Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Body Image
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bodyimage

Translation and validation of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the

Body Appreciation Scale-2 in Brazilian adults
Alessandra Costa Pereira Junqueira a,b , Maria Fernanda Laus a,b,∗ ,
Sebastião Sousa Almeida a , Telma Maria Braga Costa b , Jennifer Todd d , Viren Swami c,d
a
Department of Psychology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
b
Department of Nutrition, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
c
School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
d
Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We examined the psychometric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the Body Appreciation
Received 24 May 2019 Scale-2 (BAS-2; Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015). A sample of 990 Brazilian adults (560 women, 430 men;
Received in revised form Mage = 31.10, SD = 8.94) completed the BAS-2 and measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, actual-ideal
22 September 2019
weight discrepancy (women only), breast size dissatisfaction (women only), drive for muscularity (men
Accepted 1 October 2019
only), and disordered eating behaviours. Exploratory factor analyses indicated that BAS-2 scores reduced
Available online 9 November 2019
to a single dimension with all 10 items in women and men. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the fit
of this one-dimensional factor structure following freeing of error covariances between two pairs of items.
Keywords:
Body appreciation
BAS-2 scores achieved full scalar invariance across sex, and men had significantly higher BAS-2 scores
Test adaptation than women. Internal consistency coefficients were adequate and test-retest reliability was supported up
Psychometrics to three weeks in a subsample of 221 participants (140 women, 81 men). Evidence of construct validity
Brazil was demonstrated through positive associations with indices of psychological well-being and negative
Sex invariance associations with indices of negative body image and disordered eating behaviours. Availability of a
Brazilian Portuguese translation of the BAS-2 should help to promote greater understanding of positive
body image in the Brazilian context.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Barron, & Furnham, 2018). Greater consideration of these issues,

and particularly a sustained focus on aspects of positive body image,
Interest in, and empirical research on, positive body image has would therefore allow for improved intervention strategies that
grown dramatically in the past two decades, overturning a histori- offer a more holistic approach for optimising health and well-being
cal focus on negative experiences of embodiment (for reviews, see (Guest et al., 2019; Tylka, 2018, 2019).
Daniels et al., 2018; Tylka, 2018). This shift is important because The construct of positive body image is most often con-
accumulating evidence suggests that positive and negative body ceptualised and measured as body appreciation, which refers to
image are independent constructs (Tylka, 2018); that is, positive “accepting, holding favorable opinions toward, and respecting the
body image is not merely the absence of negative body image, but body, while also rejecting media-promoted appearance ideals as
is rather an independent and multi-faceted construct (for reviews, the only form of human beauty” (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015a, p.
see Tylka, 2018, 2019). In addition, positive body image displays 53). To measure this construct, Avalos, Tylka, and Wood-Barcalow
unique relationships, over-and-above negative body image, with (2005) developed the Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), a 13-item
a range of health-related behaviours and psychological well-being instrument with scores that were one-dimensional in samples
(e.g., Andrew, Tiggemann, & Clark, 2016; Gillen, 2015; Swami, Weis, of women and men from the United States (Tylka, 2013). How-
ever, reproducing this one-dimensional factor structure has proven
problematic in some linguistic groups (for a review, see Swami,
2018). Further, due to additional limitations (e.g., low item-factor
∗ Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Nutrition and Behavior, Department of loadings on some items, differential item wording for women and
Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto – University men, and anachronistic item content), Tylka and Wood-Barcalow
of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M.F. Laus).
(2015b) prepared a revised version of the instrument.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.002
1740-1445/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170 161

