Sudan RPDNRA-English HighRes

SUDAN RAPID POST
DISASTER NEEDS
AND RECOVERY
ASSESSMENT
(RAPID PDNRA)
SUDAN RAPID POST
DISASTER NEEDS AND
RECOVERY ASSESSMENT
(RAPID PDNRA)
March 2021
Disclaimer
This report was developed based on the inputs received during numerous consultative sessions,
state visits, individual interviews, and literature reviews by the Sudan RPDNRA team. Any
discrepancies are unintended.
The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Published by
Government of Sudan
Council of Ministers
Nile Avenue - Khartoum
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.sudan.gov.sd
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OPENING REMARKS vi
FOREWORD viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
ACRONYMS DIRECTORY xii
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii
2. INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1
NATURAL HAZARDS AND DISASTER RISK IN SUDAN 2
3. SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT 4

OVERVIEW OF THE FLOOD EVENT 4
OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT 4
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 6
4. HOUSING 10
SUMMARY 10
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR CONTEXT 11
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR 13
MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN IMPACT 14
RECOVERY NEEDS AND STRATEGY 14
5. HEALTH 18
SUMMARY 18
6. EDUCATION 31
SUMMARY 31
7. SPORTS 39
SUMMARY 39
8. MANUFACTURING 46
SUMMARY 46
SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

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iii
9. AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK 52
SUMMARY 52
10. TRANSPORT 66
SUMMARY 66
11. ENERGY & ELECTRICITY 80

SUMMARY 80
12. WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 90

SUMMARY 90
13. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 100

SUMMARY 100
14. EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION 109

SUMMARY 109
15. CULTURE 121

SUMMARY 121
16. GENDER 130

SUMMARY 130
17. GOVERNANCE 146

SUMMARY 146

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18. ENVIRONMENT 152
SUMMARY 152
19. HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 158

OBJECTIVE AND KEY FINDINGS 158
CONTEXT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN SUDAN 161
COPING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PEOPLE, ASSISTANCE RECEIVED
AND EXPRESSED NEEDS 176
IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 179
RECOMMENDATIONS 182
20. SUDAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND RECOVERY FRAMEWORK 185
21. ANNEXES 192
ANNEX – HOUSING 192

ANNEX – HEALTH 193
ANNEX – EDUCATION 193
ANNEX – SPORTS 197
ANNEX – MANUFACTURING 198
ANNEX – AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK 199
ANNEX – TRANSPORT 202
ANNEX – ENERGY & ELECTRICITY 203
ANNEX – WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 203
ANNEX – DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 207
ANNEX – EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION 209
ANNEX – CULTURE 210
ANNEX – GENDER 216
ANNEX – ENVIRONMENT 216
ANNEX – HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 216

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v
OPENING REMARKS
During the past weeks and months Sudan assessment of the resultant damage and
experienced some of the worst flooding impacts by the floods.
in decades. Over 875,000 people were
affected, 120 people were left dead, and It was a huge learning experience for our
flood-related damages amounted to over people as this was the first ever exercise
USD 3.34 billion. The magnitude and of this nature to take place in Sudan.
impacts of this year’s seasonal flooding The process of assessing the damages,
are unprecedented. The floods affected all quantifying the losses, and identifying the
eighteen States of the country. The Nile recovery needs was a valuable component
States and the capital Khartoum, located of building the capacity of key sectors
at the confluence of the White and the to assist in developing a more effective
Blue Nile, were particularly affected by the disaster management mechanism for the
overflow of rivers in the Nile basin. Heavy country.
rains and flash flooding also affected
non-Nile States, especially North Darfur, This report summarizes the main findings
where the floods compounded the already of the assessment and outlines the key
dire humanitarian situation. The floods actions needed for the immediate and
impacted virtually every sector of Sudan. longer-term recovery from the flood
The destruction of thousands of buildings disaster. Covering in total sixteen sector
left people homeless and disrupted assessments, the report documents
manufacturing and commercial activities the immense scale and damage of the
across the country. With a large share floods. It also highlights the importance
of the Sudanese living in rural areas and of preparedness to reduce the impacts
relying on agriculture, animal husbandry and damages of future floods. As such,
and pastoralism, the destruction of crops the assessment provides an important
and livestock severely impacted the resource for all government agencies
livelihoods of the people living in flood- involved in the flood response. In the
affected areas. process of conducting the assessment,
government agencies came together in
On September 4th Sudan’s Security a great effort to generate a common
and Defence Council declared a three- understanding of the flood impacts and
month, nation-wide state of emergency recovery needs. In close coordination
and designated the country a natural with the development partners in Sudan,
disaster zone. The Sovereignty Council the assessment provided a valuable
established a Higher Committee for experience for the Government of Sudan.
Flood Mitigation to address the impact It made evident the strengths and areas
of the floods of 2020. The committee is for improvement of the overall governance
headed by the Ministry of Labour and structure for disaster management as
Social Development and includes all the country transitions towards building
relevant federal ministries, the states’ local better institutions.
governments, and coordinating authorities
as well as local, regional, and international The main task now for us as decision
response organizations. On October 1st, makers is to ensure that the
after flood waters had subsided and the recommended recovery processes enable
full extent of the flood damage became us to implant resilience measures that will
visible, the Ministry of Labour and Social mitigate the impact of future disasters.
Development issued a request to the We constructed a disaster recovery
World Bank Country Director, seeking framework for building back better and to
assistance from the World Bank and keep Sudan on track to fulfil its national
the United Nations to carry out an growth and development goals. We are

vi (RAPID PDNRA)
pushing very hard to institutionalise our political and economic circumstances,
approach to managing disaster and solid especially the World Bank and the United
steps towards establishing a national Nations Development Programme in
authority for disaster management is Sudan. We look forward to working closely
already taken. with all partners and stakeholders to carry
out the recovery tasks that are aiming
On behalf of the Government of Sudan, to strengthen the country’s resilience to
I would like to express my sincere disasters.
appreciation to all partners who have
assisted in the process and helped in Lena Elsheikh, Head of the Higher
preparing this report under challenging Committee for Flood Mitigation

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vii
FOREWORD
During late summer and autumn of 2020, process and strengthen the country’s
Sudan has been affected by devastating disaster resilience.
floods in the Nile river basin, accompanied
by heavy rain and flash flooding in non-Nile As such, the devastating floods are also
States. The scale and extent of lasts year’s an opportunity to conduct and build
seasonal flooding – reportedly the worst capacity on damage assessment using
in over three decades – is immense: with the internationally recognized PDNA
over 875,000 people affected across all 18 methodology for the first time in Sudan.
States of the country, the floods impacted This being a government-led exercise,
almost every sector of the economy while the assessment moreover provides an
disrupting the lives and livelihoods of the opportunity for the transitional government
Sudanese people in both rural and urban of Sudan under the leadership of the Higher
areas. Committee on Floods to come together
across the different sectors and levels of
The floods affected Sudan at a time of administration in a whole-of-government
economic crisis and political transition. approach and to engage with international
They made evident that Sudan is highly partners and civil society to support the
vulnerable to hydro-climatic extremes and wider development agenda of the country.
underline the importance to strengthen the
country’s capacities to prepare for, cope Developed under challenging social,
with and respond to disasters. In a time economic, and political circumstances, the
of multiple crises and economic hardship, RPDNRA marks a formidable achievement
exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic and of the Government of Sudan and the
an increasing number of forcibly displaced Ministry of Labour and Social Development
populations, the recovery needs however go as the designated lead institution of the
well beyond the immediate flood impacts. assessment. The recently established
Emergency Coordination Operation Centre
Upon request by the Government of Sudan, (EOC) must be commended in particular
the World Bank and the United Nations for its focal role in coordinating the data
are supporting Sudan in its recovery collection efforts and bringing together the
efforts. This Rapid Post Disaster Needs and different stakeholders for the assessment.
Recovery Assessment (RPDNRA) marks
an important step towards strengthening Building on a long-lasting partnership
the country’s disaster resilience based on with the Government of Sudan, the World
the principles of building back better. The Bank and the United Nations in Sudan are
RPDNRA sets out to assess the extent mobilizing to support the government to
of the flood impacts on Sudan and, on effectively plan, coordinate and implement
the basis of these findings, to produce the recovery efforts. Together with the
an actionable and sustainable recovery Government of Sudan and in coordination
strategy for leveraging targeted flood with other key stakeholders, we will expand
response and recovery planning, including this partnership to address the needs
mobilizing support and technical resources. of those most affected, to support the
The RPDNRA provides the basis for an recovery process and to strengthen the
integrated flood recovery response. In disaster resilience of Sudan.
alignment with other crises responses
currently underway by the Government Yuri Afanasiev, UN Resident Coordinator a.i.
of Sudan and its development partners, it
aims to address not only the immediate Milena Petrova Stefanova, World Bank
needs of those affected by flooding but Country Manager, Sudan
support a development-oriented recovery

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Rapid Post Disaster Needs and the Sudan Meteorological Authority.
Recovery Assessment (RPDNRA) of the Government agencies from all eighteen
Sudan Floods 2020 was prepared by States as well as local governments from
the Transitional Government of Sudan flood-affected areas were closely involved
(TGoS) under the overall leadership of in the data collection.
Lena Elsheikh (former Minister of Labour
and Social Development) in collaboration The following development partners and
with Jos De La Haye (Deputy Resident agencies in Sudan provided valuable
Representative in Sudan of the United input and support to the RPDNRA:
Nations Development Programme) and Food and Agriculture Organization of
Milena Petrova Stefanova (World Bank the United Nations (FAO), International
Country Manager for Sudan). Labour Organization (ILO), International
Organization for Migration (IOM), United
The Emergency Coordination Operation Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
Centre (EOC), as the focal agency of United Nations Educational, Scientific and
the RPDNRA, led the assessment in Cultural Organization (UNESCO), United
coordination with technical advisory Nations Human Settlements Programme
provided by the World Bank and the (UN-Habitat), United Nations Children’s
United Nations Development Programme Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Office for
(UNDP). The coordination team, headed by the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Mazin Abusin of the EOC, comprised Rwan (UNOCHA), United Nations Entity for
Mohamed Mamoun (EOC) and Hiba Omer Gender Equality and the Empowerment
Elfaroug Ahmed Bani (EOC), Ko Takeuchi of Women (UN Women), Sudanese Red
(World Bank) and Tariro Tserayi (World Crescent Society (SRCS), and World
Bank), and Asha Kambon (UNDP), Osama Health Organization (WHO).
Tageldin (UNDP), Joana Sampainho
(UNDP) and Samuel Akera (UNDP). In total, sixteen sector teams with experts
from the Government of Sudan and
The RPDNA was a collaborative effort development agencies collaborated in data
by the TGoS involving the following collection, data analysis and compilation
government entities (with names of the of the sector reports:
ministries at the time of the assessment):
Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Federal Social Sectors
Government, Ministry of Agriculture,
Ministry of Industry & Trade, Ministry of - Housing Sector was led by Fedaa
Energy & Mining, Ministry of Irrigation El-Dosougi (National Urban
& Water Resource Management, Planning Council), Maha El Tahir
Ministry of Animal Resources, Ministry (Khartoum State), Gyongshim An
of Infrastructure & Transport, Ministry of (World Bank) and Abdelrahman
Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Moustafa (UN-Habitat).
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Labour & - Health & Nutrition Sector was led
Social Development (Lead), Ministry of by Razan Abduallah (Ministry of
Religious Affairs, Ministry of Culture & Health) and Betigel W. Habtewold
Information, Ministry of Youth & Sports, (WHO).
as well as Humanitarian Aid Commission - Education Sector was led by
(HAC), Higher Council for Environment & Lawahiz Awad Mohammed
Natural Resources, National Council for (Ministry of Education), Dr.
Civil Defence (NCCD), Telecommunication Badreldeen Taha (Ministry of Higher
and Post Regulatory Authority (TEPRA), Education) and Abdel Rahman
National Urban Planning Council, and Eldood (UNICEF).

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ix
- Culture Sector was led by Amel (World Bank), Donald Burgess
Hassan (Ministry of Culture & (UNICEF), Tomas Lopez de Bufala
Information), Mohamed Yousif (UNICEF), Fouad Yassa (UNICEF),
(Ministry of Religious Affairs) and Mohamed Saeed Elsharif Elamin
Abdegadir Salih (UNESCO). (UNICEF) and Mohammed
- Sports Sector was led by Nadia Abdelhafeez (UNICEF).
Mahgoub El-Haj (Ministry of Youth
& Sports) and Abdegadir Salih Cross-Cutting Issues Sectors
(UNESCO).
- Disaster Risk Reduction Sector was
Productive Sectors led by Asma Adlan Abdlla Adlan
(HAC), Majdeldiein Ahmed (HAC),
- Manufacturing Sector was led by Ibrahim Tajelsir Ibrahim (HAC),
Aaza Badri Abdalla (Ministry of Hossam Mutwakil (Civil Defence),
Industry & Trade), Islam Siddig Lukas Loeschner (World Bank),
(Ministry of Industry & Trade), Mohammed Abdelhameed (UNDP),
Maison Badawi (World Bank), Duaa Abdelhameed (Sudanese
Babiker Abdalla Ibrahim Hamad Red Crescent) and Hwaida Elkhier
(World Bank), Tariro Tserayi (World (Sudanese Red Crescent).
Bank) and Fernanda Senra (World - Employment Livelihoods & Social
Bank). Protection Sector was led by
- Agriculture, Fisheries & Livestock Suaad El-Tayeb (Ministry of Labour
Sector was led by Elham & Social Development), Partha
Izaldeen Mohammed (Ministry Sarathi (UNDP) and Sean Donald
of Agriculture), Khalid Osman Paterson (ILO).
(Ministry of Animal Resources), - Gender Sector was led by Manazil
Ibrahim Elmardi (FAO) and Habab Alshareef (Ministry of Labour &
Tayfour (World Bank). Social Development), Wisal Hussein
(National Population Council), Nadia
Infrastructure Sectors Abdelrahim ( National Population
Council) and Mary Mbeo (UN
- Transport & Telecommunication Women).
Sector was led by Esraa Osman - Governance Sector was led by
El-Gadi (Ministry of Infrastructure Azhari Ahmed Taha (Ministry
& Transport), Nora Abdalla Hassan of Federal Government) and
Basher (Telecommunication and Mohammed Abdelhammeed
Post Regulatory Authority), Robert (UNDP).
Mutyaba (World Bank), Babiker - Environment Sector was led
Abdalla Ibrahim Hamad (World by Eman Altayeb Abdelkarim
Bank) and Tariro Tserayi (World Mohamed (Higher Council for
Bank). Environment & Natural Resources),
- Energy & Electricity Sector was led Atila Uras (UNEP), Babiker Abdalla
by Sara Tewfeik (Ministry of Energy Ibrahim Hamad (World Bank) and
& Mining), Ali Habib (Ministry of Ahmed Ali Salih (UNEP).
Energy & Mining), Elhadi Gumaa - Human Impact Assessment
(Ministry of Energy & Mining), Sector was led by Asma Adlan
Kenta Usui (World Bank), Tarig Abdlla Adlan (HAC), Elkhidir Elamin
Tagalasfia (World Bank), Amin Mohammed (Private Sector) and
Sabri (World Bank) and Kawther Ali Garima Jain (UNDP).
Ahmed Berima (World Bank).
- Water, Sanitation & Water Logistic and Administration Support
Resource Management Sector was
led by Salah El-Siddig Mohammed - GIS support was provided by Bireer
(Ministry of Irrigation & Water El Hag (Ministry of Infrastructure
Resource Management), Amir & Transport), Taha El Zaki (Ministry
Albashir (EOC), Habab Tayfour

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of Infrastructure & Transport), This report benefited from a GRADE note
Rana Atta (World Bank) and Yukio developed by the World Bank’s Disaster-
Tanaka (World Bank). Resilience Analytics and Solutions (D-RAS)
- Administration support was team led by Rashmin Gunasekera and
provided by Mahmoud Motasim Oscar A. Ishizawa and consisting of James
(Ministry of Labour and Social Daniell, Antonio Pomonis, Josh Macabuag,
Development), Lena Heba (Ministry Kerri Dionne Cox, Joaquin Muñoz Díaz and
of Labour and Social Development), Luc Bonnafous.
Walaa Elmardi (EOC) and
Mohammed Yousif (EOC). The Rapid Post Disaster Needs and
- Information support was provided Recovery Assessment of the Sudan Floods
by Salah KoKo Hassan (UNOCHA). 2020 was made possible thanks to the
- The final report was compiled by generous support from by the EU-funded
Lukas Loeschner (World Bank). ACP-EU Natural Disaster Risk Reduction
- The layout and design of the Program, managed by the Global Facility
report was done by Diana De León for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.
(Consultant).

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xi
ACRONYMS DIRECTORY
ACP Africa Caribbean Pacific
BBB Build Back Better
DRM Disaster Risk Management
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
EOC Emergency Coordination Operation Centre
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FEWS Flood Early Warning System
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery
GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
GRADE Global Rapid post-disaster Damage Estimation
HAC Humanitarian Aid Commission
HDI Human Development Index
HH Household
IDP Internally Displaced Persons
IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
ILO International Labour Organization
IOM International Organization for Migration
IPC Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate
MSME Micro, small, and medium enterprise
NDRRC National Disaster Risk Reduction Council
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
PDNA Post Disaster Needs Assessment
PHCC Primary Health Care Centre
PHCU Primary Health Care Unit
RPDNRA Rapid Post Disaster Needs and Recovery Assessment
SDG Sudanese Pound / Sustainable Development Goal
SRCR Sudanese Red Crescent Society
SWM Solid Waste Management
TGoS Transitional Government of Sudan
UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of
Women
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
USD United States Dollar
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WPR Workforce Participation Rate
WRM Water Resources Management

xii (RAPID PDNRA)
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2020, after months of unusually Burhan, chairman of the Transitional
heavy rains across Central and North- Sovereign Council. The Sovereignty Council
Eastern Africa, Sudan was affected established a High Flood Coordination
by the worst flooding in over three Committee to mitigate and address
decades. Since the start of the rainy the impact of the floods of 2020. The
season in July, large rainfall surpluses committee is headed by the Ministry of
had been recorded throughout the Labour and Social Development (MoLSD)
Greater Horn of Africa. Heavy rains in the and includes all relevant ministries, the
upstream catchments of the Blue Nile states, and coordinating authorities as
(Ethiopia) and the While Nile (South Sudan) well as local, regional, and international
resulted in a dramatic increase of Nile response organizations. The Government’s
water levels. In total, the floods affected Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC) has
all 18 States in Sudan. Areas along the activated and is leading a national Flood
Blue and White Nile as well as the capital Task Force to coordinate the response
Khartoum were heavily flooded, while also with all partners. Government institutions,
non-Nile States, in particular North Darfur, UN agencies, NGO partners, and the
were impacted by heavy local rains and private sector are providing life-saving
flash floods. assistance to people affected. Moreover,
an Emergency Coordination Operation
Significant impacts of flooding started Centre (EOC) has been established in
in mid-July 2020 when heavy rains and September to improve the management
flash floods affected three internally of the response to emergency incidents
displaced people’s camps in Nyala Town, through effective coordination between
South Darfur state. On July 29, the Bout major relevant entities.
Earth Dam, in the Tadamon locality of Blue
Nile state, exceeded its full capacity and This Rapid Post Disaster Needs and
collapsed, seriously affecting Bout Town, Recovery Assessment (RPDNRA) of
destroying more than 1,200 houses, and the Sudan Floods 2020 follows a
compromising access to water for more governmental “Request for Support on
than 100,000 people living in the area. Flood Emergency Response”. The request
Then, from July 31 to August 1, heavy rain was issued by the Ministry of Labour and
in Khartoum caused further flooding and Social Development to the World Bank
destruction. By August 12, the number of Country Director on October 1, seeking
people affected had exceeded 185,000 assistance to carry out the assessment of
with all states except Central Darfur the resultant damage and impacts by the
being affected. The situation continued to floods. The objective of this RPDNRA is to
worsen in the second half of August with assess the extent of the flood impact on
the affected population reaching 506,000 Sudan and, on the basis of these findings,
by the end of the first week of September to produce an actionable and sustainable
and peaking at 875,000 by the end of Recovery Strategy for leveraging targeted
September. flood response and recovery policy/
planning, including mobilizing financial
On September 4, Sudan’s Security and technical resources. The assessment
and Defence Council declared a specifically sets out to: (i) support
three-month, nation-wide state country-led assessments and initiate
of emergency and designated the recovery planning processes through a
country a natural disaster zone. The coordinated inter-institutional approach;
emergency proclamation was decided in (ii) evaluate the impact of the floods on
a meeting of the Security and Defence infrastructure and assets, service delivery,
Council chaired by Abdel Fattah al- governance and social processes; (iii)

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xiii
assess needs to address underlying risks SUMMARY OF DAMAGES AND
and vulnerabilities so as to reduce risk LOSSES*
and build back better; (iii) estimate the
damage and losses caused by the floods; The total economic value of the effects
(iv) identify recovery and reconstruction of the floods is estimated at SDG 243.4
needs; (v) develop a recovery strategy; billion (USD 4.4 billion). Table 1 1 and
and (vi) provide the basis for mobilizing Figure 1 1 summarize the effects within
resources for recovery and reconstruction the different sectors: the largest total
through local, national and international effects were incurred in the housing
sources. sector (67.5 %), agriculture sector (13.1
%), manufacturing sector (7.9 %) and
water, sanitation and water resources
The RPNRA has been adapted from management sector (7.4 %). In terms of
the Post Disaster Needs Assessment damage alone, housing sector was by
(PDNA) methodology to the wider far the most affected with damages
development context of Sudan in a estimated at SDG 160.6 billion (USD
manner to undertake a rapid and 2.9 billion), which represents 87.4 % of
concise assessment that links to total damages. Despite the challenges
the existing needs assessments and of collecting and estimating the value of
informs the development agenda in the loss (or change in economic flows), the
country. The assessment is organized assessment highlights that losses were
along sector lines. Given the large scale greatest in productive sectors. The highest
and the extensive damage of the flood losses were recorded in the agriculture
event, the assessment comprises four sector (SDG 30.1 billion/USD 546 million)
thematic areas (sectors) with in total and the manufacturing sector (SDG 19.2/
sixteen sub-sectors. Each assessment USD 348 million); taken together, these
was led by a sector team consisting of two sectors represent more than 82 % of
specialists from government authorities total losses.
and development partner agencies.
FIGURE 1 - 1: Contribution to Total Damages and Losses by Sector
Energy Water, Sanitation & WRM * On February 21, 2021

Transport 0.6% 7.4% the Sudanese government
2.1% implemented a currency reform
with a “flexible managed float”,
Manufacturing setting an indicative USD
7.9% exchange rate of 375 Sudanese
pounds (SDG). In the report, the
damages, losses and recovery
needs were calculated using
the previous exchange rate of
55 SDG. Given high inflation
Agriculture and price hikes for construction
materials, some sectors including
13.1%
housing – which represents
Sport
the largest share of damages
0.1% – calculated using USD values.
Applying the current daily
Health indicative rate of 379 SDG (March
0.3% Housing 1, 2021), the adjusted total figures
67.5% are as follows: Damages: USD
3.2 billion (SDG 1,211.6 billion);
Education Losses: USD 0.313 billion (SDG
1.0% 118.6 billion); Recovery: USD 5.2
billion (SDG 1,968.9 billion).

xiv (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 1 - 1: Estimated Damages and Losses by Sector
CEF*/Losses,
Damage, billion Total Effects, billion
billion
Sector Sub-Sector USD SDG USD SDG USD SDG
Housing 2.920 160.644 0.067 3.707 2.987 164.351
Social Health 0.005 0.289 0.009 0.478 0.014 0.767

Education 0.040 2.207 0.006 0.331 0.046 2.538
Sport 0.002 0.120 0.001 0.026 0.003 0.146
Productive Agriculture 0.032 1.769 0.546 30.051 0.579 31.820
Manufacturing 0.003 0.150 0.348 19.158 0.351 19.308
Transport 0.091 4.999 0.001 0.045 0.092 5.044
Energy 0.007 0.387 0.019 1.021 0.026 1.408
Infrastructure Water, Sanitation
& Water Resource
Management 0.240 13.200 0.088 4.813 0.328 18.013
Total 3.340 183.765 1.085 59.630 4.425 243.395
* Change in Economic Flows

Applied exchange rate: 1 USD = 55 SDG
The main findings from the sector reports guidelines and training, physical
are as follows: reconstruction, housing data management
system, land-use planning, and housing
HOUSING recovery management, monitoring and
evaluation.
In total 82,618 houses were reported to
have been totally destroyed and another HEALTH
93,406 partially damaged by the floods.
North Darfur, Khartoum, Sinnar, Blue Nile, A total of 44 health facilities, thereof 6
and West Darfur are the most affected Rural Hospitals, 22 Primary Health Care
states in terms of housing effects. In Centres and 16 Primary Health Care Units,
Sudan, housing even in the urban areas were damaged leading to disruption of
is predominantly informal. Many houses, essential lifesaving health services in
especially in the rural areas, are single 16 States of Sudan. All affected health
story, built with walls made from a facilities belong to the government. No
mixture of mud bricks or compacted earth private health facility was reported as
and wooden elements, and are particularly damaged. The damage constitutes 0.7%
vulnerable to rapidly flowing flash flood (44 out of 5,997) of the total health
waters or lingering riverine flood waters. infrastructure in the country. A minimum
The total economic value of damages to of 362,975 population which constituted
fully destroyed and partially damaged 1.96% of the population who had access
houses was estimated at USD 2.92 billion to health services in Sudan, was denied
(SDG 160.64 billion), including damaged access to essential health services
household goods. The total economic value due to the damage. The total cost of
of losses including demolition and debris damage on infrastructure amounted
removal, rental losses, and temporary to USD 5.2 million (SDG 289 million). A
accommodation was estimated at USD total of medical equipment and furniture
67.4 million (SDG 3.71 billion). worth USD 99,000 was estimated to
be damaged due to the flood. Cost of
Short-, medium- and long-term loss is the flood response worth USD 8.7
recovery measures include detailed field million (SDG 478 million) used for the
survey on flooding effects on housing, establishment of mobile clinic and to
housing recovery strategy, community respond to disease outbreaks.
consultations, housing repair & rebuilding

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xv
The recovery plan takes into account are public owned. The total effect to the
interventions aimed at responding to sub-sector was SDG 146.0 million or USD
the flood and subsequent public health 2.7 million and the cost of recovery was
consequences. The thematic prioritization estimated to be SDG 170.0 million or USD
identified pillars of interventions relevant 3.1 million.
for flood preparedness and response such
as strengthening disease surveillance In addition to the reconstruction and
and epidemic alert investigation, or the repair of destroyed facilities it was
support for mobile clinics to reach flood acknowledged that serious consideration
affected communities with essential would have to be given to undertake such
health services. Those states that have reconstruction with an eye to building
been frequently affected by floods and with resilience to future floods. It was also
its consequences will be prioritized for agreed that as part of building resilience,
preparedness and response initiatives. the capacity of the youth of the nation
would also be strengthened through
EDUCATION training courses so that they would be
better able to cope with future flooding
The Education sector has witnessed events.
damages and losses in many of its
infrastructures and physical properties MANUFACTURING
and affected both students and teachers.
Damage in other sectors such as While the major industrial establishments
agriculture and livestock, environment, of the country have largely been spared,
employment and livelihoods, transport, the floods have seriously damaged
health etc. has worsened the situation in micro, small, and medium enterprises
education institutions. The cost is high, for (MSMEs) in manufacturing, trade, and
it is estimated for complete and partial services sectors in the affected States.
damages. The total damage and losses to Total direct and indirect damages to the
education sector is estimated at SDG 2.54 MSMEs were estimated to be SDG 150.0
billion, equivalent USD 46.1 million. million, equivalent of USD 2.7 million.
The largest share of damage was to
The recovery and reconstruction needs light manufacturing and repair shops,
for the education sector for the next 3-5 followed by small retail and trade services.
years are estimated at SDG 7.51 billion The impact at the macroeconomic level
(USD 136.5 million). The principal recovery includes lower overall production of goods
measures include the reconstruction of and services, and reduced economic
schools using disaster resilient techniques; growth, though marginal. Forecasted
rehabilitation/retrofitting of schools losses in industrial production and
including sanitation facilities and school commercial sales will mean less in value-
environment; replacement of damaged added tax revenues, which will in turn have
equipment and furniture in all educational a negative impact on the fiscal sector.
institutions.
Replacing the destroyed goods and
SPORTS assets will require that a sizable fraction
of the value of the goods be imported
The Sport sub-sector was significantly from abroad; thus, reconstruction will
affected by the 2020 floods. Some 110 have a negative impact on the balance of
sports clubs had reported disruption to payments for the country. An additional
their sporting activities as a result of impact will be felt by some of the workers
the flooding. Nineteen facilities had been (both formal employees and self-employed
completely destroyed, including National persons) in each of the sub-sectors, as the
Stadia, Olympic Stadium, and other major production losses will result in equivalent
State facilities. Of the eighteen States, at employment losses, until full recovery
the time of the assessment, reports had of production activities is achieved.
been received from 12 States. All facilities The needs include working capital to

xvi (RAPID PDNRA)
ensure smooth restoration of production. pavements were undermined, and railway
Refinancing or rescheduling of old loans infrastructure was damaged. Total
that are nonperforming because of the damage to road, railway, aviation, and
disaster will also be essential for recovery. river transport amounted to USD 90.9
million (SDG 5.0 billion). Indirect impacts
AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & of the flood disaster included increased
LIVESTOCK vehicle and road user costs, journey
times, loss of business due to farmers and
Approximately 2,216,362 ha of cropland producers failing to transport goods and
is reported to have been damaged in the livestock to markets. At a macroeconomic
15 assessed states, particularly in Gedarif, level, the flood disaster disrupted supply
Blue Nile, Sennar and Kassala, where chains, production, movement of goods
almost 1,906,767 ha of the planted area and services, and reduced the tax revenue.
was submerged. The livestock sector was
also severely impacted with the loss of Short-term recovery needs include a
more than 107,000 heads of livestock, detailed impact assessment, temporary
particularly sheep, goats, poultry, opening up of roads, clearing debris,
and cattle, belonging to about 20,521 selection of suitable procurement models
households. and preparation of request for expressions
of interest, request for proposals and
Total estimated loss due to the floods bidding documents. Medium-term
amounts to SDG 30.05 billion (USD 546.4 measures include carrying out detailed
million), and total damage due to flood’s engineering designs, detailed engineering
impact on livestock is estimated to be design reviews and procurement of
SDG 1.77 billion (USD 32.2 million). Total supervision services. In the long term,
recovery cost, after adjusting it for 15% it would be necessary to launch the
of inflation, is estimated to be SDG 2.55 civil works with building back better
billion (USD 46.4 million). approach, carry out client institutional and
organizational review, conduct stakeholder
Short-term recovery interventions should climate and disaster risk management
address the need of the farmers for crop capacity building and training, review
loss recovery and livestock ownership. This and update existing design manuals
includes i.a. restocking of sheep, goats and standards to incorporate changes
and chickens should take place as soon in climate parameters, and undertake a
as possible to avoid a sharp decrease climate and disaster review of all transport
in family income. In the medium-term, infrastructure.
the interventions should ensure the
rehabilitation of irrigation schemes so that ENERGY & ELECTRICITY
that affected populations can continue
agricultural activities in the coming The River Nile flood affected the Sudan
seasons. In the long-run, to ensure food electricity generation, transmission, and
security, household welfare and export distribution networks. At the national
earnings, the government interest and grid, the generation level in Garri 1, 2, 3
spending in the sector should increase. and 4 power stations have been partially
damaged. Additionally, some off-grid
TRANSPORT power generation station, e.g. Elnihood
in West Kordofan region was affected.
The Sudan transport infrastructure was The estimated total damage is USD 7.0
both directly and indirectly damaged, million (SDG 387 million). The losses at the
posing a threat to human safety, and generation level is USD 18.5 million (SDG
causing significant disruption and 1.02 billion) plus the losses of electricity
associated economic and social impacts. sales for different consumer categories,
Roads were washed away, ports facility i.e. residential, commercial, governmental,
were submerged, airport buildings agricultural, and industrial, which are not
were flooded, integrity of runway yet up to now being accurately estimated.

