speaking two languages fluently is good for the brain, according to research carried (96)____on a hundred people of a variety of ages, (97)_ sandardized cognitive tests. The participants, who ‘vere all of (98) __ similar educational and social background, were asked to complete tasks testing heir vocabulary, and non-verbal reasoning al 99) _ their reaction time was also examined. Those that were bilingual scored (100)__better shan those simply monolingual. The research suggests (101) ___only that bilinguals ave increased mental efficiency throughout life, but 2150 (102)__the acquisition of a second language uring formative childhood years may in (103) way affect the development of neuronal circuits in the brain. These then help to offset the (104) __in mental processes as a person ages. However, studies into mental decay (105)__ bout by aging are still in the early stages and much ‘esearch remains to be (106)__. Correlations 107) _ persons of differing educational =xposure, daily demands and even physical health are notoriously difficult, (108) __genetic factors ‘ust also be taken into consideration. (109) __, it + hoped that future research will bring relief to those who fear the consequences (110)____aging, 93, 94, 95. 97, 98, 100. 101. 102. 103. 104, 105. 106. 107. 108, 109. 110. A c A. © A c A CQ A ie A OP OP OP OP OP A> OF OF Oe Oe A> AP OF OE of between with: by warding halting as to gymnastics detriments, to studying using advanced, them a accordingly supposedly these were that then that where any some passin formation taken given done carried between make their while So Nonetheless are mean ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 9" 92 9 9= Of OF Op 97 97 9 DF DF DF UF 9 OF Of Of OF Of affecting comprising advantages out while and when being with’ whereas and far less not it developed cases crucial neg losing decline brought shown, made taken to studying biological these Although Lastly to of 31EXAMINATION - 2 112. 113, 114, 1s. 116. 17. 52 The steel workers’ strike led toa parts for automobile manufacturers. supply of A. lessening B. reducing dropping D. dwindling ur top of the range products have been designed for the more _ customer. A. dissenting B. distracted discerning D. deceased The manager is regret at the mistake and offered a full refund. A. voiced 8. told C. apologized D. spoke This valley is___ from the worst effects of the weather by the surrounding hills. A. veiled B. shielded C. exposed D. intact ‘As the horses raced towards the line, it was a close as to which would win. A. shave B. call encounter, D. contact Doctors are concerned about the sudden increase in people _ the disease. ‘A. conveying B, _convalescing containing D. contracting Each generation throws up anew __of computer hackers. A. breed B. species C race D. people 119, 120. 121. 122. 123. 124, Following weeks of investigation, a warrant was for her arrest. A. given B. issued made D. fabricated The recent jobless figures for college graduates provide little ____for those considering entering higher education. A. predicament B. prospect C._ incentive D. investment There was considerable doubt that the would be passed unanimously. A. respite B. resolution C. revelation D. revolt Passengers should ____ the train manager of any suspicious bags. A. acquaint B. advise accustom D. alert Most people find household chores _. A. tedious B. painstaking C._Tikeable D. nauseous Anumber of ____were made to the buil during the renovation. A. blueprints B. restorations condemnations D. modifications In order to__ increasing road use, anew highway will be constructed. ‘A. accommodate B. escalate infiltrate D. alleviate ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION126. 127, 728. 729, 130, 131, The court's decision sets a__ for future cases. A. verdict B._ termination precedent D. benchmark In___ the proposed budget, the Treasurer made a number of serious errors. ‘A. outdoing 8. outlining outbidding D. outraging The presenter used some well-chosen examples to her point. A. verify 8. label labor D. illustrate The book's content the period 1945 - 1960. A. covers B. halts equates D. pinpoints Our staffis at your __ for any assistance you may need. A. demand B. disposal C. disgrace D. domain Relaxation is the most important of any vacation. ‘A. component B._ incident C. withdrawal D. sanctuary Ifwe continue to the Earth’s natural resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment. ‘A. decline B. delete C. deter D. deplete EXAMINATION - 2 132, 133, 134, 135. 136. 137. 138, Many wheat farmers have begun to__ into other forms of agriculture. A. amend B. convert C. diversify D. fluctuate Workers receive annual salary September. A. acclaims B. distributions C._rapports D. increments every Employees are frequently for their failure to act quickly. A. admonished B. imposed © misplaced D. compressed She has always had a of cruelty in her personality. A. streak B. stripe C. strip D._ strife The walls of the ancient bui all over in patterns. A. intricate B. introspective C. involved D. implicated 1g were painted The for food and eneray prices is good. A. perspective 8. notion C. outlook D. stance Itis part of a teacher's job to confidence in his or her students. A. formulate B. initiate C._ instill D. motivate ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 3139, 140. 141. 142. 143, 144, EXAMINATION - 2 MeL ea She said that her intentions were different and Harris had her comments. A. misbehaved B. miscarried C._ misconstrued D. misled They display chocolates next to supermarket checkouts to encourage buying. A. craving B. desire C. impulse D. inclination Such a large investment inevitably risk. some converges deploys entails invests goeP> The reviews criticized the film's ending as being and the plot as rather weak. A. contrived B. deviant extravagant D. spontaneous Over fifty countries an agreement to ban the use of harmful chemicals. A. raised B. rationed ratified D. recalled Delegates will be invited to nuclear disarmament. A. approve B. consent Cc. endorse D. mark unilateral ele ee 145. 146. 147. 148, 149, 150, Balsa Bad publicity was his ‘A. downfall B. downgrade downhill D. downpour Certainly TV is fortunate in being the most of the media. A. contained B. constrained C. pervasive D. restricted The mission was conditions at the time. contingent consistent reliable subjected on the weather one> John won't consider changing; he's always been a____ supporter of his football team. A. variable B. fickle C. reluctant D. staunch The newspaper ran a survey to determine the new party's popularity and __ support for it. A. count B. esteem gauge D. value He is in very good heath because he keeps to his, prescribed AL cure B. healing regimen D. remedy ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 This text is from an article in the science section of a newspaper concerning earthworms The humble earthworm is generally regarded 2 beneficial to farmers and gardeners alike as their ‘movernent through the soil helps aerate it and provides for better drainage. However, it seems that in parts of the world where earthworms are an invading species, they may actually do more damage than good to native flora and fauna, In the United States, earthworms are