Designation: D1388 − 14

Standard Test Method for

Stiffness of Fabrics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness Fabric
properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided. Methods
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of 3. Terminology
cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically. Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural
woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted rigidity, machine direction, MD, stiffness.
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise 3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
treated. Terminology D123.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 4. Summary of Test Method Options
standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the its leading edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- specimen is depressed under its own mass to the point where
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a
0.724 rad (41.5°) angle with the horizontal. From this mea-
2. Referenced Documents sured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 calculated.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles 4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—A strip of fabric is formed
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test when it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With- measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
drawn 2008)3 calculated.
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)3 5. Significance and Use
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are
Specific. acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for
Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published August 2014. Originally acceptance testing.
approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388 – 96. Last previous
edition approved in 2012 as D1388–08(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D1388-14. 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
www.astm.org. tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D1388 − 14
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test 6.1.1.1 Indicator, inclined at an angle of 0.724 6 0.01 rad
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are (41.5 6 0.5°) below the plane of the platform surface.
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens 6.1.1.2 Movable Slide, consisting of a metal bar not less
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each than 25 by 200 mm (1 by 8 in.) by approximately 3 mm (1⁄8 in.)
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two thick and having a mass of 270 6 5 g (0.6 6 0.01 lb).
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis- 6.1.1.3 Scale and Reference Point, to measure the length of
tical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the the overhang.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its 6.1.1.4 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized4 (see Fig. 1) set to
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the 120 mm/min (4.75 in./min) 65 %, or manual equivalent.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid- 6.1.2 Cutting Die—25 6 1 mm by 200 6 1 mm (1 6 0.04
eration to the known bias. in. by 8 6 0.04 in.).
5.2 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing 6.2 Option B—Heart Loop Tester.
woven fabrics than knit fabrics. 6.2.1 Clamp and Stand, for hanging the specimen.
5.3 The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure 6.2.2 Scale, suitably mounted on the stand for measuring the
because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for length of the specimen loop and calibrated either in cm (in.) or
very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl directly in bending length.
or twist at a cut edge. NOTE 1—If a constant strip length is adopted, the scale may be
calibrated to read directly in units of bending length.
5.4 The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that
show a tendency to curl or twist. 6.2.3 Brass Bars, two, 25 × 75 × 3 6 0.1 mm
(1 × 3 × 0.1256 0.005 in.).
5.5 Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective
6.2.4 Pressure Sensitive Tape.
evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number
6.2.5 Jig, constructed to allow positioning of the two bars
represents a stiffer fabric.
with their inner edges parallel and at a distance from each other
5.6 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage. equal to the selected strip length.
5.7 No evidence has been found showing that bending
length is dependent on the width. The tendency for specimens 7. Sampling and Test Specimens
to curl or twist will affect the result, because of the rigidity 7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
provided at the edge. Consequently, the wider the strip, the less randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
important is the edge effect. in an applicable material specification or other agreement
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
6. Apparatus pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
6.1 Option A—Cantilever Bending Tester4 (Fig. 1). absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
6.1.1 Horizontal Platform, with a minimum area of 38 by specified in Table 1.
200 mm (1.5 by 8 in.) and having a smooth low-friction, flat NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
surface such as polished metal or plastic. A leveling bubble purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between
shall be incorporated in the platform. rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
or piece of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
4
Apparatus is available commercially. swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
around the core of the roll of fabric, or any end piece.
7.3 Direction of Test—Consider the long dimension of the
specimen as the direction of test.
7.4 Number of Test Specimens—From each laboratory sam-
pling unit, take four specimens from the machine direction and

TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Fabric in the Lot Sample

Number of Rolls or Pieces
Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot Sample
in Lot, Inclusive
1 to 3 all
4 to 24 4
25 to 50 5
over 50 10 % to a max of 10 rolls or pieces
FIG. 1 Example of a Motorized Cantilever Test Apparatus