(RAPID PDNRA)
xvii
Recovery needs include rehabilitation of all DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
existing thermal power generation plants
at Garri, Khartoum North, and Kosti at While the assessment did not find
national grid level, and, isolated power any direct impacts on DRR related
station at off-grid and also completion of infrastructure and assets such as
Garri 3, and Port Sudan Gas Turbine as warehouses and fire stations as these
well. In the long term, the planned power were located outside of flood-affected
generation at Garri 3, and Port Sudan gas area, water pumps and other equipment
turbines are to be converted to combined were damaged or destroyed beyond repair
cycle plants. in the course of the flood response to
affected communities. The analysis clearly
WATER, SANITATION AND WATER showed that the agencies tasked with
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT immediate flood response were in many
cases insufficiently equipped to provide
The floods directly impacted an estimated the necessary assistance to the affected
594,676 people due to damages and communities. Sudan could significantly
losses related to water infrastructure benefit from improving its institutional
(both WASH and Water Resources structure for DRR, which currently is
Management (WRM)) across the 18 fragmented with partially overlapping
states of Sudan. The damages and responsibilities between the government
losses included damage to water supply entities tasked with civil defence and
infrastructure, sanitation (septic tanks, those leading the humanitarian response.
latrines, etc) and hygiene (handwashing
facilities, ablution facilities, etc). For WRM, As far as recovery needs are concerned,
damages included destruction of various the analysis of the DRR cross-cutting
types of hydrological monitoring stations sector assessment suggests the adoption
and equipment. It also included damages of a Build Back Better approach to
and destruction to embankments, enhance the disaster resilience of the
dykes, small dams, and water harvesting affected communities. To mitigate
structures (haffirs). Breach of small dams impacts and losses from future flood
and dykes not only destroyed many events, both structural and non-
livelihoods that impacted personal assets, structural measures need to be put
agricultural land, livestock etc. in place as part of a comprehensive
recovery effort. Embankments around
The total cost of damages is estimated vulnerable areas, especially the
at USD 240 million (SDG 13.2 billion) and greater area of Khartoum, need to be
losses to all water related infrastructure rehabilitated and made more robust
are estimated at USD 87.5 million (SDG to withstand future flooding. Where
4.81 billion). An estimated USD 359 possible, controlled flood retention
million (SDG 19.7 billion) is needed to measures should be installed to store
restore damaged infrastructure, restore flood waters and decelerate flood
services, and ensure rebuilt infrastructure discharge. Non-structural measures,
is more resilient to future flood disasters. such as flood risk mapping, hazard-
Recovery efforts are aimed at short, informed land use planning and early
medium- and long-term interventions warning systems need to be put in place
and include building more resilient water to prevent settlement growth in flood-
infrastructure, increasing water resources prone areas and improve the disaster
monitoring as well as institutional readiness of at-risk communities.
measures. Proactive measures such as Importantly, the overarching institutional
flood forecasting and early warning, structure and governance arrangements
operation and maintenance of existing for DRR should be revisited to provide an
infrastructure and policy measures are enabling framework which supports the
required to ensure active mitigation transition towards a more preventive,
measures are placed rather than delayed forward-looking approach of disaster risk
emergency response. management in Sudan.

xviii (RAPID PDNRA)
EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & a result of the construction of dams in the
SOCIAL PROTECTION Nile.
The floods deeply impacted the labour To better protect Sudan’s cultural sites
market and livelihoods for the Sudanese against disasters it is recommended
population; their overall income loss has to put in place a national policy on
been estimated to be around SDG 6.05 disaster risk management that covers
billion (USD 108.93 million). The livestock heritage resources. This policy can then
sector was severely impacted by the be domesticated where applicable by
floods with a loss of more than 108,000 mainstreaming it in the management
heads of livestock, particularly sheep, plans for the various sites. To tackle the
goats, poultry, and cattle, belonging to challenges in heritage protection there
about 20,521 households. Horticulture, is a need to study and determine the
seeds, tools, equipment, machinery impact of groundwater on archaeological
and agriculture and irrigation-related monuments and sites as a basis for
infrastructure were also either lost developing coordinated flood management
or damaged in the floods. The floods strategies, policies and laws, and
also dealt a severe blow to the already innovative flood solutions.
COVID-19 affected trading, micro and
small manufacturing MSMEs; about GENDER
68,000 enterprises in Khartoum State
were affected by floods. An increasing An estimated 206,000 women of
number of workers in the formal economy reproductive age are living in temporary
are also engaging in informal work to flood shelters with minimal protection.
supplement their incomes being eroded Some 20,000 pregnant women are
due to spiralling inflation. estimated to be among the affected. Of
them, an estimated 3,000 will experience
Livelihood recovery needs, linked to pregnancy complications, requiring
the respective productive and social life-saving sexual and reproductive
sectors, include rolling out the flagship health services. In addition to urgent
Sudan Family Support Program (now health needs, displaced women face
in pilot stage) or Thamarat – a cash limited settlement options, and financial
transfer program managed by the difficulties as a result of job loss. They
Transitional Government of Sudan and also face increased risk of gender-based
international partners – as an immediate violence, with limited services threatened
response to the crisis that has been by damaged facilities and networks.
unfolding in the country. Longer-term
recovery suggestions include effectively Recovery efforts should ensure that
implementing active labour market community-based disaster risk reduction
programmes for skill development and activities are sensitive to, and inclusive
imparting vocation training. of, gender and diversity, are similar to
those required for disaster response
CULTURE and recovery programming. Among
other, gender and culture-specific needs
The floods impacted many world heritage should be taken into consideration when
and other Sudanese heritage sites. These designing relief packages. Shelter and
include the archaeological sites of the human settlement planning needs to
royal city in the world heritage property take into account the socio-cultural
at Island of Meroe, Teseen mosque in and economic needs and preferences
Khartoum, Nile Museum in Khartoum of both men and women, as well as
and pressing groundwater rise problem safety considerations. It is vital that
in Nuri and Kerma, in addition to other women and men from all social and
sites found to need urgent attention and economic groupings in the flood-affected
support for conservation. Sudan has lost communities actively participate in the
many archaeological and heritage sites as design and location of new housing and

(RAPID PDNRA)
xix
communal infrastructure as well as the important environmental damage caused
repair of existing structures. by the 2020 floods is the exposed soil and
silting of agricultural land, which affect
GOVERNANCE natural water catchments. The floods
have washed tremendous territory and
The floods led to significant damages gigantic amounts of sand and sediment.
to government buildings located in rural This had a negative impact on water
areas and to a much lesser extent to quality.
government buildings located in urban
areas where buildings are located in safer The recovery strategy must address the
areas and constructed with stronger underlying problems of environmental
materials. The floods also affected the degradation that exacerbated the impact
continuity of government services due to of the floods. The proposed recovery
disruption on roads and electricity and measures include: a ‘comprehensive post-
economic losses in terms of reduction of disaster environmental assessment’ to
local revenue and increased expenditure determine site-specific solutions that are
incurred on relief and recovery activities. eco-friendly and based on a landscape
and ecosystem approach; riverbank
The assessment recognises the rehabilitation through a mix of man-made
importance of the role of local and biological solutions, depending on
governments in recovery and risk levels; rehabilitation of degraded soils
reconstruction and the need to augment through ploughing of the soil surface to
capacity and technical expertise to improve soil physical condition and break
support their role in the recovery process. compacted layers and reclamation of
This assessment has identified i.a. the soil salinity; as well as the rehabilitation
following recovery priorities: ensure the of rangelands through the distribution of
movement of citizens to government seeds and creation of protected areas.
service centres; expand communication
networks and strengthening them to HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
cover all parts of the country; ensure local
authorities have sufficient powers and The floods are a humanitarian crisis
resources to deal quickly with disasters; which have made evident pre-existing
sponsoring civil society organizations vulnerabilities and contributed to severe
and engaging them in disaster response human development setbacks. Due to
work; and enacting legislations and laws compounded and cascading shocks and
to prevent housing in areas threatened by stresses related to the floods, many of
floods and torrents. the development gains made over the
past two decades may be in the danger of
ENVIRONMENT getting lost. Living conditions of nearly 1.6-
1.9 million households have been severely
The floods resulted in significant affected mainly because of widespread
environmental damages, affecting riverine diseases triggered by damaged sanitation,
forests, agricultural land, biodiversity, contaminated drinking water, but also
thus impacting lives and livelihoods of because of broken homes, loss of assets,
local communities. The exceptional rainfall and loss of education days. Incomes and
and prolonged flood period negatively savings of nearly 1.7 million households
impacted riverine forests through have been affected, of which the most
riverbank erosion along the main Nile impacted are the agriculturalists (634.9
and caused severe soil erosion in the thousand households), daily wage earners
watersheds of the Blue Nile and Atbara (607.3 thousand households), and people
rivers and the main Nile. Soil erosion leads earning from micro-, small- or medium
to fertility loss, deep gully formation and enterprises (374.6 thousand households).
a large increase of sediment input to the Nearly 2.2 million households are food
river system, resulting in sedimentation insecure in the flood affected areas owing
problems downstream. Therefore, another to their economic vulnerability. About

xx (RAPID PDNRA)
2.9 million women are disproportionally 2 – Improve living conditions by rebuilding
affected among the population, and it is sanitation and drinking water facilities;
expected that over 1 million women might Priority 3 – Invest in building capacities of
face gender-based violence after these community members, organisations, and
recent events, an increase of over 70% local governments to better understand
from before. IDPs, refugees and asylum and respond to future emergencies.
seekers are among the most affected
and excluded groups due to lack of SUDAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE
integration within the society. They are AND RECOVERY FRAMEWORK
more likely to be poorer than community
members, have fewer assets (including The total costs for the recovery are
land), live in camps with poor basic estimated at SDG 379.87 billion,
services or shelter conditions, and many equivalent to USD 6.91 billion (see Figure
are mainly dependent on humanitarian 1 2). Given the large-scale flood damage
assistance. Children are another group to the housing sector and the need for
affected disproportionately. About 770.1 housing reconstruction and rehabilitation,
thousand children may face severe this sector alone represents more than
physical or psychological aggression at half (57 %) of total recovery costs, as
home. Nearly 122.7 thousand children indicated in Figure 1 2. Recovery needs are
between the ages 1 to 3 risk the chance of also particularly great in the energy sector
missing vaccinations and being exposed (estimated at SG 32.06 billion / USD 583
to otherwise preventable diseases in the million), the water, sanitation, and water
long-term. resources management sector (estimated
at SDG 19.75 billion/USD 359 million) and
The following priority areas of action are for Employment, Livelihoods and Social
recommended: Priority 1 – Strengthen Protection (SG 92.16 billion/USD 1.68
poverty alleviation & food security through billion).
cash grants and cash-for-work; Priority
FIGURE 1 - 2: Summary of Estimated Recovery Costs by Sector
Education Transport Other

2% 2% 2%
Employment,
Livelihoods &
Social Protection
24%
Housing
57%
Water, Sanitation
& Water Resource
Management
5%
Energy
8%

(RAPID PDNRA)
xxi
TABLE 1 - 2: Estimated Recovery Costs by Sector
Recovery, billion
Sector Sub-Sector USD SDG
Housing 3.908 214.932
Social
Health 0.047 2.560
Education 0.137 7.513

Sport 0.003 0.170
Productive Agriculture 0.046 2.551
Manufacturing 0.033 1.818
Infrastructure Transport 0.109 5.999
Energy 0.583 32.059
Water, Sanitation & Water Resource Management 0.359 19.745
Total 5.225 287.347

Culture 0.000 0.023
Cross-Cutting Environment 0.005 0.275
issues
Governance 0.000
Gender 0.001 0.039
Employment, Livelihoods and Social Protection 1.676 92.161

0.000 0.022
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
Grand Total 6.907 379.867
Applied exchange rate: 1 USD = 55 SDG
The Recovery Strategy is guided by 1. Restore Livelihood to preserve lives.

the vision of “Building a democratic,
2. Improve Resilience to minimise risks.
development-based State for everyone,
where citizens will all enjoy peace, 3. Involve Community to ensure
freedom, justice and welfare,” as defined in sustainability.
General Framework for the Programme of 4. Align with Governance to maximise
the Transitional Government. In agreement coordination; and
with the leadership of the Higher
Committee for Flood Mitigation, Sudan’s 5. Leverage on Humanitarian Effort to
recovery efforts are based on the following avoid redundancy.
five guiding principles:

xxii (RAPID PDNRA)
2. INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT The Nile and its intricate river systems
are a defining feature of Sudan and
Sudan, the third-largest country in an important source of agricultural
Africa, is geographically located at production and livelihoods. The White
the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and Blue Nile meet in Khartoum, the
and the Middle East. With an estimated capital of Sudan, and merge to become
population of 43,849,260 (2019), Sudan the Nile River that flows all the way to
is sparsely populated (25 inhabitants/ sq. the Mediterranean Sea via Egypt. With
km) and despite urban population growth the largest irrigated area in the whole of
rates averaging 2.5-3%, the country Africa, after Egypt, irrigation from Nile
remains predominately rural with only waters plays an important role in securing
about 30% of the Sudanese population Sudan’s agricultural production. Especially
living in urban areas. The majority of the in times of climate-related rainfall
population is concentrated in the fertile variability and uncertainty, irrigation from
lands of the Nile valleys and its tributaries, the rivers is vital to complement rainfed
as well as in the southern States, agriculture1. Moreover, the resources of
characterized by grasslands and tropical the Nile river are indispensable source
savanna. Population densities are lowest of livelihoods and food security for the
in the Sahelian belt with the desert in the riparian populations, in particular the
far north. inland fishing communities.2
FIGURE 2 - 1: Map of Sudan (Source: United Nations)
22° 24° 26° 28° 30° 32° 34° 36° 38° 40°
Administrative
Lake
EGYPT
boundary
SUDAN Nasser SAUDI

L i b
Halaib
22°
Wadi Halfa
ARABIA 22°
Semna West
L I B YA Selima Oasis Kumma
dib
Salala
y a n
Lake
Wadi O
0 100 200 300 km N u b i a n Muhammad Qol

Nubia
0 100 200 mi
SUDAN
20° Laqiya Arba'in D e s e r t 20°
Port Sudan
NORTHERN
D e s
Kerma Abu Hamed

The boundaries and names shown RED SEA Suakin
ile
and the designations used on this map Dongola
Nukheila
t eau
do not imply official endorsement or

N
acceptance by the United Nations.

Karima NILE Tokar
Pla
e r
Merowe
yad
18°
El'Atrun Old Dongola Haiya 18°
Karora
l Ab
* Final boundary between the ush

t
Atbara
e
Republic of Sudan and the Republic of sh Ed Damer

Jeb
ga
i lk
South Sudan has not yet been

determined. a r Gadamai
ow
a
lM
lu
N
Meroë
iH ie Du
SE
ad
el
At
** Final status of the Abyei area is not

Je b
ba
ad
yet determined.
bu
W
Shendi
ra
W
A
A
Qoz
16°
Abu 'Uruq KHARTOUM
KASSALA ERITREA 16°
NORTHERN Halfa al Gadida
Omdurman
DARFUR Khartoum Kassala
Asmara
NORTHERN EL
CHAD Miski
KORDOFAN
id
GEZIRA
Sodiri m
Ha Wad Medani GEDAREF
ar
Umm Badr 14°
14° Tekezē
Gedaref
D
Sennar
El Geneina
Al Fasher
El Obeid
Kosti
ETHIOPIA
WESTERN Singa
En Nahud Rabak
DARFUR WHITE SENNAR
Di
National capital
nd
Dilling NILE T'anaState (wilayah) capital

er
12° Abu Zabad 12°

Nyala Julud SOUTHERN Ed Damazin Hayk'Town
Renk Aba Major airport
Al Fula y (B
Ed Da'ein KORDOFAN BLUE NILE lu
International boundary
Tullus
SOUTHERN N uba Mts. Famaka
le
Muglad
Muglad
eN
Undetermined boundary*
e Ni
Kadugli Kologi
ile)
Buram DARFUR Talodi State (wilayah) boundary

hit
W Paloich Abyei region**

y
Āba
Ba
10° r Main Road 10°

Radom Diffra
h
el'Arab
CENTRAL Abyei
Malakal
Road
Track
AFRICAN Kafia Kingi
Lol
Bentiu Railroad
REPUBLIC SOUTH SUDAN So
22° 24° 26° 28° 30° 32° ba 34° 40°
t 36° 38°
Map No. 4458 Rev.2 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support

March 2012 Cartographic Section
1
FAO, 2015. Country Profile – Sudan.
2
FAO, 2017. Livelihoods of small-scale fishers along the Nile River in Sudan.

(RAPID PDNRA)
1
For most of its independent history, According to the Sudan Humanitarian
Sudan has been beset by internal Response Plan 2020, 9.6 million people
conflicts that weakened its ability to require humanitarian support in 2020,
play a leadership role in the region. including 6.2 million people who are
Under the terms of a comprehensive peace food insecure3. High inflation continues
agreement in 2005, South Sudan seceded to reduce households’ purchasing
in 2011 to become the latest independent power and people are unable to meet
State of Africa. The secession of South their basic needs. Sudan continues to
Sudan induced multiple economic shocks face persistently high levels of acute
and deprived Sudan of much needed oil malnutrition and stunting, which
revenues. The outbreak of civil war in constitute a significant public health
South Sudan also precipitated an increase problem. With two thirds of the population
in Sudan’s already large population of living in rural areas, and the economy
refugees and internally displaced persons heavily dependent on agriculture, Sudan
(IDP) with Sudan now serving as a source, is vulnerable to climate-related changes
destination, and transit country for in temperature and precipitation, which
irregular migration. are expected to further compound the
country’s food security and humanitarian
In April 2019 President Omar El- situation.
Bashir was removed after consistent
demonstrations that started in NATURAL HAZARDS AND
December 2018 and culminated in a DISASTER RISK IN SUDAN
peaceful sit-in in front of the Army HQ.
A Transition Government was formed in Sudan is highly prone and vulnerable
September 2019 under a power-sharing to natural hazards and climate-related
agreement between the military and civilian shocks.4 According to the latest World
forces, which allowed a civilian Prime Risk Report, Sudan is among the countries
Minister to lead the government under with the highest vulnerability to extreme
the authority of a Presidential Sovereign natural hazards, including droughts and
Council. A transitional legislative assembly floods. While hazard exposure is not as
is expected to be established soon. In high as in other countries, the report
July 2020 the Prime Minister appointed highlights that Sudan’s disaster risk is
eighteen civilian Governors thereby compounded by low coping and adaptive
achieving a key milestone included in the capacities.5 Several indices moreover
Constitutional Document of the transition. rank Sudan among the most vulnerable
countries in the world to climate
In addition to the political and economic variability and change. With the projected
uncertainty, Sudan, like the rest of increase in temperature and variability in
the world, has been experiencing the precipitation, climate-related shocks are
unprecedented social and economic expected to become more frequent and
impact of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) intense. In addition, reduced pasture and
pandemic. The COVID-19 shock is water for livestock, loss of arable land
expected to be transitory with potential and reduced crop yields and water supply
recovery possible in 2021 but the overall are likely to increase regional ethnic and
adverse economic impact on Sudan will social conflict over land and resources.
be substantial. The economic impact of Already, climate variability over the
COVID-19 includes the increased price of past few decades has put stress on the
basic foods, rising unemployment, and region’s rainfed agriculture and pastoralist
falling exports. Restrictions on movement systems, the dominant livelihoods in rural
are making the economic situation worse, areas.6,7
with commodity prices soaring across the
country.
3
OCHA, 2020. Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan. Humanitarian Programme Cycle 2020 issued January 2020.
4
Republic of the Sudan/UNDP, n.D. Sudan Disaster Loss and Damage Database. Sudan Risk Profile (2005-2015).
5
Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft/Ruhr University Bochum, 2020. WorldRiskReport 2020.
6
USAID, 2016. Climate Change Risk Profile Sudan. Fact Sheet.
7
Scheffran et al., 2014. Violent climate or climate of violence? Concepts and relations with focus on Kenya and Sudan.

2 (RAPID PDNRA)
As most of the country falls within the Riverine and flash floods are recurrent
Sahelian belt, Sudan is periodically damaging hazards, especially in the Nile
affected by droughts. The most severe river basin. Sudan is a part of the Eastern
droughts in recent history occurred Nile region that is characterized by high
in 1967-1973 and 1980-1984 while variability in river flow. A significant
successive years of drought between proportion of the annual surface run-off
1985-1993 led to severe food shortages. volume of the Eastern Nile, contributing
According to the international disaster over 86% of the total River Nile flow,
database EM-DAT, in the past fifty years occurs in only three months between July
(1970-2020) droughts affected over to September. During high rainfall periods,
27m people in Sudan. The devastating major rivers in the region often give rise to
droughts in the early 1980s resulted large-scale riverine flooding, while heavy
in a severe famine which affected over rain and flash flooding also affect non-Nile
8.4m people and left dead an estimated states.11 According to EM-DAT, during the
150,000 people and 7.8m livestock8. past fifty years floods affected more than
Climate change and desertification are 8.4m people and reportedly left 2,766
exacerbating the risk of drought. With arid dead. In 1988, the largest flood event
and semi-arid lands covering an area of in Sudan’s modern history with record
1.78m sq. km (about 72% of the country’s Nile river levels, reportedly destroyed
total area9), Sudan is the largest country thousands of homes and displaced
most seriously affected by desertification over one million people. EM-DAT figures
in Africa. About 69,000 sq. km of moreover indicates that the frequency
agricultural productive land are considered and intensity of floods in Sudan increased
drought prone and desertification is in recent years: since 2000, major floods
recognized as one of the most serious have been recorded almost every year,
environmental threats affecting land which on average affected about 250,000
productivity in Sudan.10 people and left more than 140 people
dead.12
8
CRED, 2020. EM-DAT. The International Disaster Database.
9
Saad et al., 2018. Combating Desertification in Sudan: Experiences and Lessons Learned
10
National Council of Civil Defense/UNDP, n.D. Sudan National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy 2016-2030.
11
ibid
12

(RAPID PDNRA)
3
3. SCOPE OF
THE ASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW OF THE FLOOD EVENT On September 4, Sudan’s Security
and Defence Council declared a
In 2020, after months of unusually three-month, nation-wide state of
heavy rains across Central and North- emergency and designated the country
Eastern Africa, Sudan was affected by a natural disaster zone. The emergency
the worst flooding in over three decades. proclamation was decided in a meeting of
Since the start of the rainy season in July, the Security and Defence Council chaired
large rainfall surpluses had been recorded by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, chairman
throughout the Greater Horn of Africa. of the Transitional Sovereign Council.
Heavy rains in the upstream catchments The Sovereignty Council established a
of the Blue Nile (Ethiopia) and the While High Flood Coordination Committee to
Nile (South Sudan) resulted in a dramatic mitigate and address the impact of the
increase of Nile water levels13. In total, the floods of 2020. The committee is headed
floods affected all 18 States in Sudan. by the Ministry of Labour and Social
Areas along the Blue and White Nile as Development and includes all relevant
well as the capital Khartoum were heavily ministries, the states, and coordinating
flooded, while also non-Nile States, in authorities as well as local, regional, and
particular North Darfur, were impacted by international response organizations.
heavy local rains and flash floods. The Government’s Humanitarian Aid
Commission (HAC) has activated and is
Significant impacts of flooding started leading a national Flood Task Force to
in mid-July 2020 when heavy rains and coordinate the response with all partners.
flash floods affected three internally Government institutions, UN agencies,
displaced people’s camps in Nyala Town, NGO partners, and the private sector
South Darfur state. On July 29, the Bout are providing life-saving assistance to
Earth Dam, in the Tadamon locality of Blue people affected15. Moreover, an Emergency
Nile state, exceeded its full capacity and Coordination Operation Centre (EOC)
collapsed, seriously affecting Bout Town, has been established in September to
destroying more than 1,200 houses, and improve the management of the response
compromising access to water for more to emergency incidents through effective
than 100,000 people living in the area. coordination between major relevant
Then, from July 31 - August 1, heavy rain entities.
in Khartoum caused further flooding and
destruction. By August 12, the number of OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT
people affected had exceeded 185,000
with all states except Central Darfur This assessment of the Sudan Floods
being affected. The situation continued to 2020 follows a governmental “Request
worsen in the second half of August with for Support on Flood Emergency
the affected population reaching 506,000 Response”. The request was issued
by the end of the first week of September by the Ministry of Labour and Social
and peaking at 875,000 by the end of Development (MoLSD) to the World Bank
September.14 Country Director on October 1, seeking
13
Indicative of the severity of the event is the fact that, according to measurements at the Dayem station, the water level on the Blue
Nile was higher than the 1946 level and close to the 1988 flood levels, with the level reaching 17.5 meters in late August, according to
the Sudanese Ministry of Irrigation.
14
World Bank, 2020. GRADE Note on July-September 2020 Sudan Floods, as of October 30, 2020 (unpublished)
15
UNOCHA, 2020. Sudan: Floods, Nationwide State of Emergency Flash Update No. 6, as of 6 September 2020

4 (RAPID PDNRA)
assistance to carry out the assessment The assessment is guided by the following
of the resultant damage and impacts by principles:
the floods. The objective of this Rapid • The assessment should be a
Post Disaster Needs and Recovery government-led exercise;
Assessment (RPDNRA) is to assess the • The assessment should be simple,
extent of the flood impact on Sudan and, rapid, and useful to both the
on the basis of these findings, to produce Transitional GoS and the affected
an actionable and sustainable Recovery population and not create an additional
Strategy for leveraging targeted flood burden for the teams on the ground;
response and recovery policy/planning, • The assessment should build on the
including mobilizing financial and technical work and data collection efforts by
resources. The assessment specifically the Transitional GoS and development
sets out to: (i) support country-led partners;
assessments and initiate recovery • The assessment should maximize
planning processes through a coordinated the use of satellite imagery and
inter-institutional approach; (ii) evaluate remote sensing technology and other
the impact of the floods on infrastructure readily available data on population,
and assets, service delivery, governance infrastructure, assets, etc., while
and social processes; (iii) assess needs to performing ground-truthing and data
address underlying risks and vulnerabilities collection on the ground to the extent
so as to reduce risk and build back better; feasible;
(iii) estimate the damage and losses • The assessment process should
caused by the floods; (iv) identify recovery provide capacity building opportunities
and reconstruction needs; (v) develop a on damage assessment and recovery
recovery strategy; and (vi) provide the planning for the relevant government
basis for mobilizing resources for recovery officials; and
and reconstruction through local, national • The assessment should provide
and international sources. credible estimates and figures.

(RAPID PDNRA)
5
APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The RPNRA has been adapted from the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) methodology16 to
the wider development context of Sudan in a manner to undertake a rapid and concise assessment
that links to the existing needs assessments and informs the development agenda in the country. The
assessment is organized along sector lines. Given the large scale and the extensive damage of the flood
event, the assessment comprises four thematic areas (sectors) with in total sixteen sub-sectors.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SECTORS SECTORS
HOUSING TRANSPORT
HEALTH & ENERGY &

NUTRITION ELECTRICITY
EDUCATION
WATER,
SANITATION
& WATER
RESOURCES
CULTURE MANAGEMENT
SPORTS
CROSS CUTTING
SECTORS
PRODUCTIVE DISASTERS RISK
SECTORS REDUCTION
EMPLOYMENT
LIVELIHOODS
MANUFACTURING & SOCIAL
PROTECTION
GENDER
AGRICULTURE,
FISHERIES &
LIVESTOCK
GOVERNANCE
ENVIRONMENT
16
The PDNA methodology may be found at https://www.
undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/crisis-preven- HUMAN IMPACT
tion-and-recovery/pdna.html ASSESSMENT

6 (RAPID PDNRA)
Each assessment was led by a sector The RPDNRA was organized along five
team consisting of specialists from phases:
government authorities and development
partner agencies. In general alignment • Phase 1 – Preparation: define
with the PNDA approach, each sector coordination team, mobilize sector
assessment was prepared based on teams, and designate roles and
a standard template with four main responsibilities; determine the
elements: scope of the respective sector-wide
assessments; identify data sources
• Pre-Disaster context and baseline and information gaps; establish
information: analysis of the general contact with key governmental and
pre-disaster conditions, which serve non-governmental partners and
as a baseline to compare with post- informants
disaster conditions in Sudan;
• Phase 2 – Data Collection: collect pre-
• Assessment of disaster effects: disaster baseline data (demographic,
assessment of (i) damage to socio-economic, census etc), remote
infrastructure and physical assets, sensing data (satellite imagery,
(ii) disruption of access to goods hazard/exposure data) and secondary
and services, (iii) governance and data (reports, assessments, damage/
decision-making processes, and (iv) loss analyses); identify data gaps and
flood impacts on increasing risks and collect primary data (key informant
vulnerabilities; interviews) and in situ data (field visits)
• Assessment of disaster impacts: • Phase 3 – Data Analysis and
assessment of the economic and Consolidation of Sector Findings:
human development impacts of the sector teams review and analyse
floods; collected data (desk review, statistical
analysis, GIS/remote sensing
• Recovery needs and strategy:
applications); sector teams cross-
identification of recovery needs and
check data with other sectors;
development of a recovery strategy
sector teams document findings
comprising early, medium, and long-
(impacts, damage, losses and needs)
term recovery and reconstruction
and validate with government
interventions.
counterparts
• Phase 4 – Draft Assessment Report
As the focal agency of the RPDNRA, the
and Recovery Strategy: coordination
Emergency Coordination Operation Centre
team develops structure of the
(EOC) led the assessment and the overall
assessment report and synthesizes
coordination between the governmental
key findings and priority recovery
agencies and development partners.
and reconstruction needs from sector
Coordination support and technical
analyses; coordination team drafts
advisory for the assessment was provided
recovery strategy in coordination with
by the World Bank and the United
sector teams; draft reports are shared
Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
with government for feedback and
International and local experts financed by
validation
the development partners supported the
sector teams remotely as well as on the • Phase 5 – Finalization of Report: refine
ground. reports and incorporate feedback;
submit final report for Government
approval

(RAPID PDNRA)
7
8 (RAPID PDNRA)
SOCIAL
SECTORS
HOUSING
HEALTH &
NUTRITION
EDUCATION
CULTURE
SPORTS

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9
4. HOUSING
types affected by the flooding. The total
SUMMARY
economic value of damages to fully
destroyed and partially damaged houses
In total 82,618 houses were reported to
was estimated at USD 2,920.8 million,
have been totally destroyed and another
including damaged household goods. The
93,406 partially damaged by the floods.
total economic value of losses including
North Darfur, Khartoum, Sinnar, Blue Nile,
demolition and debris removal, rental
and West Darfur are the most affected
losses, and temporary accommodation
states in terms of housing effects. In
was estimated at USD 67.4 million.
Sudan, housing even in the urban areas
is predominantly informal. Many houses,
Reconstruction and recovery needs were
especially in the rural areas, are single
estimated based on the damages and
story, built with walls made from a
losses suffered by the housing sector.
mixture of mud bricks or compacted earth
Reconstruction needs were estimated on
and wooden elements, and are particularly
the basis of achieving disaster resiliency
vulnerable to rapidly flowing flash flood
of the damaged or destroyed housing
waters or lingering riverine flood waters.
stock and the principle “build back
Figure 4 1 shows the spatial distribution of
better (BBB)” was incorporated in cost
the currently reported damages by state
estimates. Short-, medium- and long-
across Sudan as per the Humanitarian
term recovery measures, including detailed
Aid Commission (HAC) and UN Office for
field survey on flooding effects on housing,
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
housing recovery strategy, community
(OCHA).
consultations, housing repair & rebuilding
guidelines and training, physical
Estimated damages in the housing
reconstruction, housing data management
sector are derived using knowledge of the
system, land-use planning, and housing
replacement value of the various housing
FIGURE 4 - 1: Spatial distribution of housing damages

(OCHA, Situation Report, October 11, 2020)

10 (RAPID PDNRA)
recovery management, monitoring and these high standards are relaxed as one
evaluation, were proposed and their costs moves down the classification system.
were estimated. Increasing urbanization and proliferating
urban growth, the threat to agricultural
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR lands and the high cost of services forced
CONTEXT the planning authorities in the 1980s to
reduce the average plot sizes to 400, 300
Sudan, with a population of 43,849,260 and 200 square meters in first, second
people, is experiencing rapid urbanization and third-class areas respectively (World
from massive rural-urban migration Bank, 2011).
and continuous influx of internally
displaced persons (IDPs) to urban centres. The construction sector experienced
Demographers estimate close to 35 positive growth following the country’s
percent of Sudanese population dwell second civil war from 1983 to 2005. This
in urban areas in 2019 (UNDESA, 2019). growth has been attributed to the national
Nationally, the vast majority of the development projects for infrastructure
population (85.5 percent) are homeowners repair and rehabilitation during this period.
and 7 percent live in rented housed (CBS, The construction industry became the
2014). The higher prices of stock in urban largest share of the Sudanese economy
areas lowers the rate of owner-occupied after the secession of oil fields to South
housing to 67.3 percent (CAHF, 2019). Sudan in 2011. However, a large portion of
Demand has long outstripped supply in building materials are imported. The local
Sudan’s housing market. The high levels of industry is incapable of matching neither
demand contributed to an annual house the demand nor the specifications required
price appreciation ranging between 20 by the regulations. Hence, a large portion
percent and 25 percent in the past five of building materials (specially the finishing
years. Many of the IDPs who were forced materials) for the 1st and 2nd class is
to flee their homes from war and conflicts imported. Despite this industry’s vitality,
have ended up living in make-shift camps housing supply remains a longstanding
in peri urban areas around the major cities. and ongoing concern. The national
This influx is deepening the already critical housing deficit is estimated at 4.3 million
housing problem, with demand hugely units, with a deficit of 2.5 million units in
outstripping supply (CAHF, 2019). Khartoum state only (CAHF, 2019). The
majority of Khartoum’s urban poor rely
Residential areas in Sudanese cities on their own resources to construct their
are categorized into first-, second- shelters, resulting in a proliferation of poor
and third-class areas, based on a housing, often illegal, based on varying
classification system that dates from degrees of self-help by the inhabitants.
colonial times. Classes are distinguished
by specified criteria, namely income level The government established the National
of its residents, plot sizes, service, and Fund for Housing and Reconstruction
construction standards. Four classes: (a) (NFHR) in 2008 to build low-cost housing
first-class areas in which land parcels units. However, the government’s lack
typically range from 500-800 square of funding has constrained the NFHR.
meters, and up to 1,200 square meters; Input costs, such as the price of building
(b) second- class areas where the plot materials, are too costly. Importers
areas range from 400 to 600 square pay exorbitant fees to customs. The
meters; (c) third-class areas where the government also imposes local fees on
plots range from 300 to 400 square building materials, like cement. As a
meters; and (d) fourth-class areas result, banks typically require mortgage
where the plots are typically 200 square applicants to provide a quotation on the
meters. A concomitant standard of cost of building materials to contain the
construction is applied whereby houses financial risk with new home construction
in first-class areas are required to adopt projects (CAHF, 2019), which becomes
high construction standards and use obstacles to activate the nascent housing
permanent building materials, while finance market.

