TON DUC THANG UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

POWER ELECTRONICS - 403037

Chapter 2:

RECTIFIERS
2022 Tran Quoc Hoan, PhD
Outline
2

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers

2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers

2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers

 2.1 Introduction 3

Convert AC voltage to DC
voltage

Generate pure DC output

General characteristics:
voltage

Produce voltage/current
waveform with specified
DC component
 2.1 Introduction 4

Number of input phases:

• Single-phase rectifier
• Three-phase rectifier
• n-phase rectifier

Number of pulses: 1, 2, 3, 6…
 2.1 Introduction 5

▪ Possibilities of output voltage control:

✓ Uncontrolled rectifier: diodes

✓ Half-controlled rectifier: diodes & thyristors

✓ Full-controlled rectifier: thyristors

▪ Wiring:

✓ Bridge rectifier

✓ Node rectifier
 2.1 Introduction 6

✓ Single-phase rectifiers:

▪ Half-wave rectifier: diode/SCR

▪ Full-wave rectifier: diode/SCR

✓ Three-phase rectifiers:

▪ Three-phase node rectifier: diode/SCR

▪ Three-phase bridge rectifier: diode/SCR

 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
7

➢ Diode rectifier: controlled rectifier

✓ R load:
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
8

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R load:

1 Vm
Vo ,avg =  V sin ( ) ( )
 t d  t =
2 0 
m


1 Vm
 Vm sin (t )  d (t ) =
2
Vo , RMS =
2 0 2
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
9

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L load:
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
10

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L load:
dio ( t )
Vm sin (t ) = Rio ( t ) + L
dt
−
sin (  −  ) + sin ( ) e 
= 0;  = extinction angle
Vm  −t
 sin (t −  ) + sin ( ) e   for 0  t  
io (t ) =  Z  
0 for   t  2
−1   L  L
Z = R + ( L ) ;  = tan  ;  =
2 2

 R  R
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
11

➢ Diode rectifier:
➢ R-L-E load:
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
12

Waveforms of half-wave rectifier with R-L-E load

 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
13

✓ Diode rectifier:
✓ R-L-E load:
 Vdc 
Vm sin  = Vdc   = sin  −1

 Vm 
dio ( t )
Vm sin (t ) = Rio ( t ) + L + Vdc
dt
Vm Vdc −t
 sin (t −  ) − + Ae  for   t  
io (t ) =  Z R
0 otherwise
 Vm Vdc   
A =  − sin ( −  ) +  e
 Z R
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
14

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Freewheeling diode: D2

vs > 0 vs < 0
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
15

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Creating a DC load current:
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
16

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Steady-state load
voltage and current
waveforms with
freewheeling diode:

Vo ,avg
Vm
io ( t )  I o ,avg = =
R R
L
→
R

Reducing load
current harmonics
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
17

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Capacitor filter C:

Creating a DC voltage from an AC source

 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
18

✓ SCR rectifier: controlled rectifier

✓ Conduct conditions of SCR:

vAK  0

iG  0

✓ When SCR is conducting, the gate current can be

removed, and the SCR remains ON until the current
goes to zero
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
19

✓ SCR rectifier: R load

 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
20

✓ SCR rectifier: R load

✓ Gate signal is applied to the SCR at:

t = 
 : delay angle (firing angle)

1 Vm
Vo ,avg =  Vm sin (t ) d (t ) = (1 + cos  )
2  2

 sin ( 2 )
 (V sin (t ) )
1 Vm
d ( t ) =
2
Vo , RMS = 1− +
2  2
m
2
 2.2 Half-Wave Rectifiers
21

✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
22

✓ Diode rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
23

✓ Diode rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
24

✓ Diode rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
25

➢ Diode rectifier: ✓ (D1 & D2), (D3 & D4) conduct

together;
✓ (D1 & D3), (D2 & D4) cannot be
ON at the same time
✓ Load voltage vo:
✓ (D1 & D2) ON: vo = vs
✓ (D3 & D4) ON: vo = - vs
✓ Maximum voltage across a reverse-
biased diode: - vs
✓ Frequency of output voltage: 2fs
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
26