a recent arrival, descendants of those carried in the roots of mported plants. Native species were eradicated during the last Ice Age, over 10,000 years ago, their place taken by insects and micro-organisms, such as isopods and mites, which are now under threat from the new arrivals. Earthworms consume the leaf litter and mulch of the forest floor at a considerably faster rate than native micro-organisms, thus competing for resources and leading to a decline in their population. This in ‘tum affects the food chain, as many small animals and birds depend on such micro-organisms for survival. Earthworms also feed on fungi which many trees and ferns depend on to assist them absorb nutrients. All this activity serves to harm the biodiversity of the environment and researchers are beginning to «catalogue the effects. Shrew, vole and groundnesting bird populations are showing a decline in the Chippewa National Forest, to date the area most devastated by earthworm activity. The abundance and diversity of undergrowth in Minnesota also appears to have been dramatically reduced. In its conquest of the American forests, the earthworm has an ally - a kind of bush known as the European buckthorn. The two have a symbiotic relationship, the one nourishing the other. Together they pose a substantial threat to native American forests. 151. 154, 152. 153. 155. What main effect do introduced earthworms have? A. They assist farmers. B. They benefit aeration of the soil C. They are beneficial for plants. D. They are harmful to the environment, What are mites? A. atype of native earthworm B. a recently introduced species C. a species endangered by earthworms D. atype of insect How do introduced earthworms affect small animals? ‘A. Earthworms deny micro-organisms food. B. Earthworms eat dead leaves. . Earthworms compete with small animals for food. D. Earthworms destroy the fungi small animals need. Where does the author imply that earthworms are having their greatest impact? ‘A. the Chippewa National Forest B. Minnesota C. in the parts of American forests nearer the ground D. where European buckthorn is also found Why does the author mention the European buckthorn? A. Itisa type of plant. B. It is found in the American forests. C. Itis also an introduced species. D. Itencourages earthworm proliferation. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION, 55EXAMINATION - 2 This text is from an article in a general interest magazine concerning dogs. Research is beginning to look at man's special friend, the dog, examining its ancestry and what makes the link between the two species unique. Despite the huge variety of differing breeds, it comes as little surprise that the ancestry of dogs can be traced back to wolves. However, new research, based on tracing the DNA of various breeds, reveals that all today’s dogs appear to have descended from just three female wolves, and that a mere 15,000 years ago. In contrast to previous theories, which held that the Middle East and the New World were probably the source of domestication, it now seems likely that this occurred in or near China, spreading out with human migration and trading, The enormous variety of their offspring also appears to have resulted from intensive selective breeding over only the past five hundred years. Modern dog breeds can be categorized into those originally specialized for hunting, guarding or herding. Surprisingly, even breeds previously thought to be ancient, such as the Pharaoh Hound or Alsatian, have been shown to be recent, whereas a much closer relative to its wild wolf cousins is the tiny yapping Pekinese. The spread of the dog throughout human. communities most likely owes its success to the diverse roles which the dog is able to take on. The ease with which dogs lend themselves to their role as, ‘man’s best friend’ seems to stem from their abilities at social cognition. Dogs outperform even chimpanzees at interpreting social clues from humans, including understanding gestures and facial movements. This ability is present in puppies too, indicating that during the process of domestication it was ‘hard-wired’ into the brain, rather than a learned phenomenon. Scientists hope that further research may point to how humans evolved such social skills. 157, 158, 160. 156. 159. What seems to surprise the author? ‘A. Dogs are descended from wolves. B. The species began comparatively recently. C. Dogs began associ Middle East. D. The species was traded in China. ing with man in the What has happened over the past five hundred years? A. Breeds for hunting have been developed. B. Ancient breeds have been carefully preserved, C. Dogs have been bred for increased specialization. D. Pekinese have been bred from wolves. What makes dogs so suitable as companions for humans? ‘A, They are able to comprehend visual stimulus. B. They have been bred for functions They are regarded as friendly to humans. They are even more social animals than chimpanzees. ferent ga Why are researchers studying puppies? A. They are the most adept at understanding human gestures. B. They are indicative of how dogs were domesticated. C. They are too young to have been exposed to learning. D. They show how humans have developed social skill. What would be an appropriate title for this text? A. The history of dog breeds 8, From wolf to mans best friend C. Breeds of modern dogs D. How dogs were domesticated 56 ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 This text is from an article in a general interest magazine concerning flooring, There is one feature common to every single nouse, whether a glorious palace or a rude tent: a floor. In the past, floors often consisted merely of trampled earth, sometimes with straw or even dung mixed in. The result was hard, durable and cheap. Such was the quantity of accumulated animal dung that it was not, infrequent for floors to be mined for saltpeter, a main constituent of gunpowder. In medieval times, before hygiene laws made their mark, household refuse would frequently be incorporated. In a bid to mask these pungent odors, mint would be scattered on the floors, releasing a more palatable scent as people walked across the room. For the more affluent, the choice of flooring was more varied. The ancient Egyptians developed brick or stone floors more than 5,000 years ago, while floors made up of colored tiles became works of art in their own right. The ancient Greeks also saw the floor as a source of decoration, using colored oblong shapes known as ‘tesserae; a technique which later spread ‘throughout the Roman Empire and reached its pinnacle in North African villas of the fourth century. Ever practical, the Romans added the luxury of a hypocaust system, often stone flagged, which provided under- floor heating, They also used tiles as flooring material, an art which died out after the Roman period and was only revived in the nineteenth century and is now widely used. In colder climates today, carpets are the most popular floor covering. The oldest known woven rug dates back to 400 BCE and comes, not surprisingly from Siberia, although indisputably rug weaving in the Middle East had begun up to 3,000 years previously. Evidence of early woven material is also found in China and slightly later from South America. Perhaps the most famous ancient carpet is the one the Egyptian Queen. Cleopatra used to smuggle herself into the quarters of the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar. The Middle East still influences contemporary carpet designs, with most based on those developed during the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, between 1502 and 1736. 161. 162. 163, 164, 165. What does the author say about ‘gunpowder? A. Itwas used for floors. B. It was inexpensive. C. One ingredient comes from animal waste. D. It could be made from domestic rubbish. Why was mint often found on floors? A. itwas the law B. to improve their smell C. to hide household waste D. itwas hygienic Which type of material saw a long period of disuse? A. brick B. tile C. stone D. tesserae Where were carpets first made? A. Siberia B. The Middle East ©. China D. Egypt This text was written to... A. provide a history of flooring materials. B. explain techniques of floor construction. C. contrast the benefits of different flooring materials. D. show how floor coverings have improved over time. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION, 7EXAMINATION - 2 This text is from the business section of a newspaper concerning tweenagers. The burgeoning market of tweenagers is just beginning to attract considerable attention from economists in developed countries. Tweenagers, children aged eight to fourteen, appear to be becoming a much more powerful influence on consumer spending, despite the fact that this is a demographic group in decline in terms of percentage of population, Itis often said that children are growing up faster these days, informed by the mass media and Internet, highly connected to the pressures and influences of their peers. They have become acutely brand conscious and disdain the slapdash approach to trends and issues. expected of them by the older generation, With this comes a disposable income far in excess of any of their predecessors, thus allotting them their own space on every marketing director's budget. So significant is this new market force that research is now being carried out into their wider influence. This shows that up to 80% of all brands purchased by parents are affected by their offspring’s judgment. Startlingly, even car purchases show this trend, with 67% selected more on the children’s needs and desires than the parents! Alll in all, tweens spent and influenced a massive 1.8 trillion dollars in 2002. What makes today’s tweens so different is their communicative ability. Over 30% send text messages daily and a further 15% use the Internet every day to talk to friends. With tweens baulking at more traditional sources of entertainment, such as the TV, this means that advertisers need to rethink their strategies. Companies are now supplementing traditional advertising with ‘product placement, placing the right message at the right time in front of the right audience. This gives maximum impact for minimum costs, but does require the advertiser to engage in expensive ‘on-going market research. It seems the interactivity of the tweens is having a knock-on effect on those who wish to influence their influence. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. What are tweenagers? A. a growing section of the population B. anewly defined economic group C. young teenagers D. the most prolific spenders What does the author say makes today’s tweenagers different to those before? A. being pressurized by those the same age 8. brand marketing C. disapproval of their parents’ ‘opinions D. more spending power What surprised researchers investigating consumer spending? A. Parents are now buying brands. B. Most cars are bought with tweenagers in mind. C. Parents are easily dominated by their children. D. Tweenagers are a better judge of product. Why does advertising to tweenagers need to be different? A. They prefer to use a variety of new means. B. They know how to use technology. C. They spend more time watching TV. D. They have more friends than previous generations. What has led companies to invest in product placement? A. Itis cheaper. B, It goes to the correct target market. C. Other methods do not reach their target market. D. Tweenagers need intensive market research, ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 Vocabulary Practice 2 ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 ‘The items from the vocabulary section have been listed in the columns below. Use them for the exercises which follow. lessen voice shave breed predicament reduce tell call species prospect drop apologize encounter race incentive dwindle speak contact people investment dissent veiled convey give respite distract shield convalesce issue resolution discerning expose contain make revelation deceased intact contract fabricate revolt Activity 1: Primary Meaning Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words above. You may have to change the form of the word. 1. In the past, soldiers used swords and ___when fighting, 2. The number of giant pandas in the wild is _ 3. We do not discriminate against employees on the grounds of. or gender. 4. Unless one of you the agreement will be unanimous. 5. Poodles are my favorite___of dog. 6. The company decided to the number of hours employees need to work. 7. Youneeda__nose to be a wine taster. 8 Steven has a beautiful singing 9. Joannehas__ Chemistry because she finds it too difficult. 10. At weddings, the bride is. until the ceremony is almost complete. 11. Flight recorders are designed to stay after a crash. 12. Nothing grows well here because itis to the north wind, 13, People in Europe rarely a dangerous animal 14, Environmental protection was the | was most interested i 15. There wasno__between the battery and the wire so there was no power. 16. Teachers claim boys are more ea in class than girls. 17, Ittook him three weeks to after his illness. 18, Rail is a more efficient means of goods than road 19. As metal cools, it 20. Every year many insect. vanish from the planet. Activity 2: Secondary Meaning Many of the vocabulary items have a secondary meanir gaps in the sentences below. 19; which is often a metaphorical use. Use this meaning to fil in the 1, Canyou George and tell him I'l be there early? 2. She spoke politely, but it was a warning about his behavior. 3. This ticket is valid for three days after itis 4, Fire officers wear special clothes to__them from the heat. 5. Spending four weeks with his mother wasa___ she did not relish. 6. Ifyou any problems with that, just let me know. 7. She succeeded in__ two seconds off the world record. 8. They measles while on vacation at her sister's house. 9. Ithink that story is completely, to gain sympathy. 10. Justas their hopes were. they at last found their dog alive and well 11. Sheila her disagreement with the plan. 12, He resigned after newspapers. the scandal to the public. 13, Itwas difficult to__ who was going to win the prize. 14, Lack of adequate policing can lawlessness in a society. 15, Please my regards to your Director. 