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11
The central government continues to of the National Land Commission as well
struggle with the formalization of land as outstanding land issues from previous
tenure and titles. Legally, the national conflicts. Moreover, land rights for women
government owns 90 percent of the remain highly insecure (CAHF, 2019).
country’s land. However, the government
does not recognize customary land Table 3 1 shows baseline housing stocks by
tenure and practically all land in Sudan is various housing types. In the absence of
allocated on a leasehold basis (Hafazalla, recent statistics, the housing stocks were
2018). Informal leases between land calculated based on the estimated 2020
brokers connected to the government population, average household size per
remain common. Areas of improvement state, and proportion of housing typology
include strengthening the development in the 2011 Labour Force Survey.
TABLE 4 - 1: Baseline housing stocks
H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9
H1
States Population Total
Straw Mud/ Sticks/ Flat/ 1F Mud 1F Concrete Wooden Multi-F
Tent
Mats Gottiya Gottiya Apartment Building Building Plank Building
Khartoum 7,286,523 1,216,448 0 10,948 32,844 4,866 4,866 608,224 531,588 1,216 21,896
Northern 967,005 165,018 0 495 0 660 0 161,718 2,145 0 0
Kassala 2,164,514 391,413 391 115,467 95,113 25,050 391 130,341 24,659 0 0
Blue Nile 1,161,258 206,263 0 3,300 125,614 22,895 0 35,683 18,770 0 0
White Nile 2,297,076 400,886 0 3,608 25,256 20,846 0 317,902 33,274 0 0
River Nile 1,441,140 219,686 1,098 8,568 220 220 0 182,779 26,802 0 0
Gezira 4,799,392 799,899 0 800 22,397 800 0 335,158 440,744 0 0
Red Sea 1,825,180 340,519 9,194 112,371 14,642 16,004 0 38,138 89,216 60,612 341
Gadarif 1,837,506 329,302 0 988 95,827 169,591 0 44,456 14,160 4,281 0
Sinnar 1,718,259 297,792 298 0 30,673 10,423 0 160,212 96,187 0 0
North
2,760,441 518,880 1,557 2,076 75,238 322,743 0 87,172 29,576 0 519
Kordofan
South
1,193,095 205,706 206 3,497 42,993 82,900 3,497 31,679 40,936 0 0
Kordofan
West
1,730,934 298,437 298 5,073 62,373 120,270 5,073 45,959 59,389 0 0
Kordofan
North
2,827,153 503,052 9,558 2,515 112,181 292,776 503 46,784 38,735 0 0
Darfur
South
3,747,786 638,464 5,108 70,870 94,493 395,209 638 22,985 49,162 0 0
Darfur
West
1,018,581 212,204 7,427 29,921 53,476 85,094 0 18,462 17,825 0 0
Darfur
Central
757,408 139,486 2,883 11,949 28,967 74,485 93 10,043 11,066 0 0
Darfur
East
1,605,653 295,700 6,111 25,332 61,407 157,904 197 21,290 23,459 0 0
Darfur
Total 41,138,904 7,179,154 44,129 407,777 973,712 1,802,737 15,259 2,298,984 1,547,691 66,110 22,755

12 (RAPID PDNRA)
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR Governance and social process for land
THE SECTOR and property registration, settlements in
informal settlements and hazardous land,
The floods caused total or partial damage and land for relocation areas; status of
to 176,024 housing units across the services provision to affected settlements;
country. An estimated 82,618 houses have administrative and market capacity to
been completely destroyed and another manage recovery efforts; availability
93,406 suffered partial damage. Across of local construction materials, tools
provinces, the housing stock in North and equipment, transport, and building
Darfur, Khartoum, Sinnar, Blue Nile, and skills; locally present social system and
West Darfur has been the worst affected, community-based organizations.
with almost 89,600 housing units
completely or partially damaged, which is Increased risks and vulnerabilities should
51 percent of the total affected housing be assessed and relocation plans for
stock. settlements exposed to disaster risks
and vulnerabilities should be prepared
Damages were calculated due to during the recovery process. The aspect
structural damage to the housing stock of improving disaster resiliency for the
caused by the floods. The damage costs Housing Sector was addressed only to a
vary depending on the severity of damage, limited extent, primarily because resilience
size of houses and construction materials. action plans and regulations in this sector
For fully destroyed houses, reconstruction do not exist.
cost was calculated for each housing
typology; for partially damaged houses, Cross-cutting Issues
considered repairable, repair cost was
calculated for each housing typology; the New vulnerabilities such as lack of a sense
cost of replacing the destroyed household of security particularly for women for
goods was calculated and added to the lack of privacy in housing or temporary
damages. shelters were noted but no exploitation or
gender-based violence was reported.
Change in flows (losses) were estimated Livelihoods were affected due to the loss
for (i) debris demolition and removal; (ii) of rental incomes, damage to agricultural
rental income losses to the rented housing activities and livestock within housing
affected by the floods; and (iii) temporary premise.
shelter or alternative temporary
accommodation for the households who Environment and health risks increased
have lost their homes. after flooding due to damages to sanitary
facilities, inundation of pit latrine by
The following will be reviewed in more flooding and associated environmental
detail as part of the recovery efforts: and public health risks.
TABLE 4 - 2: Summary table of damage and loss for the Housing Sector
Damage and Loss Damages (USD 000) Losses (USD 000)

Damages
a) Fully destroyed houses 513,428
b) Partially damaged houses 2,380,983
c) Damaged household goods 26,404
Losses
a) Debris demolition and removal 17,602
b) Rental income losses 20,052
c) Temporary shelter/housing 29,743
Total 2,920,815 67,398

(RAPID PDNRA)
13
MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN for increased poverty, particularly for
IMPACT small and marginal households.
The majority of fully destroyed houses RECOVERY NEEDS AND

were belonging to the poor and housing STRATEGY
was the most important asset owned by
the household. Some used the housing Reconstruction and recovery needs were
for livestock, backyard gardens and other estimated based on the damages and
home-based enterprises, thus the loss losses suffered by the housing sector.
of shelter was a double loss to many of Reconstruction needs were estimated on
the poorest in the society. Populations the basis of achieving disaster resiliency
affected by disasters experienced a of the damaged or destroyed housing
significant loss of employment and stock. The principle “build back better
income, a deterioration of livelihood (BBB)” is incorporated in cost estimates of
options and opportunities, a decline in the fully destroyed houses, building stronger
provision of and access to critical services, foundation, use of improved quality
increased prices, and other negative and standards and hazard-resistant
effects. While the exact impact was construction materials. The increased cost
not measured, the flooding significantly of reconstruction due to application of
affected the Housing Sector including land these measures is addressed by applying
and is likely to have serious consequences the “BBB coefficient” of 1.2.
TABLE 4 - 3: Summary of reconstruction and recovery needs
Damage and Loss No. of Value of BBB Reconstruction/

houses/ damage/ coefficient recovery needs
area loss
(USD 000)
(USD 000)
a) In-situ reconstruction of houses
Fully destroyed 57,833 359,400 12 431,280
Partially damaged 93,406 2,380,983 12 2,857,179
b) Reconstruction of houses in relocation site
New land plots (square meters) 5,948,496 297,425 297,425
Infrastructure - water, electricity, 24,785 7,436 7,436
sanitation
Construction of houses 24,785 154,029 12 184,834
Planning and administrative costs 24,785 744 12 744
c) Replacement of household goods 176,024 26,404 31,684
d) Debris demolition and removal 176,024 17,602 17,602
24,785 29,742 29,742
Total 3,857,927

14 (RAPID PDNRA)
Principles and priorities for housing methods for hazard-resistant houses;
reconstruction and recovery are as follows: • Settlement planning and development
should be reviewed in light of the
• Rebuilding is owner-driven; possibility of introducing flood
• Rebuild in-situ as far as possible, but protection measures for entire
relocate settlements away from high- communities in areas prone to risks of
risk areas; recurrent flooding.
• Adopt and promote the use of cost-
effective, hazard-resistant engineering Recommendations for DRR and
designs and reconstruction standards, Building Resilience in Sector
taking into account availability of local
construction materials, and tools and Reconstruction is carried out according to
equipment; BBB – retrofitting, repairing, rebuilding or
• Availability of construction materials relocation and in accordance with agreed
during the reconstruction phase safe building practices; relocation is
will be critical, particularly with the limited to the enforcement of safety from
compounded needs of multiple sectors. hazards; cost-effective, hazard-resistant
Special efforts will be needed such as engineering designs and reconstruction
setting up of construction material standards will be adopted, taking into
hubs throughout the affected areas; account availability of local construction
• Train artisans, contractors, home- materials, and tools and equipment; a
owners, and construction supervisors city-wide approach will be adopted to
on the safe reconstruction and policies aimed at addressing informal
recovery, including the use of cost- settlements and land-use planning, and
effective and hazard-resistant securing the full range of durable solutions
engineering designs, reconstruction for displaced population for their return,
standards and practices; relocation and local integration.
• Recycling materials from debris will
reduce reconstruction costs and have
a positive environmental impact.
Communities need to be educated
on optimal reuse of materials from
housing debris;
• Develop incentivized community
protection approaches and programs
to ensure greater disaster (flood) risk
reduction for communities at high risk
of recurrent flooding;
• Establish participatory and inclusive
information management and
grievance redressal systems.
Community mobilization will be needed
to ensure information dissemination,
better construction methods/skills
training, mutual support, and oversight.
Moreover, vulnerable-headed eligible
households will need special attention
and assistance via such mechanisms;
• Information dissemination shall be
a crucial part of the Government’s
strategy. This should include
information on the full range of
assistance options, their eligibility
criteria, and the means of accessing
them, as well as improved construction

(RAPID PDNRA)
15
TABLE 4 - 4: Table of Short, Medium & Long-term Recovery Initiatives and Costs
Item Description Cost (USD 000) Total
Short- Medium- Long-

term term term
(<1yr) (1-3yr) (>3yr)
Detailed field Undertaking detailed field survey 221 221

survey for flooding for each state affected by the
effects and refining flooding to measure and verify
recovery strategy the effects, damages, and losses;
and refining the recovery strategy
according to the verified effects
Housing recovery Development of a systematic 50 50
strategy housing recovery strategy
focused on disaster risk
reduction, building back better,
including detailed assessment
of effects, relocation to
less vulnerable areas, cost-
effective and hazard-resistant
reconstruction methods, land
tenure management
Communication Information dissemination to, 261 131 131 523
and consultations and collection from, the affected
communities. This should include
information on the full range
of assistance options, their
eligibility criteria, and the means
of accessing them, as well as on
improved construction methods
for hazard-resistant houses.
Housing repair and Development, dissemination, 18,623 7,921 26,544
rebuild guidelines and training of guidelines for
and training housing repair and reconstruction
for affected communities and
construction sector based on
the principle of ‘building back
better’, using innovative resilient
housing models such as improved
foundation, material, and
construction designs
Reconstruction Reconstruction, repair, 2,700,549 1,157,378 3,857,927
of housing and replacement, relocation costs
physical assets for housing and physical assets;
debris demolition and removal;
temporary shelter/housing
Housing data Establishing a system to 200 100 300
management ensure an updated inventory
system of housing and assets which
can be effectively used in
the development planning,
assessment, and verification of
damage during disasters, and in
the process of putting together
assistance packages.

16 (RAPID PDNRA)
Item Description Cost (USD 000) Total
Short- Medium- Long-

term term term
(<1yr) (1-3yr) (>3yr)
Land-use planning Review and revision of land- 1,000 2,000 3,000

use plans, incorporating land
zonation aligned with structure
plans, based on risk profiling
maps, revision, and enforcement
of construction planning, and
building regulations in all states.
This could also include reviewing
and amending as appropriate
bylaws/ regulations/ consenting
requirements to expediate
housing recovery whilst ensuring
appropriate environmental and
social requirements
Housing recovery Housing recovery management, 13,503 5,787 19,290
management, supervision, monitoring and
monitoring and evaluation at the national, state,
evaluation locality levels
Total 2,733,207 1,172,417 2,231 3,907,853
Implementation Arrangements Ministry of Physical Planning at state level.

Housing recovery planning, management,
National Council for Urban Development supervision and monitoring and evaluation
and Physical Planning is responsible for will also be undertaken by the same
the PDNA for the housing sector at the national and state level implementation
national level and supported by State arrangements.

(RAPID PDNRA)
17
5. HEALTH
SUMMARY The damage constitutes 0.7% (44 out of
5,997) of the total health infrastructure
The main drivers of the humanitarian crisis in the country. A minimum of 362,97517
include, but are not limited to, recurrent people, which constituted 1.96%18 of the
and protracted armed conflict, population population who had access to health
displacement, disease outbreaks, and services in Sudan, was denied access
floods. For the last several years, three to essential health services due to the
groups of epidemics dominated the history damage. The total cost of damage
of disease outbreaks in Sudan; namely, on infrastructure amounted to USD
water and sanitation related diseases 5,162,040. A total of medical equipment
(e.g. cholera), vector-borne diseases (e.g. and furniture worth USD 99,000 was
malaria and viral haemorrhagic fevers) and estimated to be damaged due to the flood.
vaccine preventable diseases (e.g. measles, Cost of loss is the flood response worth
polio, and diphtheria). USD 8,683,550 used for establishment
of mobile clinic and respond to disease
According to the Humanitarian Aid outbreaks.
Commission (HAC) report, a total of more
than 888,150 people were affected by The public health consequences of floods
the recent flood in all 18 States of Sudan, are multi-fold. Flood causes direct injuries,
including Abyei, between the period June drowning, mass causalities, displacement,
10 to October15, 2020. Thereof, 123 and collapse of basic infrastructures such
people lost their lives while around 200 as houses, latrines and health facilities
people were injured. According to Federal creating favourable grounds for water
Ministry of Health (FMOH) report, a total and sanitation related and vector borne
of 44 health facilities, including 6 Rural diseases to flourish. Hence, the recovery
Hospitals, 22 Primary Health Care Centres plan takes into account interventions
(PHCCs) and 16 Primary Health Care aimed at responding to the flood as a
Units (PHCUs) were damaged, leading to hazard and subsequent public health
disruption of essential lifesaving health consequences. The total recovery plan
services in 16 States of Sudan. All affected for health sector is estimated at USD 47
health facilities belong to the government. million.
No private health facility was reported as
damaged.
TABLE 5 - 1: Summary of damages to health facilities during flood 2020 in

Sudan (Source: FMOH)
Type of Level of damages Total

health Minor Moderate Major Complete
facilities (15% damage) (35% damage) (50% damage) (100% damage)
Rural Hospital 5 1 - - 6
PHCC 5 11 1 5 22
PHCU 3 5 8 16
Total 8 17 1 13 44
17
The estimated number of populations denied access to health services due to the damage of the 44 health facilities was calculated
based on the minimum catchment population per type of health facilities and level of damage as shown in the table.
18
The assumption is that only 43% of the 43 million population in Sudan have access to health services (i.e. 18,490,000 pop); of which,
362,975 population who lost access to health services due to damage constitutes 1.96%.

18 (RAPID PDNRA)
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR Although the Constitution gave the
CONTEXT states exclusive authority to establish,
regulate and provide health care, including
Sudan, with a current population of hospitals and other health institutions,
43,849,26019, is administratively divided it excluded national facilities to be within
into 18 States and 187 localities. Sixty- the jurisdictions of the national level of
seven percent of the population lives government.
in rural areas. The United Nations
Development Program (UNDP) Human The basic health care is provided on two
Development Report for 2019 ranked levels: Community Services Package
Sudan at 168th out of 189 countries (services provided outside health
and territories in the world with Human institutions by health staff), and Health
Development Index (HDI) value of Institutions Services Package. This
0.507 which put the country in the low package is located at areas outside
human development category20. Life the coverage of health institutions in
expectancy at birth (years) is 65.1. The remote or peripheral areas or nomadic
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 communities are provided with health
aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote assistant staff and/or community midwife
well-being for all at all ages”. However, they provide health services such as
across Sudan, maternal, new-born and disease control and environmental health
child health indicators are still far from services to the communities.
reaching the SDG targets for 2030,
unless accelerated efforts excreted. This package includes all basic healthcare
The maternal mortality ratio remains services provided at the level of, primary
unacceptably high at 295 per 100,000 health unit (B1), Primary Health Centre
live births (in 2017) which is much higher (B2) and Local Hospital (B3).
than the regional average for Eastern
Mediterranean Region (EMR) which Service delivery, availability, access,
is 16421. The under-five mortality rate and demand
(probability of dying by age 5 per 1,000
live births) in Sudan stood at 68.21% in Health services in Sudan are provided
2019, which is almost double the rate of by the Federal and State Ministries
global under-five mortality rate (34%)22. of Heath, military medical services,
police, universities, Non-Governmental
Infrastructure and Assets Organizations (NGOs) and private sector.
The public health care delivery system
The Transitional Constitution of 2005 in Sudan is provided through close to
in Title II (Bill of Rights) in Article 46 6,000 health facilities comprising 511
specifies that the state undertakes hospitals, 1,398 Primary Health Care
the development of public health and Centres (PHCCs) and 4,088 Primary
the establishment, development and Health Care Units (PHCUs). In addition,
rehabilitation of basic therapeutic and there are tertiary level teaching hospitals,
diagnostic institutions and must provide universities with medical and health
primary health care and emergency science facilities, and allied health cadre’s
services free of charge to all citizens. schools and institutes.
19
https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/sudan-demographics/
20
Human Development Report 2019. Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century
Briefing note for countries on the 2019 Human Development Report, Sudan http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN
21
GHO | Global Health Observatory Data Repository (Eastern Mediterranean Region) | Maternal deaths - Data by WHO region
22
Child Mortality - UNICEF DATA

(RAPID PDNRA)
19
TABLE 5 - 2: Number and type of health facilities in Sudan
Healthcare facility Public sector Private sector Total
Health Post/Unit 4,088 n/a 4,088
Health Centre 1,398 n/a 1,398
District /Locality hospital 242 n/a 242
Provincial /State hospital n/a 256 256
Regional/ Referral hospital 13 n/a 13
Total 5,997
TABLE 5 - 3: Standard population covered by health institutions23
Type of health facility Catchment population
Rural/community hospitals 100,000 – 250,000
Primary Health Centre 20,000 – 50,000
Primary Health Unit 5,000-15,000
As summarized in Table 4 4, access key maternal health services are also

to health services is low with large low in Sudan. Unmet need for family
disparities between States and urban planning is key indicators for measuring
and rural settings. Most health services improvements in access to reproductive
are concentrated in urban and central health. The proportion of married or
areas as opposed to the peripheries. in-union women who have their need for
The population coverage with essential family planning satisfied with modern
health services was 43% (in 2015) which is methods in Sudan was 30.1% (in 2014)
way below the universal health coverage which is way below the ambitious target
target by the year 2030. Access to 3.7 of the Sustainable Development
and utilization of essential child health Goals (SDGs) that calls on countries
services such as immunization are also “by 2030, to ensure universal access
low. The full immunization coverage to sexual and reproductive health-care
among one-year-olds was 59.45% (in services, including for family planning”24.
2014) while Measles-Containing-Vaccine Antenatal care coverage of at least four
second-dose (MCV2) coverage by the visits, key to measure quality of maternal
national recommended age was 74% health services, was 50.70% (in 2012-
(2019) which did not provide the level 2014). Births attended by skilled health
of herd immunity in the population personnel (in the two or three years
to prevent occurrence of epidemic- preceding the survey) was 77.7% (in 2014).
prone disease outbreaks. Utilization of
23
Ebrahim M. A. Ebrahim, Luam Ghebrehiwot, Tasneem Abdalgfar, and Muhammad Hanafiah Juni, (2017) “Health Care System in
Sudan: Review and Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats (SWOT Analysis),” Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences,
vol. 12 (2017), issue no. 3, 133–150. DOI 10.18502/sjms.v12i3.924
24
FamilyPlanning_DataBooklet_2019.pdf (un.org)

20 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 5 - 3: Key Baseline Data for the Sector
Latest available data by

Key health status and core performance indicators25,26,27
year
Health status and performance
Population coverage with essential health services (%) 43% (2015)
Life expectancy at birth m/f 63/66 (2016)
Neonatal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 31.79‰ (2019)
Under-five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1,000 live births) 68.21‰ (2019)
Full immunization coverage among one-year-olds 59.45% (2014)
Measles-containing-vaccine second-dose (MCV2) immunization coverage by the
74% (2019)
national recommended age
Children under 5 who are stunted 38.2%
Proportion of married or in-union women who have their need for family planning
30.1% (2014)
satisfied with modern methods
Antenatal care coverage-at least four visits 50.70% (2012-2014)
Births attended by skilled health personnel (in the two or three years preceding the
77.7% (2014)
survey)
Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) 295 (2017)
International Health Regulation (IHR)
Average of 13 IHR core capacity score 67.2% (2019)
Health Care Financing
Health care spending per capita, 2017 (US$) 100-199 (2017)
Out of Pocket Expenditure as % of Total Health Expenditure 76% (2014)
Coverage of social health insurance 5-15% (2017)
External aid as % of total health expenditure 3% (2014)
General Government Health Expenditure as % of General Government Expenditure 12% (2014)
Total expenditure on health as % of GDP 8.43% (2014)
Health Workforce
Ratio of physicians per 10,000 population 4.1 (2015)
Ratio of nursing and midwifery per 10,000 population 8.3 (2015)
Access to health and related services
Availability of selected essential medicines in public health facilities 49.3% (2014)
Availability of selected essential medicines in private health facilities 69.5% (2014)
Ratio of primary health care facilities per 10,000 population 1.6 (2014)
Ratio of annual outpatient visits per capita 0.5 (2014)
Access to improved drinking water 55% (2015)
Access to improved sanitation facilities 24% (2015)
25
Sudan (who.int) THE GLOBAL HEALTH OBSERVATORY DATA
26
Global spending on health: a world in transition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019 (WHO/HIS/HGF/HFWorkingPaper/19.4).
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
27
WHO, Framework for health information systems and core indicators for monitoring health situation and health system performan-
ce (2016). Available: https://applications.emro.who.int/dsaf/EMROPUB_2016_EN_19169.pdf?ua=1&ua=1

(RAPID PDNRA)
21
Governance 2015 enshrined in the Abuja declaration.
Such constraints in resource allocation for
The governance framework adopts health significantly compromised access,
a devolved structure of distinguished quality, and utilization of health services.
three tiers systems. The federal level is
responsible for policy setting, planning, Risks and vulnerability
coordination, and international relations.
The States are concerned with planning The health system in Sudan is severely
and implementation at the State level; impacted by myriads of man-made and
while, the localities being responsible natural hazards. There are a total of 8.6
for providing health services to the local million people in need of humanitarian
population. There are marked variations health assistance in Sudan, according
in terms of access, quality, and capacity to the Humanitarian Needs Overview
of health systems between States and as (2020)29. The main drivers of the
well as urban and rural settings. humanitarian crisis include, but are not
limited to, recurrent and protracted
The public health system in Sudan has armed conflict, population displacement,
also been characterized by structural disease outbreaks, and floods. For the last
bottlenecks such as shortage and several years, three groups of epidemics
rapid turnover of qualified health dominated the history of disease
workers, underfunding, stockout of outbreaks in Sudan; namely, water and
essential medicines and underreporting sanitation related diseases (e.g. cholera),
compromising access to quality health vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria and
services. The disease surveillance sentinel viral haemorrhagic fevers) and vaccine
sites cover only 28% of the health facilities. preventable diseases (e.g. measles, polio,
This leave huge void to detect and control and diphtheria). In Sudan, on average,
disease outbreaks in time. The population 250,000 people have been affected by
coverage with essential health services floods every year since 2016. White Nile,
in Sudan stands at 43% in 2015, which is Kassala, Sinnar and West Kordofan
far behind the Universal Health Coverage States registered the worst figures of
(UHC) target by the end of 203028. affected population with an average of
Sudan has 4 medical doctor for 10,000 more than 20,000 people every year
people (i.e. 1 doctor for 2,500 people (OCHA 2020). As a result, a multi-hazard
(1:2,500)) which is less than the World preparedness and response plan targeting
Health Organization (WHO) desirable four major hazards (floods, disease
doctor–population ratio of 1:1,000 The outbreaks, mass casualty and drought)
out of pocket expenditure (76%) in Sudan have been developed and used during the
exceeds the threshold of 10% household year 202030.
expenditure levying catastrophic health
expenditure on vulnerable population to The latest (2019) average of 13
access health services on the time of International Health Regulation (IHR)
need. The contribution of external aid core capacity score for Sudan was 67.2%.
(3%) and social health insurance (15%) Investment to strengthening the IHR
is very low. The General Government core national capacities31, prioritizing
Health Expenditure as a share of General minimum core capacities32 like detection,
Government Expenditure was 12% (2014), identification, and response to the public
which was less than the head of African health events, is critical in building resilient
states pledged set of targets to allocate health system in Sudan that can prevent,
at least 15% of their annual budget to detect, respond, and recover from all
improve the health sector by the year hazard public health emergencies.
28
WHO/WB: Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report
29
HUMANITARIAN NEEDS OVERVIEW SUDAN (January 2020)
30
Sudan Multi-Hazard Preparedness and Response Plan, 2020
31
https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4824
32
The 13 core IHR capacities are: (1) National legislation, policy and financing; (2) Coordination and National Focal Point communi-
cations; (3) Surveillance; (4) Response; (5) Preparedness; (6) Risk communication; (7) Human resources; (8) Laboratory; (9) Points of
entry; (10) Zoonotic events; (11) Food safety; (12) Chemical events; (13) Radio nuclear emergencies.