➢ Diode rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
27

✓ Diode rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
28

➢ Diode rectifier: R load

Vm sin (t ) for 0  t  

vo (t ) = 
−Vm sin (t ) for   t  2

1 2Vm
Vo ,avg =  V sin (t ) d (t ) =
 0
m

Vm
Vo , RMS =
2
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
29

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
30

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
31

➢ Diode rectifier:
✓ Center-tapped transformer rectifier:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
32

➢ Diode rectifier: R-L load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
33

✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
34

✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load

When L is large enough, the current is nearly constant

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
35

✓ Diode rectifier: R-L load


vo (t ) = Vo + V
n = 2,4
n cos ( n0t +  )

2Vm 2Vm  1 1 
Vo = and Vn = −
 
  n − 1 n + 1 
Vo
Io =
R
V Vn
In = n =
Zn R 2 + ( n L )
2
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
36

➢ SCR rectifier: R load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
37

✓ SCR rectifier: R load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
38

➢ SCR rectifier: R Load


1 Vm
Vo ,avg =  V sin (t ) d (t ) = (1 + cos  )
 m


 sin ( 2 )
( sin (t ) )
1 Vm
 d ( t ) =
2
Vo , RMS = V 1− +
 m
2  2
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
39

✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load

 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
40

✓ Discontinuous current:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
41

✓ Continuous current:
 2.3 Full-Wave Rectifiers
42

✓ SCR rectifier: R-L load

- Continuous current mode:    +

- Discontinuous current mode:    +
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
43

✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load

✓ (D1,D2,D3): only one diode

conducts at one time.
✓ Output voltage ≈ Phase input
voltage
✓ Three-pulse rectifier
✓ Fundamental frequency of
the output voltage is 3ω
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
44

✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
45

✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
46

✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier: R load


v A ( t ) = Vm sin (t )

  2 
 B( ) m
v t = V sin   t − 
  3 
  2 
vC ( t ) = Vm sin  t + 
  3 
5 6
1 3 3
Vo ,avg =
2  6 Vm sin (t ) d (t ) = 2 Vm
3
3
5 /6
3  3
Vo , RMS =  V sin ( ) d ( ) = Vm
2 2
 + 
2 2
m
/6 3 4 
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
47

✓ Three-phase diode node rectifier:

➢ The output voltage has 3 pulses for each cycle of
input voltage.
➢ Output frequency: fo = 3f (To = T/3)
➢ Each diode conducts in one third cycle.

Io I RMS
I diode( avg ) = ; I diode( RMS ) =
3 3
Vdiode = VL− L = 3Vm
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
48

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

✓ D1, D3, D5: common cathode

✓ D2, D4, D6: common anode
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
49

(D1,D3,D5), (D2,D4,D6): only one diode conducts

at one time.

(D1,D4), (D2,D5), (D3,D6): cannot conduct at the

same time.

Output voltage ≈ Line-to-line input voltage

Six-pulse rectifier

Fundamental frequency of the output voltage is 6ω

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
50

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
51

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
52

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
53

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
54

✓ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier: R load

 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
55

➢ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

✓ Output voltage:

3 3
Vo ,avg = Vm

 /2
3  
Vo , RMS =  3V sin   +  d ( )
2 2

  /6  6
m

2 /3
9 3 9 3
= Vm  sin ( ) d ( ) = Vm
2
+ = 1.655Vm
 /3
2 4
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
56

➢ Three-phase diode bridge rectifier:

✓ Output current:

Vo 3 3
I o ,avg = = Vo , RMS
Z Z
Vo , RMS Vm 3 9 3
I o , RMS = = +
Z Z 2 4
I o ,avg I o , RMS
I diode( avg ) = ; I diode( RMS ) =
3 3
2
I s , RMS = I o , RMS
3
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
57

✓ Three-phase SCR bridge rectifier:

➢ Higher power factor

➢ Can be connected to the
utility directly without
using transformer
➢ Most important rectifier
converter ➢ Can be considered as a

➢ Wide range of application series connection of two 3-

➢ Better DC output voltage phase 3-pulse rectifier
 2.4 Three-Phase Rectifiers
58

✓ Three-phase SCR bridge rectifier:  = 45

 Summary & Assignments
59

Summary:
configurations and Assignments: 3.1 -
operational principles 3.42; 4.1 - 4.33 in [1]
of rectifiers.