In developing a new measure of body appreciation, Tylka and subjective happiness (Swami et al., 2019; Swami, Tudorel et al.,
Wood-Barcalow (2015b) deleted five poor-performing items and 2017). In addition, body appreciation scores are positively associ-
developed five new items that more accurately reflected devel- ated with scores on other measures of positive body image, such as
opments in the field of positive body image. The result was the body satisfaction, body pride, body image flexibility (Alleva et al.,
10-item Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2). In the parent study 2016; Razmus & Razmus, 2017; Swami, García et al., 2017; Vally
with college and community samples from the United States, Tylka et al., 2019), and inversely associated with indices of negative body
and Wood-Barcalow (2015b) used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) image, such as body shame, body dissatisfaction, and actual-ideal
and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to demonstrate that scores weight discrepancy (2019, Jovic et al., 2017; Meneses et al., 2019;
on the BAS-2 were one-dimensional. These authors also reported Razmus & Razmus, 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Swami et al., 2016),
that BAS-2 scores had good test-retest reliability up to 3 weeks, as well as symptoms of disordered eating (Namatame et al., 2017;
adequate internal consistency coefficients, and good convergent, Swami, Tudorel et al., 2017).
incremental, and discriminant validity. More recently, the BAS-2 In addition, BAS-2 scores are negatively associated with negative
has also been modified for use with children (Halliwell, Jarman, body image-related constructs, including internalisation of appear-
Tylka, & Slater, 2017), adapted to measure state variations in body ance ideals (Jovic et al., 2017; Swami et al., 2019). One aspect that is
appreciation (Homan, 2016), and been shown to be invulnerable more equivocal is the association between BAS-2 scores and body
to priming effects (Dignard & Jarry, 2019). These qualities have mass index (BMI). In theory, it might be expected that BAS-2 scores
ensured that the BAS-2 can be widely-used in the study of positive should be negatively correlated with BMI, given that – for exam-
body image (for reviews, see Tylka, 2018, 2019). ple – BAS-2 scores are positively correlated with intuitive eating,
The BAS-2 has also benefitted from sustained investigations of which in turn is associated with lower BMI (e.g., Gast, Campbell
score dimensionality in diverse linguistic and cultural groups. Thus, Nielson, Hunt, & Leiker, 2015). However, while the results of some
the results of EFA-based studies have shown that BAS-2 scores are studies have shown that BAS-2 scores are significantly and nega-
one-dimensional in college samples from Hong Kong (Swami & Ng, tively associated with BMI (Alleva et al., 2016; Razmus & Razmus,
2015), Iran (Atari, 2016), the Netherlands (Alleva, Martijn, Veldhuis, 2017; Swami, Tudorel et al., 2017), results from other studies have
& Tylka, 2016), and the United Arab Emirates (Vally, D’Souza, shown no significant correlations in women (Meneses et al., 2019;
Habeeb, & Bensumaidea, 2019), as well as a community sample Vally et al., 2019) or men (2019, Jovic et al., 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015;
from Serbia (Jovic, Sforza, Jovanovic, & Jovic, 2017). Likewise, the Swami et al., 2016). Conversely, at least one study has reported that
results of CFA-based studies have shown adequate fit of the one- BAS-2 scores are significantly and positively correlated with BMI in
dimensional factor structure in a staff-and-student sample from men (Atari, 2016). Additionally, Swami et al. (2019) reported that
mainland China (Swami, Ng, & Barron, 2016), college samples from BAS-2 scores were not significantly associated with drive for mus-
France (Kertechian & Swami, 2017), Iran (Hosseini, Karimi, & Rabiei, cularity scores in Malaysian men. Overall, however, evidence of the
2018), Japan (Namatame, Uno, & Sawamiya, 2017), and Romania construct validity of BAS-2 appears to be robust across different
(Swami, Tudorel, Goian, Barron, & Vintila, 2017), adolescents from national groups.
Denmark, Portugal, and Sweden (Lemoine et al., 2018), teachers
from Turkey (Anlı, Akın, Eker, & Özcelik, 2017), older adults from 1.1. Body Appreciation in Brazil
Portugal (Meneses, Torres, Miller, & Barbosa, 2019), and commu-
nity samples from Malaysia (Swami et al., 2019), Poland (Razmus In tandem with growing international interest in the construct
& Razmus, 2017), and Spain (Swami, García, & Barron, 2017). of body appreciation, one previous study has examined the psy-
While support for the one-dimensional factor structure of BAS- chometric properties of BAS-2 scores in a sample of Brazilian
2 scores appears conclusive, evidence of invariance across sex is Portuguese adolescents (Ibáñez, Cren Chiminazzo, Sicilia Camacho,
more equivocal. Like the parent study (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, & Teíxeira Fernándes, 2017). Based on CFA, the authors of the study
2015b), the results of several studies have shown that BAS-2 scores reported that BAS-2 scores were one-dimensional and retained all
achieve full measurement invariance across sex (Kertechian & 10 items. However, closer inspection of fit values reported by these
Swami, 2017; Lemoine et al., 2018; Meneses et al., 2019; Namatame authors in fact suggests poor fit on some indices, suggestive of less-
et al., 2017; Razmus & Razmus, 2017; Swami et al., 2016; Swami, than-adequate factorial validity. In addition, Ibáñez et al. (2017)
García et al., 2017). On the other hand, only partial sex invariance also developed a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the BAS-2 using
was obtained in one study (Swami et al., 2019) and only metric back-translation alone, but sole reliance on back-translation may be
invariance across sex was obtained in another (Swami, Tudorel considered problematic as it may produce unsatisfactory transla-
et al., 2017). Likewise, evidence of sex differences on BAS-2 scores tions (van Widenfelt, Treffers, de Beurs, Siebelink, & Koudijs, 2005).
is mixed, with some studies reporting that men/boys have signif- More generally, the decision of Ibáñez et al. (2017) to proceed
icantly higher scores than women/girls (Razmus & Razmus, 2017; to CFA in the absence of EFA means that it is an unanswered ques-
Swami et al., 2016; Swami, García et al., 2017; Tylka & Wood- tion whether alternative factor structures may have better-suited
Barcalow, 2015b) and others reporting no significant differences BAS-2 scores in Brazilian populations. This is important because
(Atari, 2016; Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Lemoine et al., 2018; the Brazilian national and cultural context may impact on concep-
Meneses et al., 2019; Swami et al., 2019). Even where significant tualisations of body appreciation in important ways. In particular,
sex differences have been reported, effect sizes have tended to be scholars have noted that the corporeal self is often assigned height-
small or, at best, moderate. ened value in Brazil, both in terms of attainment of beauty ideals
Beyond the stable dimensionality of its scores, another reason in and of itself (Edmonds, 2010), as well as in the service of work,
for the popularity of the BAS-2 is the evidence of construct valid- familial, and social goals (do Nascimento, de Oliveira Cardoso, dos
ity. For example, BAS-2 scores have been shown to be positively Santos, da Silva Pinto, & Magalhães, 2016). That is, the body in
associated with indices of psychological well-being, including self- Brazilian national identity appears to play an important performa-
esteem (Alleva et al., 2016; Atari, 2016; Lemoine et al., 2018; tive role in attaining different forms of cultural capital (Edmonds,
Meneses et al., 2019; Namatame et al., 2017; Razmus & Razmus, 2010), which in turn may shape how Brazilian adults conceptualise
2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Swami, García et al., 2017; Swami et al., appreciation of the body. Consistent with this view, there is some
2016; Swami, Tudorel et al., 2017), life satisfaction (2019, Atari, evidence from studies of the factor structure of the BAS to suggest
2016; Namatame et al., 2017; Swami & Ng, 2015; Swami et al., that body appreciation in Brazilian adults is multi-faceted, con-
2016; Swami, García et al., 2017; Swami, Tudorel et al., 2017), and sisting of components that reflect general body appreciation and
162 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170