22 (RAPID PDNRA)
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR damages respectively. The damage
THE SECTOR constitutes 0.7% (44 out of 5,997) of the
total health infrastructure in the country.
According to FMOH report, a total of On average, 539,00033 people which
44 health facilities, including 6 Rural constituted 2.9%34 of the population who
Hospitals, 18 PHCCs and 10 PHCUs had access to health services in Sudan,
were damaged, leading to disruption of were denied access to essential health
essential lifesaving health services in services due to the damage.
16 States of Sudan. Of the total health
facilities damaged, 6 health facilities were Details of the location, type and
fully damaged while 38 health facilities ownership of damaged health facilities are
sustained major, moderate, and minor summarized in Table 5-5.
TABLE 5 - 5: Number of health facilities and level of damaged during flood

2020, Sudan (Source HAC and SMOH)
State Locality Type of Name of Ownership # Health Level of damage

health Health Public Private facility
S.N facility Facility damaged (minor=15%,
moderate 35%,
major 50%
Complete=100%)
1 Khartoum Jebel Awli Rural locality Jebel Awlia Yes 1 Minor
hospital
Umdurman Rural locality Umbeda Yes 1 Minor

hospital
Bahri Rural locality Al Kebashi Yes 1 Minor
hospital
2 West El Nohoud PHCC Yes 1 Complete
Kordofan El Nohoud PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Wd Banda PHCC Yes 1 Minor
Alsnuot PHCC Yes 1 Minor
Abuzabad PHCU Yes 1 Moderate
3 River Nile Berber PHCC Yes 1 Complete
Berber PHCU Yes 1 Minor
4 Kassala Aroma PHCC Yes 1 Minor
Nahar Atbara PHCU Yes 6 Complete
Khashm PHCC Yes 2 Complete

Alqerba
North Delta Rural locality Yes 1 Moderate
hospital
6 Al Geziera PHCC Yes 1 Moderate

PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
33
The estimated number of population denied access to health services due to the damage of the 44 health facilities was calculated
based on the assumption that the average damage to health facilities constitute moderate damage (i.e.35% damage), and considered
the average catchment population of 35,000 (used PHCC as average) i.e. 44 HFs*35,000 catchment pop * 35% damage=539,000).
34

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23
7 Northern Dalgo Locality Yes 1 Minor
general
hospital
Marawi PHCU Yes 1 Moderate
Marawi PHCC Yes 1 Minor
Marawi PHCC Yes 1 Major
8 South Darfur Ketila Locality Yes 1 Minor
general
hospital
11 White Nile Eldowem PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Quly PHCU Yes 1 Complete
12 North Darfur Al leaet PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Kebkabiya PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Al leat PHCU Yes 1 Moderate
13 East Darfur El Furdos PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
14 Sinnar Senja PHCU Yes 1 Complete
Sinnar El souky PHCU Yes 1 Moderate
Sinnar El souky PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
15 Gadaref Guresha PHCC Yes 1 Complete
Guresha PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Al mafaza PHCC Yes 1 Minor
16 North Um Rawapa PHCC Yes 1 Moderate
Kordofan
Total 44
In summary, as shown in Table 5 6, a total of 44 health facilities in 16 States sustained

various level of damage due to the floods. Thereof, 13 health facilities (5 rural hospitals,
5 PHCCs and 3 PHCUs) experienced minor damage (15% damage); 17 health facilities (1
rural hospital, 11 PHCC and 5 PHCU) sustained moderate damage (35% damage); 1 PHCC
faced major (50% damage)’ while 13 health facilities (5 PHCC and 8 PHCUs) completely
damaged (100% damage) due to the flood.
TABLE 5 - 6: Summary of damages to health facilities during flood 2020 in

Sudan (Source: FMOH)
Type of Level of damages Total

health
facilities Minor Moderate Major Complete
(15% damage) (35% damage) (50% damage) (100% damage)
Rural Hospital 5 1 - - 6
PHCC 5 11 1 5 22
PHCU 3 5 8 16
Total 8 17 1 13 44
The damage constitutes 0.7% (44 out of 5,997) of the total health infrastructure in the
country. A minimum of 362,975 people, which constitutes 1.96% of the population who
had access to health services in Sudan, was denied access to essential health services
due to the damage.
35
The estimated number of populations denied access to health services due to the damage of the 44 health facilities was calculated
based on the minimum catchment population per type of health facilities and level of damage as shown in the table.
36

24 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 5 - 7: Estimated affected population during flood 2020 in Sudan
Type of Estimated minimum number of catchment population affected by the Total pop
health damages denied
facilities access
Major to health
Minor Moderate Complete
services due
(50% to damage
(15% damage) (35% damage) (100% damage)
damage)
Rural 5 hospital X 1 hospital X - - 110,000
Hospital 100,000 pop X 15% 100,000 x
damage=75,000 pop 35%=35,000 pop
PHCC 5 PHCCs X 20,000 11 PHCCs x 1 PHCC X 5 PHCC x 20,000 202,000
catchment pop X 15% 20,000 pop X 20,000 pop X pop X 100%=
damage =15,000 pop 35%=77,000 pop 50%=10,000 100,000 pop
pop
PHCU 3 PHCU X 5,000 5 PHCU x 5,000 - 8 PHCU X 5,000 50,975
catchment pop X 15% pop X 35%=8,750 pop X 100%=
damage = 2,225 pop pop 40,000 pop
Total 362,975
The average building costs per square metre in Sudan vary from SDG 1,200/m2 (USD 67/
m2) to SDG 3,000/m2 (USD167/m2)37. The team used average cost in US$ in calculating
the cost of rehabilitation and construction which is US$ 117/m2 and used the current
exchange rate of 55 SDG for US$ 1. Standard space for PHCU is 600 square metres;
PHCC is 3,000 square metres and rural hospital is 7,000 square metres. Accordingly, the
cost of construction is calculated per facility type and level of damage as below. The total
cost of damage on infrastructure amounted to USD 5,162,040.
TABLE 5 - 8: Estimated cost of damaged health facilities during flood 2020 in

Sudan
Type of Estimated cost of damage to the infrastructure/building Estimated total

health cost of damage
facilities Major on the infra-
structure
(50%
damage)
Rural 5 hospital X 1 hospital X 7,000 - - USD 900,900
Hospital 7,000sqm X USD sqm USD 117/
117/m2 X 15% m2 x 35%= USD
damage = USD 286,650
614,250
PHCC 5 PHCCs X 11 PHCCs x 1 PHCC X 5 PHCC x USD 3,545,100
3,000sqm X USD 3,000sqm X USD 3,000sqm X 3,000sqm X USD
117/m2 X 15% 117/m2 X 35%= USD 117/m2 117m2 X 100%=
damage =USD USD 1,351,350 X 50%= USD USD 1,755,000
263,250 175,500
PHCU 3 PHCU X 600sqm 5 PHCU x 600sqm - 8 PHCU X USD 716,040
X USD 117/m2 X X USD 117/m2 X 600sqm X USD
15% damage = USD 35%= USD 122,850 117/m2 X 100%=
31,590 USD 561,600
Total USD 5,162,040
37
http://www.internationalhousingassociation.org/fileUpload_details.aspx?contentTypeID=3&contentID=266313&subContentI-
D=721497&channelID=38488

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25
For lack of actual detailed account of damage on medical equipment and furniture
documented for each facility, the cost of damage on medical equipment and furniture
was calculated based on the recent project cost which spent USD 10,000 for PHCC. The
team assumed the cost of rural hospital will be double while the PHCU is halved. A total
of USD 99,000 was estimated to be damaged due to the flood as detailed in Table 5 9.
TABLE 5 - 9: Estimated cost of damaged equipment of the affected health

facilities during flood 2020 in Sudan
Type of Estimated cost of damage to medical equipment and furniture Estimated total
health cost of
facilities Major damage on
medical
(50% equipment and
damage) furniture
Rural 5 hospital X USD 1 hospital X - - USD 22,000
Hospital 20,000 X 15% USD 20,000 x
damage=USD 35%=USD 7,000
15,000
PHCC 5 PHCCs X USD 11 PHCCs x USD 1 PHCC X 5 PHCC x USD USD 61,000
10,000 X 15% 10,000 X 35%= USD 10,000 10,000 X 100%=
damage =USD USD 38,500 X 50%= USD USD 10,000
7,500 5,000
PHCU 3 PHCU X $5,000 X 5 PHCU x USD - 8 PHCU X USD USD 16,000
15% damage = USD 5,000 X 35%= USD 5,000 X 100%=
2,250 8,750 USD 5,000
Total USD 99,000
The public health consequences of floods found contaminated and lacks meeting
are multi-fold. Floods cause direct injuries, the Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) standards
drowning, mass causalities, displacement, that guard infections. Therefore, with no
and collapse of basic infrastructures such timely and strategic response, the current
as houses, latrines and health facilities conditions create favourable ground for
creating favourable grounds for water occurrence and spread of water and
and sanitation related and vector borne sanitation related disease outbreaks in
diseases to flourish. Sudan. Regular water quality monitoring
reports during the current flooding
Flood affected communities drink water attested 54% of drinking water samples
from open sources (contaminated water), failed to meet the minimum Free Residual
which combined with poor sanitation Chlorine (FRC) target while 51% of samples
conditions and open defecation practices, analysed for bacteriological presence found
will lead to the risk of occurrence, and contaminated.
spread of water and sanitation related
disease outbreaks. Open defecation is Following floods, water stagnates
rampant in Sudan. A third of the population in widespread areas and is stored in
have no access to safe-drinking water domestic water containing materials
sources and improved sanitation in Sudan. such as discarded tyres and plastic
Poor access to safe drinking water and cans creating favourable ground for
sanitation services is linked to transmission vectors such as mosquitos to breed.
of diseases such as cholera, acute watery Usually, vector-borne diseases flourish
diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A and after 4-6 weeks after flooding. The
typhoid. Since the start of the rainy predominant mosquito vector, Aedes
season, nearly half of the water sources aegypti, transmitting viruses causing

26 (RAPID PDNRA)
Dengue Fever, Chikungunya Fever, Yellow As shown in Figure 5 1 and Figure 5 2, the
Fever (YF), West Nile, Rift Valley Fever number of water and sanitation related,
(RVF) and Zika virus, is prevalent in all 18 and vector-borne disease increased during
States of Sudan. Hence, without timely and and immediately after the rainy season
integrated vector control measures after that started in June (epidemiologic week
such devastating floods, the risk of vector 23) up until 31 October (epidemiologic
borne diseases outbreaks such as malaria, week 44). The increase showed similar
dengue fever, chikungunya, and rift valley trends over the past three years, 2018-
fever is very high in Sudan. During the flood, 2020.
16 out of 18 States of Sudan surpassed the
epidemic threshold for malaria.
FIGURE 5 - 1: The number of malaria cases by epidemiologic week in Sudan,

2018-2020 (Source: FMOH)
The graph shows the number of confirmed malaria cases in Sudan states over the epidemiological weeks with
comparison for the malaria incidence among population of Sudan at 2018, 2019 and 2020 until week 44. If we look
at the trend over the time, we can see sharp increase in the malaria incidence at the rainy and flood season.
90000
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
w7
w8
w9
w10
w11
w12
w1 4
w13
w14
w15
w16
w17
w1 8
w19
w20
w21
w22
w23
w24
w25
w26
w27
w28
w29
w30
w31
w32
w33
w34
w35
w36
w37
w38
w39
w40
w41
w42
w43
w44
w45
w46
w47
w48
w49
w50
w51
w52
2020 2019 2018
FIGURE 5 - 2: The number of dysentery cases by epidemiologic week in Sudan,

2018-2020 (Source: FMOH).
The graph illustrates the number of watery diarrheal cases among the Sudan states over the epidemiological
weeks. It is clear that there is a dramatic increase after the rainy and flood season due to spreading of the bacterial
pathogen, the graphs showing the comparison for the dysentery cases at 2018, 2019 and 2020 until week 44.
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
w1
w2
w3
w4
w5
w6
w7
w8
w9
w10
w11
w12
w1 4
w13
w14
w15
w16
w17
w1 8
w19
w20
w21
w22
w23
w24
w25
w26
w27
w28
w29
w30
w31
w32
w33
w34
w35
w36
w37
w38
w39
w40
w41
w42
w43
w44
w45
w46
w47
w48
w49
w50
w51
w52
2020 2019 2018

(RAPID PDNRA)
27
Floods expel dangerous animals Coordination of the flood response
from their holes exposing affected mainly followed the humanitarian cluster
communities to snake and scorpion structure at national and State level.
bites while searching for dry areas for The Humanitarian Aid Commission
settlement. Floods cut off affected (HAC) chaired the multi-sectoral flood
communities from accessing essential taskforce. The FMOH and health
health services for lack of roads and cluster (WHO) coordinated the health
transport means requiring mobile and response at national and State levels.
outreach programs to reach affected The Emergency Operation Centre (EOC)
communities. About 50 mobile clinics was activated at national and State level
were established and supported during to gather situation updates and guide
the flood. On average a mobile clinic responses throughout the flood season.
costs USD 5,000 per month and usually
runs for 3 months. No proper assessment The FMOH and health partners
was done on the extent of psychosocial contributed to the achievement of the
and mental health consequences of the flood response plan worth USD 8.6M
flood. which is considered as loss.
TABLE 5 - 10: Public health response to floods in Sudan, Oct-Dec, 2020 (Source
FMOH/Health cluster)
S.N Key Interventions Budget in USD

1 Support mobile clinics 750,000
2 Surveillance and epidemic alert investigation 196,200
3 Laboratory support 188,400
4 Case Management and Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) 1,579,500
5 Water Quality Monitoring and Chlorination 1,691,960
6 Integrated Vector Control 3,629,440
7 Community Engagement, Risk Communication and Health Promotion 540,600
8 National Leadership and coordination 107,450
Total 8,683,550
TABLE 5 - 11: Summary Table of Damage and Loss for Sector

(in local currency and USD)
Damage Damage Loss

and Loss
Local Currency Local Currency
(i.e. 1USD=55 SDG)
Public Private Public Private
Itemized list Infrastructure= SDG= NA - -
of Damages 283,912,200 (USD
5,162,040)
Medical equipment
and furniture=SDG
5,445,000 (USD 99,000)
Itemized list - - Cost of flood response=
of Losses SDG477,595,250 (USD
8,683,550)
Total SDG 289,357,200 SDG 477,595,250

28 (RAPID PDNRA)
Cross Cutting Issues (Gender, consequences. The recovery plan
Environment, Employment, considered rehabilitation or construction
Livelihoods and Social Protection, of damaged health facilities and
DRR) preparedness measures to prevent and
control diseases outbreaks as outlined in
One of the major health concerns the tables below.
during this emergency is the collapse of
latrines that pose serious risks to public Prioritization of the interventions
health. The Federal Ministry of Health takes thematic and geographic angles.
(FMoH) reported gaps related to water The thematic prioritization identified
chlorination, water quality testing and pillars of interventions relevant for
environmental sanitation, operational flood preparedness and response such
funding for the next two months is as strengthening disease surveillance
considered a gap. Waste and garbage and epidemic alert investigation,
accumulated over the last two weeks support for mobile clinics to reach
pose another health hazard. To date, 127 flood affected communities with
out of the targeted 137 garbage collection essential health services, support for
campaigns have been implemented. laboratory, case management and
Infection Prevention and Control (IPC),
More than half of the identified breeding Water Quality Monitoring (WQM) and
sites showed presence of larvae which chlorination, Integrated Vector Control
will develop into mature flies in the next (IVC), Community Engagement, Risk
few days or weeks, if vector control Communication and Health Promotion
interventions are not initiated. According and strengthening National Leadership
to FMOH, 3,734 breeding sites have so and coordination to spearhead the
far been sprayed and treated. preparedness and response efforts of
the government and other stakeholders.
RECOVERY NEEDS AND The geographic prioritization of affected
STRATEGY areas is based on history of flood and
disease outbreak for the last five years.
The recovery needs considered the That means, those states that have
losses and multi-hazard preparedness been frequently affected by floods and
plans. The preparedness plan focuses its consequences will be prioritized for
on the floods and its public health preparedness and response initiatives.

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29
TABLE 5 - 12: Short, Medium & Long-term Recovery Initiatives and Costs (local
currency & USD)
Item Description Cost

Local USD
Currency
Short Repair and re Cost of the reconstruction and rehabilitating, 10,324,080
term 1yrs -construct the consider the quality improvement and the
physical assets inflation
Restore service Equipment and consumables required for 500,000
delivery services delivery
Strengthen the local capacity for 1,500,000
preparedness and response to the outbreak
(training need assessment, allocation for
medical supplies for prepositioning, support
rapid response team, laboratory, EOC and
strengthening coordination)
Essential Medical supplies 1,859,376
Medium- Restore the - Support mobile clinics during emergencies 17,367,100
term preparedness - Surveillance and epidemic alert
3-5yrs measures investigation
- Laboratory support
- Case Management and - Infection
Prevention and Control (IPC)
- Water Quality
Monitoring and Chlorination
- Integrated Vector Control
- Community Engagement, Risk
Communication and Health Promotion
- National Leadership and coordination
Long Reduce the Health System Resilience 15,000,000
Term risks and
>5yrs vulnerabilities
Recommendations for DRR and • Procure and preposition essential

Building Resilience in Sector medicines and medical supplies in
strategic locations before emergencies
• Repair and rebuild damaged health occur.
facilities;
• Strengthen the national capacity Implementation Arrangements
through strengthening core IHR
capacities to prevent, detect, and The FMOH will coordinate national
respond to multi-hazard public health preparedness and response while
emergencies; States and localities adapt the plans
• Strengthen multi hazard preparedness to their context and priorities and
plan and multi-sectoral response; implement the plan. The health and
• Support building the community WASH cluster will coordinate the
resilience; planning, implementation and reporting
• Regularly assess risks and of preparedness and response to public
vulnerabilities at national, sub-national health emergencies with UN agencies
and localities level to help inform and NGOs consistent with the national
preparedness and response plans; policies, strategies, priorities, and plans.
• Develop and fund multi-hazard Local communities will be involved in the
preparedness and response plans to planning and response to emergencies
preposition medicines and medical in their respective locations to foster
supplies and build local capacities in accountability to affected people.
advance;

30 (RAPID PDNRA)
6. EDUCATION
SUMMARY teachers housing must be integrated to
other relevant sector reports.
The assessment of the education sector
is a joint exercise of the Government The principal recovery measures
of Sudan which was led by the Federal suggested in this chapter include:
Ministry of Education and the Federal
Ministry of Higher Education and 1. Conduct a detailed School Structural
Scientific Research and supported by Assessment of damage buildings
United Nations agencies (with UNDP as and soil testing to determine actual
the lead agency and contributions from needs of each educational facility as
UNICEF). This assessment covers primary well as feasibility of reconstruction/
schools, secondary schools, and higher retrofitting in existing sites;
education institutions. The education 2. Reconstruction of schools using
sector has witnessed damages and disaster resilient techniques;
losses in many of its infrastructures and
physical properties and affected both 3. Rehabilitation/retrofitting of schools
students and teachers. Damage in other including sanitation facilities and
sectors such as agriculture and livestock, school environment;
environment, employment and livelihoods, 4. Replacement of damaged equipment
transport, health etc. has worsened and furniture in all educational
the situation in education institutions. institutions;
The cost is high, for it is estimated for
complete and partial damages. The 5. Introduce the use of technology in the
chapter also provides estimates for a education system to enable reaching
recovery and reconstruction plan for out to children during COVID-19 and
alleviating and sustainably developing the separation from institutions due to
sector, using the principle of ‘Build Back the flood;
Better’. 6. Development of School Flood
Preparedness plans and create
The total damage and losses to school Disaster Risk Management
education sector is estimated at SDG 2.5 Committees;
billion which include damages of SDG 2.2
billion and loss of SDG 0.33 billion. The 7. Incorporation of Disaster Risk
recovery and reconstruction needs for the Reduction principles and approaches
education sector for the next 3-5 years into school curricula;
are estimated at SDG 7.5 billion. 8. Strengthening psychological health
programmes with focus on DRR
As this report is concerned with (through psycho-social support and
assessment of damage and loss and school counselling) for both students
medium- to long-term recovery needs, and teachers;
it should be interrelated to other sector
9. Training in primary health for
reports. This means that some damaged
students and children in view the
elements such as school environment,
recent floods and COVID-19.
roads, protection structure, hostels and

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31
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
CONTEXT However, these figures do not tell the full
story of the large disparities amongst and
Directorates of Education in localities within states. For example, in 2014/15,
are responsible for pre-school and basic the highest GER in primary education
education including school infrastructure, in Sudan reached 95.5% in the Northern
teacher recruitment and management. State, and the lowest in West Darfur at
Education Councils are important 50.3%. GER in secondary education in
institutions at the school level ensuring Khartoum state was 56.1% whereas in
popular participation in school supervision, Central Darfur state was only 12.2%. The
maintenance, provision of teachers’ completion rate for urban schools is 77%
housing, etc. State Governments are more than double the completion rate in
responsible for secondary education while rural schools (38%), translating to retention
higher education comes under the purview rate of 85% and 49% for urban and rural
of the federal government. Sudan’s general schools respectively. The disadvantaged
education system, which is now under in terms of access to quality education
revision, consists of three levels: two years include nomadic population, returnees, and
of pre-school; eight years of compulsory IDPs. A recently concluded base line survey
basic education; followed by three years of conducted by the Federal Ministry of
general or technical secondary education. Education with support from the UNICEF,
The Sudan has achieved considerable financed by the European Commission,
improvements in human indicators in the highlights inequality, geographical and
last few years with Gross Enrolment Rate gender disparities as the key problems
(GER) for primary education increasing within the system.
from 69% in 2010/11 to 76,4% in 2014.
While 77.4 % of males of primary school As for the Higher education, the country
age are enrolled, 75.5% female children experienced both public and private higher
of similar ages are enrolled for primary education systems since early 1900 as
education. In secondary education, GER a result of both colonial and national
reached 28.4% with 27.4% of male children policies. Lately, during the last three
of secondary education age level enrolled decades, the Sudan has witnessed an
and 29.4% of females enrolled in education enthusiastic expansion of higher education
programmes. This is likely because male institutions. GER in tertiary education
children are made to start working and increased from 8.7 to 17% between 2004
contributing to family income earlier than and 2017. Today the number embarks on
their female counterparts. 123 universities and colleges in different
specialties in all 18 states. Nevertheless,
the institutional expansion has many
problems related to physical and
educational structures and the ability to
withstand disasters. The recent floods
which hit the education hard in many
states did not spare structures from
partial damage in many universities and
colleges. The damage has affected building
structures, libraries, laboratories and
lecture rooms’ equipment and furniture.
In addition, student’s hostels and staff
housing have been partially affected. The
general environment, open spaces and
sports facilities were left in bad conditions
(i.e. need to be rehabilitated, redesigned
and greened). The overall damage is
partial, and the cost can be estimated
to cover 40-50% from the 123 higher
education institutions.

32 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 6 - 1: Key Education Indicators
School attendance
Primary school attendance TOTAL % of children of primary school age 76.4
Primary school attendance Urban % of children of primary school age 91.4
Primary school attendance Rural % of children of primary school age 70.6
Primary school attendance Males % of children of primary school age 77.4
Primary school attendance Males Urban % of children of primary school age 91.6
Primary school attendance Males Rural % of children of primary school age 71.9
Primary school attendance Females % of children of primary school age 75.5
Primary school attendance Females Urban % of children of primary school age 91.3
Primary school attendance Females Rural % of children of primary school age 69.2
Secondary school attendance TOTAL % of children of secondary school age 28.4
Secondary school attendance Urban % of children of secondary school age 42.2
Secondary school attendance Rural % of children of secondary school age 22.2
Secondary school attendance Males % of children of secondary school age 27.4
Secondary school attendance Urban Males % of children of secondary school age 39.7
Secondary school attendance Rural Males % of children of secondary school age 21.9
Secondary school attendance Females % of children of secondary school age 29.4
Secondary school attendance Urban % of children of secondary school age 44.6
Females
Secondary school attendance Rural % of children of secondary school age 22.4
Females
Education level by sex

Illiterate TOTAL % of total above 6 years 30.6
Illiterate Male % of total males above 6 years 25.1
Illiterate Female % of total females above 6 years 36.4
Less than Intermediate TOTAL % of total above 6 years 46.8
Less than Intermediate Male % of total males above 6 years 49.9
Less than Intermediate Female % of total females above 6 years 43.4
Intermediate /Secondary TOTAL % of total above 6 years 15.1
Intermediate /Secondary Male % of total males above 6 years 17.1
Intermediate /Secondary Female % of total females above 6 years 12.9
University/ Tertiary TOTAL % of total above 6 years 6.2
University/ Tertiary Male % of total males above 6 years 6.4
University/ Tertiary Female % of total females above 6 years 5.9
Source: Sudan MICS5 2014 (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey)

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33
TABLE 6 - 2: Number of Schools by State and type
States Pre-Primary Primary Secondary Universities

Khartoum 4,953 3,703 1,268 61
Northern 806 552 117 5
Kassala 513 859 129 3
Blue Nile 542 372 70 2
White Nile 1,429 1,154 293 6
River Nile 1,477 842 179 7
Gezira 3,805 2,427 762 8
Red Sea 550 544 85 5
Gadarif 564 829 148 2
Sinnar 805 830 214 2
North Kordofan 1,308 1,543 186 3
South Kordofan 338 638 102 3
West Kordofan 276 1,095 123 6
North Darfur 1,839 1,170 269 1
South Darfur 912 1,552 326 4
West Darfur 652 437 98 2
Central Darfur 168 351 113 1
East Darfur 235 500 85 2
Total 21,172 19,398 4,567 123
Source: Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR 6 universities had also reported damages

THE SECTOR to infrastructure and physical assets,
comprising libraries, laboratories,
Based on the quantitative and qualitative administrations offices, etc.
analysis, the team assessed the varying
degrees of impact of the recent floods The States that reported the highest
on the educational infrastructures and number of destroyed schools were Gadarif
physical assets. The floods caused (23), River Nile (19), Central Darfur and
damages to almost 1,360 education Red Sea (16). The States with the worst
facilities, ranging from primary, secondary, damage to educational facilities are Gezira
and higher education institutions, (273), Khartoum (224), and Blue Nile
across all States. After the floods, the (93), Kassala (69), West Darfur (66) and
Government of Sudan in collaboration with Sinnar (60). The extent of damage varies
development partners, proceed with debris from partial to complete destruction, but
removal, cleaning and sanitizing, and it disrupted education in all the affected
provision of temporary learning spaces areas, especially as some of the schools
to ensure the re-establishment of service have been transformed into shelters for
delivery. people who evacuated their homes.
The floods left 123 primary schools fully Since late 2018, there have been almost
destroyed including all its equipment constant interruptions in education in
and furniture, and partially damaged Sudan. The popular protests that broke
1,148 primary schools and 81 secondary out it December 2018 and culminated in
schools, including its sanitation facilities. the toppling of the Government of former
At the time of the writing of this report, President Omar al-Bashir in April 2019

34 (RAPID PDNRA)
caused the suspension of the academic to schools when schools reopened on
year for a period of up to 10 months. November 22, 2020 from COVID-19
related school closures, leading to
The academic year of 2020 has also increasing learning losses.
witnessed interruptions as schools and
universities closed classrooms due to In addition, students lost educational
the coronavirus lockdown measures and assets due to the floods. According to
attempted to shift to online teaching. the primary survey conducted as part of
However, the country was largely the PDNA, 40% of households indicated
unprepared for online education, especially having lost books and certificates and
considering disparities in the availability of 15% indicated having lost other education-
internet, high poverty levels that prevent related assets (e.g. computers, etc.).
many from owning personal computers,
and general lack of digital education skills. As result, the estimated total damage
caused by the floods in the education
The effect of the floods has further sector amounts to SDG 2.2 billion while
compounded the risk of school losses amount to SDG 331 million.
interruption. In September 2020, 137,854 Damages are higher in the primary
children between 6 and 16 years were education sector amounting to SDG 2.0
affected by the floods. More than 130,000 billion.
children were at risk of not returning
TABLE 6 - 3: Number of Flood Affected Schools by State
Totally
Partially Damaged
Destroyed
States Primary Primary Secondary Universities
Khartoum 8 224 34 1
Northern 1
Kassala 11 69 6
Blue Nile 2 93 1
White Nile 4 6
River Nile 19 22 1
Gezira 13 273 41 1
Red Sea 16 13
Gadarif 23 41
Sinnar 2 60
North Kordofan 19
South Kordofan 27
West Kordofan 7 77
North Darfur 38
South Darfur 2 40
West Darfur 66
Central Darfur 16 34 1
East Darfur 46
Total 123 1,148 81 6

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35
TABLE 6 - 4: Total School Damages, Estimates by State (SDG)
Totally
Partially Damaged Equipment/Furniture
Destroyed
States Primary Primary Secondary Universities Primary Secondary
Khartoum 19,760,000 331,968,000 50,388,000 20,000,000 624,886 491,844
Northern - - - 2,800,000 - -
Kassala 27,170,000 102,258,000 8,892,000 215,478 86,796
Blue Nile 4,940,000 137,826,000 - 255,880 -
White Nile 9,880,000 8,892,000 - 26,935 -
River Nile 46,930,000 32,604,000 - 7,450,000 110,432 -
Gezira 32,110,000 404,586,000 60,762,000 11,095,000 770,333 593,106
Red Sea 39,520,000 19,266,000 - 78,111 -
Gadarif 56,810,000 60,762,000 - 172,382 -
Sinnar 4,940,000 88,920,000 - 166,995 -
North Kordofan - 28,158,000 - 51,176 -
South Kordofan - 40,014,000 - 72,724 -
West Kordofan 17,290,000 114,114,000 - 226,252 -
North Darfur - 56,316,000 - 102,352 -
South Darfur 4,940,000 59,280,000 - 113,126 -
West Darfur - 97,812,000 - 177,769 -
Central Darfur 39,520,000 50,388,000 - 36,735,000 134,674 -
East Darfur - 68,172,000 - 123,900 -
Total 303,810,000 1,701,336,000 120,042,000 78,080,000 2,866,105 1,171,746
TABLE 6 - 5: Summary of Total Flood Damages and Losses, Estimates (SDG)
Primary Secondary Universities Damage Losses

Number of
123
Schools Fully schools
Destroyed Estimated cost
303,810,000 45,571,500
of damage 303,810,000
Number of
1,148 81 6 -
Schools Partially schools
Destroyed Estimated cost
1,701,336,000 120,042,000 78,080,000 1,899,458,000 284,918,700
of damage
Equipment
and Furniture 2,866,105 1,171,746 4,037,851 605,678
destroyed
Summary of
estimated
2,008,012,105 121,213,746 78,080,000 2,207,305,851 331,095,878
damage and
losses, in SDG

36 (RAPID PDNRA)
RECOVERY NEEDS AND because they were taken as shelters for
STRATEGY the IDPs;
• Disease Outbreaks (diarrhea and
The recovery needs estimates for the malaria, psychological impact of
education sector amount to SDG 7.5 billion students and teachers);
and consider the imperative of building • High rate of school dropout;
resilient and durable education institutions • Low admission rates;
and facilities based on the principle of • Increase in the number of children out
Build Back Better. The focus is on ensuring of school, leading to an increase in
uninterrupted and quality education illiteracy, early marriage, an increase
service delivery in a safe environment. in crime, and an increase in child labor,
among others.
Recovery Needs and Prioritization
The education recovery strategy can be
The education sector recovery strategy implemented in two phases: first being the
in Sudan will be planned considering the immediate recovery needs in the short-
following aspects: term (6-12 months) and simultaneously,
• Delayed academic year due to starting long-term reconstruction (2-5
COVID-19 related restriction measures; years). The given strategy seeks to
• Some schools are out of service address both academic and infrastructure
recovery needs.
TABLE 6 - 6: Education Recovery Needs
Period Total Cost

N. Measures Short Medium Long (SDG) (US$)
1 Conduct a detailed School Structural x 33,000,000 600,000
Assessment of damage buildings and soil
testing to determine actual needs of each
educational facility as well as feasibility of
reconstruction/retrofitting in existing sites;
2 Reconstruction of schools using disaster x x 613,893,000 11,161,691
resilient techniques;
3 Rehabilitation/retrofitting of schools including x x 3,698,321,800 67,242,215
sanitation facilities and school environment
4 Replacement of damaged equipment and x 4,643,529 84,428
furniture in all educational institutions
5 Introduce the use of technology in the x 3,164,052,500 57,528,227
education system to enable reaching out to
children during COVID-19 and separation from
institutions due to the flood - Provision of
laptops to 50% of the affected students;
6 Development of School Flood Preparedness x TBD TBD
plans and create school Disaster Risk
Management Committees
7 Incorporation of Disaster Risk Reduction x TBD TBD
principles and approaches into school curricula
8 Strengthening psychological health x TDB TBD
programmes with focus on DRR (through
psycho-social support and school counselling)
for both students and teachers
9 Training in primary health for students and x TBD TBD
children in view
Total Recovery Needs 7,513,910,829 136,616,561

(RAPID PDNRA)
37
Recommendations for DRR and easy to disassemble and install, and do
Building Resilience in Sector not occupy much space when traveling.
The implementation of the recovery The implementation of the Recovery

strategy will be guided by Build Back Strategy should be led by the Government
Better principles to avoid future risks. of Sudan in close partnership with
School buildings need to be constructed communities and NGOs. This may require
or rehabilitated according to the concept capacity building of district officials to
of safe schools and relevant DRR norms monitor the processes and establishing
in Sudan. It is important to promote the working relationships with communities
adoption of risk-informed approaches to and local credible NGOs.
ensure that schools are reconstructed at
right locations, away from flood-prone The Education Team acknowledges
areas. There is a need for on-going and that there is a lack of studies on the
in-depth risk assessment of educational effects of floods on school children and
infrastructure in the country, which needs infrastructure. Therefore, it is important
to be updated regularly with the measures for the different stakeholders to be
required to reduce or withstand future mobilized in order to develop different
risks. It is expected that appropriate site tools to manage and respond to floods.
planning will be undertaken to ensure Floods impact the education sector in
safety of the built environment including different ways which include destruction
the access roads and playgrounds. In of buildings and infrastructure, function of
addition, the reconstruction process institutional and organizational structures
should promote construction technologies as well as the wellbeing of individuals and
based on local materials that ensure communities. Therefore, the assessment
educational building standards and recognizes the importance of developing
infrastructure resilience. The rebuilding school level preparedness plans and
should ensure proper protected drinking incorporation of Disaster Risk Reduction
water and toilet facilities that are into school curricula in order to ensure
child-friendly and cater to children and that both teachers and students are
people with special needs. Also, some better prepared to cope with future
communities with particular culture and emergencies. When there are no plans for
customs, such as nomads, need mobile alternative locations and students are
schools, such as constructing buildings denied continuous schooling, many will
from local raw materials (compressed never be able to catch up and will drop out
straw, for example) that are light in weight, permanently.

38 (RAPID PDNRA)
7. SPORTS
SUMMARY the emotional and physical wellbeing of
youth and is seen as a vehicle for social
Sudan is home to many different ethnic cohesion and the reduction of conflict.
peoples, with many different traditional The Sport sub-sector was significantly
sporting activities. However, the most affected by the 2020 floods. At the time
popular sport in this part of the world of this report some 110 sports clubs had
is football. With the youth comprising reported disruption to their sporting
some 62% of Sudan’s total population38 activities as a result of the flooding.
it is no wonder that sports play a big Nineteen facilities had been completely
role in the social life of the country. destroyed, including National Stadia,
Sport sector is a key economic sector in Olympic Stadium, and other major State
Sudan, especially football that receives facilities. Of the eighteen States, at the
great media and public attention and time of the assessment, reports had been
contributes to economic activities in received from 12 States. All facilities are
the country. Most importantly, sports public owned.
channel youth energy and attention from
violence and extremism to team building The total effect to the sub-sector was
and healthy lifestyles. Along with SDG 146 million or US$ 2.7 million and
football other sports are popular such the cost of recovery was estimated to
as athletics and track and field. There is be SDG 170 million or US$ 3.1 million.
also rising popularity of other sports such In addition to the reconstruction and
as basketball, handball, and volleyball. the repair of destroyed facilities it was
Sudan has long been involved in football acknowledged that serious consideration
and is one of the founders of African would have to be given to undertake such
football along with Ethiopia, Egypt, and reconstruction with an eye to building
South Africa. Sudan hosted the African with resilience to future floods. It was
Cup of Nations and won it in 1970. also agreed that as part of building
resilience, the capacity of the youth of
The Government has as one of its the nation would also be strengthened
priorities “Enhancing the role of through training courses so that they
youth of both sexes and expanding would be better able to treat with future
their opportunities in all areas”, and flooding events.
sports is such a key area. The Sudan
Transitional Government recognizes PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
the importance of youth involvement CONTEXT
in sports in keeping with the United
Nations acknowledgement of “the The responsibility of sports in Sudan
growing contribution of sport to the is mandated to the Ministry of Youth
realization of development and peace in and Sports in terms of the planning
its promotion of tolerance and respect framework, coordination, and external
and the contributions it makes to the work, as well as the direct responsibility
empowerment of women and of young for the sports work in the ministries
people, individuals and communities as of youth and sports in states or in its
well as to health, education and social rule of the states. The direct technical
inclusion objectives” 39. Sport has been and administrative responsibility of the
reported to have a positive impact on activity is subordinate to the national
38
https://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/sudan/#:~:text=In%202013%2C%20Sudan%20will%20have,lives%20in%20a%20
productive%20way.
39
A/RES/70/1, para. 37. Available from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld.

(RAPID PDNRA)
39
and state unions, which are regulated in POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
accordance with the Law of Youth and THE SECTOR
Sports Bodies of 2016 and international
and regional unions. The sport sub-sector was significantly
affected by the floods, as detailed in Table
There is a shared responsibility in the 7 2. At the time of this report some 110
discovery, refinement, and development sports clubs had reported disruption to
of talent, and this is done in cooperation their sporting activities as a result of the
between the Centre, the states, and the flooding. Nineteen facilities had been
Unions, and we point out that there is totally destroyed, including National
work for the sports sector in the number Stadia, Olympic Stadium, and major State
of (12) states. facilities, according to reports received from
12 States. All facilities are public owned.
Table 7 1 presents the details of stadia
and grounds for Sudan. It indicates that The economic value of the damage
in the twelve states there are some 49 to the sector is presented in Table 7
stadia, 228 grounds and well over 2,000 3. Estimates suggest that the value
clubs. Other sporting facilities amount to of damage to the sector amounted to
over 2,000. approximately SDG 120 million and the
loss amounted to some SDG 26 million.
TABLE 7 - 1: Key Baseline Data for the Sector
State No of stadiums/ yards No of sport clubs No of Sport Facilities
North Kordofan 17 (5 stadiums) 192 73

Kassala state 15 stadiums 106 110
White Nile state 200 (6 stadiums) 889
South Darfur 2 43 178
East Darfur 30 15
Central Darfur 60 7
Sinnar state 9
Red sea 156 23
West Kordofan 550 339
River Nile 14 stadiums 512 548
Khartoum
Blue Nile 8 (1 stadium) 45 4
Northern state 23 (8 stadiums) 398
Al Jazeera
Gadarif 19 (5 stadiums) 7

40 (RAPID PDNRA)
(RAPID PDNRA)
41
TABLE 7 - 2: Effects of Flooding on the Sport Sub-sector
Facilities Affected
Sport Clubs Totally Partial
State Description of Effects
disrupted Destroyed Damage
Khartoum 16 sport clubs have been affected. 10 facilities had been 16 10 7
reported as totally destroyed; 7 suffered partial damage.
Details were presented in the Khartoum state report.
Northern Clubs were affected by this year’s flooding. 8
Kassala There are reported damages in Aroma stadium that has 1
been rectified
Blue Nile Reported stands collapse of Damazin stadium. In 2
addition to cracks in 5 a side playground. Also, there is
settlement in the Ministry because of stagnant water
for a long time.
River Nile State reports indicated clubs to be affected by recent 36
floods in Sudan.
Gezira Stadiums and clubs affected by floods 15
Red Sea Tokar stadium collapsed. Three youth clubs’ buildings 4 1

collapsed, in addition to one more partially collapsed.
Reported cracks in Youth club and damages in
equipment and furniture in another. Also, the
playgrounds being filled with water led to increased
violence as they are not utilizing their energy in sports.
Gadarif The external wall from the South/West sides in Gadarif 9
stadium has been affected from recent floods. Also, Al-
Fashga stadium external walls in the east, south side
and the gate in the north/west side has been affected.
In addition to the ceiling of one of the 5-aside yards.
There are three sport clubs affected and the one sport
person accommodation has been affected as mentioned
by state report. Three sport facilities shops have been
affected.
Sinnar Sport activities stopped for a long time because of 4 25
floods and stagnant water. Total damage of 2 clubs
and cracks in 18 clubs (1000 m per club), cracks at
Singa Stadium cabin 20x15 plus the floor and wall of
approximately for the number of six stadiums, almost
complete collapse in 2 youth centres.
South The swimming pool drain has been blocked. The fences 43
Darfur for three 5-aside playing ground has collapsed but was
rehabilitated again. Additionally, the 43 sport clubs
stopped activities for 4 months because of stagnant
flood water. Affected 3 special quintets and maintained
and discontinued for 3 months (rent for the group 200
pounds working approximately 5 sets per day
Central External and internal cracks in the Youth Centre where 1
Darfur the Ministry is located. Also, stagnant flood water in 4
playing grounds, as a result sport activities stopped for
4 months
East Major fault crack in the Grand stadium and medium 7 1 1
Darfur fault crack in the Olympic stadium. One 5-aside
playground collapsed, and another partially collapsed.
Also, seven sport clubs mentioned to be affected. Also,
stagnant flood water in 4 playgrounds for other clubs.
Furthermore, there is partial collapse in the Football
Union building and its main gate broken.
Total 110 19 62

42 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 7 - 3: Damage and Loss for Sports Sector
Number Damage (SDG) Losses (SDG)

Damage
Totally destroyed
19
facilities
30 Stadiums;
Partially destroyed 120,000,000
228 Grounds;
facilities
2,000 Sports Clubs
Losses
Clearing of debris 26,000,000
Total 120,000,000 26,000,000
RECOVERY NEEDS AND consideration of lessons learnt and

STRATEGY ensuring future flooding risks are
addressed during restoration work;
Based on the total and partial destruction and
to facilities identified during the 2. Water Education courses for youth
assessment, it has been agreed that are proposed between the Ministry of
the following actions should be taken to Youth and UNESCO to increase youth
ensure that the sport sub-sector is better resilience in managing water disasters
prepared to deal with future flooding. such as floods and droughts in the
future.
1. The damages mentioned above need
to be rectified and addressed with
TABLE 7 - 4: Short, Medium & Long-term Recovery Initiatives and Costs
Measure Cost
SDG USD
Short term Reconstruction and repair of destroyed/ damaged 139,500,000
facilities with improvements
Medium Term Water course training for youth to increase youth 30,000,000
resilience to floods and drought
Total 169,500,000.00 3,081,818
It is expected that the Ministry of Sport and Youth, together with stakeholders from
the sporting community, will work closely with its development partner UNESCO, in the
implementation of the recommendations.

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43
44 (RAPID PDNRA)
PRODUCTIVE
SECTORS
MANUFACTURING
AGRICULTURE,
FISHERIES &
LIVESTOCK

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45
8. MANUFACTURING
SUMMARY of the value of the goods be imported
from abroad; thus, reconstruction will
While the major industrial establishments have a negative impact on the balance of
of the country have largely been spared, payments for the country. Full particulars
the floods have seriously damaged micro, of these negative impacts arising from
small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in the manufacturing sector will require a
manufacturing, trade and services sectors macroeconomic impacts analysis. An
in the affected States. Damages inflicted additional impact will be felt by some of
on MSMEs by the recent floods are the workers (both formal employees and
categorized as partial and total. Indirect self-employed persons) in each of the
losses are pertaining to interruptions to sub-sectors, as the production losses will
production and business revenues inclusive result in equivalent employment losses,
of sales, production, and wages, and are until full recovery of production activities
estimated for the duration of 40 days. is achieved.
Direct damages are reflective of losses in
physical assets inclusive of raw material, The needs include working capital to
machines and buildings, workshops, or ensure smooth restoration of production.
business location. Refinancing or rescheduling of old loans
that are nonperforming because of
Total direct and indirect damages to the the disaster will also be essential for
MSMEs were estimated to be SDG 150 recovery. It is foreseen that these funding
million, equivalent of USD 2.7 million. requirements are to be split into two
The largest share of damage was to light categories: a scheme of cash grants for
manufacturing and repair shops, followed micro entrepreneurs and a second scheme
by small retail and trade services. The of soft-term credit lines with low interest
worst affected States were Khartoum, rates and relatively long repayment
Sinnar, Kassala and Northern State. It periods channelled through the national
must be pointed out that production private or development banking system. In
losses (though not estimated) could spill regard to requirements for reconstruction,
over into 2021 for the manufacturing the value of destroyed physical assets
sector, even as recovery and has been supplemented to introduce
reconstruction activities are concluded. disaster-resilient features, including
It is also important to point out that elevated floor levels in buildings and roof
production losses in these sectors are due anchoring to prevent wind damage, as well
not only to the destruction of the sector as other considerations such as relocation
assets (premises, equipment, machinery, to safer areas (in very limited cases),
raw materials, and finished goods) but also modernization of machinery, and others.
to the absence of electricity and water
supply. PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
CONTEXT
The impact at the macroeconomic level
includes lower overall production of goods Sudan witnessed a major political change
and services, and reduced economic in 2019. The new transitional government
growth, though marginal. In addition, the has opened a new opportunity for
forecasted losses in industrial production Sudan to resume its normal relations
and commercial sales will mean less in with the international community after
value-added tax revenues, which will in 25 years of US sanctions. However, as
turn have a negative impact on the fiscal a fragile country, the government is
sector. Replacing the destroyed goods and facing immense challenges including
assets will require that a sizable fraction accumulated economic problems, and

46 (RAPID PDNRA)
institutional and human resources and steel, while agricultural related
capacity gaps, which hinder the country’s manufacturing includes, weaving mills,
ability to build resilience and promote spinning mills, and gum arabic production.
private sector-led growth. Millennium Despite of the diversity of Sudan’s
Development Goals (MDGs), and its manufacturing sector, its ability to raise
progress lags on many fronts. The its share of products in the domestic,
2019 UN Human Development Index international, and regional markets
ranked Sudan 168 out of 189 countries. remains narrow. The sector’s productive
Inflation reached 112 percent in 2020, rate as of 2017 was 2.5 percent compared
fuelled by high production input costs to agriculture (CBoS-2017). Its’ share in
due to currency depreciation. The overall GDP and total employment stands at less
contraction in economic performance than 1 and 2 percent, respectively.
is attributed to Sudan’s weak business
environment, macroeconomic imbalances Further to size classification, the sector
influenced directly by the overvalued also includes different representation,
exchange rate, high inflation rate, unstable with various types of formal and informal,
fiscal policies, and the effects of 25 public, private, foreign, public-private,
years of US sanctions, which pondered public-foreign, and private-foreign
private investment and foreign exchange owned enterprises. The formal private
availability, pushing trade transactions sector in Sudan is characterized by small
and overall cost of doing business, while and medium enterprises (SMEs) with
restricting repatriation of earning. informal representation, and a few large
companies, many of which are state-
The World Bank Enterprise Survey (2014) owned. SMEs account for most private
identified access to credit as a major business activity in Sudan and the few
constraint to the private sector, with large companies that exist are clustered
only 4.6 percent of firms having access in trade and industrial processing areas,
to a loan or a line of credit from a bank. mostly concentrated in Khartoum state,
In the 2020 Doing Business Survey, as few other places in the country offer the
Sudan ranked 176 out 190 countries in necessary infrastructure for large-scale
the Ease of Getting Credit category, far commercial activities.
below the sub-Saharan Africa average.
Notwithstanding the expansion of According to ILO, the estimated number
mobile banking and the development of registered MSMEs in Sudan in 2014
of microfinance institutions, banking was around 600,000 (ILO-2015), with
infrastructure is relatively weak and microenterprises representing 75 percent,
correspondent banking relationships small enterprises representing 23 percent
are lacking. Digital financial services are and medium enterprises representing only
picking up but are still at a nascent stage 2 percent (ILO-2015). Based on Sudan’s
of development. working definitions, microenterprises
employ an average of two workers, small
The manufacturing sector is one of the enterprises employ up to 5 workers and
economic sectors that has been acutely medium enterprises employ up to 49
affected by the country’s unstable workers.
macroeconomic conditions. The sector can
be classified by production types into food Large-scale enterprises employing more
and non-food manufacturing activities. than 100 workers do not exceed more
This includes construction materials of than 2 percent of the private sector while
various kinds, a range of consumer goods, micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
and local assembly and or production of represent up to 98 percent of the sector.
specific types of capital goods including The ILO report also estimates that formal
tannery and leather production, paper MSMEs employ less than 1.5 million
mills, plastics, minerals, pharmaceuticals, workers or about 20 percent of the total
car and appliances assembly, ores, number of jobs in Sudan, compared to
and raw materials extraction, cement 60 percent of jobs created in the informal

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47
sector. Further, it implies that many involved in trading, as a supplementary
Sudanese workers, and probably MSMEs, income-earning activity.
operate outside the formal economy. It is
estimated that the formal manufacturing POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
sector employs 131,506 persons out of THE SECTOR
which 68 percent are employed in the
large establishments 40. While the major industrial establishments
of the country have largely been spared,
The informal sector hosts a wide a range the floods have seriously damaged
of economically marginalized rural and micro, small, and medium enterprises
urban communities. Its concentration (MSMEs) in manufacturing, trade, and
is uneven but appears in key productive services sectors in the affected States.
sectors, namely the agriculture, livestock, Damages inflicted on MSMEs by the
mining, trade, service, and small recent floods are categorized as partial
manufacturing sectors. Despite their and total. Indirect losses are pertaining
presence in key sectors, the informal to interruptions to production and
activities have been obstructive by business revenues inclusive of sales,
the virtue of their informality, as their production, and wages, are estimated
prospects to access formal financial for the duration of 40 days, while direct
sources and other inputs are severely damages are reflective of losses in
constrained. Moreover, they are non- physical assets inclusive of raw material,
tax paying entities with no access to machines and buildings, workshops, or
public services, and formal skills training business location.
opportunities, which narrows their chances
to benefit from market linkages contracts In order to ascertain the effects and
or investments. impact of floods on the manufacturing
MSMEs sector, the assessment took
The manufacture of food products and into account a special report by Small
beverages represents a significant fraction Industry Chamber Khartoum, which
of the Sudan gross output, estimated at was commissioned by the Secretary
55.3 percent followed by manufacture General for this assessment. It should
of coke, refined petroleum products & be noted that data on the estimated
nuclear fuel at 16.8 percent, whilst the value of physical assets destroyed
other sector sub-activities gross output and of production or sale losses was
is minimal41. Needless to say, many more not available for analysing the sector
persons are informally employed and effects. However, the assessment team
TABLE 8 - 1: Key Baseline Data for the Manufacturing Sector
Total Cost of Cost of Goods

Number of
Type of Ownership Industrial Services for Resale (SDG
Establishments
(SDG ‘000) ‘000)
Total Manufacturing 1,654 13,858,412 2,482,707
Public 89 2,233,714 1,061,486
Public & Private Sudanese 17 137,958 8,431
Public & Foreign 7 902,399 -
Private Sudanese 1,477 3,778,418 1,412,790
Private Sudanese & Foreign 39 6,753,169 -
Private Foreign 25 52,754 -
40
Comprehensive Industrial Survey Project March 2005, Ministry of Industry in co-operation with the Central Bureau of Statistics and
with technical assistance from UNIDO
41
Comprehensive Industrial Survey Project March 2005, Ministry of Industry in co-operation with the Central Bureau of Statistics and
with technical assistance from UNIDO

48 (RAPID PDNRA)
estimated MSMEs losses in terms of It must be pointed out that production
income loss to the sector. losses (though not estimated) could spill
Total direct and indirect damages to the over into 2021 for the manufacturing
MSMEs were estimated to be SDG 150 sector, even as recovery and
million, equivalent of USD 2.7 million with reconstruction activities are concluded.
the official exchange rate while losses It is also important to point out that
were calculated at over SDG 19 billion production losses in these sectors are due
(USD 348 million). The largest share of not only to the destruction of the sector
damage was to light manufacturing and assets (premises, equipment, machinery,
repair shops, followed by small retail and raw materials, and finished goods) but also
trade services. The worst affected States to the absence of electricity and water
were Khartoum, Sinnar, Kassala and supply.
Northern State. In Khartoum State agro-
processing and horticulture are the main MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN
activities affected and in Khartoum State, IMPACT
transportation and logistics services are
the main sectors damaged by floods. Table 8-2 shows that the losses exclusively
Along with direct damage, the floods have affected private MSMEs entities; no
also adversely affected the livelihoods government-owned establishments were
and household incomes of the affected affected by the floods. This distribution
communities. The unlikely recovery of will translate into an impact at the
informal credit extended to MSMEs and macroeconomic level that includes lower
the likely increase in production costs overall production of goods and services,
due to use of imported raw materials are and reduced economic growth, though
expected to reduce the competitiveness marginal. In addition, the forecasted losses
of MSMEs products in both local and in industrial production and commercial
international markets. sales will mean less in value-added tax
TABLE 8 - 2: Summary Table of Loss for Sector (in local currency and USD)42
Total Loss
Estimated Average
# of (USD)
# of affected number of daily
Enterprise/Activity workers Total Loss (SDG) Official
Establishments days not income
# affected (CBoS) rate
operational (SDG)
55 SDG
Agro-processing,
1 horticulture, and 2,600 26,000 90 2,000 4,680,000,000 85,090,909
allied sectors
Light manufacturing
2 12,000 70,000 60 2,000 8,400,000,000 152,727,273
and repair shops
Small retail, trade
3 10,000 20,000 60 2,000 2,400,000,000 43,636,364
services
Transportation and
4 1,400 2,800 30 2,000 168,000,000 3,054,545
logistics
Restaurants and
5 2,000 12,000 60 2,000 1,440,000,000 26,181,818
eateries
Construction
6 material production 1,500 10,000 90 1,500 1,350,000,000 24,545,455
units
7 Other sectors 2,000 4,000 90 2,000 720,000,000 13,090,909
Manufacturing Total 31,500 144,800 480 13,500 19,158,000,000 348,327,273
42
Small Industry and Handcrafts Chamber-Sudan Business Federation

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49
revenues, which will in turn have a negative that are nonperforming because of the
impact on the fiscal sector. Replacing the disaster is also essential for recovery.
destroyed goods and assets will require The amounts required for such recovery
that a sizable fraction of the value of the activities should be estimated as a
goods be imported from abroad; thus, function of the value of production losses,
reconstruction will have a negative impact taking into consideration the types of
on the balance of payments for the production and trade activities and their
country. Full particulars of these negative specific working capital requirements. It is
impacts arising from the manufacturing foreseen that these funding requirements
sector will require a macroeconomic are to be split into two categories: (i)
impacts analysis. a scheme of cash grants for micro
entrepreneurs; and (ii) a second scheme
An additional impact will be felt by some of soft-term credit lines with low interest
of the workers (both formal employees rates and relatively long repayment
and self-employed persons) in each of the periods channelled through the national
sub-sectors, as the production losses will private or development banking system.
result in equivalent employment losses,
until full recovery of production activities In regard to requirements for
is achieved. Since estimated production reconstruction, the value of destroyed
losses might be relatively small compared physical assets has been supplemented
to the value of the total normal production to introduce disaster-resilient features,
in the manufacturing sector, equivalent including elevated floor levels in buildings
employment losses will be relatively and roof anchoring to prevent wind
limited. It should be noted that these damage, as well as other considerations
figures refer to the informal sector, and such as relocation to safer areas (in
that additional losses in employment and very limited cases), modernization of
livelihoods occurring might not be fully machinery, and others. The financial
accounted for. requirements for reconstruction are to be
channelled in a manner similar to those
RECOVERY NEEDS AND for recovery: (i) cash grants to micro
STRATEGY entrepreneurs; and (ii) soft-term credit
lines to creditworthy enterprises.
In connection with recovery activities,
the needs include working capital to Most of the challenges for recovery and
ensure smooth restoration of production. reconstruction in manufacturing sector
Refinancing or rescheduling of old loans reside with the private sector. However,
Total
Total Cost
Intervention Timeframe Cost
(SDG)
(USD)
Medium- Long-
Short-term
term term
(6months-
(Years (Years
Year 1)
2-3) 3+)
Rehabilitation of infrastructure and 7,240
905,000 543,000 362,000 1,810,000
assets of the affected MSMEs and areas
Cash grants for microenterprise working
tbd* tbd*
capital recovery
Soft-term credit lines for small and
medium enterprise working capital tbd* *tbd*
recovery
* recovery cost is yet to be determined at the time of the assessment

50 (RAPID PDNRA)
participation by the government is reconstruction efforts. The timeliness
essential for some of the components; of these recovery and reconstruction
this is especially true for attending to the schemes is of particular relevance.
needs of the micro entrepreneurs in both Should there be delays in making these
formal and informal sectors. In addition, financing schemes available, owners of the
the government´s initiative and strong manufacturing sector establishments may
support are required to enable the banking in their efforts to overcome the impact
sector to establish the special, post- of the disaster begin reconstructing
disaster soft term credit lines required their premises using the same pre-
for both recovery and reconstruction. It disaster standards and designs, instead
is foreseen that the cash grant scheme of adopting disaster-resilient features.
will also be left in the hands of the For that reason, prompt availability
government of Sudan through one of its of these financing schemes should be
ministries. Provision of cash grants and combined with the required urgent
soft-term credit lines to entrepreneurs technical assistance to define a new
in these two sectors is essential to keep construction design and specifications.
them from falling prey to the action of The government should consider making
private lenders and loan sharks, who financing conditional on adopting these
would impose high credit terms that new standards, in order to lessen the risk
could easily wipe out the recovery and in future disasters

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51
9. AGRICULTURE,
FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK
SUMMARY 20,521 households. North Darfur, Blue Nile
and Sennar states registered the highest
Approximately 2,216,362 ha of cropland number of losses with a combined total of
is reported to have been damaged in 75,597.
the 15 assessed states, particularly in
Gedarif, Blue Nile, Sennar and Kassala, Total estimated loss due to the floods
where almost 1,906,767 ha of the planted amounts to SDG 30.051 billion (USD 546.4
area was submerged. The livestock million), and total damage due to flood’s
sector was also severely impacted with impact on livestock is estimated to be
the loss of more than 107,000 heads SDG 1.769 billion (USD 32.2 million). Total
of livestock particularly sheep, goats, recovery cost, after adjusting it for 15% of
poultry, and cattle, belonging to about inflation, is estimated to be SDG 2.5 billion
(USD 46.4 million).
TABLE 9 - 1: Summary of Damage and Loss Estimates
Damage Loss Total Effect

States
SDG USD SDG USD SDG USD
East
9,000,000 163,636 854,649,514 15,539,082 879,18,8596 15,985,247
Darfur
Red Sea 22,799,000 414,527 106,752,103 1,940,947 131,492,050 2,390,765
White Nile 82,048,000 1,491,782 298,284,702 5,423,358 385,756,060 7,013,747
Kassala 109,036,000 1,982,473 1,668,087,885 30,328,871 1,807,452,756 32,862,777
Gedarif 153,335,000 2,787,909 12,946,367,040 2,353,88,492 13,335,090,532 242,456,191
West
145,149,000 2,639,073 239,041,886 4,346,216 388,537,102 7,064,311
Darfur
North
289,400,000 5,261,818 542,474,385 9,863,171 841,737,556 15,304,319
Darfur
South
0 0 296,415,389 5,389,371 301,804,760 5,487,359
Kordofan
Central
0 0 682,442,727 12,408,050 694,850,777 12,633,650
Darfur
Blue Nile 516,225,000 9,385,909 9,806,727,874 178,304,143 10,501,257,017 190,931,946
Sennar 423,338,000 7,697,055 1,497,203,996 27,221,891 1,947,763,887 35,413,889
West
18,804,000 341,891 387,551,546 7,046,392 413,401,938 7,516,399
Kordofan
River Nile 0 0 599,819,130 10,905,802 610,724,933 11,104,090
Khartoum 0 0 67,611,582 1,229,301 68,840,884 1,251,652
North
0 0 5,7,718,607 1,049,429 58,768,037 1,068,510
Kordofan
South
0 0 0 0 0 0
Darfur
Gezira 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1,769,134,000 32,166,073 30,051,148,368 546,384,516 32,366,666,883 588,484,852

52 (RAPID PDNRA)
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR cotton plantation since 2016-2017 due
CONTEXT to high international prices and highly
productive improved seeds.43
Crop Production
Livestock
The Sudan has diversified crop portfolio,
which includes cereals (such as sorghum, The Sudan is one of the largest livestock-
millet, wheat, rice and maize), oilseeds producing countries in Africa and the
(sesame, groundnuts and sunflowers), Arab World, where the livestock sector
industrial crops (cotton and sugarcane), contributes to the livelihoods of at
fodder crops (alfalfa, fodder sorghum least 26 million people. It provides more
and Rhodes grass), pulses (broad beans than 60 percent of the estimated value
and pigeon peas) and horticultural crops added to the agriculture sector and is
(okra, onions, tomatoes, citrus, mango, a substantial contributor to the GDP
etc.). The country is the third major with an average of 20-22 percent. An
producer of sugarcane in Africa after estimated total livestock population
Egypt and South Africa. The Sudan is in 2019 is about 119 million heads of
also experiencing renewed growth in cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and others.
TABLE 9 - 2: Crop production patterns in the Sudan
# Production Pattern Area Principal crops

1 Irrigated agriculture 1.68 sugar cane, cotton, sorghum,
a) Large national irrigation schemes (Gezira, Suki, New million groundnuts, wheat, vegetables,
Halfa and Rahad) using river flow from the Nile and hectares fruits, and green fodders
its tributaries
b) Large scale irrigation schemes (Gash and Tokar)
using seasonal floods
c) Small-scale irrigation along the banks of the Nile and
its tributaries.
The sector also takes advantage of rains, which is
important especially during the establishment of
summer crops and for reducing production costs on
privately-owned irrigated smallholdings along the banks
of the Nile and its tributaries that depend on diesel-
powered pumps.
2 Semi mechanized rainfed agriculture 6.7 Sorghum (accounting for about
• It runs through Kassala, Gadarif, Blue Nile, Sennar, million 80 percent of the cultivated
White Nile and South Kordofan states. hectares land and usually producing
• The belt receives, on average, more than about 45 percent of the
500 mm of rainfall annually country’s requirements), sesame,
sunflowers, millet, and cotton
3 Traditional rainfed agriculture 9 million Millet, sorghum, groundnuts,

• Occupies the largest number of farmers and includes hectares sesame, hibiscus (karkadé),
small family units farming from 2 to 50 hectares for watermelon and Gum Arabic
both income and subsistence.
• On the larger units, there may be a modicum of
mechanization in the form of land preparation, but
most operations are carried out manually.
• The traditional sector predominates in the west of
Sudan, in Darfur and in much of Kordofan State.
43
FAO. 2020. Special Report - 2019 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to the Sudan. Rome.
https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7787en

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53
The main livestock production systems the Sudan, the subsector has faced
include the following: a number of challenges that have
constrained and restricted opportunities
• Nomadic pastoralism – Livestock for sustainable growth to support the
ownership per household is large and economy and the people that depend on
may vary from 100 to 1,000 heads the sector for their livelihoods. Among
of livestock, including cattle, camel, the key constraints are limited resource
goats, and sheep. Livestock move over allocations, capacity, and infrastructure;
long distances stretching over more limited enabling environment for business;
than 500 kilometres in search of feed and climate challenges, including
and water. agro-climatic conditions. Being mainly
rainfed, agriculture in the Sudan is highly
• Agropastoralism – Crop production
vulnerable to variations in rainfall amounts
is small and mixed with livestock
and timing.
rearing with livestock ownership per
household ranging from 7 to 15 small
animals, mainly local chickens, goats,
and sheep. Goats and poultry are kept The total production of sorghum and
mainly as a source of animal protein millet in 2019/20 is estimated at 5.1
in the form of milk, eggs, and poultry million tonnes, 57 percent below that
of the previous year and 18 percent
meat, while sheep are kept mainly as
less than the five-year average.
a source of income. Unlike nomadic
pastoralism, in agropastoralism,
Sorghum production is estimated at
livestock cover shorter distances about 4 million tonnes, 26 percent
depending on the rainfall situation. lower than the level of the previous
year and 19 percent less than the
Private and public services five‑year average.
National millet production is
In 2017, the government implemented estimated at 1.1 million tonnes, 63
several reforms to promote the private percent lower than the bumper
sector and in 2018, it undertook legislative production of 2018 and 16 percent
review and a number of procedural less than the five-year average.
changes. Sudan Multi Partner Trust Fund
- The 2019/2020 CFSAM Report
(SMPF) managed by the World Bank
has been providing technical assistance
activities for Agribusiness, Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
• Unreliable rainfall: Agriculture
development and Special Economic
is predominately rain-fed in
Zones (SEZs) since mid-2019. In recent
Sudan, where the majority of the
years, several large private enterprises
population live, thereby impacting
have emerged, producing fodder crops
the food security in the country. Crop
such as alfalfa and Rhodes grass for
production in the rainfed sectors
export, mainly to the Gulf countries. These
exhibits very wide annual fluctuations
enterprises are usually highly mechanized,
as a result of unreliable rainfall
use efficient irrigation systems such as
amounts and distribution, resulting in
centre pivots and other forms of sprinkler
late sowing, long dry spells, flooding
irrigation and generally achieve high yields
from intense downpours, the necessity
of good quality fodder.
to re-sow and, not uncommonly,
complete crop failure.
Risks and vulnerabilities
• Limited resource allocations
While there is considerable potential and lack of enabling business
for agricultural crop production in environment: The situation in the
44

