OMS 1600 Boosters-Amps Rev-A 09jan07

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OMS 1600 Family

STM-16/64 Boosters &


Pre-amplifiers
Rev. A - January 2007
SE Codes and Application Codes
• Three variants of plug in optical amplifier cards are
supported starting from OMS 1600 Release 2.0.1:
• SK25PA Single Pump Booster only
• SK25PB Single Pump Booster + Pre-Amp
• SK25PC Dual Pump Booster + Pre-Amp
• Used to increase spans for STM-16 and STM-64 lines
supporting optical application codes like:
• SK25PA V16.2 / V64.2
• SK25PB U16.2 / UJE64.2
• SK25PC UJE16.2 / ULJE16.2 / ULJE64.2
• All above mentioned cards interwork with the amplifiable
STM-16 and STM-64/G.709 cards:
• SK68D STM-16 with fixed optics
• SK69CB STM-64/G.709 with fixed optics
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 2 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Release Information
Boosters and Pre-Amps are unmanaged at Rel. 2.0.1. (No
alarms, Output Power fixed).
At Rel. 2.0.1 only amplified STM-16 applications (excluding
ULJE16.2) are supported.

From Rel. 2.1.1 the Boosters and Pre-Amps are managed.


(Alarms and Control with Adjustable Output Power).
From Rel. 2.1.1 amplified STM-64 links and STM-16
ULJE16.2 application are also supported.
V16.2 U16.2 UJE16.2 ULJE16.2 LJE64.2 V64.2 UJE64.2 ULJE64.2
SK25PA R2.0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A R2.1.1 N/A N/A

SK25PB N/A R2.0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A R2.1.1 N/A

SK25PC N/A N/A R2.0.1 R2.1.1 N/A N/A N/A R2.1.1


© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 3 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Some Technical Details
The STM-64/G.709 amplifiable card incorporates on-card
VOAs (Variable Optical Attenuators), which ensure optimum
input power operating range for the receiver, as well as
configurable transmit output power. This provides for a wide
range of configuration options without the need for external
optical attenuators.
The STM-16 amplifiable card provides a fixed transmit
output power. When used with the pre-amp an external
10dB attenuator must be fitted between the pre-amp output
and the STM-16 amplifiable card input, except for ULJE16.2
application where DCF is fitted instead.
The Boosters and Pre-Amps are erbium doped amplifiers.
The optical hazard level is 1M.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 4 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
The STM-64/G.709 amplifiable card optionally provides:
- G.709 out-of-band (OOB) FEC in G.709 operation mode
- In-band FEC either acc. G.707 or MSH64 proprietary
mode when in STM-64 operation mode, facilitating the
possibility of interworking with legacy Marconi products
such as MSH64.

The G.709 FEC offers a significant improvement over G.707


FEC and enables the STM-64/G.709 amplifiable card to
span similar distances to the STM-16 card.

In the following STM-64/G.709 applications, optical budget


parameters are quoted with G.709 FEC enabled and all
FEC options disabled.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 5 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
ALS and APR
ALS (Automatic Laser Shutdown) is supported by the
amplifiable SDH interfaces.
In case of ALS at the SDH interface the booster stops
emitting light (no light in = no light out).

APR (Automatic Power Reduction) is supported by the


Booster as well as by the Pre-Amp and shuts down the
pump laser when a LOS condition appears.

LOS condition typically appears at:


• for the Pre-Amp: -37.5 dBm (typ.)
• for the Booster: -7 dBm (typ.)

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 6 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Technical Details: Amplifiable Cards
• STM-16 Amplifiable Card (available from Rel. 2.0.1)
• Input: -9 dBm to -28 dBm
• Output: 0 dBm to -4 dBm
• Dispersion Tolerance: 3600ps/nm

• STM-64 Amplifiable Card (available from Rel. 2.1.1)


• Input: +2.5 dBm to -22.4 dBm (no FEC)
+2.5 dBm to -27.4 dBm (with G.709 FEC)
• Output: +2.5 dBm to -15 dBm (user configurable)
• Dispersion Tolerance: 2000ps/nm

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 7 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Technical Details: Boosters
• Single Pump Booster - Managed (from Rel. 2.1.1)
• Input: -6 dBm to 0 dBm
• Output: Adjustable1 +5.0 to +14.8 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)
• Single Pump Booster - Unmanaged (Rel. 2.0.1 only)
• Input : -6 dBm to 0 dBm
• Output: +14.2 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)

• Dual Pump Booster - Managed (from Rel. 2.1.1)


• Input: -6 dBm to 0 dBm
• Output: Adjustable1 +15.0 to +18.0 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)
• Dual Pump Booster - Unmanaged (Rel. 2.0.1 only)
• Input: -6 dBm to 0 dBm
• Output: +17.2 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)
Note 1: The Adjustable range allows the equipment to meet related ITU-T span application codes as well as
specific customer operating requirements.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 8 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Technical Details: Pre-Amplifier
• Pre-Amp Managed (from Rel. 2.1.1)
• Input1: -36.75 dBm to -10 dBm
• Output1: Adjustable -7 dBm to -0.8 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)

• Pre-Amp Unmanaged (Rel. 2.0.1 only)


• Input: -30 dBm to -10 dBm
• Output: -0.8 dBm (+/- 0.9 dBm)

Note 1: When input power drops below -30dBm, for every 1dBm drop in input power, the output power is
derated by 1dBm.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 9 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-16 Budgets (Rel. 2.0.1 only)
Unmanaged Amplifiers - 1/2

V16.2 [nom. 120 km acc. G.691] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PA)
Booster

STM-16 Tx 39.30 dB max atten[1] STM-16


Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) -28 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +14.2 dBm -9 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

U16.2 [nom. 160 km] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PB)
Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-16 Tx 10dB STM-16


41.30 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card -4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) Card
-30 dBm (min) -19 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +14.2 dBm -0.8 dBm -9 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm -10 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 10 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-16 Budgets (Rel. 2.0.1 only)
Unmanaged Amplifiers - 2/2

UJE16.2 [nom. 175 km] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PC)
Dual Pump Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-16 Tx 10dB STM-16


44.30 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) -30 dBm (min) -19 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +17.2 dBm -0.8 dBm -9 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm -10 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 11 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-16 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Managed Amplifiers - 1/2

V16.2 [nom. 120 km acc. G.691] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PA)
Booster

STM-16 Tx 39.90 dB max atten[1] STM-16


Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +5.0 dBm (min) -28 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) -9 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

U16.2 [nom. 160 km acc. G.691] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PB)
Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-16 Tx 10dB STM-16


48.65 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card -4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) Card
+5.0 dBm (min) -36.75 dBm (min)[2] -7.9 dBm (min)[2] -19 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) -9 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
[2] When input power drops below -30dBm, for every 1dBm drop in input power, the LCT output power setting is derated by 1dBm
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 12 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-16 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Managed Amplifiers - 2/2

UJE16.2 [nom. 200 km] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm


(SK68D & SK25PC)
Dual Pump Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-16 Tx 10dB STM-16


51.85 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +15.0 dBm (min) -36.75 dBm (min)[2] -7.9 dBm (min)[2] -19 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +18.0 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) -9 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

ULJE16.2 [nom. 240 km] Dispersion tolerance 5000ps/nm


(SK68D, SK25PC
& DCF[3]) Dual Pump Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-16 Tx DCF[3] STM-16


51.85 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-4 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +15.0 dBm (min) -36.75 dBm (min)[2] -7.9 dBm (min)[2] -19 dBm (min)
-2 dBm (typ) 0 dBm (max) +18.0 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) -1.4 dBm (max )[3] -9 dBm (max)
0 dBm (max) Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
[2] When input power drops below -30dBm, for every 1dBm drop in input power, the LCT output power setting is derated by 1dBm
[3] ULJE16.2 application proven using DCF SMF C-90KM, SE code LU20XM. Pre-amp output setting < -1.4dBm required.
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 13 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Standalone Application
LJE64.2 (FEC disabled) [nom. 85 km] Dispersion tolerance 2000ps/nm
(SK69CB)