60 ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 Activity 3: Associated Contexts ‘rite words for the following contexts from the vocabulary from this unit. Can you think of any others? — Quantity —__ Speech Groups Opinion Problems Health Economy/Finance _ Employment - . Damage Prediction Activity 4: Word Grammar What are the noun, verb and adjectival forms of the words? Write them in the spaces below. Noun Verb Adjective reduce = dwindle dissent veil contain contract breed people fabricate | : prospective [ invest | resolution | revolt revelation convalesce ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 6EXAMINATION - 2 Activity 5: Associated Prepositions Fill in the spaces in the sentences below with an appropriate preposition: Tina was distracted doing her homework by the noise outside. Adrop registration could mean our canceling some classes. She apologized the lateness of her arrival ‘The statue was unrecognizable after years of exposure _ the weather. He found himself Pat was dreading the prospect. having to give a speech. She tooka respite fixing the roof to have a cup of coffee. She had a long encounter an angry customer. Lam contracted this company for the next six months. 10. Itis hoped there will be a reduction the number of accidents this year. Activity 6: Associated Words and Phrases Decide which words are commonly associated with each item. {a predicament when she unexpectedly accepted his offer. 1. burden fabricate 2. ahint incentive 3._resources lessen 4. hope veiled 5. threat encounter 6. dissent revolt 7._ difficulties dwindling 8. financial voice 9. to pass incentive 10, offer dwindling 11. to stage resolution 12. excuse encounter, 13. brief investment 14, long term, drop ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 Activity 7: Expressions Decide which expression should be used for each gap. These projects her ability. take issue with 2 Hehada when he swerved to avoid a parked car. race against time They decided to his description of their home town, speak volumes about + Hehad to tobe heard. drop the subject 5. There has been _ umbrellas this year as it's been so dry. no call for 6. Police officers dangerous criminals routinely. come into contact with 7 Itwasa to get Kim to hospital before the baby was born. more orless 8. She had to when she saw he was getting upset. tell the difference 3. They're so similar, it's hard to raise his voice 0. The new road is. finished now. close shave The items from the vocabulary section have been listed i the columns below. Use them for the exercises which follow. acquaint blueprint verdict verify demand advise restoration termination label disposal accustom ‘condemnation precedent labor disgrace alert modification benchmark illustrate domain tedious accommodate outdo cover component painstaking escalate outline halt incident likeable infitrate outbid equate withdrawal nauseous alleviate outrage pinpoint sanctuary Activity 8: Primary Meaning Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the words above. You may have to change the form of the word. Their from the negotiations was due to obvious lack of progress. Your passport will be needed to your identity. The bomb turned out to be an annoying hoax. Our hotel can over 200 conference delegates. | usually find an aspirin is enough to a headache. Detectives managed to the drug smuggling ring, Atrocities such as these bring instant from all sections of society. 8. Lalways needa few daysto__myself toa new time zone. 9. The date on your contract is June 21 10. The of old buildings has made the downtown area more attractive 11, The bookisa_ description of how to have a successful marriage, 12, Waiting for a bus isso__Id rather take a cab. 13, Police were called when the demonstration 14, China plans to create for wild pandas to help preserve the species. 15. to the attic have turned it into a studio flat. 16. We've been using the 2001 statistics asa__for this year’s performance. 17. The architect delayed sending the until his account was paid in full 18. Traveling by ship makes Mike even when its calm, 19, Those who study computers have to be familiar with all their _ 20. There were no. of violence at the football match to a riot. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 6EXAMINATION - 2 ‘Activity 9: Secondary Meaning ‘Many of the vocabulary items have a secondary meaning, which is often a metaphorical use. Use this meaning to illin the gaps in the sentences below. 41. During the children’s party, their fathers retreated into the of the study. 2. Iwas by the description of medieval torture. 3. Laura couldn't where the noise was coming from. 4, Inthe past, dyslectic students were sometimes, as lazy. 5. Ihave too many ‘on my time to help you just now. 6. Our restructuring plan should provide a for other companies. 7. All requests for financial assistance are the __of the Accounts Office. 8. It’s usually better to make from an ATM, instead of going into the bank. 9. Peter bought a map so he could _ himself with the area. 10. To survive in the wild, voles need to stay un. _, wondered if you'd like to attend a concert this weekend? 12. Our staff advisory service should be able to all your needs. 13. Couldyou__for me while m out of the office? 14, Don't give details, just tell them the 15, The press filmed the of the statue to the museum after its theft. Activity 10: Associated Contexts Write words for the following contexts from the vocabulary from this unit. Can you think of any others? Speech a Opinion - Buildings Problems ee Economy/Finance a Movement Location Employment Decision Organization 4 ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 Activity 11: Word Grammar what are the noun, verb and adjectival forms of the words? Write them in the spaces below. ‘Noun Verb ‘Adjective acquainted : tedious painstaking : nauseous restoration ‘condemnation escalate infiltrate alleviate outline outbid outrage verify equate disgrace Activity 12: Associated Prepositions Fill in the spaces in the sentences below with an appropriate preposition: | have not yet been acquainted the facts on this matter, She is not accustomed having to cook for herself, Doctors continue to alert the pul ___ the risks involved in smoking, The protest escalated jolence when the police appeared. 5. I don’t think this situation should be equated the one last year. He was then sacked and left the company disgrace. 7. Ourverdict the match was that the team could have played better, 8. We believe this plan comprises a blueprint__future operations. 9. Your bank manager will advise you__the best investments. 10, Ted always disposes Used batteries in the box provided. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 2 Activity 13: Associated Words and Phrases Decide which words are commonly associated with each item. 1. detail outline 2. pain restore 3._points cover 4,_marred by incident 5._ pronounce alleviate 6._ provide painstaking 7._confidence verdict 8. organization disposal 9._truth restore 10, accuracy infiltrate 11. order verify 12. deliver pinpoint 13, contract blueprint 14, plan terminate 15, waste verdict Activity 14: Expressions Decide which expression should be used for each gap. 1. Could you introduce me to your Director? Id like to onthealert If 1 allow you to skip class, it will for the others. on demand They had to to the construction when ancient ruins were found. call ahalt Children ‘on your time all day long. at your disposal Should you require any assistance, lam. This job may be tiring, but it's a Be for any suspicious persons in the vicinity The police moved in darkness. The advantage of ATMSsis that you can get money 10. The police were put on __ during the President's visit. 