NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022

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Chemical coordination and integration

The neural coordination is fast but short-lived. As the nerve fibres Hormones of Pituitary Gland
do not innervate all cells of the body and the cellular functions Growth hormone Over secretion : Gigantism
need to be continuously regulated; a special kind of coordination is Under secretion : Dwarfism
provided by hormones. TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid
hormones from the thyroid gland
Endocrine Gland Exocrine gland LH LH act on leydig cell = testosterone
Endocrine glands lack Exocrine glands bear duct LH induces ovulation, maintain corpus luteum
ducts hence, called as FSH FSH act on Sertoli cell – spermatogenesis
ductless glands FSH is responsible for growth and development
Their secretions are called Their secretions are called of the ovarian follicles
hormones enzymes MSH acts on the melanocytes (melanin containing
Hormones are released Enzymes are released cells) and regulates pigmentation of the skin.
into the blood locally through duct Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction
transported to a distantly Transported locally Vasopressin Act on kidney : reabsorption of water and
located target organ (ADH) electrolytes by the distal tubules
E.g. Pituitary gland e.g. Salivary gland
Pineal Gland
• located on the dorsal side of forebrain
Hormones are :
• Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
• Non-nutrient chemicals which
• Maintains 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm
• Act as intercellular messengers
• Maintains sleep-wake cycle, body temperature
• Produced in trace amounts.
• Influences pigmentation, the menstrual cycle & defence
capability
Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamus is the basal part of diencephalon, forebrain Thyroid Gland
• It contains several groups of neurosecretory cells called nuclei • Composed of two lobes joined by isthmus
which produce hormones. • Composed of follicles and stromal tissues
• Hypothalamus controls functions of : • Each thyroid follicle is composed of follicular cells, enclosing a
➢ Anterior pituitary gland by secreting hormones. cavity
➢ Posterior pituitary gland by direct neuronal regulation • These follicular cells synthesise two hormones,
• Hypothalamic hormones reach anterior pituitary gland through a Tetraiodothyronine or thyroxine (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3)
portal circulatory system • Iodine is essential for synthesis of thyroid hormone
• Hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types, • Deficiency of iodine in our diet results in hypothyroidism and
➢ releasing hormones (which stimulate secretion of pituitary enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly called goitre
hormones) E.g. Gonadotropin releasing hormone • Hypothyroidism during pregnancy : causes stunted growth
➢ Inhibiting hormones (which inhibit secretions of pituitary (cretinism), mental retardation, low intelligence quotient,
hormones) somatostatin inhibits the release of growth abnormal skin, deaf- mutism in baby
hormone from the pituitary • Hypothyroidism in women: causes irregular menstrual cycle
• Hyperthyroidism; excessive secretion of thyroxine, can be due
The Pituitary Gland to cancerous thyroid nodule, affects body physiology
• located in a bony cavity called sella tursica • Exophthalmic goitre is a form of hyperthyroidism,
• It is divided into two parts characterised by enlargement of the thyroid gland, protrusion of
➢ Adenohypophysis the eyeballs, increased basal metabolic rate, and weight loss, also
Pars distalis (anterior pituitary) and called Graves’ disease
Pars intermedia • Functions of Thyroid hormone
➢ Neurohypophysis ➢ Regulates Basal metabolic rate, red blood cell formation,
Also k/a Pars nervosa (Post Pituitary) metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, water and
electrolyte balance
• Anterior pituitary secretes Thyroid gland also secretes thyrocalcitonin (TCT) which
➢ growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating regulates the blood calcium levels.
hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH),
luteinizing hormone (LH) , follicle stimulating hormone

• Pars intermedia secretes

➢ melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

• Posterior pituitary secretes

➢ Oxytocin and vasopressin, actually synthesised by the
hypothalamus and are transported to neurohypophysis.

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 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022
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Parathyroid Gland Glucagon Insulin
• 4 parathyroid glands are present on back side of thyroid gland Secreted by alpha cells of Secreted by beta cells of islets
• Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) islets of Langerhans of Langerhans
• PTH is called as hypercalcaemic hormone Act mainly on hepatocytes Act mainly on hepatocytes
• PTH increases the Ca2+ levels in the blood by : stimulates glycogenolysis Stimulate glycogenesis
Bone resorption, reabsorption of Ca2+ by the renal tubules, blood glucose increases Blood glucose decreases
absorption of calcium from food Reduces cellular uptake of Increases cellular uptake of
Thymus glucose glucose
• Located between lungs behind sternum hyperglycaemic hormone hypoglycaemic hormone
• Secretes thymosins hormone Prolonged hyperglycaemia leads to a complex disorder called
• Promotes production of T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated diabetes mellitus. loss of glucose through urine and formation of
immunity) harmful compounds known as ketone bodies.
• Promotes production of antibodies (humoral immunity)
Testis
• Thymus is degenerated in old individuals  immune responses • Leydig cells (interstitial) cells of testis in
of old persons become weak. response to LH produce a group of hormones
called androgens mainly testosterone
Adrenal Gland • Functions of androgen
• Our body has one pair of adrenal glands,  Maturation of male accessory sex organs
one at the anterior part of each kidney. like epididymis, vas deferens etc
• The gland is composed of two types of  Stimulate muscular growth, growth of facial and axillary
tissues : Central adrenal medulla, and outer hair, aggressiveness, low pitch of voice etc
adrenal cortex  Role in the process of spermatogenesis, male sexual
behaviour (libido), anabolic (synthetic) effects on protein
Adrenal Medulla
and carbohydrate metabolism.
• Adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline or epinephrine and
noradrenaline or norepinephrine
Ovary
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline are called emergency hormones or
• Produces Estrogen and progesterone.
hormones of Fight or Flight
• Estrogen is synthesized by graafian follicle
• increase alertness, pupillary dilation, piloerection (raising of
• Progesterone is synthesized by corpus luteum
hairs), sweating etc., breakdown of lipids and proteins and
• Function of Estrogen
glycogen (to increase Glucose level)
 growth of female secondary sex organs,
 female secondary sex characters (e.g., high pitch of voice)
Adrenal cortex
 mammary gland development,
Zones of adrenal cortex from outer to inner
 also regulate female sexual behaviour
Zone Hormones • Functions of progesterone
Zona glomerulosa Mineralocorticoid (e.g. aldosterone)  Supports pregnancy
Zona fasciculata Glucocorticoid (e.g. cortisol)  Act on mammary gland → Milk secretion
Zona reticularis Androgen (testosterone / oestrogen)
Hormones of adrenal cortex are collectively k/a corticoids Hormones of heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract
Source Hormone Action
Heart Atrial atrial natriuretic Reduces blood pressure
Glucocorticoid (e.g., Cortisol) wall factor
• stimulate gluconeogenesis (process that transforms non- J G cells Erythropoietin RBC production
carbohydrate substrates (e.g., amino acids, into glucose), Gastric Gastrin Stimulates scretn of HCL and
lipolysis and proteolysis glands pepsinogen
• inhibit cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids Duodenum Secretin stimulates secretion of water and
bicarbonate ions by Exocrine pancreas
• Glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol, produces Duodenum Cholecystokinin Secretion of bile from gall bladder
anti-inflammatory reactions and suppresses the immune response Duodenum Gastric inhibitory Inhibits gastric secretion and motility.
• Stimulate RBC production peptide (GIP)

Mineralocorticoid (e.g. Aldosterone) Mechanism of hormone action

• Stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ and water and excretion of On the basis chemical nature, hormones can be divided into groups
K+ and phosphate ions from distal tubule (i) Peptide, polypeptide, protein hormones (e.g., insulin, glucagon,
• Maintains body fluid volume, osmotic pressure and blood pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, etc.)
pressure. (ii) Steroids (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone)
(iii) iodothyronines (thyroid hormones)
Androgens (iv) amino-acid derivatives (e.g., epinephrine)
• Play a role in the growth of axial hair, pubic hair and facial hair
during puberty • Hormones produce their effects on target tissues by binding to
specific proteins called hormone receptors
Pancreas  Membrane-bound receptors
Pancreas is a composite gland which acts as  Intracellular receptors (nuclear receptors)
both exocrine and endocrine gland. The
endocrine pancreas consists of ‘Islets of
Langerhans’.

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 NCERT Based KT’s PowerNotes NEET 2022
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Hormones which such as steroid

hormones, iodothyronines, etc
being lipid soluble pass-through
cell membrane and interact with
intracellular receptors (nuclear
receptor) → regulate gene
expression → forms proteins →
desired effect

Hormones which interact with

membrane-bound receptors
normally do not enter the target
cell → generate second
messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP3
, Ca++ etc) → regulate cellular
metabolism

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