a distinct factor related to body image investment (Swami et al., return a signed informed consent form (n = 26), did not meet inclu-
2011) or body valorisation (i.e., a respect for the body particularly sion or exclusion criteria (n = 37), or were missing substantial (i.e.,
in the face of adversity; Ferreira, Neves, & Tavares, 2014; see also > 80.0%) item-level data (n = 25). The final sample, therefore, con-
da Silva, Neves, Ferreira, Campos, & Swami, 2019). As such, further sisted of 990 adults (560 women, 430 men) who were recruited
investigation of the factor structure of the BAS-2 is warranted, par- from among the student and staff population at two universities,
ticularly in adult populations, for whom corporeal experiences may as well as parents from three elementary schools, in the state
diverge in unique ways from adolescents. of São Paulo in Brazil. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 50
years (M = 31.10, SD = 8.94) and in self-reported BMI from 15.35 to
46.17 kg/m2 (M = 25.81, SD = 4.94). In terms of marital status, 41.4%
1.2. The present study
of the sample were single, 8.9% were in a relationship but unmar-
ried, 42.9% were married, and the remainder were of another status.
In the present study, we examined the factor structure and psy-
In terms of educational attainment, 3.5% had completed elementary
chometric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the BAS-2.
school, 5.8% had completed middle school, 50.4% had completed
This is important because of the aforementioned limitations of the
high school, 30.2% had an undergraduate degree, and the remainder
study by Ibáñez et al. (2017), but also in order to determine the
had some other qualification.
appropriate dimensionality of body appreciation in Brazilian adults.
More broadly, we suggest that our work is important for scholars
2.1.2. Retest sample
wishing to measure the body appreciation construct in Brazilian
Test-retest data from 221 participants (140 women, 81 men)
populations, who need to be certain that the instruments they
were collected after three weeks. These participants ranged in age
use are psychometrically valid and reliable. To that end, we fol-
from 18 to 50 years (M = 25.41, SD = 7.59) and in BMI from 16.20
lowed best-practice recommendations for test adaptation (Swami
to 39.95 kg/m2 (M = 24.52, SD = 4.02). The majority of this sam-
& Barron, 2019) in subjecting our data to both EFA (which allows for
ple were single (76.9%; in a relationship = 2.7%; married = 15.4%;
an exploration of the best-fitting model of BAS-2 without any a pri-
other status = 5.0%) and, in terms of educational qualifications, 0.5%
ori limitations in terms of hypothetical modelling) and CFA (which
had completed elementary school, 2.3% had completed middle
allows for testing the fit of hypothesised models derived from the
school, 57.0% had completed high school, 31.2% had an under-
literature and the EFA results). Based on the available test adapta-
graduate degree, and the remainder had another qualification.
tion studies utilising the BAS-2 – reviewed above – we expected
Compared to those who did not complete the retest, this sample
that BAS-2 scores would reduce to a single dimension with all
was significantly younger, t(988) = 11.41, p < .001, d = 0.73, and had
10 items retained in both EFA and CFA. We also expected that
significantly lower BMI, t(988) = 4.45, p = .001, d = 0.28. There were
this one-dimensional model would demonstrate full measurement
also significant differences in the distribution of marital statuses,
(i.e., configural, metric, and scalar) invariance across sex, which
␹2 (5) = 153.59, p < .001 (the retest group were more likely to be sin-
would imply that the BAS-2 is measuring the same construct across
gle) and educational attainment, ␹2 (6) = 18.86, p = .004 (the retest
women and men. Assuming this to be the case, we also hypothe-
group were more likely to have lower educational qualifications).
sised that men would have significantly higher BAS-2 scores than
women.
2.2. Measures
We also examined the test-retest reliability of BAS-2 scores
after three weeks, hypothesising that scores on the instrument
2.2.1. Body appreciation
would demonstrate adequate temporal stability. Further, we exam-
Participants were asked to complete a Brazilian Portuguese
ined the construct validity of BAS-2 scores through associations
translation of the 10-item BAS-2 (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015b).
with scores on measures that have been translated and validated
All items were rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 = never
for use in Brazilian adults. First, to assess associations with psy-
(Brazilian Portuguese: nunca) to 5 = always (Brazilian Portuguese:
chological well-being, we included measures of self-esteem and
sempre). Details of the translation of the BAS-2 into Brazilian Por-
satisfaction with life, and expected significant and positive asso-
tuguese are provided in Section 2.3 and the items in English and
ciations between each of these constructs and body appreciation
Brazilian Portuguese are reported in Table 1.
scores. Second, we examined associations with indices of disor-
dered eating attitudes and behaviours and negative body image
2.2.2. Life satisfaction
(i.e., appearance dissatisfaction), respectively, with the expecta-
All participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLS;
tion of significant and negative associations in both women and
Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985; Brazilian Portuguese
men. We also included additional measures of negative body image
translation: Gouveia, Milfont, da Fonseca, & de Miranda Coelho,
for women (breast size dissatisfaction and actual-ideal weight
2009). The SLS consists of five items that index respondents’ assess-
discrepancy) and men (drive for muscularity) based on the avail-
ments of the quality of their lives on the basis of their own unique
ability of measures that have been validated for use in Brazilian
criteria (sample item: “I am satisfied with my life”). All items were
adults. We expected that body appreciation scores would be sig-
rated on a 5-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree),
nificant and negatively associated with breast size dissatisfaction
and an overall score was computed as the mean of all items. Higher
and weight discrepancy in women, and negatively associated with
scores on this scale reflect greater life satisfaction. Scores on the
drive for muscularity in men. Finally, we also examined associa-
Brazilian Portuguese version of the SLS have a one-dimensional
tions between body appreciation and BMI, expecting a negative
factor structure, adequate internal consistency and good construct
association in both women and men.
validity in women and men (Gouveia et al., 2009). In the present
work, ␻ for scores on this scale was .86 (95% CI = .83-.88).
2. Method
2.2.3. Self-esteem
2.1. Participants Participants were asked to complete the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965; Brazilian Portuguese translation:
2.1.1. Main sample Hutz & Zanon, 2011). The 10 items on the RSES measure global per-
The initial participant pool consisted of 1078 individuals; how- ceptions of an individual’s sense of worthiness as a person (sample
ever, data from 88 individuals were omitted because they did not item: “I feel I have a number of good qualities”) and were rated on
 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170 163

Table 1
Body Appreciation Scale-2 Items in English and Brazilian Portuguese and Associated Item-Factor Loadings for Participants in the Present Study.