66 ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION make demands red alert labor of love under cover of make his acquaintance seta precedentEXAMINATION 3EXAMINATION FOR THE CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN ENGLISH Exam Center: Test Date: (center name) (ay) (country) NAME (printed): (family or surname) rst name) (middle name) NAME (signature): Birthdate: Registration Number: O center no. personal registration no. WRITING SECTION INSTRUCTIONS (30 minute time limit) You may write in pen or penc You will have 30 minutes to write on one of the two topics. If you do not write on one of these topics, your paper will not be graded. If you do not understand the topics, ask the examiner to explain them. © You may make an outline if you wish. 0 Write about one-and-a-half to two pages. Your essay will be marked down ifit is extremely short. ° will be graded on clarity and overall effectiveness, as well as on topic development, jon, and the range, accuracy and appropriateness of your grammar and vocabulary. o 0 TOPICS Task1 In some societies, gun ownership is considered the right of every citizen, while in others it is highly restricted in order to reduce the danger to other members of society. In your opinion, should gun ownership be permitted freely or should there be heavy restrictions. Discuss, giving your reasons. Task 2 Agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol try to reduce the amount of damage to the environment through governmental action. Do you think that responsibility for the environment is up to governments or should it be the responsibility of each citizen? 68 ECPE BOOK 2 HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 3 section of the examination tests your understanding of spoken English. The listening section has three parts. ee are 50 questions. Mark all your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not make any stray marks on the 2=swer sheet. If you change your mind about an answer, erase your first answer completely. Part | - In this part, you will hear short conversations. From the three answer choices given, choose the answer s=rich means about the same thing as what you hear, or that is true based upon what you hear. For example, listen = the conversation: MPLE: A. He has already been there. B, He suggests they try C. She doesn't want to go there. ¢ correct answer is"B.” or problems 1 - 17, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated, '225e listen carefully. Do you have any questions? A. He thinks the room is dark. 10. A. He is going on an outing this Sunday. 8. He wants to switch the lights off. B. The weather forecast for the weekend is rainy. C. She thinks itis too dark. CC. She would prefer them to do some gardening, 2A. Hewas driving the truck. 11. A. They both need to go shopping. 8. He was looking both ways. B. He wants to buy some clothes. C. He was trying to cross the road. C._ She does not enjoy shopping. 3. A. Heis happy this week. 12. A. Helen is flying in tonight. B. The week was tiring for both of them. B. His flight will arrive late. C. She is working on the weekend. C. She is aware of the flight delay. +A. The jacket and coat are in the closet. 13. A. He is buying a stereo for his car. B. Hes looking in the closet. B. Sheis planning her Christmas presents. ._ She will wear her jacket. ._ She has found a new car stereo she likes. 5. A. Hewants to change the battery. 14. A. Hes traveling with the woman. B. She is buying an expensive car. B. Hes planning to go away this summer. CC. She needs a new car. CC. Sheis traveling this summer. 5. A. The concert was held last week. 15. A. Jonathan works with the man. B. Hes considering going to the concert. B, Jonathan is the woman's co-worker. C._ She is going to the concert with the man. C. She has not met Jonathan. 7. A. He was waiting for the woman. 16. A. Ithas snowed there before. 8. She is glad the man arrived. B. The children did not like the snow. C. She is usually late. CC. Heis sure it will snow again. 8. A. Heis managing a shoe store. 17. A. He does not know why everyone is late B. He will go to the shoe store. B. She is not sure when the party is. C. She owns a shoe store. C. She thinks no-one will arrive. 9. A. He has received his laptop. B. He has shown the laptop to the woman. ._ She has been shown the new laptop. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 69EXAMINATION - 3 LISTENING Part Il-n this part of the test, you will hear a question. From the three answer choices given, choose the one which best answers the question. EXAMPLE: A. Fine by me. B, Ifyou go first. ©. Let's say it. The correct answer is“A” For problems 18 - 35, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. No problems can be repeated. Please listen carefully. Do you have any questions? 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. ne> ne> oe> I'm going fishing. I haven't written it yet. Sorry, but they're very busy. Actually, can we make it Saturday instead? Of course. What would you like me to cook? Yes, we could try that new Indian restaurant. On the weekend. For the conference. im thinking of driving. Two or three days will be plenty. I know some good, cheap hotels. I've never been to a wedding. . Actually, we almost never argue. Yes, but she wouldn't tell me anything. No, because we agreed to ask her. My appointment's at five. I made a reservation. | can't then, unfortunately. She says she simply can't afford it. Yes, her flight's due in about now. She thinks it will be a wonderful surprise. Who is Joanna? 'm sorry, but | can't. couldn't make it. | guess I'll never know. It fulfilled all my ambitions. ve worked so hard to get it. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32, 33. 34, 35, APP APS APS OSH NEP NBD OPP A B. c No, we need to continue straight on here. | tried earlier, but it wouldn't go round at all. Good idea. Il take over in a minute. I'd rather not. Idon't think | will, Vd consider it. You'll see it soon on your left. Yes, in about a minute. Next exit Detroit. She prefers your suggestions. She's never liked going to clubs. ‘She thinks it'll be well received. I've never been to Thailand. Wve never cooked it. Really? Id love to! had a headache. I'm thinking of doing it. Tenjoyed the class. She proposed changing the schedule. She suggested a few revisions. She read the headlines out aloud. Yes, they made a decision yesterday. No, | think they were telling the truth. Well, they‘re certainly talking again. Iwould love to see it. What time will it start? Actually I went out to eat. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 3 Part Ill -In this part, you will hear three short segments from a radio program. The program is called “Learning from the Experts’ You will hear what two different radio guests have to say about three different topics. Each talk lasts 200ut two minutes. As you listen, you may want to take notes to help you remember information given in the talk WRITE YOUR NOTES IN THIS TEST BOOKLET. After each talk, you will be asked some que: ns about what was said. From the three answer choices given, you should choose the one which best answers the question according 10 the information you heard. Remember, no problems can be repeated. For problems 36 - 50, MARK YOUR ANSWERS ON THE SEPARATE ANSWER SHEET. Do you have any questions? SEGMENT 1 - WRITE NOTES HERE: 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. What does Christian Rutz study? A. How crows react to disturbance B. The diet of crows C. Tools used by crows What was novel about the cameras used to observe the birds? A. They were very small and light. B, They were placed on the birds. . They were able to transmit data. How many hours of video did Dr Rutz get for his study? Ad B 3 a7 Why were the crows using the dried grass stems? A. Itwas a random action B. To mark the location C. To search for ants Why did one crow show preference for a particular stick? A. It was cost effective. B. Itwas maneuverable. C. Itwas unique. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION nEXAMINATIOI eal ct Bus ‘SEGMENT 2 - WRITE NOTES HERE: 4. 42. 43. 44, 45, n What is the central theme of "Books on Fire"? A. Book burning by invading armies B. The loss of undesired books C. Threats to libraries in the ancient world, What does the woman say about educated people? A. They are difficult to rule. 8. They have answers to their questions. C. They try to create a perfect world. When did the systematic destruction of books start? ‘A. Long before the birth of Christ B, When the library of Alexandria was burnt C. At the time of Chairman Mao What does the author say is happening in major libraries today? ‘A. Original books are no longer being used. B. Computers are taking over. C. Some books are unreadable. How has the book disappointed the woman? A. Itis not humorous enough. B. It makes unreasonable points. C. Ithas been poorly translated, ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION,EXAMINATION - 3 ‘SEGMENT 3 - WRITE NOTES HERE: 47. 48. 49, 50. What was Greenland like before the 18th century? A. Ithad fertile land. B. Ithad colder temperatures. C. Ithad no settlers. How is life changing in Greenland today? ‘A. Agricultural activities differ. 8. There are over fifty cattle farms. C. Vegetables are no longer imported. What does the speaker say about strawberries? ‘A. They are grown on some farms. B. They can be found in some supermarkets. . They are grown in some home gardens. ‘According to the woman, what are the consequences of the melting ice for Greenlanders? A. Itwill affect their way of life, B. They will have to leave the coastal areas. C. The northern parts will become uninhabitable. What does the man imply about climate change for Greenland? A. Itisa serious threat. 8. Itis not unwelcome. C Itisa necessary evil. ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION, Bst. 52. 53, 54, 55. 56. 57. " EXAMINATION - Rasta la Ra uur’ work last week, but something happened and | couldn't ‘A. |could start B. If l were to start C. Iwas started D. Iwas to have started They say that the California fires were caused by arson, but there is no information on whether A. any suspects they have B. any suspects they do have C. do they have any suspects D. they have any suspects Only by working hard __ the project in time. you will manage to finish you will manage finishing will you manage finishing will you manage to finish pne> Who____ when you called? ‘A. did you speak to B. to you spoke C. todid you speak D. you spoke to “Haven't you found your cell phone yet?” “No, it's nowhere ___” A. to find it B. inorder to find C. tobe found D. tohave found he was seeing his daughter off to Australia. A. The last | hear B. Last | heard C. Hast heard D. heard last “Can you give me a ride again tomorrow?” *Get your own cat. | didn't buy a car a ride to work every day!” A. soasican B. that! could C. so that | could D. somuch I could give you Cs 58. As well incredibly handsome, he's also very intelligent. You're a very lucky woman. A. asheis B. that heis C. asbeing D. he's been 59, They managed to avoid Emily at the end of 60. 61. 62. 63. the show, but they ran into her on the train half an hour later. A. tohave seen B. having seen C. toseeing D. seeing “Did you try speaking to her?” “Of course | did, but she wasn't what | had to say.” A. the least bit B. the last bit C. at least the bit D. at last a bit interested in There are so many things to do and them! A. such alittle time time such a little so few times so little time todo B ic D. If you're not too busy, Id like the lawn as soon as possible. A. mown’ B. tobe mowing C. tomow D. be mown “Worrying about the new contract doesn't help, you know! “Yes, | know it doesn't help, but it's___ than. done’ A. said easily B. easier said C. easier saying D. easy to say ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION Rule CS Alias 54. "But why do you object?” 71. fl in your shoes, | wouldn't give it another “Such policies will result against us” thought. ‘A. with their vote A. am 8. in their voting 8. have been C. to their voting was being D. for their vote D. were She's _ efficient worker that no boss would 72. account should you leave the building want to lose her. without notifying a member of staff. A. such an A. Oflittle 8. so much B. Ofno © so Not on any D. such D. Noton your 56. But why are you confused? Didn't he __itwas___73. ‘Why isn't Mary with you?" going to be? "No sooner had we reached the front door__ A. say where she got an emergency phone call from a patient” 8. tell where A. that C. say that B. as D. tell that . than D. yet 87. | recommend _ seek legal advice as soon as possible. 74, If it’s all the same to you, | have a preference ‘A. for your husband ateight. 8. your husband to A. start C. toyour husband B. tostart D. that your husband C. for starting D. starting 68. Why bother it well if you're not going to get any recognition for it? A. your doing B. that you do todo D. todoing 69, voters are coming round to our point of view. ‘A. More and more B. More or less C. The most of D. The least of 70. you like about her, she’s the most capable employee this company's ever had. A. Say what B. Tell me that Cc. Say which D. Tell me what 75. | was wondering if you over these accounts for me, please. A. could mind going B. mind to go C. minded going D. would mind going 76. Never this country. A. hasit been B. there hasn't been C. hasn'tit been D. has there been such a high unemployment rate in 77. Itwas essential that you the first person to arrive so as to welcome the guests. A. should be B. could have been C. were being D. are tobe ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 7578. 79. 80, 31 82. 83. EXAMINATION - 3 Rall Rawls Don't let her comments ____ you, Always take 85. gone to the wedding would have turned the what she says with a pinch of salt. whole family against me. A. deter A. Not to have B. todeter B. Having not C. deterring C. Had Inot D. to deterring D. ifthad not Your father doesn't mind, but! would much rather _ 86. “I'm surprised he failed the exam.” you___atall. “He wouldn't have, __ panicked." A. are not smoking A. if he wasn’t 8. not smoking B. ifhe had C. don't smoke C. had he not D. didn't smoke You shouldn't be helping her. It’s high time she her homework by herself. starts to do is starting doing starts doing started doing on@> you have filled out the application correctly, you should hear from us within a few weeks. ‘A. Just as soon as B. So faras C. Providing D. The sooner if were you, | would not take any notice __she says A. about that, B. of what. for which D. about which Probably due to corer all evening. A. her been B._ she's being C. herbeing D. having being shy she sat brooding ina | Ifind her handwriting very difficult its almost illegible. A. tobe read B. for reading C. toread D. inreading 87. 89. 90. D. had he been "Yes, it was me again. | apologize” “Iwish you____ always bother me like that! I's very annoying” A. couldn't B. don't wouldn't D. won't . It’s standard practice for a company like this one a security officer. A. toemploy B._ having employed employing D. tobe employed So why is it that the hardest workers standard are always the poorest of people? A. byany B. from any C. forevery D. inevery hard she works she's not going to pass the November exam. It's too soon. A. No matter B. However C. Whatever D. Whatsoever ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONEXAMINATION - 3 Processing information is a quality (91)___ to the human brain and one which separates human beings 92) __ their animal relatives. The way in which different types of data is processed varies (93)___ to its content. Using sophisticated new technology, scientists are discovering how the brain reacts 94) _ emotionally charged information. \t appears that the two hemispheres of the brain have different functions (95)__ responding to ‘emotional input. The left side decodes the literal meaning, (96) the right side assesses the tone of the message, (97) known as prosody. By measuring the velocity of blood flow (98) brain tissue, scientists were able to see which areas required more supply of oxygen and glucose, (99)__ for brain activity. Increased blood flow (100) __ increased demand, and therefore increased mental activity in these areas. 101) _test subjects focused on the meaning ofa statement, blood flow increased significantly to the left side of the brain. When they were asked about the emotion (102)_, it was both the left and right sides which received an increase in velocity, (103) that meaning and emotional content are considered together when reacting (104) a message. This new understanding is important for victims of brain damage (105) _ by accidents or strokes. Itcan help explain why (106) __ experience difficulties in confusing literal meaning (107)____ the emotional content of a message, something that can lead to serious misunderstandings. (108)____ identifying (109) __areas are responsible for these functions, doctors hope that future research will (110) __ them to ways to effect repairs. 91. 92. 93, 94, 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103, 104, 105, 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. A> O> O> OP A> A> OF OP Oe OF OF OF OF OR OP A> AE A> A> A> separate having between from reflecting according that dramatically although at while letting something being compared accordingly than demanding implies drains Having When location saying adding implying on for enticed done some their of resulting This Before which emotional demonstrate investigate ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 9 97 9" 9% 9= DF OF 97 97 97 9F UF 9 OF DF OP OF p> 9= op unique possessed to with indicating responding to when when are however leaving is certainly its to vital helped yet and These Besides expressed that showed made to about leaving caused to more with not Probably By the wrong sign lead nm1. 112, 113. 114, 115. 116. 117. 7B EXAMINATION - 3 VOCABULARY VOCABULARY VOCABULARY Some doctors advise__meat from our diet. 118, Most people wear their watches on their left A. consuming B. restricting A. limb C.telishing B. flank D. eliminating C. joint D. wrist twas difficult for Paul to___into his new class. A. diffuse 119. Inthe event of fire, please use the B. absorb emergency exits. C. integrate A. unseen D. compound B. untimely unlikely In writing the book, she _strongly on D. unforeseen her childhood memories. A drew B. exploited 120. The meaning of some abstract artis often probed D. cast A. obscure 8. obsolete documents must not be shown to C obtuse anyone. D. obstinate A. Furtive B. Confidential C._ Disclosed 121. The lining of this jacket provides excellent heat D. Composed A. insulation These jeans are a fit. B. padding A. sleek amplification 8. polished D. constriction coarse D. tight 122. The escapees vanished without The college __held.a reunion ten years A trail after graduating. 8. trauma A. faculty C. trace B. campus D. trial Cc. alumni D. induction 123, The wolf watched its prey__. A. intentionally Myra is good at__difficult concepts 8. intensely quickly. C._ intricately A. grasping D. intriguingly B. fielding C_ fumbling 124, Il choose a good wine to___ this fine meal. D. striking A. complement B. blend unify D. pace ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION,th 127, 128. 129, 130. 131. EXAMINATION - 3 VOCABULARY Mae at The police __arreconstruction at the scene 132. of the crime. A. endeavored B. staged C_ pitched D. envisaged For this position, an excellent ofGerman 133, is essential. A. sequence 8. itinerary C. expertise D. command On the of the election, no opinion polls 134. were allowed to be published. A. eve B. event advent D. advocate She is to have been involved in the 135. diamond smuggling trade. A. claimed B. alleged C. persuaded D. accused His team scored a victory over their 136. ‘opponents. A. broad 8. narrow C. near D. mere Mark's controversial new book has brought him back into the public. 137. A eye B. limelight C glare D. vision I need to read that chapter again. | didn’t quite ‘the material. 138. A. grasp B. conceive C perceive D. tackle Meet ‘The company complained about excessive government into its legitimate activities. A. burden 8. intrusion imposition D. obligation The border in this region is___ and many refugees have simply walked across. A. impermeable B. irresistible C. leaky D. porous I'm afraid | can’t help you. |am completely __ about astrophysics. A. unaware B. unfamiliar ignorant D. disinterested Historically, there has always been intense __ between England and France. A. challenge 8. contention C. contest DL rivalry I managed to sit next to him for the whole time and at the end of the lecture we phone numbers. A. substituted 8. exchanged interchanged D. restored Large audiences make me nervous and | tend to ___ over my words. A. stagger 8B. shuffle c fumble D. stumble the sweater My granddaughter has grown I knitted for her only six months ago. A. up B. over away from D. out of ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION 79139. 140. 141. 142. 143, 144, EXAMINATION - 3 Maecenas Mei ealahe ee UES Iwas completely by their reaction as | 145. The politician was from the government ‘could see no reason for it. for not following the party line. A restrained A. expelled B. pacified B. expired C. spurred C excluded D._ baffled D. extracted Part of the difficulty___in providing sufficient 146. Thelibrary over 4,000 novels and almost evidence. 