2
 D1388 − 14
four specimens from the cross-machine direction as applicable NOTE 5—The bending length using the heart loop option is not entirely
to a material specification or contract order. independent of the strip length. In general, the bending length rises with
the strip length up to a value that remains relatively constant as the strip
7.5 Cutting Test Specimens—Cut the specimens to be used length is further increased. An additional rise may further be encountered
for the measurement of machine direction with the longer for much longer strip lengths. Whenever possible, compare fabrics in the
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Cut the specimens range where bending length is independent of strip length.
to be used for the measurement of the cross-machine direction
with the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direc- 8. Preparation of Test Apparatus and Calibration
tion. Label to maintain specimen identity. 8.1 Option A—Cantilever Test:
7.5.1 Take specimens, representing a broad distribution 8.1.1 Set the tester on a table or bench with the horizontal
across the width and length, preferably along the diagonal of platform and inclined reference lines. Adjust the platform to
the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth its horizontal as indicated by the leveling bubble.
width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or wrinkles. 8.1.2 Verify that the bend angle indicator is at the 0.724 rad
Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc. on the specimens when (41.5°) angle marked on the scale.
handling.
7.5.2 Cantilever Test—Cut test specimens 25 by 200 mm, 9. Conditioning
61 mm (1 by 8 in. 6 0.04 in.).
9.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
7.5.3 Heart Loop Test—No standard size for the test speci-
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
men is required. Cut test specimens 50 mm (2 in.) longer than
preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D1776, unless
the selected strip length to allow for clamping at the ends. See
otherwise directed in a material specification or contract order.
Table 2.
7.5.3.1 Select a specimen width at least 25 mm (1 in.) and 9.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to mois-
no more than 75 mm (3 in.) with respect to the tendency of the ture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
fabric to curl. For fabrics having a slight tendency to curl, a 25 testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable,
6 1 mm (1 6 0.04 in.) wide specimen has been found to be in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
satisfactory. As the tendency to curl becomes greater, increase performed, unless otherwise directed in a material specification
the width up to a maximum of 75 mm (3 in.). or contract order.
7.5.3.2 Make several trial tests using various strip lengths
selected from Table 2. Select a suitable strip length for a 10. Procedure
corresponding loop length from Table 2, such that the bending 10.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-
length is relatively independent of strip length. sphere for testing textiles, which is 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and
NOTE 3—Strip length is the circumferential length of the unclamped 65 6 2 % relative humidity, unless otherwise directed in a
portion of the specimen. material specification or contract order.
NOTE 4—Specimen strip widths greater than 75 mm (3 in.) have not
been investigated and are not recommended since reliability of results are 10.2 Option A—Cantilever Test:
questionable. 10.2.1 Remove the movable slide. Place the specimen on
the horizontal platform with the length of the specimen parallel
to the platform edge. Align the edge of the specimen with the
TABLE 2 Table of Bending Lengths line scribed on the right-hand edge of the horizontal platform.
Bending Length, cm
Loop Length, NOTE 6—When known, place the specimen face-side up.
cm 15-cm Strip 20-cm Strip 25-cm Strip
Length Length Length 10.2.2 Place the movable slide on the specimen, being
4.0 2.19 ... ... careful not to change its initial position.
4.2 2.07 ... ...
4.4 1.99 ... ... 10.2.3 For automatic testers, turn the tester switch on and
4.6 1.86 3.44 5.43 watch the leading edge of the specimen closely. Turn the
4.8 1.76 3.30 5.16 switch off the instant the edge of the specimen touches the
5.0 1.65 3.17 4.91
5.2 1.56 3.03 4.71 knife edge.
5.4 1.45 2.90 4.53 10.2.4 For manual testers, move the clamped specimen by
5.6 1.35 2.80 4.36
5.8 1.25 2.67 4.20
hand in a smooth manner at approximately 120 mm/min (4.75
6.0 1.14 2.57 4.06 in./min)6 5 % until the edge of the specimen touches the knife
6.2 1.04 2.47 3.92 edge.
6.4 0.93 2.37 3.80
6.6 0.81 2.26 3.67
10.2.5 Read and record the overhang length from the linear
6.8 0.69 2.16 3.56 scale to the nearest 0.1 cm (0.1 in.).
7.0 0.53 2.06 3.45
7.2 ... 1.96 3.34 NOTE 7—If the specimen has a tendency to twist, take the reference
7.4 ... 1.86 3.21 point at the center of the leading edge. Do not measure specimens that
7.6 ... 1.76 3.12 twist more than 0.785 rad (45°).
7.8 ... 1.66 3.02
8.0 ... ... 2.91 10.2.6 Test the face and back of both ends of each specimen
8.2 ... ... 2.82 for a total of four readings per specimen.
8.4 ... ... 2.72
10.3 Option B—Heart Loop Test:

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 D1388 − 14
10.3.1 Place the two bars parallel to one another on a NOTE 8—In some cases it may be of interest to differentiate between the
horizontal surface such that the inner edges are separated by a sides of the fabric by averaging those readings made with the fabric face
side up (out) separately from those with the fabric face side down (in).
distance equal to the selected strip length (see 6.2.5).
10.3.2 Lay the test specimen across the two bars with the 11.2 Option B, Loop Length, Individual Specimens—For
outer edge approximately 5 6 1 mm (0.5 6 0.005 in.) from one each specimen, average the two readings obtained to the
end of each bar. nearest 0.1 cm as the Loop Length, unless otherwise agreed
10.3.3 Attach one end of the specimen strip to one bar using upon between the purchaser and supplier.
pressure-sensitive tape, being careful to align to one edge of
the bar. Apply just enough tension to the specimen to hold it 11.3 Mass per Unit Area—Use the mass per unit area as
taut, but without stretching, and attach the other specimen end determined by Test Method D3776 in g/m2 .
to the second bar in a similar manner. 11.4 Bending Length, Individual Specimens—Calculate the
10.3.3.1 A suitable procedure for mounting and measuring bending length as directed in 11.4.1 or 11.4.2, as applicable.
the specimen is the use of two brass bars to which the specimen 11.4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—Calculate the bending
strip is fastened. The bars and the attached specimen strip are length for each testing direction to the nearest 1 mm, using Eq
clamped to the stand in a suitable vertical position in front of 1.
a scale calibrated either in cm (in.) or directly in bending
length. c 5 O/2 (1)
10.3.4 Turn the bars and mounted specimen over, such that where:
the fabric is on the under side of each bar. Grasp one bar in c = bending length, mm, and
each hand, lift and rotate each bar 4.71 rad (270°). Rotate the O = length of overhang, mm.
left-hand bar in a clockwise direction and the right-hand bar in
a clockwise direction. Bring the bars together such that the 11.4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—Convert the readings
fabric ends are touching one another. Insert the assembly on a from loop length to bending length using Table 2, or calculate
suitable holder with the loop formed free to hang vertically. the bending length for each testing direction to the nearest 0.1
10.3.5 Allow the looped specimen to hang freely for 606 5 cm, using Eq 2.
s. Measure the distance from the top of the bars to the bottom c 5 I of ~ b ! (2)
of the loop to the nearest 2 mm (0.1 in.).
10.3.6 Remove the bars from the holder and free the where:
adhering tape from each end of the strips carefully to prevent c = bending length, cm,
distortion of the fabric. Turn the specimen strip and test the I = loop length, distance between the bars when the strip
other side of the fabric by re-attaching to the bars and testing is mounted, cm,
as described in 10.3.1 – 10.3.5. Io = 0.1337L,
L = strip length, circumferential length of the unclamped
10.4 Specimen Mass—Determine the fabric mass per unit portion of the specimen, cm,
area as directed in Test Method D3776, Option C. f(b) = (cos/tan) (see Table 3),
10.5 Specimen Area—Determine the area of the specimens = 32.85 d/Io, degree, and
in Section 10.4 to the nearest 0.1 cm2. d = I − Io.
10.6 Number of Specimens—Continue as directed in 10.1 – 11.5 Flexural Rigidity, Individual Specimens—Calculate the
10.5 as applicable, until four specimens have been tested for flexural rigidity for each testing direction to three significant
each testing direction for each laboratory sampling unit. digits using Eq 3.
G 5 1.421 3 1025 3 W 3 c 3 (3)
11. Calculation
where:
11.1 Option A, Length of Overhang, Individual Specimens—
For each specimen, average the four readings obtained to the G = flexural rigidity, µjoule/m,
nearest 0.1 cm as the Length of Overhang (or one-half Loop W = fabric mass per unit area, g/m2, and
c = bending length, mm.
Length), unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
and supplier. and the units of the constant (1.421 × 10–5) are m/s2.

TABLE 3 Table of f (0)

0, deg 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 ... 3.855 3.059 2.671 2.425 2.250 2.115 2.007 1.917 1.841
10 1.774 1.716 1.663 1.616 1.573 1.533 1.496 1.462 1.430 1.400
20 1.372 1.345 1.319 1.294 1.271 1.248 1.226 1.205 1.186 1.164
30 1.144 1.126 1.107 1.089 1.071 1.054 1.037 1.022 1.003 0.986
40 0.970 0.954 0.933 0.922 0.906 0.891 0.875 0.860 0.845 0.829
50 0.813 0.799 0.784 0.768 0.753 0.738 0.722 0.707 0.692 0.676
60 0.661 0.645 0.630 0.614 0.596 0.582 0.586 0.549 0.533 0.516
70 0.499 0.482 0.465 0.447 0.429 0.411 0.392 0.373 0.354 0.333
80 0.313 0.291 0.269 0.246 0.222 0.197 0.170 0.140 0.107 0.067

