SAS 6 ELE 106 Distribution System and Substation Design

ELE 106 - Distribution System and Substation Design
Student Activity Sheet Module #6
Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________ Date: ____________
Lesson title: The relationship between the load and loss Materials:
factor Calculator , Notebook
Lesson Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be References:

able to: Electric Power Distribution System
Engineering (Second Edition )–
1. To understand the relationship between the load and loss factor Turan Gonen
Electric Power Substations
Engineering (Third Edition)- John
D. McDonald
Productivity Tip:
Use a calendar, diary or application to plan for the coming weeks and months ahead. This is part and
parcel of life as a student. Know when weekend trips or life events are coming and give yourself plenty of
time to plan around them. When you return to the world of adult learning, relying on the deadlines of your
calendar becomes an even more critical habit to maintain work/life balance.
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (3 minutes)
Welcome to Module 6 ! Last lesson we tackle about Load characteristics with those important factors
helps to characterize the load . And ,for this Module we will going to discuss the relationship between
load and loss factor .
2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)
What is the relationship between

load and loss factor ?
This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION


Give your idea about peak load ?
B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (8 minutes)
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LOAD AND LOSS FACTORS
In general, the Joss factor cannot be determi ned from the load factor. However, the limi ting values of
the relationship can be found [3]. Assume that the pri mary feeder shown in Figu re 2.8 is connected to a
variable load. Figure 2.9 shows an arbitrary and idealized load cu rve. However, it does not represent a
daily load cu rve. Assume that the off-peak loss is PLS1 at some off-peak load P 1 and
that the peak loss is PLs2 at the peak load P2 • The load factor is




where PLs1 is the off-pea k loss at off-peak load, t is the peak load du rat ion, and T - 1 is the off-pea k load du rat ion.
The copper losses are the f u nc tion of the associated loads. Therefore, the off-peak and peak
loads can be expressed, respectively, as
PLS1 =k x PI ^2 (2.32)




That is, the value of the l oss factor approaches the va l ue of the load factor. Therefore, in general ,
the value of the loss factor is
Therefore, th e loss factor can not be determined directly from the load factor. The reason is that the Loss
factor is determined from losses as a f un ction of time, which , in t u r n , are p roportion al to the ti me
fu ncti on of the sq uar e load [2-4].
However, B u l ler and Wood row [5] developed an approx imate formula to relate the loss factor to the
load factor as
wh ere F LS is t he loss factor (pu) a nd FLD i s the load factor (pu).

Eq uat ion 2.40a gives a reasonably close result. Figu re 2.10 gives three different cu rves of loss factor as a
fu nction of load factor. Relatively recently, the formula given before has been modi fied for rura l areas
and expresssed as
Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (10 minutes including checking)

Guided Practice: Problem Solving :
1.The average load factor of a substa tion is 0.65. Determine the average loss factor of its feeders, if the
substat ion services:
(a) An urban area.
(b) A rural area.


2. Assume that the Riverside distribution substation of the NL&NP Company supplying Ghost Town,
which is a small city, experiences an a nnual peak load of 3500 kW. The total annual energy supplied
to the primary feeder circuits is 10,000,000 kWh. The peak demand occurs in July or August and is due
to air-condition ing load.
(a) Find the annual average power demand.

(b) Find the annual load factor.
Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (5 mins )

Go back to Activity 2 and answer the last column.
Activity 5: Check for Understanding (15 mins )
1. Use the data given i n Example 2.8 and suppose that a new load of 100 kW with 100% annual load
factor is to be supplied from t he Riverside substation . The IC, or capacity cost, of the power system
upstream , that is, toward the generator, from the is substation is $18.00/kW per month. Assume that the
energy delivered to these primary feeders costs the suppl ier that is, NL&NP,$0.06/kWh.
(a) Find the new annual load factor on the substation.
(b) Find the total annual cost to NL&NP to serve this load.
2.Assume that the annual peak load input to a primary feeder is 2000 kW. A computer program which calculates
voltage drops and I^2R losses shows that the total copper loss at the time of peak load is ∑ I^2 R= 100 kW.
The total annual energy supplied to the sending end of the feeder is
5.61 x 106 kWh.

(a) By using Equation 2.40, determine the annual loss factor.
(b) Calculate the total annual copper loss energy and its value at $0.03/k


C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
What portion of the lesson(s) did you find the easiest to understand?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
What portion of the lesson(s) did you find it difficult to understand?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Answer keys:
Guided Practice:
1.
2.





SAS 6 ELE 106 Distribution System and Substation Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAS 6 ELE 106 Distribution System and Substation Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAS 6 ELE 106 Distribution System and Substation Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ELE 106 - Distribution System and Substation Design

Student Activity Sheet Module #6

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

Lesson Objective: At the end of the lesson, you should be References:

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What is the relationship between

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

Give your idea about peak load ?

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE LOAD AND LOSS FACTORS

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

wh ere F LS is t he loss factor (pu) a nd FLD i s the load factor (pu).

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (10 minutes including checking)

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

(a) Find the annual average power demand.

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (5 mins )

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (15 mins )

5.61 x 106 kWh.

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

What portion of the lesson(s) did you find it difficult to understand?

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

Name: ______________________________________________________ Class number: _____

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

You might also like

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _

Name: __________________________________________________ Class number: _