BAS-2 items / Brazilian translation Women Men

1. I respect my body / Eu respeito meu corpo .55 .34

2. I feel good about my body / Eu me sinto bem com meu corpo .81 .36
3. I feel that my body has at least some good qualities / Eu sinto que meu corpo tem, pelo menos, algumas qualidades positivas .63 .47
4. I take a positive attitude towards my body / Eu tenho uma atitude positiva em relação ao meu corpo .75 .33
5. I am attentive to my body’s needs / Eu sou atento(a) às necessidades do meu corpo .47 .55
6. I feel love for my body / Eu sinto amor pelo meu corpo .84 .72
7. I appreciate the different and unique characteristics of my body / Eu aprecio as características diferentes e únicas do meu corpo .81 .78
8. My behaviour reveals my positive attitude toward my body; for example, I hold my head high and smile / Meu comportamento .75 .79
revela minha atitude positiva em relação ao meu corpo; por exemplo, mantenho minha cabeça erguida e sorrio
9. I am comfortable in my body / Eu me sinto confortável com meu corpo .88 .57
10. I feel like I am beautiful even if I am different from media images of attractive people (e.g., models, actresses/actors) / Eu sinto que .81 .78
sou bonito(a) mesmo que eu seja diferente das imagens de pessoas atraentes da mídia (ex: modelos, atrizes/atores)

a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 = strongly disagree to 3 = strongly size. Participants were asked to rate the image that most closely
agree. Five items were reverse-coded and an overall RSES scores matched their current breast size and the image they would most
was computed as the mean of all items. Scores on the Brazilian like to possess, with responses made on a 14-point scale (1 = figure
Portuguese version of the RSES are one-dimensional and have ade- with the smallest breast size, 14 = figure with the largest breast size). A
quate psychometric properties in women and men (Hutz & Zanon, measure of breast size dissatisfaction was computed as the absolute
2011). In the present study, ␻ for scores on this scale was .81 (95% difference between current and ideal breast size ratings, such that
CI = .78–.84). higher scores reflect greater breast size dissatisfaction irrespective
of a desire for larger or smaller breast size. Scores derived from
2.2.4. Appearance dissatisfaction the BSRS have been shown to have adequate construct validity in
All participants completed the Appearance Evaluation Sub- Brazilian women (Junquiera et al., 2019). No comparable measure
scale of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire exists for men and it is not possible to compute ␻ for BSRS scores.
(MBSRQ-AE; Cash, 2000; Brazilian Portuguese translation: Laus,
Vales, Oliveira, Braga Costa, & Almeida, 2019), which measures the 2.2.7. Drive for muscularity
degree of satisfaction/dissatisfaction with one’s appearance. While Men were asked to complete the Drive for Muscularity Scale
the original version of the subscale included seven items, the Brazil- (DMS; McCreary & Sasse, 2000; Brazilian Portuguese translation:
ian Portuguese version includes only five items (sample item: “I like Campana, Tavares, Swami, & da Silva, 2013). Although the original
my looks just the way they are”), as two reverse-keyed items did DMS contains 15 items, the Brazilian Portuguese version retains
not load onto the Appearance Evaluation factor are were thus rec- only 12 of the items (sample item: “I think that my chest is not
ommended for exclusion (Laus et al., 2019). Items were rated on a muscular enough”), with three items demonstrating less-than-
5-point scale, ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree, adequate factor loadings (Campana et al., 2013). All items were
and a subscale score was computed as the mean of all five items. rated on a 6-point scale, ranging from 1 = always to 6 = never, and
Scores were reverse-coded for analyses so that higher scores reflect were reverse-coded prior to analyses. Scores on the Brazilian Por-
greater appearance dissatisfaction. Laus et al. (2019) reported that tuguese version of the DMS consist of two dimensions that load
scores on the Brazilian Portuguese version of the MBSRQ-AE are onto a higher order drive for muscularity factor (Campana et al.,
one-dimensional and have adequate psychometric properties in 2013); for this reason, we computed an overall DMS score as the
Brazilian women and men. In the present study, ␻ for scores on mean of all 12 items, so that higher scores represent greater drive
the MBSRQ-AE was .85 (95% CI = .83–.88). for muscularity. Only men were asked to complete the DMS as it
has not been validated for use in Brazilian women. In the present
2.2.5. Weight discrepancy study, ␻ for scores on the DMS was .90 (95% CI = .88–.92).
Women were asked to complete the Photographic Figure Rat-
ing Scale (PFRS; Swami, Salem, Furnham, & Tovée, 2008; Brazilian
Portuguese translation: Swami et al., 2011). The PFRS is a figural 2.2.8. Eating attitudes and behaviours
rating scale that depicts 10 photographic images of women rang- All participants were asked to complete the Eating Attitudes
ing from ‘emaciate’ to ‘obese.’ Participants were asked to select the Test-26 (EAT-26; Garner & Garfinkel, 1979; Brazilian Portuguese
figure that most closely matched their own body and the figure that translation: Nunes et al., 1994). The EAT-26 is widely-used mea-
they would most like to possess on a 10-point scale, ranging from sure of symptoms and concerns characteristic of disordered eating
1 = figure with the smallest body size to 10 = figure with largest body (sample item: “I am terrified about being overweight”). All 26 items
size. A measure of actual-ideal weight discrepancy was computed were rated on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 = never to 3 = always.
as the difference between absolute current and ideal ratings. Higher Validation work with the Brazilian Portuguese translation of this
scores reflect greater weight discrepancy. Previous work has shown measure in women and men supported a one-dimensional, higher-
that the PFRS has adequate patterns of construct validity (Swami order factor structure, with higher mean scores reflecting greater
et al., 2012), including in Brazilian women (Swami et al., 2011). Men pathological eating attitudes and greater risk for developing eating
did not complete the PFRS because no male version of the PFRS is disorders (Bighetti, Santos, Santos, & Ribeiro, 2004). In the present
available. It is not possible to compute ␻ for scores on this measure. study, ␻ for scores on the EAT-26 was .76 (95% CI = .73–.80).

2.2.6. Breast size dissatisfaction 2.2.9. Demographics

Women were also asked to complete the Breast Size Rating Participants were asked to provide their demographic informa-
Scale (BSRS; Swami, Cavelti, Taylor, & Tovée, 2015; Brazilian Por- tion, consisting of sex, age, educational attainment, and marital
tuguese translation: Junquiera et al., 2019). The BSRS consists of status. Participants also self-reported their height and weight,
14 computer-generated images of women with increasing breast which was used to compute BMI as kg/m2 . Self-reported BMI is
164 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170

strongly correlated with actual BMI in Brazilian adults (Schmidt whereas parents from three elementary schools were recruited via
et al., 1993). posted invitations.
University-based participants who agreed to take part were
invited to a laboratory setting, where they completed the question-
2.3. Scale Translation
naire in a private cubicle. School-based participants who agreed to
take part were sent a package containing survey materials, namely
As described above, although a Brazilian Portuguese transla-
an information sheet, an informed consent sheet, an anonymous
tion of the BAS-2 was available (Ibáñez et al., 2017), the authors of
questionnaire, and debriefing information. To reduce participant
this translation relied solely on the back-translation method, which
fatigue, five versions of the questionnaire were prepared: all con-
may be problematic (see van Widenfelt et al., 2005). We, therefore,
tained the BAS-2 and demographic items, but iterations for men
prepared a novel translation of the BAS-2 following the six-step
included (1) the SLS and RSES (n = 234), or (2) the EAT-26, MBSRQ-
guidelines for test adaptation recommended by Borsa, Damásio,
AE, and DMS (n = 238), whereas iterations for women included (3)
and Bandeira (2012) for use in the Brazilian context. In the first
the EAT-26 and PFRS (n = 203), (4) the RSES, SLS, and BSRS (n = 207),
step, three independent, bilingual speakers forward-translated the
or (5) the MBSRQ-AE and additional measures not included here
BAS-2 from English into Brazilian Portuguese. In a second step, a
(n = 196). Thus, participants only saw a selection of measures
synthesis of the three forward-translations was prepared through
and did not complete the full questionnaire, which also included
a consensual approach by the three translators and the research
measures of body checking behaviours, anti-fat attitudes, self-
team. In a third step, the Brazilian Portuguese version of the BAS-2
objectification, and broad conceptualisations of beauty in some
was pre-tested for clarity and comprehension of items, response
iterations. These measures were omitted from analyses in the
format, and instructions with 30 individuals (15 women, 15 men)
present work as they have not been, or are currently being, vali-
who matched the characteristics of the target sample. In six focus
dated for use in Brazilian adults. Each iteration of the questionnaire
groups, these participants completed the BAS-2 and discussed the
took approximately 10 min to complete.
degree of relevance, representativeness, clarity, and comprehen-
Of the 2000 invitations that were made, 1078 individuals
siveness. Based on the discussions, the research team then made
completed and returned the questionnaires, representing a 53.9%
minor amendments to the Brazilian Portuguese version of the BAS-
response rate. All participants included in the analyses provided
2.
written informed consent and completed paper-and-pencil ques-
In a fourth step, this version of the BAS-2 was back-translated
tionnaires in which the order of presentation of the scales was
into English by two independent, bilingual speakers. The two back-
counterbalanced. To examine test-retest reliability, we made invi-
translations were then synthesised into a single version, which
tations to a random selection of 400 university-based participants
was submitted to an expert committee consisting of six bilingual
(i.e., 20.0% of the total invitations) who returned usable data (i.e.,
body image researchers. In a fifth step, the committee evaluated
with no missing data) in the first phase to complete the BAS-2
all prepared materials for semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and con-
during retest using the same basic procedures as before. Of these
ceptual equivalence, rating each BAS-2 item on a 3-point scale (1 =
individuals, 221 returned completed questionnaires, representing
appropriate, 0 = moderately appropriate, -1 = inappropriate/requires
a response rate of 55.3%. Those who agreed to take part completed
modification). If two or more members of the committee rated an
an anonymous, paper-and-pencil questionnaire in a laboratory set-
item as -1, the item was revised through consensual approach by
ting. All participants took part on voluntary basis and were not
all committee members. In a final step, the pre-final version of the
remunerated for participation.
Brazilian Portuguese was presented to a group of 36 participants
(25 women, 11 men), similar in demographics to the target popu-
2.5. Analytic strategy
lation. They were asked to describe, in their own words, what they
understood each item to mean and to indicate on a dichotomous
2.5.1. Data treatment and overall strategy
scale (yes vs. no) if they experienced any difficulties understanding
Following the recommendations of Parent (2013), participants
each item. None of the items raised any concerns, so the commit-
who were missing substantial (i.e., > 80.0%) item-level data were
tee accepted the final version of the Brazilian Portuguese BAS-2, a
deleted listwise. For the remaining participants, 5.1% of item-level
copy of which was submitted to the authors of the original BAS-
data were missing completely at random as determined by Little’s
2 developers. Comparison of our translation to that produced by
(1988) Missing Completely at Random test, ␹2 (127) = 150.78, p =
Ibáñez et al. (2017) indicate a number of minor differences, pri-
.074. These data were, therefore, replaced using the mean replace-
marily related to grammatical ordering and word choice.
ment technique (Parent, 2013), whereby missing values were
replaced with the mean of the remainder of participants. To exam-
2.4. Procedures ine the factor structure of BAS-2 scores, we followed Swami and
Barron’s (2019) recommendation of using an EFA-to-CFA analytic
Once ethics approval was obtained from the relevant Insti- strategy. To ensure adequate sample sizes in both steps, the total
tutional Review Board, invitations were made to 2000 potential sample was split using a computer-generated semi-random seed,
participants to take part in a study on body image and well-being resulting in one split-half for EFA (women n = 200, men n = 200)
between March and October of 2018. Inclusion criteria (being a and a second split-half for CFA (women n = 360, men n = 230). There
Brazilian citizen, between the ages of 18 and 50 years, and flu- were no significant differences between the EFA and CFA samples
ent in Brazilian Portuguese based on self-report) and exclusion on key demographics (results available from the corresponding
criteria (being pregnant at the time of recruitment, having given author) (Table 2).
birth within less than 12 months of recruitment, and having any
medical condition that may directly or indirectly influence one’s 2.5.2. Exploratory factor analysis
physical appearance, including rheumatic or autoimmune diseases, Data from the first split-half were subjected to EFA with
cancer, or severe burns) were used to approximate sampling crite- principal-axis factoring in IBM SPSS Statistics v. 24, which we
ria used in studies in the Brazilian context (see Laus et al., 2014). conducted separately for women and men. Sample sizes met
University staff and students were recruited via direct approaches Worthington and Whittaker’s (2006) recommendation that, where
(i.e., through opportunistic recruitment by directly inviting partic- item communalities are ≥ .50 (present study communalities ≥ .53)
ipation) on campus locations by two trained research assistants, or there are 10:1 items per factor with factor loadings of about .40,
 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170 165

Table 2
Measurement Invariance Across Sex in the Present Study.

