Cambridge O Level: Pakistan Studies 2059/02 May/June 2022
Cambridge O Level: Pakistan Studies 2059/02 May/June 2022
Cambridge O Level: Pakistan Studies 2059/02 May/June 2022
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
marks are not deducted for errors
marks are not deducted for omissions
answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
V = Karachi
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(ii) Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on 2
the Balochistan Plateau.
hilly/mountainous
uneven land topography/rough/rugged/rocky
desert/sandy/lack of water/hot/dry/arid/barren
sparsely populated/low population/far from large settlements
lack of labour/workers
lack of customers/lack of demand
local resistance
remote/difficult to access/few roads/no roads
partial/poor/no electricity/power supply
partial/poor/no communications/phone/internet
expensive/not cost effective to build
2 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of the airport in 3
Peshawar.
Note: Max. 1 mark for accurate direction from named feature/location. Max. 1
mark for distance from named feature/location.
3 @ 1 mark
1(a)(iv) State two improvements that have recently taken place in air 2
communications in Pakistan.
1(b)(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) and your own knowledge, suggest two advantages 4
of locating a new large-scale industry at W.
Note: 2 marks for locating a relevant feature on Fig. 1.2, 2 marks for
suggested advantages linked to Fig. 1.2.
Note: credit for suggested advantages can be given without location.
2 @ 2 marks
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development.
2 @ 2 marks
A
Building new international airports in Pakistan has the most potential to
increase trade and development.
B
Improving existing international seaports in Pakistan has the most
potential to increase trade and development.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
2(a)(i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing three desert areas in southern and 1
western Pakistan.
X Kharan
or
Y Thal
2(a)(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of the desert named in (a)(i) 3
above.
in Balochistan in Punjab
3 @ 1 mark
2(a)(iii) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of the Thar desert. 2
Using Fig. 2.2 only, state two features of the desert shown.
2(b) Explain how desert areas influence the development of road networks in 4
Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks
day length:
(Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere so) it is tilted towards the sun;
therefore has long(er)/more daylight hours during summer
or
(Pakistan is in the northern hemisphere so) is tilted away from the sun;
therefore has short(er)/fewer daylight hours during winter
temperature:
southern Pakistan is closer to the equator; so has higher temperatures
than northern Pakistan
or
northern Pakistan is further from the equator; so has lower temperatures
than southern Pakistan
southern Pakistan/areas closer to the equator receive more
concentrated/direct/intense rays/of the sun; resulting in higher
temperatures
or
the sun’s rays are dispersed/spread over a larger surface area in the
north; so northern Pakistan is cooler than the south
the sun’s rays are at a higher angle of incidence in southern Pakistan;
making temperatures higher
or
the sun’s rays are at a lower angle of incidence in northern Pakistan;
making temperatures lower
the sun’s rays travel a longer distance through the atmosphere at higher
latitudes; making temperatures lower or vice versa
Note: 2 marks for effect of latitude. 1 mark for effect on day length, 1 mark for
effect on temperature
2 @ 2 marks
air pressure
wind direction
2 @ 1 mark
2(d) In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the 6
south of Pakistan due to drought.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
flood water can be stored in reservoirs for use at a later date for irrigation
flood waters bring alluvium which can increase fertility of soils
hotter climates can allow new varieties of crops to be grown
most storms such as cyclones and floods occur near the coastal areas
and much of Pakistan’s industry is located further inland
Pakistan can build flood defences to prevent loss of life and to protect
buildings and industries
Pakistan can provide education and emergency action plans to help
protect people from storms
new farming techniques/seeds can resist drought
agriculture is affected but other industries can continue during most
extreme climate events
3(a)(i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction. 3
Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig 3.1 in the
spaces provided.
tunnel/underground/passage
rock/stone walls/rocky
lights/dim light/poorly lit
low ceiling/low roof
nets/wire mesh on ceiling/roof
rail(s)/track(s)/train track(s)
(train/rail/mine) trucks/carts/trolleys
orange/brown/grey colour rock/ground/walls
flat ground/floor
2 @ 1 mark
3(a)(iii) Suggest how coal is extracted from the type of mine shown in Fig. 3.2. 2
Adit mine:
coal/mineral seam is exposed on a hillside
a tunnel/passage is made into the hillside/seam
explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track out
of the mine)
Shaft mine:
a shaft is drilled down from the surface to reach the coal seam
(underground)
explosives/mining tools are used/coal is dug out
tracks are laid/put down (through the tunnel)
coal is put/loaded in trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs
trucks/carts/trolleys/tubs run/are transported/pulled/pushed (on a track to
the shaft)
coal/trucks/loads lifted to the surface
2 @ 1 mark
3(b)(iii) Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of 3
Pakistan’s energy sources.