STM-64 Tx 22.90 dB max atten[1] STM-64


Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card -22.4 dBm (min) Card
-15 dBm (min) -24.8 dBm (typ)
+2.5 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)

LJE64.2 (G709 FEC enabled) [nom. 100 km] Dispersion tolerance 2000ps/nm
(SK69CB)

STM-64 Tx 27.90 dB max atten[1] STM-64


Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-15 dBm (min) -27.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 14 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Managed Amplifiers - 1/3
V64.2b (FEC disabled) [nom. 120 km acc. G.691] Dispersion tolerance 2400ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PA & DCF[2])
Booster

DCF[2]
STM-64 Tx 34.30 dB max atten[1] STM-64
Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +5.0 dBm (min) -22.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) -24.8 dBm (typ)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm +2.5 dBm (max)

V64.2b (G709 FEC enabled) [nom. 120+ km] Dispersion tolerance 2400ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PA & DCF[2])
Booster

DCF[2]
STM-64 Tx 39.30 dB max atten[1] STM-64
Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +5.0 dBm (min) -27.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
[2] Refer following STM-64 Dispersion Compensation section for requirement details
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 15 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Managed Amplifiers - 2/3
UJE64.2 (FEC disabled) [nom. 160 km] Dispersion tolerance 3200ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PB & DCF[2])
Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-64 Tx DCF[2] STM-64


41.90 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card -15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min)
Card
+5.0 dBm (min) -30 dBm (min) -1.7 dBm (min)[3] -22.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

UJE64.2 (G709 FEC enabled) [nom. 160+ km] Dispersion tolerance 3200ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PB & DCF[2])
Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-64 Tx DCF[2] STM-64


48.65 dB max atten[1] Rx
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card -15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) Card
+5.0 dBm (min) -36.75 dBm (min) -7.9 dBm (min)[4] -22.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +14.8 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
[2] Refer following STM-64 Dispersion Compensation section for requirement details
[3] For nominal default output power setting –0.8 dBm +/- 0.9dBm
[4] For pre-amp input power below –30dBm, for every 1dBm drop in input power, output power setting via LCT must be correspondingly reduced by 1dBm.
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 16 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Budgets (from Rel. 2.1.1)
Managed Amplifiers - 3/3
ULJE64.2 (FEC disabled) [nom. 180 km] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PC & DCF[2])
Dual Pump Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-64 Tx DCF[2] DCF[2]


45.10 dB max atten[1] Rx STM-64
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +15.0 dBm (min) -30 dBm (min) -1.7 dBm (min)[3] -22.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +18.0 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

ULJE64.2 (G709 FEC enabled) [nom. 200 km] Dispersion tolerance 3600ps/nm[2]
(SK69CB, SK25PC & DCF[2])
Dual Pump Booster
& Pre-Amp

STM-64 Tx DCF[2] DCF[2]


51.85 dB max atten[1] Rx STM-64
Amplifiable Amplifiable
Card Card
-15 dBm (min) -6 dBm (min) +15.0 dBm (min) -36.75 dBm (min) -7.9 dBm (min)[4] -22.4 dBm (min)
+2.5 dBm (max) 0 dBm (max) +18.0 dBm (max) -10 dBm (max) +0.1 dBm (max) +2.5 dBm (max)
Stability +/- 0.9 dBm

Notes: [1] Includes 2dB optical path penalty (acc. to ITU-T G.691)
[2] Refer following STM-64 Dispersion Compensation section for requirement details
[3] For nominal default output power setting –0.8 dBm +/- 0.9dBm
[4] For pre-amp input power below –30dBm, for every 1dBm drop in input power, output power setting via LCT must be correspondingly reduced by 1dBm.
Denotes optical connector mating pair

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 17 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Dispersion Compensation
In order to realise the V64.2b, UJE64.2 and ULJE64.2
applications additional dispersion compensation fibre (DCF)
is required to be installed as part of the optical link.

Amount of DCF required to be installed as part of the optical


link is dependent on:
• Length of the optical link
• Booster amplifier output power

To minimise the amount of DCF that needs to be added, the


lowest possible booster amplifier output power that allows
the attenuation of the link to be met should be used.