Model ␹2 df CFI RMSEA SRMR Model Comparison 2 CFI RMSEA SRMR df p PGFI

Configural 125.74 66 .976 .055 .033 .504

Metric 135.51 75 .975 .060 .045 Configural vs. metric 9.77 .001 .005 .012 9 .520 .572
Scalar 183.15 84 .960 .071 .050 Metric vs. scalar 47.64 .015 .011 .005 9 <.001 .639

Note. CFI = Comparative fit index; RMSEA = Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approximation; SRMR = standardised root mean square residual; PGFI = Parsimony goodness
of fit index.

then a sample size of 150–200 may be adequate. The female and figural invariance implies that the latent BAS-2 variable and the
male subsamples also met assumptions for EFA based on item dis- pattern of loadings of the latent variable on indicators are similar
tributions, average item correlations, and item-total correlations across groups. Metric invariance implies that the magnitude of the
(Clark & Watson, 1995). To determine whether our data were fac- loadings is similar across groups and is tested by comparing two
torable, we computed the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of nested models consisting of a baseline model and an invariance
sampling adequacy (which should ideally be ≥ .80; Kaiser, 1974) model. Because the 2 statistic is overly stringent to determine
and Bartlett’s test of sphericity (which should be significant). For criterion invariance, we used CFI < .01 as an indicator of met-
the EFAs, we followed Tylka and Wood-Barcalow (2015b) in apply- ric invariance (Cheung & Rensvold, 2002). Finally, scalar invariance
ing a quartimax rotation, which is suitable when a single factor is implies that both the item loadings and item intercepts are sim-
anticipated. Factor extraction was based on the results of parallel ilar across groups and is examined using the same nested-model
analysis (Hayton, Allen, & Scarpello, 2004), which works by creat- comparison strategy as with metric invariance (Chen, 2007). For
ing a random dataset with the same number of cases and variables scalar invariance, Chen (2007) suggested that invariance is sup-
as the actual dataset. Factors in the actual data are only retained ported when CFI < .01 and RMSEA < .015 or SRMR < .030,
if their eigenvalues are greater than the eigenvalues from the ran- although other scholars suggest that CFI < .01 is sufficient (Cheung
dom data (Hayton et al., 2004). Item retention was based on Comrey & Rensvold, 2002).
and Lee’s (1992) recommendation that items with “fair” loadings Reliability and construct validity
(i.e., ≥ .33) should be retained. Finally, the degree of factor similarity Test-retest reliability after three weeks was assessed using
across women and men was assessed using Tucker’s (1951) congru- intra-class coefficients and paired-samples t-tests. Internal consis-
ence coefficient, with values between .85 and .94 corresponding to tency was assessed using ␻ and its associated 95% CI, with values
fair similarity across groups and values ≥ .95 suggesting that factor greater than .70 reflecting adequate reliability (Dunn, Baguley, &
structures can be considered equal across groups (Lorenzo-Seva & Brunsden, 2014). In the CFA portion of the dataset, evidence of con-
ten Berge, 2006). vergent validity was assessed using the Fornell-Larcker criterion
(Fornell & Larcker, 1981), with average variance extracted values ≥
.50 considered adequate (Malhotra & Dash, 2011). Between group
2.5.3. Confirmatory factor analysis differences in BAS-2 across sex, examined using an independent-
Data from the second split-half were subjected to CFA using samples t-test, would only be investigated should scalar or partial
the lavaan (Rosseel, 2012), semTools (Jorgensen, Pornprasertmanit, scalar invariance be established (Davidov, Meuleman, Cieciuch,
Schoemann, & Rosseel, 2018), and MVN packages (Korkmaz, Schmidt, & Billiet, 2014). Finally, to assess construct validity, we
Goksuluk, & Zararsiz, 2014) with R (R Development Core Team, used the total sample and examined bivariate correlations between
2014). Based on a proactive Monte Carlo simulation (Marcoulides & BAS-2 scores and the additional measures included in the survey.
Chin, 2013), Swami et al. (2019) reported that a sample size of 220
would be adequate for CFA, which our second split-half surpassed.
We aimed to test the fit of the one-factor model of BAS-2 scores, 3. Results
as well as the factor structure identified by the EFAs, if different.
Assessment of the present data for normality indicated that they 3.1. Exploratory factor analysis
were neither univariate (Sharipo-Wilks p < .001), nor multivariate
normal (Mardia’s skewness = 748.17, p < .001, Mardia’s kurtosis = 3.1.1. Female subsample
27.40, p < .001), so parameter estimates were obtained using the For the female subsample from the first split-half (n = 200),
robust maximum likelihood method with the Satorra-Bentler cor- Bartlett’s test of sphericity, ␹2 (45) = 1145.80, p < .001, and the KMO
rection (Satorra & Bentler, 2001). To assess goodness-of-fit, we used measure of sampling adequacy, KMO = .92, indicated that the BAS-
the normed model chi-square (␹2 /df; values < 3.0 are considered 2 items had adequate common variance for factor analysis. The
indicative of good fit and up to 5.0 are considered adequate; Hu & results of the EFA revealed two factors with ␭ > 1.0, but parallel
Bentler, 1999), the Steiger-Lind root mean square error of approx- analysis indicated that only a single factor should be extracted: only
imation (RMSEA) and its 90% CI (values close to .06 are considered the first factor from the actual data had ␭ greater than the criterion
to be indicative of good fit and values of about .07–.08 indicative ␭ generated from the random data (i.e., 5.52 [actual data] compared
of adequate fit; Steiger, 2007), the standardised root mean square to 3.11 [random data]). The second factor derived from the actual
residual (SRMR; values < .09 are considered to be indicative of good data had an ␭ that was lower than the corresponding criterion ␭
fit; Hu & Bentler, 1999), the comparative fit index (CFI; values close generated from the random data (i.e., 1.11 [actual data] compared
to or > .95 indicate adequate fit; Hu & Bentler, 1999), the Tucker- to 2.45 [random data]). As such, we retained a single factor, which
Lewis index (TLI; values close to or > .95 indicate adequate fit; Hu explained 55.2% of the common variance. As reported in Table 1,
& Bentler, 1999), and Bollen’s Incremental Fit Index (BL89; values factors loadings ranged from .47 (Item 5) to .88 (Item 9). Omega for
close to or > .95 indicate an acceptable fit; Hu & Bentler, 1999). all 10 BAS-2 items in this subsample was .91 (95% CI = .89–.93).
Measurement invariance
Using the CFA subsample, we also assessed measurement invari- 3.1.2. Male subsample
ance at the configural, metric, and scalar levels between sex For the male subsample (n = 200), Bartlett’s test of sphericity,
(women and men) using multi-group CFA (Chen, 2007, 2008). Con- ␹2 (45) = 753.05, p < .001, and the KMO measure of sampling ade-
166 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170