2,000 works of nonfiction. AL lay A. consists B. rose B. comprises Clie composes D. found D. covers Jonathan refrained from answering and 147. The public’s attitude to the strike has. with his lawyer. since the incident. A. confided A. strengthened B. conferred B. hardened confirmed C. fortified D. confronted D. reinforced ____ everyone from the office was at the 148. The museum sports an extensive collection of wedding reception. farm machinery from the nineteenth A. Principally century. B. Entirely A. obsolete Practically BL extinct D. Utterly Cc. primeval D. archaic | was somewhat taken by his indiscreetness. 149, The elections had clearly been fixed since the A. along number of votes did not_with the number, B. afar of voters. C. aback A. tie D. aside B. equal C tally Penny's neither hardworking nor intelligent. D. total She's never going to__toagreat deal. A. advance 150. When taking the exam, make sure you__the 8B. amount same amount of time to each question. C. progress A. disperse D. approach B. distribute C. allocate D. appoint ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNIONThis text is from an article in the science section of a newspaper concerning the sun. Everyone is aware that human beings, incommon 151. Why does the author use the word with a large part of the animal kingdom, have a ‘heartbeat’ in describing the Sun? heartbeat. It is an indispensable part of being alive, A. Ithas a system for redistributing oxygen. B. Ithas a circulatory system. C. Ithas a regular pulse. D. Itis a phenomenon which cannot be observed easily. circulating oxygen around the body and carrying away wastes, What is much less well known is that the Sun also appears to have a form of heartbeat too, 2 brightening and dimming of intensity which goes through its cycle nine times each century, but which is. 152. What does environmental evidence indicate? too subtle to be detected without acute observation. ‘A. The Sun has an eleven year cycle. Each cycle lasts approximately eleven years, 8. Fewer sunspots appear at regular during which the Sun’s intensity varies by about 0.1 intervals. C. The Sun’ intensity is unconnected to its percent, and is linked to the sunspot phenomenon. sunspot cycle. More sunspots mean greater intensity, while fewer D. Some cycles are more or less intense. have the opposite effect. This fluctuation is not limited only to the eleven year cycle. Increasing environmental 153, How can sunspots affect the Earth? evidence, such as that from tree rings and ice cores, ‘A. Sunspots can increase the Earth's shows that solar intensity can change by 0.2 - 0.6 temperature. percent over the centuries. B. An increase leads to colder temperatures. C. Alterations in the climate may be a These fluctuations can have a dramatic impact ‘on Earth. During the late 17th and early 18th century, D. Foe when there are more the sunspot cycle was virtually dormant. This period sunspots. coincides with a mini ice-age, in which Alpine glaciers advanced and rivers, such as the Thames, regularly 154. Why is it difficult to obtain data? froze over in winter. Conversely, during a surge in A. Too much of the Sun's energy reaches sunspot activity, identified though tree ring analysis, satellites. the temperatures in Greenland were such that Viking Bata from different sate ies bs iticule settlement flourished. ae , C. Equipment on Earth is not able to predict Unfortunately, obtaining accurate data on the the weather, Sun's output is a task fraught with difficulty. Ground D. Satellites do not give accurate readings. based monitoring equipment is subject to the vagaries of the weather, as clouds absorb or reflect up to 155. What would be an appropriate title for the half of the Sun's energy. Better are satellites in orbit text? around the planet, but even this is far from easy. Most ‘A. The Sun's eleven year cycle satellites have a working life of less than ten years and Peete oS enue naa when data is obtained from replacements, it is not Personne always possible to calibrate the readings from the two D. The dangers inherent in sunspot activity accurately. Despite this, scientists hope that future measurements will enable them to precisely predict the Sun's activity, and thus its potential effect on the Earth's climate. ECPE BOOK 2- HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION aiEXAMINATION - 3 This text is from an article in a general interest magazine concerning road rage. While the common image is that of a young man shaking his fist and shouting on a rush hour American freeway, road rage is a phenomenon not bound by any geographical area, culture or even gender. This experience of sudden, almost uncontrollable, fury towards fellow road users is universal. However, recent research has begun to show how detrimental this can be for the health. The triggers for road rage are multifarious, ranging from cars following at too close proximity, blocking of the road, and particularly the battle for parking space. Poor roads and inadequately maintained vehicles also contribute. The visible reaction is all too easy to observe: verbal abuse, rude gestures and even full- blown physical assault, as happens over 1,200 times annually in the US. Yet these observable reactions also have a more harmful hidden side. As the body responds to a strong wave of aggressive stimulation, it begins to pour stress hormones into the bloodstream. These, in turn, affect the heart and other vital organs, with adrenaline pumped into the muscles as the body is prepared for ‘flight or fight: The harmful result is intensified when this stress response recurs over and over, as it does for many drivers who suffer regularly from road rage. This adrenaline rush also contributes to a road rage spiral. Research shows that giving vent to feelings of aggression serves in fact to amplify these feelings, with the result that drivers drive faster, more recklessly and then overreact to the behavior of other drivers, even reaching the point of shooting others simply for having their car radio too loud, Studies show women equally affected, apparently empowered by a feeling of being encased in a virtually indestructible space. Ironically, in the end, itis this impression of invulnerability which provokes such perilous behavior on our roads. 156. What does the author say road rage is? A. something men suffer from B. something provoked by crowded roads C. strong disapproval towards drivers from other places D. something felt by drivers worldwide 157. What can be the cause of road rage? A. cars following too near B. difficult places to park C. impolite gestures D. attack from drivers 158. What happens when someone experiences road rage? A. Their health suffers. B, Adrenaline is produced by the heart. C. It damages their muscles. D. The sensation is similar to fear of flying. 159. What is a road rage spiral, according to the author? A. driving carelessly B. killing other drivers C. annoying other drivers with loud music D. becoming increasingly angry 160. What does the author believe is ultimately the reason for road rage? ‘A. poor women drivers B. a feeling of being trapped C. drivers feel safe D. dangerous driving ECPE BOOK 2 - HELLENIC AMERICAN UNION