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 18 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
STM-64 Dispersion Compensation
For V64.2b applications DCF fitted between STM-64/G.709
amplifiable card transmit output and booster amplifier input.

For UJE64.2 and ULJE64.2 applications DCF is fitted


between pre-amp output and STM-64/G.709 amplifiable
card receive input and booster amplifier input and where
applicable also between STM-64/G.709 amplifiable card
transmit output and booster amplifier input.

The DCF values provided in the following Tables 1 and 2


are based on the assumption that:
- OMS 1600 STM-64/G.709 Amplifiable card & Amplifiers
used at both ends of the link
- Fibre cable dispersion coefficient = 17ps/nm.km
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 19 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
DCF for V64.2b Applications

DCF Between OTM/STM-64


Amplifiable Card Output and
Booster Amplifer Input (km)

System Booster Launch Power


Length (dBm)
(km)
13 14
50 0 0
60 0 0
70 0 0
80 0 0
90 0 0
100 0 20
110 10 30
120 30

Table 1.

© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 20 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
DCF for UJE/ULJE64.2 Applications
DCF between Pre-Amplifier Output and OTM/STM-64 Amplifiable Card Input DCF between OTM/STM-64 Amplifiable Card Output Booster Amplififier
(km) Input (km)

System System
Link's Booster Amplifier Launch Power (dBm) Link's Booster Amplifier Launch Power (dBm)
Length Length
(km) 13 14 15 16 17 18 (km) 13 14 15 16 17 18
50 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 0 0 0 0 0 0
60 0 0 0 0 10 20 60 0 0 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0 20 30 70 0 0 0 0 0 0
80 0 0 0 10 30 40 80 0 0 0 0 0 0
90 0 0 10 20 40 50 90 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 0 10 20 30 50 60 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
110 10 20 30 40 60 70 110 0 0 0 0 0 0
120 20 30 40 50 70 80 120 0 0 0 0 0 0
130 30 40 50 60 80 90 130 0 0 0 0 0 0
140 40 50 60 70 90 100 140 0 0 0 0 0 0
150 50 60 70 80 100 110 150 0 0 0 0 0 0
160 60 70 80 90 110 120 160 0 0 0 0 0 0
170 70 80 90 100 120 130 170 0 0 0 0 0 0
180 80 90 100 110 130 140 180 0 0 0 0 0 0
190 90 100 110 120 140 150 190 0 0 0 0 0 0
200 100 110 120 130 150 160 200 0 0 0 0 0 0
210 110 120 130 140 160 160 210 0 0 0 0 0 20
220 120 130 140 150 160 160 220 0 0 0 0 10 30
230 130 140 150 160 160 160 230 0 0 0 0 20
240 140 150 160 160 160 160 240 0 0 0 20
250 150 160 160 160 160 160 250 0 0 20 30

Table 2.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 21 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
Dispersion Compensation Modules
Table 3 lists the supported Required SE
Description
DCF (km) Code
Dispersion Compensation
10 LU20XD DCM SMF C-10KM
Module (DCM) available for 20 LU20XE DCM SMF C-20KM
the DCF values specified in 30 LU20XF DCM SMF C-30KM
40 LU20XG DCM SMF C-40KM
Tables 1 & 2. 50 LU20XH DCM SMF C-50KM
60 LU20XJ DCM SMF C-60KM
The DCM’s are totally self 70 LU20XK DCM SMF C-70KM
80 LU20XL DCM SMF C-80KM
contained, passive units that 90 LU20XM DCM SMF C-90KM
will typically be fitted in the 100 LU20XN DCM SMF C-100KM
110 LU20XP DCM SMF C-110KM
same equipment rack as the 120 LU20XQ DCM SMF C-120KM
OMS 1600 sub-rack. They do 130 LU20XR DCM SMF C-130KM
140 LU20XS DCM SMF C-140KM
not fit inside the OMS 1600 150 LU20XT DCM SMF C-150KM
sub-rack. 160 LU20XU DCM SMF C-160KM

Table 3.
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 22 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09
© Ericsson AB 2007 Ericssonwide Internal 23 (23) OMS 1600 STM-16/64 Boosters & Pre-Amplifier Rev. A - 2007-01-09

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