Fig. 1. Path diagram and estimates for the one-dimensional model of Body Appreciation Scale-2 scores. The large oval is the latent construct, with the rectangles representing
measured variables, and the small circles with numbers representing the residual variables (variances). The path factor loadings are standardised with significance levels
were determined by critical ratios (all p < .001).

quacy, KMO = .86, suggested that the BAS-2 items were factorable. loadings were all adequate (see Fig. 1). The convergent validity for
As with the female subsample, the EFA revealed two factors with this model was adequate, as the average variance extracted (AVE)
␭ > 1.0 and the Scree plot suggested a single primary factor with was greater than .50 (AVE = .52).
a steep cut-off to a secondary factor. Parallel analysis pointed to
the extracted of a single factor: the first factor from the actual data 3.2.2. Sex invariance
had ␭ greater than the criterion ␭ generated from the random data We tested for measurement invariance across sex using the
(i.e., 3.13 [actual data] compared to 2.96 [random data]), whereas second split-half subsample. Values for CFI and RMSEA, and
the second factor derived from the actual data had an ␭ that was SRMR supported scalar invariance. Omega was adequate for
lower than the corresponding criterion ␭ generated from the ran- women (.91, 95% CI = .89–.92) and men (.92, 95% CI = .90–.93). Men
dom data (i.e., 1.67 [actual data] compared to 2.22 [random data]). (M = 3.95, SD = 0.74) had significantly higher BAS-2 scores than
We, therefore, retained a single factor, which explained 31.3% of women (M = 3.70, SD = 0.77), t(588) = 3.90, p < .001, d = 0.32.
the shared variance. Factor loadings are reported in Table 1 and,
as can be seen, loadings ranged from .33 (Item 4) to .80 (Item 8).
3.3. Further analyses
Omega for the 10-item BAS-2 total score this subsample was .86
(95% CI = .83–.89).
3.3.1. Test-rest reliability
The intra-class coefficient between the BAS-2 scores at the first
3.1.3. Factor similarity and second administration was .81. There was also no signifi-
To assess the degree of factor similarity across the female and cant difference in BAS-2 scores between administration periods,
male subsamples, Tucker’s congruence coefficient was computed. t(220) = 1.38, p = .056, which supports test-retest reliability up to
The result (.90) was above the cut-off for fair similarity (.85), but three weeks.
was below the threshold for equality of dimensions (.95). This may
reflect the fact that factor loadings in the male subsample were sub- 3.3.2. Construct validity
stantially attenuated compared to those in the female subsample. Using the total sample, we computed associations between
body appreciation and all other variables for women and men,
3.2. Confirmatory factor analysis respectively. As shown in Table 3, BAS-2 scores in women were
significantly and positively associated with life satisfaction and
3.2.1. Confirmatory factor analysis self-esteem, and negatively associated with appearance dissatis-
In the second split-half subsample (n = 590), we examined the faction, weight discrepancy, breast size dissatisfaction, disordered
fit of a one-factor model of BAS-2 scores, which is consistent eating behaviours and attitudes, and BMI. In men, body apprecia-
with the broader literature and our EFA results. Fit indices were: tion was significantly and positively associated with life satisfaction
SB␹2 (35) = 162.84, SB␹2 normed = 4.65, robust RMSEA = .091 (90% and self-esteem, and negatively associated with appearance dissat-
CI = .077–.105), SRMR = .040, robust CFI = .946, robust TLI = .931, isfaction, drive for muscularity and disordered eating behaviours
BL89 = .947. Since fit indices were less than adequate, suggested and attitudes, respectively. The association between body appreci-
modification indices were considered to improve model fit. Error ation and BMI did not reach significance in men.
covariances were successively freed in accordance with the
results from likelihood ratio tests for Items 2 and 9 [MI = 48.41; 4. Discussion
␹2 (1) = 44.96, p < .001], and then Items 1 and 5 [MI = 34.30;
␹2 (1) = 34.61, p < .001]. These modifications resulted in an Our aim in the present study was to examine the psychome-
adequately-fitting model, SB␹2 (33) = 104.16, SB␹2 normed = 3.16, tric properties of a Brazilian Portuguese translation of the BAS-2
robust RMSEA = .069 (90% CI = .055–.084), SRMR = .030, robust with a sample of Brazilian adults. In terms of the factor structure
CFI = .970, robust TLI = .960, BL89 = .971. In this subsample, omega of BAS-2 scores, our results are consistent with the parent study
was .91 (95% CI = .90–.93). The standardised estimates of factor (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015b) and previous translational stud-
 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170 167

Table 3
Associations between Body Appreciation and Additional Measures for the Main Sample.

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(1) Body appreciation .43** .46** −.68** −.41** −.26** – −.16* −.19**
(2) Satisfaction with life .35** .53** – – −.23** – – −.15
(3) Self-esteem .42** .42** – – −.17* – – .04
(4) Appearance dissatisfaction −.66** – .11* – – – – .26**
(5) Actual-ideal weight discrepancy – – – – – – – .71**
(6) Breast size dissatisfaction – – – – – – – .17*
(7) Drive for muscularity −.15* – – .08 – – – –
(8) Disordered eating behaviours and attitudes −.24* – – .18* – – .34** .03
(9) Body mass index −.10* .04 −.02 .27** – – – −.08

Note. Results for women are reported in the upper diagonal and for men in the lower diagonal; No participant completed every measure, which accounts for empty cells;
*p < .05, **p < .001.