54 (RAPID PDNRA)
irrigated sector is more predictable. The policy actions in the Five Years
Nevertheless, viewed globally, yields Program for Economic Reform (2015-
are generally low in all sectors for 2019) included modernization of the
various reasons other than the rainfall irrigated sector, supporting traditional
variability. These include, inter alia, a rain fed with research, improved seeds,
shortage of efficient, well-maintained using zero tillage techniques, storage,
farm machinery, a shortage of credit markets, water harvesting, credit, and
and working capital, the use of low rural infrastructure as well as providing
yielding crop varieties with scarce price incentives (minimum floor prices)
availability of improved seeds and and introducing crop insurance. Also,
poor agricultural practices in weed and the program targeted improvement
pest control. of livestock breeds and providing the
animal wealth with veterinary services
• Inadequate infrastructure: Crop
vaccinations, quarantines, extension,
yields in the federal irrigated schemes
artificial insemination, and modern
remain low by world standards,
slaughterhouses, while providing fodder
largely due to the poor maintenance
in irrigated area and improving range and
and silting up of canals, the shortage
pasture in rain fed areas.
of efficient modern pumps and the
adoption of traditional agricultural
In addition, the Program focused, among
practices that do not allow to make
other themes, on ensuring tree cover of
the most efficient use of the constant
10 percent of the area under mechanized
water resource and exploit the full
farms and rehabilitating the gum Arabic
potential of more intensive farming.
belt. Addressing gender disparities was
also a main focus of the Program. A major
Despite the efforts, the overall agriculture drawback of the aforementioned plans
production remains far from its potential. is the failure of putting the industrial
These efforts were also inadequate in sector (including agro-industries) as an
developing rural agriculture and address engine for growth for export-oriented
the food security because of the lack direction to achieve the needed economic
of investment research, extension, transformation.45
markets development, efficient farmer’s
organizations, value chains, credit etc. In the crop sector, production of
in rain fed areas. The situation was groundnut in 2019/20 is reported to be
complicated further by the conflict and 2.6 million tonnes followed by Sorghum
displacement in several areas of Sudan (about 2 million tonnes), millet (1 million
(Darfur, Blue Nile and South Kordofan). tonne), and sesame (0.6 million tonnes).
Agriculture revitalization efforts in the Sudan
Several efforts were exerted to revitalize agriculture. Total expenditures on agriculture including related
infrastructure increased as percent of total public expenditure from 6.4 percent in 2012 to reach over 10
percent on average during 2015-2017 in line with the IPoA and the CAADP.
Investment in livestock sector included the successful health program of vaccination and inspection for
livestock exports of sheep and investments in quarantines during 2012-2018 that resulted in remarkable
recovery of live animal’s exports.
Suitable policies in the area of liberalizing and investments in the Gum Arabic, led to increased gum exports.
Investments in technological improvement in cotton (genetically modified cotton) resulted in its recovery;
the yield had more than two folds’ increase.
45

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55
The area planted with sorghum in 2019/20 Limited movement and access to farms
is estimated at 9 million hectares, about and inputs was also recorded, affecting the
13 percent less than in the previous year, livelihoods and food security of thousands
due mainly by a reduction of 21 percent of already vulnerable communities across
in the traditional rainfed sector and of the country.
7 percent in the mechanized rainfed
sector. However, the area planted with Moreover, the wet environment constitutes
millet was estimated at a near‑average favourable conditions for the spreading of
level of 4 million hectares, 16 percent less weeds, plant pests and livestock diseases,
compared to 2018. The reduction in millet posing additional risks to the agriculture
plantings was confined mainly to North and livestock sectors.48 The estimated the
and West Kordofan and North and West crop loss is shown in Table 9-3 below.
Darfur, where, in particular, tribal clashes The flood resulted in severe damage to
restricted access to agricultural land.46
See Annex, Table 20 2 for the detailed
baseline data statistics. As per the Sudan 2020 Flood impact
rapid assessment carried out by the
Livestock is raised in almost all parts FAO jointly with the Government of
the Sudan in September 2020
of the country and animals are owned
primarily by nomadic tribes. In 2018, the
• Approximately 2,216,362 ha of
total number of sheep, goats and cattle
cropland is reported to have been
in Sudan were estimated to be about
damaged in the 15 assessed
40 million, 55 million, and 31 million
states, particularly in Gedarif,
respectively. See Annex, Table 20 3 for the
Blue Nile, Sennar and Kassala,
detailed baseline data for livestock.
where almost 1,906,767 ha of the
planted area was submerged.
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
• About 597,689 farming and
THE SECTOR
pastoral households have been
Since July 2020, through mid-September, affected by the floods and heavy
continued torrential rains and flooding rains. It includes 527,968 farming
combined with the historical overflow households in rainfed areas;
of the River Nile and its tributaries have 49,200 farming households in
affected all the states in the Sudan with the irrigated sector, and 20,521
the exception of South Darfur, causing pastoral households
devastating damage alongside riverbanks
• About 42 percent of the total
in the northern, central and eastern
affected households are female-
regions of the country. This has caused
headed.
widespread damage in a range of sectors,
including and most significantly, the
agriculture sector.47 cultivated crops, particularly sorghum –
the staple food crop in the Sudan. The
Floods and waterlogging due to intense FAO estimated the total production loss
rainfall heavily damaged crop and at 1,044,942 tonnes in the rainfed sector.49
pasture lands in the Sudan. Flash floods Seeds, tools, equipment, machinery, and
also caused major losses of agricultural agriculture-related infrastructure was also
inputs, tools, and pumps, as well as the lost.
destruction of agriculture and livestock
service facilities.
46
FAO Floods Report 2020 and 2019 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment
47
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (September 2020). The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment. A
joint assessment with the Government of the Sudan.
48
Ibid.
49
The analysis of the production losses refers only to groundnut, millet, sesame and sorghum. The overall production loss does not
include losses to vegetables and pulses due to the lack of disaggregated information (i.e. varieties of crops affected).

56 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 9 - 3: Estimated Loss of Agricultural Tools
# Agricultural tools Number of damaged/lost tools Unit Cost (SDG) Total Damage (SDG)
1 Tractors 256 1,045,000 267,520,000
2 Disc ploughs 200 495,000 99,000,000
3 Sprayers 150 49,500 7,425,000
4 Hand tools 310 2,750 852,500
5 Donkey ploughs 1,000 71,500 71,500,000
Total 446,297,500
About 111 tonnes of different seed varieties In the rainfed areas of the flood-affected
were reported to be washed away. states, other agriculture-related assets
However, this loss in seeds is under- like water harvesting structures, including
reported and might be higher than stated. shallow wells, irrigation pumps, power
Additional agricultural assets such as 256 generators, dams, hafirs, irrigation
tractors, 200 disc-ploughs, 150 sprayers, systems, slaughter slabs, village markets,
310 hand tools and 1,000 donkey ploughs and horticulture were damaged by the
were reported lost but may also be under- floods.
reported. Estimated cost of the loss of
these tools is shown in Table 9-3.

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57
58
TABLE 9 - 4: Crop Loss Estimates (SDG)
Total
Total Loss
Total Area planted
# States cultivated area Estimated production losses (tonnes) Economic value of production losses (SDG)
(RAPID PDNRA)
(Million
(ha) damaged
SDG)
(ha)
Sorghum Millet Sesame Groundnut Sorghum Millet Sesame Groundnut

East
1 478,829 87,150 9,410 5,088 2,926 12,294 94,103,015 178,068,917 29,263,743 553,213,839 855
Darfur
2 Red Sea 48,145 12,131 1,175 635 366 1,536 11,754,169 22,242,137 3,655,260 69,100,537 107
3 White Nile 446,463 44,326 3,284 1,776 1,021 4,291 32,843,276 62,148,557 10,213,458 193,079,411 298
4 Kassala 359,310 109,048 18,367 9,930 5,712 23,994 183,668,389 347,551,363 57,116,389 1,079,751,743 1,668
5 Gedarif 2,436,000 1,067,721 142,549 77,069 44,329 186,226 1,425,487,472 2,697,416,335 443,291,836 8,380,171,397 12,946
West
6 136,107 8,120 2,632 1,423 818 3,438 26,320,219 49,805,130 8184,946 154,731,591 239
Darfur
North
7 237,804 27,180 5,973 3,229 1,857 7,803 59,730,304 113,026,246 18,574,668 351,143,167 542
Darfur
South

8 650,000 26,842 3,264 1,765 1,015 4,264 32,637,451 61,759,080 10,149,451 191,869,407 296
Kordofan
Central
9 400,925 17,500 7,514 4,063 2,337 9,817 75,141,818 142,189,091 23,367,273 441,744,545 682
Darfur
10 Blue Nile 1,850,529 617,419 107,979 58,379 33,579 141,064 1,079,790,777 2,043,262,629 335,788,595 6,347,885,872 9,807
11 Sennar 688,261 112,579 16,485 8,913 5,127 21,536 164,852,853 311,947,167 51,265,216 969,138,760 1,497
West
12 315,000 31,573 4,267 2,307 1,327 5,575 42,672,193 80,747,585 13,270,011 250,861,757 388
Kordofan
13 River Nile 160,000 39,956 6,604 3,571 2,054 8,628 66,044,370 124,974,204 20,538,188 388,262,368 600
14 Khartoum 30,110 8,517 744 402 232 973 7,444,518 14,087,086 2,315,064 43,764,915 68
North
15 63,000 6,300 636 344 198 830 6,355,231 12,025,854 1,976,322 37,361,201 58
Kordofan
South
16 - - - - - - - - - -
Darfur
17 Gezira - - - - - - - - - -
Total 8,300,483 2,216,362 330,885 178,893 102,897 432,268 3,308,846,056 6,261,251,379 1,028,970,420 19,452,080,510 30,051
Source: FAO Floods Report 2020 and PDNA Estimates; *Production losses only refer to sorghum, millet, sesame, and groundnut in the rainfed sector
In addition to the crops losses, the livestock sector was also severely impacted with
the loss of more than 107,000 heads of livestock particularly sheep, goats, poultry, and
cattle, belonging to about 20,521 households. North Darfur, Blue Nile and Sennar states
registered the highest number of losses with a combined total of 75,597.50 Table 8 5
below shows the economic cost of total damages in livestock.
TABLE 9 - 5: Total Livestock Damage Estimates (SDG)
States Sheep Goats Cattle Poultry Total damages

East Darfur 0 9,000,000 0 0 9,000,000
Red Sea 7,809,000 14,640,000 350,000 0 22,799,000
White Nile 45,714,000 7,884,000 28,450,000 0 82,048,000
Kassala 66,500,000 18,000,000 24,500,000 36,000 109,036,000
Gedarif 36,537,000 84,348,000 32,450,000 0 153,335,000
West Darfur 61,693,000 33,876,000 49,500,000 80,000 145,149,000
North Darfur 228,000,000 56,400,000 5,000,000 0 289,400,000
South Kordofan 0 0 0 0 0
Central Darfur 0 0 0 0 0
Blue Nile 399,399,000 28,476,000 88,350,000 0 516,225,000
Sennar 400,938,000 9,600,000 12,800,000 0 423,338,000
West Kordofan 16,188,000 26,16,000 0 0 18,804,000
River Nile 0 0 0 0 0
Khartoum 0 0 0 0 0
North Kordofan 0 0 0 0 0
South Darfur 0 0 0 0 0
Gezira 0 0 0 0 0
Total 1,262,778,000 264,840,000 241,400,000 116,000 1,769,134,000
Source: FAO Floods Report 2020
The damage and loss of horticulture, Cross Cutting Issues (Gender,

seeds, tools, equipment, machinery Environment, Employment,
and agriculture and irrigation-related Livelihoods and Social Protection,
infrastructure would risk many farmers to DRR)
miss the start of the upcoming agriculture
seasons, starting in October 2020 and The assessment findings show that job
March 2021, respectively. This subsequent opportunities such as casual agricultural
impact of the floods demands timely labour – considered one of the most
replacement of agricultural inputs and important income-generating activities
tools, rehabilitation of irrigation schemes, for the rural population – have already
as well as provision of support to livestock, diminished and will probably decrease
fishery, and forestry subsectors. even further during the upcoming
50
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (September 2020). The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment. A
joint assessment with the Government of the Sudan.

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59
harvest season. Consequently, a lack of the impact of the economic downturn,
job opportunities in areas such as farm high level of inflation, COVID-19 pandemic,
labour and agri-food processing and desert locust invasion and now the ongoing
marketing will have a significant impact flooding, will likely further weaken the
on the livelihoods of many vulnerable agriculture sector, adversely impacting the
women. Women play a significant role in most vulnerable population of the country.
agriculture, with 80 per cent of farming
households having at least one woman MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN
involved in harvesting on average.51 IMPACT
A survey by the Union of Small Industries Agriculture sector activities are the
and Handicrafts in Sudan estimates that primary livelihood for more than 70
in Agriculture, Horticulture and allied percent of the Sudanese population and
sectors, the SMEs lost their income of support a large proportion of people in
about SDG 468 million52. rural areas. Agricultural activities are
an important contributor to urban area
Additional findings of the assessment economies through activities like storage,
show that affected populations have processing, and trade. At least 55 percent
begun to engage in distress coping of the total population in the flood-
mechanisms such as borrowing money affected states pursue agricultural and
and selling productive assets to access livestock activities as their main sources
food. Levels of debt are escalating and of income.
affected populations will need to access
cash as soon as possible to repay their Women farmers constitute about 42
debts. percent of the total farmers engaging in
agriculture and livestock rearing. If not
Prior to the ongoing devastating floods, directly engaged in agricultural production
a desert locust invasion in the Horn of activities, the majority of rural populations
Africa and surveillance efforts in the undertake activities and services closely
affected countries had already eroded the related to the sector, such as procuring
Government’s fiscal capacity to respond to inputs, processing, transport, and trading
the disaster, which led to the mobilization among others.
of external support. The combination of
51
OCHA January 2020, Humanitarian Needs Overview, Sudan
52
For more details, please see the Employment and Livelihood chapter of the report

60 (RAPID PDNRA)
In fact, the economy of the Sudan is highly place as soon as possible to avoid a
dependent on agriculture, which occupies sharp decrease in family income. The
an estimated 43 percent of its labour force replacement of agricultural inputs and
(ILO estimates of 2019) and accounts for tools should be a short-term priority
about 30 percent of its GDP (World Bank). to protect the affected farmers from
Yet, investment in the agriculture sector is spiralling impact of the floods on their
low. Macroeconomic instability with high livelihood. Also, as an immediate recovery
inflation and multiple exchange rates is measure, additional funds must be raised
creating unpredictable environment for to continue the distribution of food and
private investment and to production non-food items to the affected states.
including agriculture. Investment in Currently, this support is provided by the
agriculture and the policies facing the World Food Programme (WFP), non-
agro processing sector do not create a governmental organizations (NGOs),
conducive environment for economic Zakat Chamber and national voluntary
transformation. Flooding has further and charity organizations.
weakened the economic sector, which has In the medium-term, the interventions
affected the level of investments in the should ensure the rehabilitation of
sector. irrigation schemes so that that affected
populations can continue agricultural
Additionally, the share of Sudan’s export activities in the coming seasons. These
in world trade is still low ranging from interventions should be merged with the
0.02-0.03 percent. The government cash-for work programmes, which are
policies did not materialize in shifting critical to rehabilitate affected areas
exports from agriculture raw material and allow for income generation through
and natural resource to agro processing restoring irrigation systems, repairing
and industrial goods. Agriculture is roads, rehabilitating small hafirs and
therefore still facing problems of low shallow wells, removing debris from
inputs (research, extension, improved agricultural land, etc.
seeds, better livestock breeds, etc.),
poor markets (including poor livestock In the long-run, to ensure food security,
infrastructure), weak credit institutions, household welfare and export earnings, the
and inefficient farmer’s organizations. government interest and spending in the
As most resources, financial and sector should increase, especially following
institutional, will be steered toward the secession of South Sudan in 2011 and
meeting the immediate recovery needs the loss of substantial oil revenues and
of the sector, it becomes challenging to current low market prices.53
develop trade market for the sector to
support its long-term resilience. One of the medium to long-run focuses
of the recovery intervention should be
RECOVERY NEEDS AND capacity building to not only support
STRATEGY agriculture in Sudan but to bring
innovation and risk reduction practices
Recovery Needs and Prioritization into the sector. Seed banks, breeding
Based on the damage and loss incurred techniques, crop insurances etc. should
due to the floods, the short-term be institutionally encouraged and
recovery interventions should address the supported, which could in turn reduce the
need of the farmers for crop loss recovery potential disaster impacts on farmers in
and livestock ownership. Restocking of future.
sheep, goats and chickens should take
53
According to the World Bank, the annual government expenditures on agriculture accounts for under 3 percent of total public
expenditures.

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61
Recommendations for DRR and potential disasters.
Building Resilience in Sector
See Annex, Table 20 4 for detailed
The high impact of natural hazards calculation for recovery needs estimation.
and disasters on agriculture calls for
enhanced mainstreaming of disaster risk Recovery interventions pertaining to
reduction and resilience building within restoration of roads, irrigation systems,
the agriculture sector to strengthen the removal of debris etc. merged with Cash
livelihoods and food security and nutrition for Work programs are estimated in the
of the Sudanese people. Employment and Livelihood chapter.
In the medium to long-run, it is essential Implementation Arrangements

to obtain external robust support from
resource partners to respond to the needs Provision of seeds and agricultural tools
of affected communities and strengthen as well as restocking of livestock could be
the resilience of the most vulnerable rolled out through in-kind mechanisms,
households through devising preparedness vouchers, input trade fairs, or cash
and preventive measures for flood transfers. In-kind intervention mechanism
management. could be utilized to distribute storage
bags for seeds to avoid post-harvest
Restoring roads, bridges, and providing losses, and provide animal feed, veterinary
easy access to markets, seed banks and drugs, and vaccines to the affected and
other agricultural inputs for the farmers poor households. Cash transfers could be
constitute an essential part of the overall particularly useful in meeting immediate
resilience of the sector. Bringing the food needs of the most affected and
principles of Build Back Better (BBB) vulnerable population. And cash for work
into recovery interventions, especially programmes should be rolled out to
in terms of infrastructure repairs and restore irrigation systems, repair roads
reconstruction, could mainstream DRR and other agriculture infrastructure
in agriculture and enhance preparedness with BBB components integrated in the
of the agriculture communities against implementation.
TABLE 9 - 6: Short-term (3-6 months) Recovery Initiatives and Costs
Cost
Item Description
SDG USD
Livestock Restocking of lost livestock – distribute sheep, goats, 1,769,134,000 32,166,073
cattle, poultry to the affected households
Replenish lost Distribute Sorghum, Millet, Groundnut, and Sesame seeds 2,862,746 52,050
seeds of affected to the most affected and vulnerable agriculture households
crops
Replace damaged Provide agriculture tools such as disc ploughs, sprayers, 446,297,500 8,114,500
or lost agriculture tractors, hand tools, donkey ploughs to the affected
tools households
Total 2,218,294,246 40,332,623
Total Recovery 2,551,038,383 46,382,516
Cost (adjusted for
inflation, 15%)
Source: (i) The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment. A joint assessment with the Government of the Sudan;
(ii) 2019 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission to the Sudan; (iii) FAO, GIEWS Update, 2018, “The Sudan
Fuel shortages and high prices of agricultural inputs affecting planting of 2018 crops”.

62 (RAPID PDNRA)
The government and Ministry of the sector and insuring farmers against
Agriculture should ensure, in medium to natural disasters. The government
long terms, that farmers have adequate along with relevant line ministries, local
tools and seeds for the next farming and multilateral financial and technical
season. Special trainings could be held at institutions should develop a financial
local level to educate farmers regarding system that safeguards the agriculture
seed banks, improved breeding techniques, sector and all its actors against major
livestock management, and also to damages and in turn loss of livelihoods,
learn from them critical challenges they and economic downfall.
face during the time of a calamity and
otherwise. Strong financial support, proper access
to markets and tools, along with disaster
One of the most important long-term preparedness could take agriculture ahead
recovery measures includes financing in the path of resilience in Sudan.

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63
64 (RAPID PDNRA)
INFRASTRUCTURE
SECTORS
TRANSPORT
ENERGY &
ELECTRICITY
WATER,
SANITATION
& WATER
RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT

(RAPID PDNRA)
65
10. TRANSPORT
SUMMARY posing a threat to human safety, and
causing significant disruption and
This chapter provides an assessment associated economic and social impacts.
of the transport infrastructure before According to the Sudan Federal Ministry
and after the flood disaster, estimating of Infrastructure and Transport, roads
the losses and damages, and proposes were washed away, ports facility were
a prioritized list of recovery needs and submerged, airport buildings were flooded,
recovery strategy. Transport networks integrity of runway pavements were
underpin economic activity by enabling undermined, and railway infrastructure
the movement of goods and people. was damaged. A summary of estimated
During this extreme weather event, the damages to the transport infrastructure
Sudan transport infrastructure was and where possible the resultant losses
both directly and indirectly damaged, have been estimated below.
TABLE 10 - 1: Damages and losses in the Transport sector
Sub sector Damages (USD) Losses (USD)

Road Transport 83,015,090
Railways 492,454 820,756
Aviation Transport 6,935,908
River Transport 453,109
Total 90,896,562 820,756
services and most importantly for the

Indirect impacts of the flood disaster
Government of Sudan, reduced the
included:
tax revenue and the ability to provide
• Increased vehicle and road user costs,
adequate public services.
journey times, loss of business due
to farmers and producers failing to
After a rapid assessment of the
transport goods and livestock to
damage to transport infrastructure, an
markets.
approximately USD 109 million recovery
• Outbreak of water borne diseases needs strategy has been drawn. This
due to water stagnation and strategy is based on a prioritised list of
contamination short, medium, and long-term actions
• Loss of social safety nets for the recommended with the sustainable build
vulnerable groups like elderly, women, back better approach.
and children
• For the short-term, we propose
• Pushing the poor deeper into poverty conducting the necessary impact
as the cost of basic needs increased assessment, temporary opening up
many folds. of roads, clearing debris, selection
of suitable procurement models and
At a macroeconomic level, the flood preparation of request for expressions
disaster disrupted supply chains, of interest, request for proposals and
production, movement of goods and bidding documents.

66 (RAPID PDNRA)
• In the medium term, we propose PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
carrying out detailed engineering CONTEXT
designs, detailed engineering
design reviews and procurement of Railways Transport
supervision services.
• In the long term, it would be necessary Sudan’s railways network is considered
to launch the civil works with building one of the longest railway networks in
back better approach, carry out client Africa with a 4,587 Km length for a 1,076
institutional and organizational review, mm rail width. This rail network links
conduct stakeholder climate and the different regions of Sudan with the
disaster risk management capacity three main lines: Port Sudan –Atbara
building and training, review and – Khartoum, Al Obayed – Nyala , and
update existing design manuals and Atbara-Abuhamad-Half.
standards to incorporate changes in
climate parameters, and undertake The railways network comprises 2,225
a climate and disaster review of all bridges and culverts ranging between 6ft
transport infrastructure. to 15ft in size and consist of pre-stressed
FIGURE 10 - 1: Map showing the railway network of Sudan.

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67
TABLE 10 - 2: Status of Sudan’s railway lines
Construction Length
Line Rail Weight Status
date in Kms.
93 Kms. 75 lb. yard
Wadi Halfa- Abu Hamed 1898-1897 350 Not Functioning
257 Kms. 50 Ib. yard
Abu Hamed – Atbara 1899 244 244 Kms. 75 lb. yard Not Functioning
Atbra – Khartoum 1900 – 1898 313 313 Kms. 90 lb. Yard Functioning
Atbra – Port Sudan 1906- 1904 474 474 Kms. 90 lb. Yard Functioning
No.(10) Karima 1905 222 222 Kms. 50 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Khartoum – Kosti – El 573 Kms. 75 lb. Yard
1911 – 1909 689 Functioning
Obied. 116 Kms. 90 lb. Yard
Haiya – Kassala 1924 – 1923 347 347 Kms. 75 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Kassala – Gedarif 1928 – 1924 218 218 Kms. 75 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Gedarif – Sennar 1929 – 1928 237 237 Kms. 75 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Sinnar – Damazine 1954 – 1953 227 227 Kms. 50 lb. Yard Not Functioning
346 Kms. 75 lb. Yard
Alrahad - Babanousa 1957 – 1956 354 Functioning
8 Kms. 90 lb. Yard
325 Kms. 50 lb. Yard
Babanousa – Nyala 1959 – 1957 335 Functioning
10 Kms
Babanousa – Wau 1962 – 1959 446 446 Kms. 50 lb. yard Not Functioning
Girba – Digiam 1962 70 70 Kms. 50 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Muglad – Abu Gabra 1995 52 52 Kms. 50 lb. Yard Not Functioning
Total length 4578
concrete bridges & steel bridges, large Kurdufan and Darfur, and the other is
span bridges sizes varying from 26ft- linking Khartoum state to Red Sea state.
250ft. There are 85 bridges of 15ft and
43 pipes culverts on the line between The traffic flow overall is considered low
Seinnar / El Obied. Type of sleepers used except between Red Sea and Khartoum
throughout the network included solid states, and between Red Sea and Gadarif
wood, concrete, and steel. Not all of the states. The total length of the national
railway lines are functioning due to various road network is about 12,316 km excluding
reasons. Table 10-2 shows detailed status state and urban roads. The overall road
of the railway lines: network condition is patchy and only fair
for the recently maintained roads. Many
Road Transport highways traverse rolling terrain with
many valleys and streams. Poor detailed
The National roads network consists of engineering designs have made most
arterial roads connecting Khartoum with roads susceptible to climate and disaster
the different regions of Sudan. The main risks. The last maintenance on the
roads link the capital with the coastal network was carried out in 2017 and only
gateway of Port Sudan, Egypt and North focused on traffic accident blackspots
Africa, Eritrean, and Ethiopian border. and sections with very poor pavement.
The existing road arteries originate from National roads are the responsibility of
Khartoum and connect to the western the Federal Ministry of Infrastructure and
region of Sudan. There are two major Transport while urban roads which may
arterial roads with most roads radiating be categorised as primary, secondary, or
from them, one linking the states of tertiary are under the responsibilities of
the respective states.

68 (RAPID PDNRA)
FIGURE 10 - 2: Extent of the Sudan National Road Network
River Transport waterways and to de-monopolize public

operations by encouraging the private
River transport is one of the cheapest sector to invest in river transport and
and most environmentally friendly provide conducive conditions to attract
means of transport contributing to the investment. The River Navigation
development of the Sudanese economy. Authority Act was amended in 1992
The history of modern river transport in and some of its tasks include technical
Sudan dates back more than 150 years inspection of the containers and their
since the introduction of steam vessels suitability for river navigation, as well as
during the Turkish and English-Egyptian issuance of licenses for transportation
periods. As a result of policy changes of passengers, luggage or tourism, and
over the years, the Karima-Dongola to determine the technical specifications
line and the Khartoum Coastline were of the ships manufactured locally or
suspended, navigation was restricted to imported. Since the establishment of
only between Kosti and Juba, which also the department, it has not been able
ceased after the outbreak of the civil to fully play its role either because of
war in the south and after the secession shortcomings in the law, or the lack of
of South Sudan. Construction of river budgets and plans that would enable it
transport infrastructure and the ship- to execute its mandate. The department
building equipment in Khartoum Bahri has not had specialized staff since its
has since been destroyed. Management inception. There are two functioning river
and development of River Navigation ports in Sudan:
Transport in Sudan is the mandate of
the River Navigation Authority under the • Halfa port in the Nubian lake which
supervision of the Ministry of Transport. operates the line that connects Sudan
Established in 1980, the aim of the to Egypt (Halfa/ Aswan) with total
authority is to activate and regulate river length of 350 Km. The annual tonnage
navigation along the 4,000 km shipping of commodities is above 111,000 tons,

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69
and over 60 passengers’ trips per • Kosti port which operates the line that
month between Sudan and Egypt. links Sudan and South Sudan (Kosti/
The traffic on Halfa port is directly Juba) with total length of 1436 Km.
connected to the function of the Currently the main activity at Kosti
Eshkeet Border crossing. Halfa port port is shipping humanitarian aid to
is managed by a joint entity between South Sudan by UN agencies and other
Sudan and Egypt called the Nile valley organizations.
corporation.
TABLE 10 - 3: A few facts and inventory about Sudan River Transport
Item No.
Number of registered Marine units 1,059

Number of driving licenses 742
Check points 204
Marine units manufacturing workshops 16
Companies & Corporations transporting goods 18
Companies & Corporations transporting passengers 7
River transport in Sudan is still poor, but authorities are determined to develop it to
strengthen commercial and social ties with the neighbouring countries of Egypt and
South Sudan, thus contribute the GDP with an environmentally friendly means of
transportation.
FIGURE 10 - 3: River navigation routes and ports in Sudan

70 (RAPID PDNRA)
Air Transport
Sudan’s air transport is relatively developed as compared to other African countries and
is largely driven by intercontinental traffic. The contribution of air transport to national
GDP has decreased in the last four years despite the increase in domestic carriers
operating between local and international destinations. Air transport in Sudan boasts
over 10,000 international passenger flights and over 380 cargo flights annually.
FIGURE 10 - 4: Sudan’s Airports and Airfields
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR the richest agricultural soils in Sudan and

THE SECTOR conducive for livestock farming. Floods
damaged more than 130 locations of the
Road Transport road network with a cumulative damage
length of 55 kilometres. These damages
National roads in Red Sea, Algadarif, interrupted the supply of agricultural and
Kassala, Sinnar, Northern, Blue Nile, River animal products, other daily needs to
Nile, White Nile, Darfur, and Kurdufan local communities, fuel, and export. As a
states were the most affected by the flood result, inflation rates reached 212.30% in
disaster. These are also the states with September 2020.