Note: 1 mark for accurate line/divide. 2 marks for correct shading in each
segment.
advantages:
solar is a renewable resource; will not run out/can be used again/reduces
use of non-renewables
solar power is environmentally friendly; because it doesn’t burn
anything/does not create air pollution/greenhouse gases
Pakistan is sunny/has high number of sunshine hours/250-300 sunny
days a year; so most/remote regions can utilise solar power
once solar panels have been installed running costs are low; saving
money in the long term
small solar panels can be provided on homes; provides electricity to
areas without need for pylons and cables
solar panels are portable; can be installed on house rooftops/slopes/can
be easily installed
solar panels are low maintenance; minimal running costs/need for
servicing
disadvantages:
amount of power generated per solar panel is quite small; may need
several to power a home
development of solar farms takes up large areas; land is needed for
agriculture/industry etc.
expensive to buy panels/construct solar farms; difficult to afford the initial
investment/may need loans/increases debt
no power is generated at night; in winter days are shorter in the north of
Pakistan so energy production is not guaranteed
some regions of Pakistan have long periods of cloud/rain/snow; less
power is generated during these times/a backup source may be needed
solar panels can get covered in dust/sand; require cleaning to ensure
they can still operate/reduces their efficiency
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks
3(d) Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of its power using renewable 6
energy by 2030, yet coal-fired power stations are being rapidly
developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power station and by 2019
there were nine, providing 15 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity supply.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
4(a)(i) Complete the table to define the three main types of farming in Pakistan. 3
cash crop/commercial/arable
livestock/pastoral
subsistence/small-scale subsistence
3 @ 1 mark
4(a)(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western 1
Pakistan where one type of livestock is mainly kept.
State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown on Fig. 4.1.
sheep/goats
1 @ 1 mark
4(a)(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within 3
southern and western Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept.
4(b)(i) Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by 2
value of major crops grown in Pakistan.
Cotton
12%
2 @ 1 mark
4(b)(ii) State one major use for each of the crops below: 3
tobacco: recreation/cigars/cigarettes/pipes/medicine/
pharmaceuticals/smoking/chewing
3 @ 1 mark
4(c)(i) Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of 4
cotton. You should develop your answer.
soil:
should be fertile/alluvial/black/loam/loamy/clay; for the crop to grow
well/so the soil is well drained
the pH of the soil should be neutral/pH5.8-8.0/neither very acid or
alkaline; cotton is very sensitive to/does not grow well in alkaline soil
impervious sub-soil is needed/essential; because it retains water/so soil
stays moist
needs manure/dung/animal waste; to improve/maintain fertility of the soil
climate:
ideal temperature for cotton is hot/25–35°C; is needed for high yield/crops
cannot survive in cold/best for ripening/harvesting
mild night-time temperatures are needed/not too cold at night; for the
development of the bolls/is sensitive to frost
dry days are best for harvesting; rain will spoil the bolls at harvest time
ample/sufficient/moderate/regular rainfall is needed/500–1000 mm;
frequent showers with sunny periods in between/to prevent crops
withering/for optimal growth
when rainfall is less than 500 mm it is too dry; (crop
fails/die/water/irrigation is needed)
flooding/heavy rainfall; (will destroy the crops/causing them to
rot/breaking down the stalks)
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point. 1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks
4(c)(ii) Complete the passage below about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choose 3
the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.
4(d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute 6
water shortages. 2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow
enough food for one person compared with 50 litres of water being
needed per person per day for domestic use.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide
or
5(a)(ii) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing average annual population 3
change by district in southern and western Pakistan between 1998 and
2017.
Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of the districts within
southern and western Pakistan with over 4 per cent annual population
change.
5(a)(iii) Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district 2
labelled Z in Fig. 5.1.
international migration
internal migration between provinces/districts
rural to urban migration
displaced people/refugees
push or pull factors (two from below:)
in search of jobs/education/healthcare, etc.
fleeing war/conflict/disaster/hazards, etc.
increasing birth rates
decreasing death rates/infant mortality rates
birth rate is increasing while death rate is decreasing
people are living longer/longer life expectancy
people having larger numbers of children
2 @ 1 mark
5(b)(i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan. 2
Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe two features of the area shown.
5(b)(ii) State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan. 2
5(b)(iii) Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities. 4
4 @ 1 mark
5(c) Explain two strategies which could be used to improve living conditions 4
in existing tent cities in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
Note: 1 mark for simple point and a further mark for the development of the
point.1 mark for second simple point and a further mark for development of
the second point.
Note: Max. 2 marks if no development
2 @ 2 marks
5(d) Read the following two views about approaches that could be taken to 6
further develop Pakistan’s economy.
Reducing death rates and the spread of disease in Pakistan is the best
way to develop the economy further.
Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your
answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
view A and view B in your answer.
Levels marking
No valid response 0
Level 1 1–2
Simple point referring to one view (1)
Simple points referring to any view (2)
Level 2 3–4
Developed point referring to one view only (3)
Developed points referring to both views (4)
Level 3 5–6
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation or relevant example
(5)
Developed points referring to both views with evaluation and relevant example
(6)
Content Guide: