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    GEED 10093 Ethics Lecture Notes - Module 3&4

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    This document summarizes key concepts from ancient Greek philosophers Sophists, Socrates, and Plato. It discusses how the Sophists were the first professional educators who argued that knowledge is culturally determined. It also describes Socrates' belief that the unexamined life is not worth living and his use of questions to refine ideas. Finally, it outlines Plato's view that there is a higher world of immutable forms/ideas and that the soul controls the body.

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    GEED 10093 Ethics Lecture Notes - Module 3&4

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    uncharted cheesestick
    54 views3 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts from ancient Greek philosophers Sophists, Socrates, and Plato. It discusses how the Sophists were the first professional educators who argued that knowledge is culturally determined. It also describes Socrates' belief that the unexamined life is not worth living and his use of questions to refine ideas. Finally, it outlines Plato's view that there is a higher world of immutable forms/ideas and that the soul controls the body.

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    Module 3: SOPHIST Module 4: PLATO AND SOCRATES

    Original Title

    GEED 10093 Ethics Lecture Notes_Module 3&4

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    This document summarizes key concepts from ancient Greek philosophers Sophists, Socrates, and Plato. It discusses how the Sophists were the first professional educators who argued that knowledge is culturally determined. It also describes Socrates' belief that the unexamined life is not worth living and his use of questions to refine ideas. Finally, it outlines Plato's view that there is a higher world of immutable forms/ideas and that the soul controls the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    54 views3 pages

    GEED 10093 Ethics Lecture Notes - Module 3&4

    Uploaded by

    uncharted cheesestick
    This document summarizes key concepts from ancient Greek philosophers Sophists, Socrates, and Plato. It discusses how the Sophists were the first professional educators who argued that knowledge is culturally determined. It also describes Socrates' belief that the unexamined life is not worth living and his use of questions to refine ideas. Finally, it outlines Plato's view that there is a higher world of immutable forms/ideas and that the soul controls the body.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    GEED 10093: ETHICS

    MODULE 3 & 4: SOPHIST & PLATO AND SOCRATES


    2ND SEMESTER | S.Y. 2020-2021
    DATE: MAY 21, 2021
     created a demand for specialized education in
    subjects such as letters (literature), rhetoric,
    TOPIC science, statesmanship, and philosophy
    SUB TOPIC
    SUB-SUB TOPIC 3R [reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, geometry]

    CULTURAL RELATIVISM
    OTHER DETAILS
     the belief that all values are culturally
    Truth-telling determined
    narrative Those who considered themselves original, true
    discourse Athenians became increasingly ethnocentric.
    Heraclitus — fire is the principle of all that exists Ethnocentrism — own customs and values
    Thales — water superior to others

    Pythagoras — numbers SOPHISTS

    THE RISE OF REASON  first professional educators


     a group of wandering teachers who charged
    Sophists a fee to teach
     [Greek] sophos (wise) Argued that the difference of good and bad
    “Unexamined life is not worth living.” [Socrates] argument is custom and individual preference

    “who am I?” – reason and observation The Problem of Knowledge and Language

    “Ang naniniwala sa sabi-sabi, walang bait sa sarili"  can we know?


    [Filipino saying]  can we share our knowledge

    Sophists established 2 crucial principles: Rhetoric — the art of effective/persuasive


    speaking or writing; use of figures of speech and
    1. The difference between the way things other techniques
    appear and the way they really are
    2. There are unseen causes of events; things Its language is designed to have an
    happen as they do for some reason impressive effect on the audience but often
    regarded as lacking in sincerity/meaningful content
    They were noted for their attempts to use reason
    and observation to figure out how the world works. OTHER DETAILS

    FROM THEO-CENTRISM TO ANTHROPOCENTRISM 21 senses


    things change
     Sophists are also known as the Pre-Socratics o seed > seedling > tree > log >
    o search for rational explanations that lumber > chair > fuel > coal > dust
    mythology could not answer language to share knowledge with others
     use of reason to order, clarify, identify reality
    and truth RELATIVISM
     triggered questions of logical consistency, rules  belief that knowledge is determined by
    of thinking, standards of knowledge specific qualities of the observer (age,
    SPECIALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE ethnicity, gender, cultural conditioning)
    Moral Relativism
     Sophists argued that truth is relative, and  virtue is wisdom
    knowledge is determined by specific qualities o ability to render good judgment (wisdom)
    of the observer produces behavioral results guided by
    o virtually nothing is good nor bad by nature, beliefs
    only by custom and preference
    SOCRATIC PLATO
    Consequence: if no ultimate truth exists, no moral
    code is universally correct/absolutely superior to "Can we know?”
    any other Plato: Yes.
    PROTAGORAS OF ABDERA (481-411 BC)  Allegory of the Cave
    “Man is the measure of all things.”

     morals are nothing more than social


    traditions/mores of a group
     impossible to form a culture-free/context-
    free belief
     ethical standard based on a society
    A truly wise observer is to record accurately and
    describe without bias what works and what doesn’t
    work  Theory of the Divided Line

    MORAL REALISM

     a pragmatic social philosophy unfettered by


    any moral consideration expressed in the
    formula - "might makes right"
     the belief that all values reflect the interests of
    the strong

    CALLICLES (c. 435 BCE)

     associated with the doctrine of the superior


    individual (moral realism) PLATO’S METAPHYSICS
    o strong should dominate the weak
    unmutable
     right by nature from right by convention
     survival of the fittest World of forms/ideas unchangeable
    o superior & powerful individual has a
    natural right to dominate others
    World of sensible/matter mutable
    SOCRATES
    changeable
    “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
    NATURE OF HUMAN (BODY AND SOUL)
    “Know thyself!”
    SPIRITUAL
     scholastic PHYSICAL (BODY)
    (SOUL)
    Socratic Method / Socratic Dialectic — style of Biological Psychological
    philosophical inquiry Head Idea Wisdom (render
    good judgment)
     series of guided questions that refined the Heart Will/Drive Courage
    (endure pain)
    ideas under scrutiny
    Temperance
    “To know good is to do the good" Stomach Appetite (control/discipline
    )
     something begets something
     input > process > output
     true, right, beautiful = good
     soul controls body
     Plato’s Academia: gymnastic and athletics

    PLATO’S REPUBLIC

    society/social = pinaraming individual


    “Man writ large” Social Justice
    Spiritual (soul) Philosopher King
    wisdom guardian
    courage Justice soldier
    temperance artisan

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