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71
FIGURE 10 - 5: National Roads damaged by the floods
FIGURE 10 - 6: Selection of photos showing the extent of the National Road

damages due to the 2020 floods
Alrahad Bridge
Sinnar – Sinja – Addamazine Road Halfa – Alselaim Road
TABLE 10 - 4: Summary of the damages and costs to the National Road sector in
all regions
Total length of Damaged roads (Km) 55

Estimated damage cost/Km (USD) 1,509,365
Estimated total cost of reconstruction (USD) 83,015,090

72 (RAPID PDNRA)
It should be noted that the Government of Sudan is in the process of carrying
out immediate repairs or quick fixes to maintain connectivity and ensure some
transportation of good and passengers to the all affected regions.
Railway Transport
Over 230 location in the railways network were damaged or affected by the floods.
The damage to bridges and railway infrastructure has affected movement of goods
and passengers leading to delays and increases in prices and impacting profitability of
businesses.
TABLE 10 - 5: Summary of the flood damages and losses to the Railway Sector
Region Damage (USD) Loss (USD)

Northern 133,177.83 221,963.05
Eastern 159,224.42 265,374.02
Southern 168,206.92 280,344.87
Western 31,844.88 53,074.80
Total 492,454.05 820,756.74
FIGURE 10 - 7: Selection of photos showing the extent of the National Road

damages due to the 2020 floods

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73
FIGURE 10 - 8: Damages to the railway network due to the floods
Air Transport
The aviation sub sector suffered damages to airport infrastructure such as runways and
airport buildings, which affected smooth operation of flights.
TABLE 10 - 6: Aviation sector damages descriptions and the associated

restoration costs
Airport Description of damage Cost (USD)

Collapse of CD building & toilets due to
Aljinaina airport 1,999.63
flash flood
flash floods damaged the APRON
Al fashir Airport 4,318.36
(Settlement) & the mosque building
Neyala Airport TAX 3,829.09
Runway flooding resulted in cracks,
Alobayed Airport 1,276,363.63
settlement, and ditching
Kadogli Airport , Runaway ditches & Bushes 638.18
Zalinji Airport Runway& APRON bushes, fence damage 8,509.09
Al dea’in Airport Runway bushes & ditches 2,978.18
runway ditches, APRON, internal service
Kassala Airport 5,637,272.72
roads Damages in the terminal building
Total 6,935,908.88

74 (RAPID PDNRA)
River Transport • Environment & Natural Resources:
Environmental issues should be
There was total shutdown in Kosti port for considered in all road works. For
about 20 days due to the increase in the instance, the natural habitat of
water level while at Halfa port, operations pests and animals would need to be
decreased to one trip per week with conserved as much as possible and
one functioning dock. Damage to river trees should not be cut unnecessarily
transport infrastructure was estimated at during implementation. Measures
USD 453,109.08. Indirect losses from river should be taken to replace vegetative
transport as result of the floods could not cover where it has been removed due
be accurately determined at the time of to the works.
preparing this document.
• Governance: The recovery of the
private sector is vital for the economy
Cross Cutting Issues
of the country. Wherever possible,
Government could consider cutting
Transport networks in Sudan underpin
on taxes for transporters to minimize
economic activity by enabling the
costs that are transmitted to the
movement of goods and people.
consumer for transported goods.
Consideration should also be made
• Gender: In transport, gender issues
when procuring works, goods, and
will need to be incorporated in the
services, to give priority to the local
interventions by letting more women
private sector wherever possible in
participate in road construction works.
order to improve capacity.
In addition, interventions should take
into consideration concerns of women, • Disaster Risk Reduction: To improve
e.g. safety of transport services. disaster resilience, all transport
infrastructure needs to be constructed
• Social Protection: Since the livelihood
using the building-back-better
of communities is hugely affected,
concept, placing particular emphasis
employment will need to be considered
on the consideration of hazard areas
to allow the local people to earn a
to avoid future damage.
living. Labour intensive methods of
road rehabilitation will be considered
for rehabilitation works especially MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN
for feeder roads. Schemes will be IMPACT
designed in such a way that local
people are engaged whilst ensuring The 2020 extreme weather event both
good quality works through proper directly and indirectly damaged the
supervision and monitoring. The transport infrastructure, posing a threat
experience of some NGOs engaged in to human safety, and causing significant
the sector e.g. International Labour disruption and associated economic
Organization (ILO) will be sought, and social impacts. This flooding was
where communities are contracted as a result of intense precipitation, and
directly to carry out labour intensive predominantly caused weather-related
works but an individual supervisor disruption to the transport sector in
(local) is employed to ensure quality of Sudan. In addition to loss or reduced
works. connectivity, the 2020 flood in Sudan led
• Displacement and Migration: The to many impacts i.e. increased journey
movement of people will cause times as vehicles tried to manoeuvre
some areas to have inadequate local flooded roads, increased road accident
workers for the labour-intensive works due to skidding, fatalities and injuries,
while more demand for work would increased vehicle and road user costs,
be available where more people have loss of commerce due to farmers and
migrated to. Works programs will need producers failing to transport goods and
to take this into consideration when livestock to markets. Wells and other
designing projects. fresh water sources were contaminated,

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75
and stagnant water became a breeding damages on the road network is likely
ground for mosquitoes causing water to affect the gateway to the sea
borne diseases. These floods negatively through Port Sudan, which transport
impacted vulnerable groups like women, export products like mineral ores, food
children, and the elderly. Expectant products, fuel oils, and import products
mothers could not easily access medical like cement, fertilizers, heavy machinery
care, children could not attend school and and equipment, textiles, and beverages.
pushed the poor into extreme poverty Roads serve as the lifeline of the disaster-
as the cost of basic needs increased affected region. Road was virtually the
manifold. only mode of transport for people in the
regions to send goods to markets and
Some of the economic impacts of the factories, to go to cities to receive health
flood disaster include: and civil services. The extensive damages
• Business interruptions (the to roads significantly stalled the economic
interruption in production during the activities of regions of Sudan and
flood event); reduced the quality of life for the affected
households. Until restoration works are
• Production losses directly due to asset
completed, the areas connected via such
losses (because damaged or destroyed
roads and infrastructure will suffer from
assets cannot produce, during a
loss or limited access to market, services,
period that is much longer than the
and employment.
event itself);
• Supply-chain disruptions caused Losses in revenue will be experienced by
by lack of input or reduced demand transporters during the downtime period;
responsible for a reduction in however, there might be an increase in
production from a production site that transportation of goods when government
is not directly affected; imports food and relief items that need
• Macro-economic feedbacks (e.g., to be distributed to the affected areas,
the impact of reduced final demand requiring the services of transport sector
because consumers and businesses enterprises. Impassable road sections
suffer from a reduced income, and the such as those washed away will be a major
effect of lost tax revenue on public factor in delaying the emergency relief and
demand); reconstruction efforts in all sectors.
• Long-term adverse consequences on RECOVERY NEEDS AND

economic growth (e.g., due to changes STRATEGY
in risk perception (including over-
reactions) that can drive investors and The assessed total cost of reconstruction
entrepreneurs out of the affected area is USD 90,896,562, which is composed of
or Sudan altogether); USD 83,015,090 for Roads reconstruction,
• Increased production from the USD 492,454 for railways damages
“reconstruction boom” that may act restoration, USD 6,935,908 for aviation
as a stimulus for the economy. recovery, and USD 453,109 for river
transport recovery. If the agencies are to
For Sudan in particular, impassable road take into consideration the build-back-
sections such as those washed away will better approach, the reconstruction cost
be a major factor to delay the emergency estimate will be 20 percent more at USD
relief and reconstruction efforts in all 109,075,875. The recovery interventions
sectors in the areas connected via those are suggested as follows:
bridges. Access delays to those areas
due to detours or slowing down will • Carry out clearing of debris and
have a long lasting and broad impact. temporary reconstruction of roads,
Importing and exporting of goods to and bridges, and bypass roads on strategic
from the neighbouring countries will also road corridors to allow passage of
be affected as strategic international vehicles for relief and reconstruction.
corridors pass through Sudan. The

76 (RAPID PDNRA)
This can improve the access to remote roads managed by the National Road
locations while accelerating the Agency and enable the prioritization of
reconstruction of infrastructure in the the road sections to be reconstructed;
region;
• Once the above is completed for
• Concurrently with the above, plan and all sub sector (roads, railways,
carry out disaster impact surveys waterways, and aviation) the
to develop an inventory of transport preparation of detailed engineering
infrastructure requiring reconstruction designs as per the priority list can be
and repair works. Due to the extensive conducted;
damages caused by the floods, the
• Procure for civil works using quick
Federal Ministry of Transport and
and efficient models suitable for the
Infrastructure would need to take a
circumstances and construction
holistic and coordinated approach
industry e.g. design and build, output,
to recover to the pre-disaster state.
and performance-based contracts,
For example, an inventory based
input based construction contract,
on detailed field surveys would help
etc.
establish the actual cost required for
Term Activity Description Cost (US$)

Short term Impact Survey Plan and carry out disaster impact surveys to 1,000,000
(6-12 months) develop an inventory of road infrastructure requiring
reconstruction and repair works
Temporary road Carry out clearing debris and temporary 1,400,000
access reconstruction of roads, bridges, and bypass roads
on strategic routes to allow passage of vehicles for
relief and reconstruction
Determine contract Assessment of the availability of construction 700,000
models, packages, materials (e.g. bitumen/asphalt, cement, steel) and
prepare calls for determine alternatives.
expressions of Assessment of the availability of skilled and
interest, request unskilled manpower for construction works
for proposals and Based on capacity of construction industry, assess
bidding documents determine contracting models to be used
Medium-term Detailed engineering Launch procurement of detailed engineering designs 3,000,000
(2-3yrs) design for the priority list projects.
Designs review Carry out design review and procure supervision 200,000
and preparation of consultant
supervision
Carry out civil works Construction of works 98,675,875
construction and
supervision

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77
Long Term Review institutional Carry out an institution gap analysis to determine 500,000
(3-5yrs) and governance the current needs to for good practice sector
arrangements management
of responsible
transport agencies
Review technical Carry out an update of detailed engineering design 1,500,000
standards in use standards and manuals to ensure consideration for
current climatic hazards like increased precipitation
and rising temperatures
Climate and Responsible agencies and private sector 100,000
Disaster Risk practitioners to attend seminars, conferences and
Management academic training on Climate and Disaster Risk
capacity building Management
and training
Carry out climate Prepare a prioritised investment plans to ensure 2,000,000
and disaster all transport infrastructure are resilient to future
vulnerability climate and disaster risks
assessment of
all the Transport
infrastructure
assets
The purpose of the recovery strategy is Implementation Arrangements

to restore road infrastructure, ensure
cost effective and quality services, while The Federal Ministry of Infrastructure
ensuring sustainable disaster resilient and Transport is the government organ
infrastructure and safe transport system for the overall responsibility for transport
for affected areas. The strategy is aligned infrastructure policy, strategy, planning,
to international commitments such as the monitoring and evaluation. Ministry of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Finance is responsible for the overall
an efficient transport system to stimulate economic planning, allocation of financial
production and development by linking resources, national public investment
production to demand, employment programs including transport and also
creation and income generation. The broad mobilizing of financial resources.
objectives include:
Recovery Strategy for the Sector
• Reduce and control transport costs
for affected areas during restoring The strategy for the sector aims at
period; bringing accessibility to those areas that
have been prioritized by the respective
• Assure quality, sustainable and sectors. Reconstruction works will aim at
durable restored works network; linkages that are completely destroyed
• Improve safety mobility of goods and but are critical for the recovery, especially
passengers during restoring period; National roads. These would require
total reconstruction with a bituminous
• Assure public mobility to access
surfacing to restore riding quality and
essential social services before and
reduce road users’ costs. Meanwhile
during restoring period;
some of the roads that would bring
• To facilitate a strategy for mobilisation positive impact but are not completely
of funds to finance temporary and destroyed may receive periodic or routine
long term sustainable and disaster maintenance for strengthening and to
resilient transport infrastructure for make them passable. For low volume
the affected areas. roads, thin surfacing and where necessary
re-gravelling may be recommended.
Depending on several factors like security,

78 (RAPID PDNRA)
availability of labour and extent of road responsibility for the quality of works,
damage, some may be rehabilitated using contracting modalities like design and
equipment while others could use labour build, and output and performance-
intensive methods. The labour-intensive based contracting may be considered.
methods would be vital in providing
short term employment to communities All projects packaged for rehabilitation
and improve their livelihood, but to also and reconstruction of roads and bridges
impact basic skills to the people of road will require adherence to standard
rehabilitation techniques and hope they procedures and technical requirements
can use these to maintain the roads. for road construction applicable to the
For civil works that require specialised Sudan or the region. This will ensure
equipment, e.g. pavers, bull dozers etc, that the building-back-better concept
depending on availability of skills, they is properly captured for resilience in the
may be packaged into appropriate sector. To achieve this, and for efficiency,
contracts for competitive national a consulting firm may be engaged to
bidding to support the local construction provide the client services as a technical
industry. Sophisticated works requiring consultant to scope and package projects,
foreign skills would be packaged for provide the implementing agency with
international competitive bidding. To support in carrying out reviews of designs
reduce duration of procurement and and analytical deliverables, and monitoring
ensure client value and contractor of civil works construction.

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79
11. ENERGY & ELECTRICITY
SUMMARY PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
CONTEXT
The River Nile flood affected the Sudan
electricity generation, transmission, and With an installed capacity of 3,200 MW
distribution networks. At the national as of 2018, the Sudanese power system
grid, the generation level in Garri 1, 2, 3 is the fifth largest in Sub-Saharan Africa.
and 4, power stations have been partially It is mixed of hydro 48% and thermal
damaged. Additionally, some off-grid 52% in terms of installed capacity; and
power generation station e.g. Elnihood hydro 52%, thermal 46%, and imports 2%
in West Kordofan region is affected. in terms of energy generation. Sudan’s
The estimated total damage is USD power system performs at average or
7,048,304 USD, which can be broken higher levels compared to other systems in
down, at generation Level is USD 318,182, the region.
transmission level is USD 125,574,
regarding the distribution, the damage Transmission and distribution losses in
level was estimated by USD 6,604,548. Sudan is low at 20% (15% distribution, 5%
transmission). Bill collection rate stands
The losses at the generation level is USD at 94% due to the quality of commercial
18,564,993, plus the losses of electricity management and the universal
sales for different consumer categories, i. installation of pre-payment energy
e residential, commercial, governmental, meters. Sudan’s performance is average
agricultural, and industrial, which are not by regional standards, but there is room
yet up to now being accurately estimated. for improvement. The system’s quality
of electricity service delivery is also fairly
Total recovery needs are estimated at good by regional standards. The system’s
USD 582.9 million. In the short term the average interruption frequency index
total recovery needs estimate is USD (SAIDI) measures the duration of outages
7,071,031 US Dollar. In the medium term for a typical customer, while the system
the recovery estimated needs is USD average interruption frequency index
155,820,699which include rehabilitation (SAIFI) measures the number of outages
of all existing thermal power generation per year. In Sudan SAIDI is 9.18 hours, and
plants at Garri, Khartoum North, and SAIFI is 10.14, putting the country in the
Kosti at national grid level, and, isolated first quartile in Africa for both indexes,
power station at off-grid and also but placing it significantly below the
completion of Garri 3, and Port Sudan Gas international average of 5.5 hours, and 6.4
Turbine as well. In long term, the planned respectively.
power generation at Garri 3, and Port
Sudan gas turbines are to be converted to
combined cycle plants of this costing USD
420,000,000.

80 (RAPID PDNRA)
Sub-System Name of Number Installed Electricity generated, GW

plant of units capacity,
KW
FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020
Power generation
Hydropower
Merwai 10 1,250,000
Dam
Setit & 4 320,000
Atbra
Roseries 7 280,000
Sinnar 2 15,000
Jabal 28 30,400
Awalia
Griba 5 17,800
Thermal power
IN GRID STPG Garri 1&2 12 381,200 1,325.46 1034.51 1,257.07 1,281.44
KNPS 12 530,000 661.34 1,494.11 1282.48 610
Garri 4 2 110,000
Kosti 4 500,000
Thermal power
0FF GRID STPG
Port Sudan 7 45,000
Nyala 21 37,500
Elfashir 17 31,280
Elgenena 5 9,650
Elnohood 9 14,200
Elobaied 4 12,700
Kadugli 7 6,400
Eldain 7 12,100
Zalingi 6 4,600
Alfula 4 4,000

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81
TABLE 11 - 2: Operational Baseline in Electrical Sector
Actual values Forecasted values
Sector 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Sales of
electricity,
GWH /year
Residential 7,352.51 8,027.10 8,027.10 8,688.71 9,404.852 10,180.02

Industrial 2,003.38 1,795.20 1,795.20 1,943.164 2,103.324 2,276.684
Commerce 1,568.31 1,329.50 1,329.50 1,439.08 1,557.692 1,686.08
Agriculture 873.88 1,002.40 1,002.40 1,085.02 1,174.449 1,271.25
Others 1,188.54 1,545.10 1,883.30 2,038.526 2,206.545 2,388.413
TOTAL 12,986.62 13,699.30 1,4037.5 15,194.5 16,446.86 17,802.45
Rates of
Electricity
Sales,
US$/GWH
Residential 2,145.64 2,566.40 2,566.40 2,777.928 3,006.891 3,254.725

Industrial 429.19 2,808.60 2,808.6 3,040.091 3,290.661 3,561.884
Commerce 1,059.83 1,635.40 1,329.5 1439.08 1,557.692 1,686.08
Agriculture 152.36 379.4 379.4 410.6709 444.5193 481.1575
Others 658.38 921.1 975.9 1,056.336 1,143.401 1,237.643
TOTAL 4,445.40 8,310.90 8,059.8 8,724.106 9,443.164 10,221.49
Before 2020 floods, Sudan had one of the 468/2016). This decree established the
largest power systems in SSA with 3,500 Sudan Electricity Holding Company
MW of electricity generation capacity with (SEHC), which owns the affiliated
hydro and thermal sources. Most of the companies for Electricity Distribution
electricity access are provided for urban (SEDCO), electricity transmission
and relatively rich segment of population. (SETCO), electricity thermal generation
Electricity access in Kordofan and Darfur company (STGC) and Sudan Hydro
regions are particularly limited. Generation and Renewable Energy
Company (SHGRC).
The electricity sector is governed by a
cabinet decree issued in 2016 (decree

82 (RAPID PDNRA)
FIGURE 11 - 1: The administrative structure of the Electricity Holding Company
through to the general departments of the company
Internal Auditing Unit Board of Directors
General Manager
Technology and Executive office

quality G D
Legal Directorate
HR G D
Investment G D
Planning Studies and
Research G D Load Dispatch Center
Director of
Distribution and Director of
Transmision Generation
Sudanese Sudanese Sudanese Hydro Sudanese

Electricity Electricity and Renewable Thermal
Distribution Co Transmission Co Energy Co Generation Co
(manager) (manager) (manager) (manager)
The electricity service in Sudan is based The urban population is benefitting from
on two main systems. The first system a substantially higher level of electricity
is the national grid that supplies mainly access than rural populations. The
central, eastern, northern, southern and strategy of the Holding Company is to
parts of the western Sudan. The second concentrate on the household sector and
system is the off-grid system, which is hence to provide access to electricity to
composed of isolated small-scale diesel 75-80% of the population by grid and 25-
power plants that supply remote towns 20% off-grid solutions to achieve universal
or regions. Those not connected to a access by 2031.
grid rely on biomass as heating energy
source and few of them have diesel- The share of electricity generated by
fired generators for electricity supply. hydropower plants has been significantly
According to the Sudanese Electricity higher than from thermal power
Holding Company statistics, around generation stations. By the end of
32% of the population have been able to 2018, Sudan had a total of 3,466.94
benefit from the grid electricity services MW of generation capacity connected
at about 238.4 kWh as average country’s to the national grid of which 1,907 MW
per capita electric energy consumption. hydro and 1,559.94 MW thermal. The

(RAPID PDNRA)
83
average contribution of hydro power domestic demand. The annual average
has been about 68% of all power fed to imports between 2013 and 2017 has been
the grid between 2013 and 2017. The approximately 450 GWh, which is 3.6%
total installed capacity from Off-Grid of electricity energy generated locally.
plants is approximately 187.3 MW, of Sudan’s transmission grid consists of
which 75 MW IPP (Independent Power 965km of 500KV transmission lines
Production) in Darfur region. This bring power, 5,984km of 220KV transmission
the total installed capacity in Sudan lines and 1,057km of 110KV, as illustrated
grid connected and off-grid plants to in Figure 11-2, which shows the current
3,654.24MW. Additionally, there is 150 transmission lines. It is clear that the
MW rentals in the Red Sea states. current national grid covers most of the
middle part of Sudan, some parts of the
Sudan also imports power from north, and some parts of the south with
neighbouring Ethiopia to meet part of its no connection to the western parts.
FIGURE 11 - 2: Sudan’s Power Grid

Annex 4: Power System Map of Sudan
Power System Map of Sudan
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR

52
Overview of effects
The River Nile floods affected the infrastructure of the electricity sector. Parts of the
thermal generation in Garri 1 & 2 power plants, and parts of the distribution network in
the states including 16 out of 18 states of the Sudan were damaged.
As for thermal generation power plant, Garri 1 & 2, where the River Nile flooded the
main river water intake barge and the pre-treatment water facility, about 13 Km away
from the power plants, resulted in damages in two forwarding water pumps. Originally,
there are four forwarding water pumps, two operational and two backups as standby.
The damage has not affected the overall operation of the power plants, but the power

84 (RAPID PDNRA)
plant has been left without backup pumps, The distribution network damages lead
which increases the outage risk in case of to supply interruption to the affected
any of the operational pump failure. areas, which leads to electricity sales
losses which in return also affect the
The distribution network has multiple local population by the loss of electricity
damages in 16 out of 18 states estimated services and increased risk of electric
to cost amounts to over SDG 266 million, shocks at the flooding time. Table 10
which could be summarized as follows: 3 summarises the data of damage in
125 transformers (SDG 126 million), 1,246 Electrical Sector, Table 10 6 for Estimated
polls (SDG 41.5 million), 8,506 energy Damage Cost in Local Currency SDG and
meters (SDG 46 million) and 10,940 USD in Electrical Sector.
different transmission network items
(SDG 34.5 million).
TABLE 11 - 3: Damage in Distribution, STPG and Transmission Lines Data
Name of plant Number of units Installed capacity, Replacement Cost in

KW 2020 (SDG)
Distribution 1,453,000.56
Distribution transformer 125
Concrete poles 1,927
meters 8,506
others 10,940
medium voltage fuses 11
LV cables 120
MV cables 25
aluminium conductor 81,720
stay set 22
STPG
Garri 1 &2 12 Unit
River Side for Garri Complex 2 Sets
Booster Pump 2 pumps
Alnihood Thermal Station 2 units 11,250,000
Transmission Lines
a. Atbara-PortSudan 220KV* 2 Towers 200,000.0 150,094.0
b. Managil - Maringan 110KV* 5 Towers 140,000.0 6,551,623.0
c. ALGamoia - Jebel Aulia 3 Towers 500,000.0 204,869.0
220KV*

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85
TABLE 11 - 4: Estimated Damage Cost in Local Currency SDG and USD
Estimated Damage Cost

Damage
SDG USD
Sudanese Thermal Power Generating Company
On – Grids Thermal Plants: Garri 1 & 2 Power Stations (River Side
& intakes water Plants):
Damaged Cables Replacement for intake pumps 6,000,000 109,091
Cooling Water and General Pumps house sealing cables holes 250,000 4,546
Off-grids Power Station - Alnihood Power Station:
Embankment, panels, and drainage maintenance 11,250,000 204,545.454
Total cost of damage (STPGC) 17,500,000 318,181.82
Sudanese Electricity Distribution Company: SDG USD
Khartoum & States Distribution
Stations and transformers (125); 126,467,138.62 2,299,402
Energy Meters (8,506) 64,034,885.72 1, 164,270
Poles (1,927) 41,511,207.40 745,157
Others: (10,940) 34,516,800.00 627,578
Total cost of damage (SEDCO) 266,530,031.74 4,846,000.58
Medium voltage fuses (11)
LV cables (120)
96,720,110.00
MV cables (25) 1,758,547
Aluminium conductor (81,720)
stay set (22)
Sudanese Electricity Transmission Company SDG USD
Atbara-Port Sudan 220KV* Towers (2) 150,094.0 2,729
Managil - Maringan 110KV* Towers (5) 6,551,623.0 119,120
ALGamoia - Jebel Aulia 220KV* Towers (3) 204,869.0 3,725
Total cost of Damaged Transmission Lines 6,906,586 SDG 125,574
Total cost of damage (SETCO) 363,250,140 6,604,548
Total Cost of Damage in Electricity Sector 387,656,727.7 7,048,304.14
TABLE 11 - 5: Losses and Needs
Losses SDG Losses USD

Public Public
Itemized list of Losses due of MW Generating Cost in Garri 1 & Garri 2 18,547,320.43
Itemized list of Losses: Garri 1 & 2
Embankment 17,672.73
Total Losses 18,564,993.16

86 (RAPID PDNRA)
MACRO-ECONOMIC AND HUMAN The above-mentioned damages
IMPACT equipment needs repair and
rehabilitation. The steps that took place
It is estimated that approximately to restore the continuation of the power
thousands of people are without power generation:
due to the flood. The data provided
indicate that loss of power exposed many • Bypass Auxiliary transformer No. 2
to the various risks due to darkness and because it was burned.
affected women and children’s sanitation, • Turbine N.2, has been operated with
hygiene, and security. Several small and auxiliary transformer No. 1 without
medium enterprises and home-based backup (operational Risks)
work and basic social service institutions
have been disrupted, resulting in loss of • The Cable connecting generator G2
income. For the less populated areas, the to the main transformer was burned.
recovery may take longer thereby causing Cable joint repair was burned.
further hardship. Delay in re-establishing • The voltage transformer (PT) was
services, potentially means an increase burned, it has been repaired the PT to
in the use of fuel wood contributing to resynchronize Gas turbine No.2.
further environmental degradation
RECOVERY NEEDS AND Also, some off-grid power station have

STRATEGY been damaged, e.g., Elnihood power
station, which has been restored back.
The main urgent recovery needs could
be summarized in the replacement The transmission system has also been
cost of the damaged generation, affected, i.e. 220 KV, towers between
transmission and distribution network Atbra and Port Sudan, five 110KV tours
repairs and replacement to the totally between Mangil and Maringan, three
damaged items. The cost to meet the 220KV tours between Algamouia and
immediate needs for the power sector is Jabel Awalia.
USD 5,113,363 covering direct damage
suffered by power stations. The basic The distribution network has also been
recovery strategy for the energy sector is affected, i.e. 125 transformers, 8,506
as follows: energy meters, 1,246 poles carrying
aluminium conductors, and some other
First Priority: Restore basic services. ancillary equipment have been damaged
Due to the heavy rain, the power plants at Khartoum state and other outer
(Garri 1 & Garri 2) have been affected by states of Sudan.
the floods, water entered inside steam
Second Priority: Rehabilitate
CWPs (Circulating Water Pumps) Motor,
thermal power generation facilities
consequently the following equipment
were burned:
All thermal power generation facilities
have not been maintained for the last two
• Circulating Water Pump’s motor
years, and they should be rehabilitated,
• Auxiliary transformer No. 2 i.e. Garri 1,2 & 3 Khartoum North (Alsheed
• Auxiliary transformer No. 2, incoming Mohmoud Sherif) Steam Power Station,
10.5 KV switch and Kosti Steam Power Station. Also,
steam diesel power stations in Darfur
• 6.3 KV 8 panels, 26.3 KA, VC B Switch need to be overhauled and maintained.
Board, The completion of the construction of
• Lots of cables Garri 3 Gas Turbine and Port Sudan
Gas Turbine power station. The total
• 6.3 KV BUS DUCT estimated cost for this second stage is
• Ball Bearing of the burned motor USD 155,820,699

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87
Third Priority: Combined cycle emergency needs at Garri Power Plant
plants Complex;
4. Coordination with Khartoum
The new Gas Turbine at Garri 4, and
Refinery Company to take necessary
Port Sudan are to be converted to
precautions for future expected floods
combined cycle plants. The estimated
for the whole Garri complex, including
cost of this long term stage is about USD
the power stations and refinery;
420,000,000.
5. Take necessary action to ensure the
Recommendations for DRR and safety of the bridge between the barge
Building Resilience in Sector and the river water station feeding
water to Garri Power Plant Complex;
1. Isolation of cable entrance and exit to
6. Installation of security cameras at
stop water entry to the cable channels
the river water treatment station and
and restoration of lighting for the
barge and connect them to the control
cable channel at Garri Power Plant
room of Garri power stations complex
Complex;
for monitoring;
2. Heightening and reinforcement of
7. Avoiding expected flooding routes for
the protection embankment of Garri
future transmission lines and sub-
1, 2 & 3 power plants, and regular
stations;
maintenance to avoid future disaster
of flooding; 8. Careful selection of future power
stations and substations sites.
3. Provision of electric and diesel pumps
of suitable capacities to meet future

88 (RAPID PDNRA)
Cost
Item Description
SDG /Euro USD
Short term Power Generation Garri 1, 2 & Elnihood 318,182
Transmission Towers 125,574
Distribution Khartoum & States 6,604,548
Precautions work For the next flooding 22,727
Total for Short-term 7,071,031
Medium Garri 1&2 Services 23,866 Euro 32,545
Term
Transformers 173,757 Euro 236,940
Panels & Cables 62, 127 Euro 84,719
Switch Board, 6.3 KV, BUS 270,018 Euro 368,206
DUCT
Total of Tender 529,767 Euro 722,410
Total of reducing Future 21,545.45 Euro 29,380
Risks
Additional Operating Cost 23,866 Euro 32,545
before restoration
Total Tender 784,335
Medium Garri 3: Embankment
Term for floods Route 36,364
Rehabilitation of 2,000,000 SDG 11, 000,000
Khartoum North
Rehabilitation: Garri 1, 36,000,000
2&4
Rehabilitation of Kosti 19,000,000
Siemens Gas Turbines 100,000,000
Total for Medium term 155,820,699
Long Term Siemens combined 420,000,000
Cycle
Total for Long Term 420,000,000
Total 582,891,730
Note: The above table shows the cost in SDG & Euro converted to USD as the official exchange rate

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89
12. WATER, SANITATION
& WATER RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY future flood disasters. This cost does not
cover losses in terms of revenue or indirect
This report broadly covers damages and losses such as loss of work time due to
losses for the water sector, which includes illness contracted from water-or-excreta-
Water supply, Sanitation and Hygiene borne diseases, etc.
(WASH), as well as water resources
infrastructure (monitoring equipment) Temporary or permanent loss of water
and hydraulic infrastructure/ disaster supply services due to destruction of
management infrastructure such as infrastructure contributed to additional
embankments, dykes, small dams and strain and economic burden on households
haffirs. who had to rely on purchase of water
from water trucks or bottled water.
594,676 people were directly impacted due Further, contamination increased in some
to damages and losses related to water areas due to presence of stagnant water
infrastructure (both WASH and Water and poor vector control. In some areas
Resources Management (WRM)) across contamination of water sources was
the 18 states of Sudan. The damages and observed due to cross contamination and
losses included damage to water supply penetration of pollutants into groundwater.
infrastructure, sanitation (septic tanks,
latrines, etc) and hygiene (handwashing Recovery efforts are aimed at short,
facilities, ablution facilities, etc). For WRM, medium- and long-term interventions
damages included destruction of various and include building more resilient water
types of hydrological monitoring stations infrastructure, increasing water resources
and equipment. It also included damages monitoring as well as institutional
and destruction to embankments, measures. Proactive measures such as
dykes, small dams, and water harvesting flood forecasting and early warning,
structures (haffirs). Breach of small dams operation and maintenance of existing
and dykes not only destroyed many infrastructure and policy measures are
livelihoods that impacted personal assets, required to ensure active mitigation
agricultural land, livestock etc. The damage measures are place rather than delayed
to Boot Dam in Blue Nile State killed 6 emergency response.
people and displaced nearly 100,000
people from their homes. PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
CONTEXT
The total cost of damages is estimated
at USD 240 million and losses to all water The pre-disaster condition and data was
related infrastructure are estimated at triangulated from the National Simple
USD 87.5 million. An estimated USD 359 Spatial Survey Method II (S3M II), which
million is needed to restore damaged was carried out in 2018. The S3M II
infrastructure, restore services, and ensure revealed that Sudan made reasonable
rebuilt infrastructure is more resilient to progress in increasing access to BASIC54
54
Basic water supply is defined as: from improved water source with a collection time not more than 30 minutes for a round trip
including queuing.

90 (RAPID PDNRA)
water sources from 68 percent to 73.7 monitoring stations are operated and
percent of which 40.5 percent have access maintained by several agencies or
to household (HH) or compound network directorates that are subscribed to the
connected BASIC water supply. There are Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources
an estimated 35,716 water facilities (rural: (MoIWR). The Nile Water Directorate of
30,651, urban: 5,065 in the country that MoWIE maintains gauges across the
produce around 2,810,248 cubic metres Nile River System. As of 2019, only 25
of improved water supply per day (rural: hydrometric stations in the Nile system
695,063, urban: 2,115,185). were functional, whereas more than
50 stations are not operational. The
For Sanitation, 68.3 percent of the Groundwater and Wadis Directorate
population (rural: 22,299,210; urban: maintains 48 different stations along
7,508,148) have access to BASIC various seasonal streams and wadis, the
sanitation facilities.55 It is estimated majority of which are also not functional;
that 33 percent of the population still while the Sudanese Meteorological
practices open defecation. Figure 12-1 Agency maintains all rainfall monitoring
highlights sanitation coverage in rural and equipment. The Nile Waters Directorate
urban areas. Most households across the has a Flood Early Warning System
country have traditional pit latrines that (FEWS), which is used for flood
sometimes can be unsafe, vulnerable to forecasting. There are many shortcomings
collapse and contribute to groundwater of the current FEWS, including: (i) does
contamination. In major urban centres, not capture all Nile tributaries and
a higher percentage of households have seasonal streams; (ii) relies on inadequate
safely managed sanitation in the form network of in-situ monitoring stations; (iii)
of septic tanks where excreta are safely outdated modelling tools and framework;
disposed in situ or transported and (iv) not adequately linked to flood risk
treated off-site. mapping.
Water resources monitoring tools provide Water harvesting and flood protection
a wide range of hydro-meteorological structures in the form of small dams,
services for numerous sectors and play a haffirs, embankments and dykes play a
key role in providing flood early warning significant role in enabling water security
information. Rainfall and hydrological for multiple users (farmers, pastoralists,
FIGURE 12 - 1: Population access to BASIC sanitation and ODF Status

(Source: 2018 S3M)
Population Access to BASIC Population Open

Sanitation Defecation Status
60 60
50.4%
50 50 45.2%
40 40
31.7% 33.0%
30 30
21.3%
20 20
11.1%
10 10
0 0
Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total
55
Basic sanitation refers to the use of an improved sanitation facility, which is not shared with other households.