4
 D1388 − 14
11.6 Average Values—Calculate the average bending length specimens randomly drawn from the sample of material.
and flexural rigidity as applicable to a material specification or Larger differences are likely to occur under all other circum-
contract order for each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot, stances.
for each testing direction. 13.2 Interlaboratory Test Data5—An interlaboratory test
11.7 Standard Deviation, Coeffıcient of Variation— was run in 1994–1995 in which randomly-drawn samples of
Calculate when requested. three materials were tested as directed in Test Method D1388
in six laboratories using Option A, the Cantilever test. A second
12. Report interlaboratory test was run in 1994–1995 in which randomly-
12.1 Report that the stiffness as bending length and flexural drawn samples of two fabrics were tested as directed in Test
rigidity was determined as directed in Test Method D1388. Method D1388 in two laboratories using Option B, the Heart
Describe the material or product sampled and the method of Loop test. Two operators in each laboratory each tested eight
sampling used. specimens of each fabric. Four of the eight specimens were
tested on one day and four specimens were tested on a second
12.2 Report the following information for each laboratory
day. Analysis of the data was conducted using Practice D2904
sampling unit and for the lot as applicable to a material
and Practice D2906. The components of variance for stiffness
specification or contract order.
expressed as standard deviations were calculated to be the
12.2.1 Option used, cantilever test or heart loop test.
values listed in Table 5. The fabric types and designated
12.2.2 Bending length for each testing direction.
procedures were:
12.2.3 Flexural rigidity for each testing direction.
13.2.1 Cantilever Procedure:
12.2.4 Number of specimens tested for each direction.
(1) Material 4—S/0008H, Plain Weave Sheeting, With
12.2.5 When calculated, the average and standard deviation
Spun Yarns,
or the coefficient of variation.
(2) Material 5—S/2438, Plain Weave, Oxford With Spun
12.2.6 Make and model of cantilever testing machine.
Yarns,
12.2.7 Any modification of the test method.
(3) Material 9—Denim, Twill Weave, With Spun Yarns.
13. Precision and Bias 13.2.2 Heart Loop Procedure:
(1) Material 1—S/179B, Twill Weave, With Spun Yarns,
13.1 Summary—In comparing two averages, the differences (2) Material 5—S/2438, Plain Weave, Oxford With Spun
should not exceed the single-operator precision values shown Yarns.
in Table 4 for the respective number of tests and for materials
having averages similar to those shown in Table 2 in 95 out of 13.3 Precision—For the components of variance reported in
100 cases when all the observations are taken by the same Table 5, two averages of observed values should be considered
well-trained operator using the same piece of equipment and significantly different at the 95 % probability level if the
difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in
Table 4. There were sufficient differences related to the fabric
type and structure to warrant listing the components of
TABLE 4 Stiffness of Fabrics, Bending Length, cm
variance and the critical differences separately. Consequently
Critical Differences for the Conditions NotedA
no multi-material comparisons were made.
Number of
Single- Within- Between-
Test Option and Observations
Operator Laboratory Laboratory
NOTE 9—Since the interlaboratory test for the Heart Loop stiffness
Materials in Each option included only two materials and two laboratories, estimates of
Precision Precision Precision
Average between-laboratory precision should be used with special caution.
Option A, Cantilever, cm
Mat 4, S/0008H 1 0.17 0.20 0.63
2 0.12 0.16 0.62
5 0.07 0.13 0.61 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
10 0.05 0.12 0.61 be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D13-1111.
Mat 5, S/2438 1 0.30 0.34 0.88
2 0.21 0.27 0.85
5 0.13 0.21 0.83 TABLE 5 Stiffness of Fabrics, Bending Length, cm
10 0.09 0.19 0.83 Components of Variance Expressed as
Mat 9, S/Denim 1 0.64 0.75 0.96 Standard DeviationsA
2 0.45 0.60 0.84 Test Option and Grand
5 0.28 0.49 0.77 Materials Average Single- Within- Between
10 0.20 0.44 0.74 Operator Laboratory Laboratory
Option B, Heart Loop, cm Component Component Component
Mat 1, S/179B 1 0.34 0.39 0.74 Option A, Cantilever, cm
2 0.24 0.31 0.70 Mat 4, S/0008H 1.90 0.061 0.040 0.215
5 0.15 0.24 0.68 Mat 5, S/2438 2.60 0.041 0.061 0.108
10 0.11 0.22 0.67 Mat 9, S/Denim 5.18 0.229 0.143 0.215
Mat 5, S/2438 1 0.20 0.21 0.28 Option B, Heart Loop, cm
2 0.14 0.15 0.24 Mat 1, S/179B 2.94 0.124 0.068 0.227
5 0.09 0.10 0.21 Mat 5, S/2438 1.97 0.073 0.017 0.067
10 0.06 0.08 0.20 A
The square roots of the components of variance are being reported to express the
A
The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite variability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as the squares of those
degrees of freedom. units of measure.

5
 D1388 − 14
NOTE 10—The tabulated values of the critical differences should be 13.4 Bias—The value of stiffness of fabrics can only be
considered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between- defined in terms of a test method. Within this limitation, Test
laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made about
two specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, between Method D1388 has no known bias.
them must be established, with each comparison being based on recent
data obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material to the type being 14. Keywords
evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and then
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories. 14.1 bending length, fabric; fabric; flexural rigidity, stiffness

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