ies (Alleva et al., 2016; Anlı et al., 2017; Atari, 2016; Hosseini et al., 2017, 2019), it is suggestive of possible item-content overlap in the
2018; Jovic et al., 2017; Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Lemoine et al., Brazilian Portuguese BAS-2. One way of advancing knowledge in
2018; Namatame et al., 2017; Razmus & Razmus, 2017; Swami & Ng, this area would be to utilise an emic approach (Brislin, Lonner, &
2015; Swami et al., 2016, 2019; Swami, García et al., 2017; Swami, Thorndike, 1973), in which understandings of body appreciation
Tudorel et al., 2017; Vally et al., 2019), which have suggested that are examined with Brazilian adults specifically and used to develop
scores on this instrument are one-dimensional. Indeed, we were new item content. This speaks to broader translational issues con-
able to extract a single dimension with all 10 BAS-2 items using cerning the reliance on instruments that were initially developed
both EFA (in women and men) and CFA. Our results are also consis- in Western settings (see Swami & Barron, 2019). Although we
tent with the findings of a study with Brazilian adolescents (Ibáñez emphasise that the BAS-2 is appropriate for use in Brazil, fur-
et al., 2017). Overall, it is possible to conclude that the BAS-2 is ther exploration of the meanings of positive body image and body
a psychometrically-valid measure for use in adolescent and adult appreciation among Brazilians would also be valuable.
Brazilian samples. In addition to assessing factorial dimensionality, we also exam-
Despite this consistency across cultural groups, several issues ined sex invariance of BAS-2 scores in our sample. Our results
concerning the BAS-2 factor structure in the present study should showed that full scalar invariance was achieved, which is consis-
be highlighted. First, our EFAs suggested the existence of two fac- tent with the parent study (Tylka & Wood-Barcalow, 2015b) and
tors in both women and men; although parallel analyses indicated some translational studies (Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Lemoine
that a single factor should be extracted, and our CFA confirmed et al., 2018; Meneses et al., 2019; Namatame et al., 2017; Razmus
the fit of this one-dimensional model, the issue of dimensionality & Razmus, 2017; Swami et al., 2016; Swami, García et al., 2017).
may warrant closer inspection in future work. This is important Nevertheless, it should be noted that the EFAs suggested that the
given that previous studies using the BAS have generally suggested EFA-derived factor structures were not equal for women and men,
that scores on the measure in Brazilian Portuguese-speaking pop- as assessed by Tucker’s congruence coefficient, which may reflect
ulations are multi-dimensional (Ferreira et al., 2014; Swami et al., the attenuated factor loadings in men. When we compared BAS-
2011). In particular, it has been suggested that body image invest- 2 scores across sex, we were able to confirm our hypothesis that
ment or body valorisation may form a distinct component of body men would evidence significantly higher scores than women. This
appreciation (Neves, Lorey, Campana, Ferreira, & da Silva, 2015). is consistent with some previous studies (Razmus & Razmus, 2017;
However, items that load onto this secondary BAS component are Swami et al., 2016; Swami, García et al., 2017; Tylka & Wood-
not included in the BAS-2, so this is unlikely to fully account for the Barcalow, 2015b), although it should be pointed out that the effect
present findings. size of the difference in the present study was small.
Another possibility is that some items of the BAS-2 do not fully Beyond issues of factorial dimensionality and measurement
align with the conceptualisation of body appreciation in Brazil- invariance, our additional results provide strong evidence of
ian Portuguese. For example, it was apparent in the EFAs that the psychometric properties of BAS-2 scores in Brazilian adults.
loadings were substantially attenuated on Items 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9, First, internal consistency coefficients were consistently adequate
particularly in men. Again, this may be suggestive of score multi- (␻ ≥ .86 in all analyses) and test-retest reliability was supported
dimensionality, although understanding reasons for this is difficult up to three weeks. However, caution should be exercised when
in the absence of further data. It should be noted that a previous interpreting the latter result given that our retest sample showed
study with Malaysian adults (Swami et al., 2019) also reported significant differences from the non-retest group in terms of key
factor loading deflation, although in that case it affected the EFA demographics. Second, we were able to support the construct valid-
conducted with women. Item 1 (“I respect my body”), in particular, ity of BAS-2 scores in the present study. Specifically, BAS-2 scores
appears to be problematic across studies and may reflect cross- were significantly associated in the expected directions with scores
linguistic differences in understandings of, or meanings ascribed on indices of psychological well-being, other measures of body
to, the term ‘respect.’ We might extend this argument to suggest image, and a measure of symptoms of disordered eating attitudes
that positive valuations of the body (e.g., respect for the body, feel- and behaviours. The association between body appreciation and
ing good about the body, taking a positive attitude toward the BMI was significant and negative in women, but did not reach
body) might be complex in some national contexts, particularly significance in men. Given the equivocal nature of associations
where heightened valuations of corporeal capital are normalised between body appreciation and BMI in previous studies, it might
and pervasive (Edmonds, 2010). be questioned to what extent BMI adequately provides an index of
Finally, we highlight that adequate CFA fit was only achieved construct validity, particularly in men.
following the freeing of covariances between two pairs of items. Strengths of the present work include the robust translational
Although this is consistent with some previous translational studies procedures that we followed to develop the Brazilian Portuguese
(Kertechian & Swami, 2017; Swami et al., 2016; Swami, García et al., BAS-2 and the recruitment of a large, mixed sample of adults. Nev-
168 A.C.P. Junqueira et al. / Body Image 31 (2019) 160–170

ertheless, there are a number of limiting issues with the present Bighetti, F., Santos, C. B., Santos, J. E., & Ribeiro, R. P. P. (2004). Tradução e validação
study, some of which have been highlighted above. Additionally, do Eating Attitudes Test em adolescentes do sexo feminino de Ribeirão
Preto-SP [Translation and validation of the Eating Attitudes Test in female
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Campana, A. N. N. B., Tavares, M. C. G. C. F., Swami, V., & da Silva, D. (2013). An
2 scores across other population segments of Brazil, including in examination of the psychometric properties of Brazilian Portuguese
terms of sexual orientation and ethnicity. In a similar fashion, it translations of the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Swansea Muscularity
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The authors acknowledge the Brazilian National Council solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British
for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Process Journal of Psychology, 105, 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
166560/2017-0) and the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Edmonds, A. (2010). Pretty modern: Beauty, sex, and plastic surgery in Brazil.
London: Duke University Press.
Improvement (CAPES) for the financial support. Ferreira, L., Neves, A. N., & Tavares, M. C. G. C. F. (2014). Validity of body image
scales for Brazilian older adults. Motriz: Revista de Educaçāo Física, 20, 359–373.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742014000400002
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