(RAPID PDNRA)
91
communities, etc). These structures also which is contracted out by the state
play a dual role of flood protection. These ministry of health to safely dispose of
facilities are constructed and maintained medical materials. This machine currently
by numerous entities at federal, state only operates at 30% of its capacity while
and locality level. These structures are unsafe disposal through burning and
developed and maintained by numerous dumping with municipal waste is widely
entities at federal, state, and local level. practiced in the rest of the country.
There is no consolidated knowledge
base on the location and status of these POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
structures. Mandates for operation and THE SECTOR
maintenance are unclear, which leads to
neglect and mismanagement. There were Damages on Infrastructure and
at least more than 2,000 haffirs and small Physical assets
dams in the country,56 which is expected
to have further increased as a result of Flood damages to water infrastructure
‘Zero Thirst Program’ implemented by included: (i) urban and water supply
MoIWR. facilities; (ii) household sanitation facilities;
(iii) water resources and meteorological
According to the Sudan SDG 6 Plan, monitoring stations; (iv) embankments,
solid waste management (SWM) is the water harvesting structures and small
responsibility of households, Mahalias dams; and (v) solid waste management
and Administrative Units (municipalities), facilities. Damage to water supply
cleaning corporations (in some states) and infrastructure were recorded in water
private sector. Only urban centres have treatment facilities in several cities, small
some form of SWM. Most communities dams, haffirs and groundwater boreholes.
burn waste, dump in unofficial sites or The most extensive damage was
in storm water drainage. Safe medical documented in Khartoum State, where
waste disposal is limited. Interstate the a 50,000 m3 treatment plants serving
transportation of medical waste is Bahri South locality (Broshab, Samrab,
prohibited. There is only one privately- Hatab, Nabta, Dardog) was destroyed. Full
owned autoclave facility in Khartoum, damage was also documented in Blue Nile
State, where Boot Dam breached. This
dam had a reservoir capacity of 5 million
m3 and provided water supply to 100,000
people. It also served as primary source
of water supply for tens of thousands
of heads of livestock and small-scale
irrigation. This breach displaced nearly
80,000 people, resulted in the death of 6
people and injury to many others. Further,
damages to water supply infrastructure
occurred in 11 states with extensive impact
in Gezira, Blue Nile, Sinnar, White Nile,
West Kordofan. The assessment was able
to gather information on predominantly
urban areas with information from state
water corporations. Information on
damage to small rural water schemes was
sporadic and based on accessibility and
information from local officials.
Table 12-1 summarizes the available data

on water supply and sanitation damages.
56
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources. Technical guidelines for the Construction and Management of Improved Hafirs. 2009.

92 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 12 - 1: Summary of Damage to Water and Sanitation Infrastructure
No State Infrastructure Q. CD Q.PD No State Infrastructure Q. CD Q.PD

1 Khartourn Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams Boreholes, hand-dug Not Known 9 White Nile
Jebel Aulia, Dar E Isalam, South wells 1 1 All state Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 4
Omdurman, North Omdurman Large and small filteration systems Not Known 1 Latrines 338
and, North Bahri localties; 29 Latrines 3687 4400 Housing sector 5588 2073
administrative units Housing sector 3841 5805 Educational facilities 4
Waste management sites 1
2 Blue Nile Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams Latrines 10 River Nile Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 1
Tadamon and Bau localities; 7 Housing sector 1 5 All state Latrines 631
administrative units Educational facilities 349 456 Housing sector 2700
>322 13 Educational facilities 5 1036
3 North Darfur Boreholes, hand-dug wells 500 21 11 West Darfur Waste management sites 5659 8095
Kebkabiya locality; 2 Pumping stations-motor, wind, 1 All state Housing sector
administrative units Latrines 7013 8513
Housing sector 2205 19
Educational facilities 6
4 East Darfur Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 12 Algadarif Housing sector
Ellaiet locality; 3 administrative Pumping stations-motor, wind, 1589 3 All State Educational facilities 2311 4461
units Latrines 535 1 23
Housing sector
5 Sinnar Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 1 Housing sector 4291 3470
Elsuki locality; 4 administrative Boreholes, hand-dug wells 2 13 Kassala Educational facilities 11
units Latrines 243
Housing sector 748 All state
6 Northern Piped distribution systems 14 Red Sea Boreholes, hand-dug wells 2 8058
Aldabbah and 4 other localities Latrines 542 1 Housing sector 2082
Housing sector All state Educational facilities 16
7 North Kordofan Storm and runoff collection 20,000 Km 15 South Darfur Latrines 55
Sheikan, Um Rawaba, Um Housing sector 1969 6854 All State Housing sector 24 3463
Dam, Sodary and, West Bara Educational facilities 1 Educational facilities 2
localities; 30 communities 9
8 Gezira Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 5 16 Central Darfur Latrines 195
Total 6 localities; 20 Boreholes, hand-dug wells 9 All State Housing sector 1899 1216
Administrative units 7.2 Km Educational facilities 10
Piped distribution systems 1748
Latrines
17 South Latrines
Kordofan Housing sector 62
425 215
All State
18 West
Kordofan Rivers, lakes, ponds or dams 1 1
1131
All State Latrines
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93
The largest damage in terms of Losses in Production and Access to
sanitation facilities occurred in the Goods and Services
aging storm drainage system in North
Kordofan. As indicated in Table 11 1, As per the primary survey and the inter-
thousands of household latrines and agency rapid flood assessments conducted
sanitation facilities were destroyed. Full in August 2020, many people faced
count of household infrastructure is challenges in accessing drinking water57.
documented in the housing chapter of the People in Khartoum58, mentioned the
assessment. presence of a high ratio of salinity making
the available borehole water non-potable,
Damages to water resources monitoring forcing HHs to pay for drinking water
included damage and total loss to 50 with the cost of 150 SDG/barrel. Besides,
gauges. Most of the damaged gauges many households also faced challenges in
were manual. 5 gauges along the Nile accessing water temporarily owing to loss
were automated stations that were of jerry cans, washing basins, and buckets.
partially damaged. The damage was Those who were displaced from their
estimated to range between US$ 5,000 homes and were staying with relatives,
and US$ 15,000 depending on the type of neighbours or at nearby schools, were able
monitoring equipment. to access some drinking water during those
days. Others complained about increased
Damage to waste management facilities turbidity in water, which could be caused by
took place in the dumping site in Tuti contamination and may become a cause
island inside Khartoum, where the site for water-borne diseases.
was flooded. Incidents where waste
material rested in stagnant waters, Table 12-2 provides impacts and the
including medical waste, have been estimated number of affected people
observed throughout. across the states derived using baseline
information on types of drinking water
sources, the population affected in each of
the states59, and effects information from
the primary survey (for 6 states) and rapid
flood assessments (for other states):
TABLE 12 - 2: Impacts related to drinking water
Estimate number of impacted social

Key risks for most vulnerable social groups
groups in most affected geographies60
1.1. Drinking Water
1.1.1. HH affected by worsened water quality (in terms of colour,
1.31 million HH (Sinnar = 207.6 thousand,
taste, or other contamination) (this can have second-order
Khartoum = 202.8 thousand, River Nile =
implications on health and water-borne diseases discussed in
186.5 thousand)
the health section of this chapter)
1.1.2. HH affected due to increased prices of drinking water
(those who relied on tanker and bottled water earlier) 485.5 thousand HH (Blue Nile = 141.7
(temporary impact but may result in coping mechanisms such thousand, Red Sea = 102.6 thousand,
as borrowing money and increasing debts that may have long- Khartoum = 75.1 thousand)
term implications)
1.1.3. HH affected due to lack of physical access to drinking
1.699 million HH (Khartoum = 525.8
water (it may have been a temporary impact but has led to
thousand, River Nile = 276.9 thousand, Sinnar
coping mechanisms such as reducing consumption of water,
= 263 thousand)
borrowed money, etc. which may have long-term implications)
57
HAC & UNOCHA Rapid Flood Assessment Reports August 2020
58
Norwegian Refugee Council, “Rapid Assessment Report - Impact of Floods and Torrential Rains on Um Dawwn Ban Locality Eastern
Nile Bank , Khartoum North” (Khartoum: NRC, 2020).
59
FAO and Transitional GoS, “The Sudan 2020 Flood Impact Rapid Assessment.”
60
Northern state is not included in this assessment due to lack of information available on the flood impact. West Kordofan, Central
and East Darfur also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.

94 (RAPID PDNRA)
Impacts due to affected sanitation irrigated agriculture. Loss of data from
and drainage facilities these tools limit the availability of
information that can be used in feasibility
As per the primary survey (qualitatively and engineering studies to inform
corroborated by the Inter-agency rapid development of infrastructure such as
flood assessments in Aug 2020), 64% roads, irrigation schemes, water supply
respondents raised the issue of damaged (for domestic and livestock purposes), etc.
sanitation facilities, including those
who previously had access to improved Water harvesting structures and flood
sanitation. This can have immediate management structures such as small
and mid-term implications on water dams, haffirs, embankments play a
contamination related to disease dual role of harnessing resources that
outbreaks. Owing to poor solid waste can be scarce during the dry season
management, 60% households experienced and providing protection during the
an increase in mosquitoes and bad smells, rainy season. As such, destruction of
46% experienced blocked drains, 41% these facilities increased vulnerability of
experienced health and safety issues, and impacted communities to water scarcity
33% faced blocked roads and access issues. during the upcoming dry months.
33% respondents indicated being forced
to shift to open defecation, while another Governance and Decision-Making
48% respondents indicated shifting to Processes
shared sanitation facilities (mostly women
while men shifted to open defecation), There are limited arrangements for
thereby potentially increasing their risks of coordination for preparedness for flood
contracting COVID-19. 10% of respondents disasters. The Civil Defence Act 2005
also indicated rationing toilet times to established the National Council for Civil
either too early in the morning or late at Defence (NCCD), but the NCCD did not
night, with women facing safety issues. 7% activate any form or preparedness or take
faced issues of access, 4% indicated having proactive measures to mitigate against
female family members who faced safety the devastating impacts of these floods.
issues, and 3% indicated safety issues For instance, flood early warning bulletins
against animals (snakes, scorpions, etc.). and forecasts were issued for selected
areas of the Nile River (primarily Blue
Destruction of water resources monitoring Nile). Although forecasts were issued by
equipment such as gauges limited the the Sudanese Meteorological Authority
government’s capacity to forecast and and the Ministry of Irrigation and Water
adequately orient flood early warning Resources (MoIWR), no preparedness
efforts. Loss of these equipment also actions were taken by relevant
limited the capacity to provide valuable stakeholders. In areas outside of the
data on availability of water resources for Nile Basin or areas with malfunctioning
other productive uses such as reservoir monitoring equipment, no detailed
operations (for power generation) and forecasts were issued.
Damage & Loss (USD)

Public Private Total
Damages 223M 17M 240M
Infrastructure and assets: Water supply, Solid Infrastructure and assets:
waste and, Physical assets Sanitation facilities
Losses >1.5M 81.5M 87.5M
Service delivery and access: Higher water supply Service delivery and
operation and distribution access: Decrease in
4.5M income and, Increase in
Governance: Disruption to admin functions and, products
Damage to documentation

(RAPID PDNRA)
95
Cross Cutting Issues RECOVERY NEEDS AND
STRATEGY
In Khartoum, the requirement for
temporary latrines continues to be a Recovery Needs and Prioritization
pressing matter to meeting the sanitation
needs of affected families, including the • Improve water and sanitation
refugee community. 27,000 individuals in infrastructure and services;
Dar el Salaam IDP camp and communities
• Transparent turn-around policies
in Bahri who reported the use of a
and programs and improved
neighbour’s latrines and open defecation.
accountability;
In South Omdurman, a large component
of the stranded population consisted of • Build sector institutional capacity
child, elderly, and women groups. and address fragmented governance
framework;
In North Darfur, more than 60% of the • Improve water harvesting initiatives
affected population are IDPs, most of including adequate O&M for existing
whom lost their WFP ration cards to the infrastructure;
flood. Women-headed households made
up 20% of the affected population. In • Provision of sustainable energy
East Darfur out of the 3,200 affected sources for operation and
individuals, 25 families are IDPs, 20 have maintenance;
been displaced, women lead 63. In the • Improved flood early warning and
Northern state, most of the affected forecasting capacities.
population are children (40%), women
(20%) and, elderly and disabled (6%).

96 (RAPID PDNRA)
Item Description Cost (USD)

Short term Install damaged 240M
infrastructure
Recover loss 93M
services and
goods
Piped water Design and implement sustainable and decentralized water, storm and
drainage networks, with water treatment capabilities
Flood Improve flood preparedness and early warning and approaches.
forecasting and
early warning
Environmental Carry out an EIA to understand the effect of ground water
Impact pollution due from sanitation facilities such as latrines and septic tanks
Evaluation
Flood Assess vulnerability of existing flood infrastructure and put in place
management adequate O&M to reduce future breaches and damages.
infrastructure
Carry out feasibility studies for additional multi-purpose water
harvesting and flood management structures for medium- and long-
term investments
Medium Term Build resilience Development and 10 m
in water supply implementation of contingency
service delivery plans for water supply service
delivery
Water harvesting Put in place mechanisms to 15m
carry out adequate O&M of
water harvesting and flood
management structures;
including training and capacity
building of local government
and communities
Long Term Transparent Policy and strategy approval; 1m
policies and preparation and training
accountability to ensure clear roles and
measures responsibilities for water
related sectors
Implementation Arrangements efforts at all levels; financing modalities;

technical guidance and oversight.
There is a need to understand the
Many of the proposed interventions
lack of proactive measures taken by
require coordinated implementation
the NCCD and propose an integrated
between multiple sectors and multiple
modality for the government of Sudan
levels of government. Clear roles and
to address DRR. This should include
responsibilities need to be defined to
institutional arrangements that outline
ensure accountability and sustainability
decision making and coordination
of proposed interventions.

(RAPID PDNRA)
97
98 (RAPID PDNRA)
CROSS
CUTTING
SECTORS
DISASTERS RISK
REDUCTION
EMPLOYMENT
LIVELIHOODS
& SOCIAL
PROTECTION
GENDER
GOVERNANCE
ENVIRONMENT
HUMAN IMPACT
ASSESSMENT

(RAPID PDNRA)
99
13. DISASTER RISK
REDUCTION
SUMMARY part of a comprehensive recovery effort.
On the basis of hydraulic studies and
The assessment of the Disaster Risk detailed risk assessments, embankments
Reduction (DRR) cross-cutting sector around vulnerable areas, especially the
shows that Sudan could significantly greater area of Khartoum, need to be
benefit from improving its institutional rehabilitated and made more robust to
structure for DRR, which currently is withstand future flooding. Where possible,
fragmented with partially overlapping controlled flood retention measures should
responsibilities between the government be installed to store flood waters and
entities tasked with civil defence and decelerate flood discharge. Non-structural
those leading the humanitarian response. measures, such as flood risk mapping,
As a legal and governance arrangement hazard-informed land use planning and
for disaster risk management is not yet early warning systems need to be put
in place, government efforts focus on in place to prevent settlement growth
disaster response with limited capacities in flood-prone areas and improve the
for disaster prevention and preparedness. disaster readiness of at-risk communities.
In this regard, the lack of land use
planning regulations and early warning Importantly, the overarching institutional
systems has proven to be one of the major structure and governance arrangements
shortcomings in managing disasters in for DRR should be revisited to provide an
Sudan. enabling framework which supports the
transition towards a more preventive,
In terms of flood-related damage and forward-looking approach of disaster
losses, the assessment found that risk management in Sudan. The Sudan
no direct impacts on DRR-related National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy
infrastructure and assets (e.g. warehouses, 2016-2030, set forth by the National
fire stations) were recorded, as these Council for Civil Defence (NCCD) and the
were located outside of flood-affected United Nations Development Programme
area. However, in the course of the flood (UNDP), provides a guiding document for
response to affected communities, re-defining the roles and responsibilities of
water pumps and other equipment was authorities involved in DRR and prioritizing
damaged or destroyed beyond repair. The actions for more effective management of
analysis clearly showed that the agencies disasters risk.
tasked with immediate flood-response
were in many cases insufficiently equipped A Disaster & Emergency Risk
to provide the necessary assistance to the Management Authority as a permanent
affected communities. strategic federal body could take a leading
role in the implementation of the this
As far as recovery needs are concerned, reports overall recovery strategy that was
the analysis of the DRR cross-cutting developed under this RPDNRA (see Section
sector assessment suggests the adoption 20 of this report) as well as in coordinating
of a Build Back Better approach to national, regional and international efforts
enhance the disaster resilience of the in the field of disaster risk management.
affected communities. To mitigate The establishment of this authority,
impacts and losses from future flood which was still under consideration by
events, both structural and non-structural the Government of Sudan at the time of
measures need to be put in place as this assessment, would aim to support

100 (RAPID PDNRA)
the current efforts to manage disasters countries in the world to climate
and emergencies, and would benefit from variability and change. With the projected
the experiences of humanitarian aid and increase in temperature and variability in
emergency committees to deal with the precipitation, climate-related shocks are
COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of expected to become more frequent and
torrents and floods. intense. In addition, reduced pasture and
water for livestock, loss of arable land
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR and reduced crop yields and water supply,
CONTEXT are likely to increase regional ethnic and
social conflict over land and resources.
Disaster Risk Context Already, climate variability over the
past few decades has put stress on the
Sudan is highly prone and vulnerable region’s rainfed agriculture and pastoralist
to natural hazards and climate-related systems, the dominant livelihoods in rural
shocks.61 According to the latest World areas.63,64
Risk Report, Sudan is among the countries
with the highest vulnerability to extreme As most of the country falls within
natural hazards, including droughts the Sahelian belt, Sudan is periodically
and floods. As indicated in the table affected by droughts65. The most severe
below, Sudan is not just prone to hydro- droughts in recent history occurred
meteorological hazards, but also biological in 1967-1973 and 1980-1984 while
hazards (e.g. epidemics) and man-made successive years of drought between
hazards, especially accidents, which were 1985-1993 led to severe food shortages.
actually accounted for the highest number According to the international disaster
of human fatalities between 2005- database EM-DAT, in the past fifty years
2015, according to an official Disaster (1970-2020) droughts affected over 27
Topology by Sudan’s National Council of million people in Sudan. The devastating
Civil Defence. Although hazard exposure droughts in the early 1980s resulted
is not as high as in other countries, in a severe famine which affected over
Sudan’s disaster risk is compounded in 8.4 million people and left dead an
particular by low coping and adaptive estimated 150,000 people and 7.8 million
capacities.62 Several indices moreover heads of livestock66. Climate change
rank Sudan among the most vulnerable and desertification are exacerbating the
TABLE 13 - 1: Number of fatalities per type of event (2005-2015)

Event Type Number of Fatalities
Accident (including traffic-related) 1,676
Epidemic 1,151
Rains 483
Fire 91
Flash Flood 78
Flood 50
Thunderstorm 20
Windstorm 2
Explosion 1
Total 3,552
Source: Republic of the Sudan/UNDP, n.d Sudan Disaster Loss and Damage Database. Sudan Risk Profile (2005-
2015).
61
Republic of the Sudan/UNDP, n.D. Sudan Disaster Loss and Damage Database. Sudan Risk Profile (2005-2015).
62
Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft/Ruhr University Bochum, 2020. WorldRiskReport 2020.
63
USAID, 2016. Climate Change Risk Profile Sudan. Fact Sheet.
64
Scheffran et al., 2014. Violent climate or climate of violence? Concepts and relations with focus on Kenya and Sudan.
65
It is observed from the table above that drought is not included as there were no deaths reported during the study of this table as
the study was conducted during the period from 2005 -2015 where no drought disaster has occurred
66

(RAPID PDNRA)
101
risk of drought. With arid and semi-arid agricultural productive land are considered
lands covering an area of 1.78 million sq. drought prone and desertification is
km (about 72 % of the country’s total recognized as one of the most serious
area67), Sudan is the largest country environmental threats affecting land
most seriously affected by desertification productivity in Sudan.68
in Africa. About 69,000 sq. km of
Emergency preparedness for response in refugee areas of East Sudan
Sudan hosts one of the largest refugee population in Africa, in addition to 2.6 million69 internally displaced
population due to conflict and floods. Following military confrontations in the Tigray region in northern
Ethiopia, 60,660 individuals have arrived at border points in east Sudan since early November 2020, of
which 31% are children and 5% are above 60 years, the most vulnerable population groups. The refugees are
mainly located at Kilo 26 in Kassala and at Um Rakouba and Tunyabda in Gedaref70 in East Sudan. At the
time of writing, the on-going crisis is still evolving as more than 700 refugees are arriving per day.
Kassala, Gedaref and Sennar are flood prone regions as between 2016-2019, the average number of
flood-affected population was over 37,000 and 20,000 in Kassala and Sennar respectively71. This influx
has further strained natural resources as trees were cut for camps and cooking needs. The environmental
degradation coupled with limited capacity of exposed population and climate change makes emergency
preparedness for response an imperative. Access to refugee camps can be constrained during rainy season,
as refugee camp areas do not have all-weather roads, adding another layer of risk. Disaster risk reduction
including emergency preparedness in East Sudan requires strategic and operational interventions at
several levels.
East Sudan, hosting refugee require an emergency preparedness plan for response, which is based on
sound risk and vulnerability analysis. The plan will include contingency for providing essential services to
refugees in case of limited or no access to camps due to flooding. Volunteers of refugee camps shall be
catalogued and capacitated for providing essential services in case access to outside is cut off.
Community-based response and flood early warning dissemination mechanism need to be put in place, as
community is the first responder and early warning saves life. Awareness generation on simple Do’s and
don’ts related to floods is vital. It is important to develop awareness material in language understood by
the refugee and awareness approach should be inclusive. It is important to emphasize that the emergency
preparedness for response is informed of the special needs of women, children, and elderly.
Structural measures to reduce risk in refugee camp area are also important. Plantation in the refugee
area neighbourhood by engaging refugee volunteer and host community will have double dividend in
terms of creating livelihoods and environmental benefits. The community facilities for refugee camps
and emergency shelters should be analysed from flood risk lens. The appropriate measures such as
strengthening community facilities and shelter though additional material and technical know-how,
creating structures/drainage for rainwater flow, and relocating shelter from flood zones will mitigate risk.
The projected increase in temperature for Sudan is in the range of 0.50C- 30C by 2050, which
entails increased intensity of drought. There has been reported increase in frequency of floods, and
unpredictability of rainfall is projected to increase across the country72. It is equally important to establish/
strengthen systems for response coordination, recovery, and long-term risk mitigation across sectors at
national and sub-national levels. It includes setting up inter-ministerial coordinating bodies, inclusion of risk
reduction measures in sector policy and plans and creating techno-legal regimes for risk management.
67
Saad et al., 2018. Combating Desertification in Sudan: Experiences and Lessons Learned
68
National Council of Civil Defense/UNDP, n.D. Sudan National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy 2016-2030.
69
Humanitarian Needs Overview, 31 July 2020.
70
UNHCR, Ethiopia Situation- Daily New Arrivals Update: Sudan Eastern Border, 2 February 2021.
71
UNOCHA, Sudan Flood Snapshot 2016-2019, 18 March 2020.
72
USAID, Climate change risk profile: Sudan, August 2016.

102 (RAPID PDNRA)
Riverine and flash floods are recurrent and relief to citizens affected by natural
damaging hazards, especially in the Nile and manmade disasters, including
river basin. Sudan is a part of the Eastern reconstruction of economic and social
Nile region that is characterized by high infrastructure and building of local
variability in river flow. A significant capacities.
proportion of the annual surface run-off
volume of the Eastern Nile, contributing Sudan could significantly benefit
over 86 % of the total River Nile flow, from improving and streamlining its
occurs in only three months between July institutional structure for disaster risk
to September. During high rainfall periods, management (DRM) and disaster risk
major rivers in the region often give rise to reduction (DRR). In the absence of a
large-scale riverine flooding, while heavy legally binding regulatory framework76
rain and flash flooding also affect non- there is an overlap in responsibilities
Nile states.73 According to EM-DAT, during and ambiguous mandates between the
the past fifty years floods affected more different institutions tasked with DRR and
than 8.4 million people and reportedly left DRM. Horizontal coordination (between
2,766 people dead. In 1988, the largest federal ministries and line departments)
flood event in Sudan’s modern history and vertical coordination (across the
with record Nile river levels, destroyed different levels of government) is weak,
thousands of homes and displaced compromising effective communication
over one million people. EM-DAT figures and government action in both disaster
moreover indicate that the frequency and preparedness and response. Under the
intensity of floods in Sudan increased in democratic transition, which began in
recent years: since 2000, major floods 2019 following the overthrow of long-
have been recorded in almost every year, term President Omar al-Bashir, legal and
which on average affected about 250,000 institutional reforms are being developed
people and left more than 140 people to put in place a more effective and
dead.74 forward-looking approach in DRM/DRR.
Institutional Structure for Disaster The National Council for Civil Defence
Risk Reduction (NCCD), constituted in 2013, represents
the highest political organ for DRM.
Sudan does not have a comprehensive The Minister of the Interior is the
law that governs DRR activities. Legal chairperson for NCCD, while the Civil
affairs related to DRR are scattered in Defence Department is the executive
around 25 sectorial laws, while the Civil institution. The membership of the
Defence Act 2005 is considered the council is composed of cabinet ministers
pinnacle law. In case of a disaster or of line ministries and other DRR related
a threat to national security, the Civil stakeholders as such the National
Defence Act prevails against any other Security and Intelligence body and all
law that might be contradictory to it. state governors. The Civil Defence Act
Moreover, it establishes the National does not confer any real power to the
Council for Civil Defence (NCCD), the Council whereas it gives all the powers
highest organ for disaster management, to the Minister of Interior as the head
with specific duties and responsibilities.75 of the Council, including the power to
The second most important DRR related declare any area as national emergency
law is the Voluntary and Humanitarian area. Nonetheless, the NCCD is the main
Work Act (2006), stating that the decision-making body during emergencies
main humanitarian objectives of the and adopts the disaster management
organization is the provision of urgent policies for the country. Main duties
73
ibid
74
75
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2019. International Disaster
Response Law (IDRL) in Sudan.
76
The Sudan National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy (2016-2030), prepared by the NCCD in cooperation with UNDP, has been
passed by the Council of Ministers but not formally adopted by the Government.

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103
and responsibilities of the NCCD are (i) The Humanitarian Aid Commission
coordination of plans and civil defence (HAC) facilitates operations of the
operations between different authorities humanitarian actors in Sudan and acts
at the federal level; (ii) approval and as the coordinating body in response to
monitoring of national plans for Civil emergencies. As a member of NCCD and
Defence; and (iii) approval of annual with a representation at both federal and
budgets for intervention activities. The state level, HAC is the only institution
general directorate for Civil Defence77 has responsible for coordinating humanitarian
the following mandate: (i) organization efforts in Sudan. It’s an established norm
of Civil Defence operations and issuing that each and every organization has to
necessary directives; (ii) delegation of sign a technical agreement with HAC, this
power to state governors; (iii) appointment agreement binds all organizations who
of committees to manage Civil Defence are intending to implement any project in
operations; and (iv) declaration of specified any sector to get that agreement signed
areas as disaster area. between the concerned line ministry, HAC
and the organization after having closely
A Central Operations Chamber, linked to examined all procedural measures.
NCCD and comprised of technical experts,
is responsible for implementing decisions As part of the ongoing democratic
and policies endorsed by the NCCD. transition in Sudan, the Ministry of Labour
Chaired by the State Governor and linked and Social Development (MoLSD), as the
to the Central Operations Chamber, the chairing institution of the Humanitarian
main functions of the Chamber are as Aid Commission, has been mandated
follows: to lead the response to the 2020 flood
disaster. On September 4, Sudan’s
• Collect and provide information Security and Defence Council declared
on affected areas and determining a three-month, nation-wide state of
whether it should be declared a emergency and designated the country
disaster area; a natural disaster zone. The emergency
proclamation was decided in a meeting of
• Provide immediate access to disaster-
the Security and Defence Council chaired
affected areas and mobilize specialized
by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, chairman
teams and recovery units;
of the Transitional Sovereign Council.
• Evaluate and analysing the disaster The Sovereignty Council established a
situation and develop suggestions for High Flood Coordination Committee to
disaster response and recovery; mitigate and address the impact of the
• Raise disaster and risk awareness, and floods of 2020. The committee is headed
inform voluntary and humanitarian by the Ministry of Labour and Social
work, in co-ordination with other Development and includes all relevant
bodies; ministries, the states, and coordinating
authorities as well as local, regional, and
• Provide training in disasters international response organizations.
management, at all levels and in co- The Government’s Humanitarian Aid
ordination with other bodies; Commission (HAC) has activated and is
• Initiate projects, mobilize resources, leading a National Flood Task Force to
and co-ordinate with foreign bodies to coordinate the response with all partners.
facilitate their support Government institutions, UN agencies,
NGO partners, and the private sector
• Follow-up and evaluate all programs are providing life-saving assistance to
of voluntary and humanitarian work in people affected78. Moreover, an Emergency
the Sudan. Coordination Operation Centre (EOC)
77
The General Directorate of civil defence is a department concerned directly with firefighting, rescue operations and many other
aspects of civil protection. Moreover, it is one of the components of the NCCD, the director of the directorate of the civil defence is
himself the rapporteur of the NCCD.
78
UNOCHA, 2020. Sudan: Floods, Nationwide State of Emergency Flash Update No. 6, as of 6 September 2020

104 (RAPID PDNRA)
has been established in September to infrastructure and assets:
improve the management of the response • Fire Stations: 120, distributed across
to emergency incidents through effective the 18 states.
coordination between major relevant
• Ambulance vehicles: 233, distributed
entities. The EOC has been the technical
across the 18 states.
secretariat leading this Rapid Post
Disaster Needs and Recovery Assessment. • Towing pumps79 (Size 8): 202,
distributed across the 18 states.
According to data collected from NCCD, • Camps80: 11 camps were initiated for
Sudan has the following DRR related 2020 floods. Details as below:
TABLE 13 - 2: Baseline Data

State Locality/area No of Camps
Khartoum State Elqobba, Wad Ramly, Elthumaniat 6
Um Dawan Ban, Ellamab, Awlya Mountain
Red Sea State Tokar, Elshidiab 2
East Darfur state Kebkabia 1
Sinnar state 2
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR THE SECTOR
While the floods have affected water resources and meteorological monitoring stations,
embankments, water harvesting structures, and small dams, as mentioned in the
Water and Sanitation Section of this report, the floods have not had a severe impact
on the immediate DRR-related assets such as warehouses or fire stations. The Civil
Defence directorate has not been affected as it is located in a rather safer area where
flood waters were not able to cause any damage to its properties. Moreover, almost
all equipment used by the National Council of Civil Defence is safely stored away from
flood-prone areas. However, heavy machinery used in all intervention operations is
taken from the armed forces as they are part of the National Council of Civil Defence.
The armed forces81 are member of the National Council for Civil Defence. The Corps of
Engineering are fully equipped with heavy machinery such as trucks, forklifts, and back
loaders and so on that can intervene in different disaster situations. The only damage
that is reported thus far, are in equipment used during rescue operations which are
detailed in Table 13-3.
Items Total Damage (SDG)

8 inch pumps 2,750,000
6 inch pumps 528,000
4 inch pumps 660,000
Flashlights 150,000
Power generator 990,000
Rescue boat 4,400,000
Total 9,478,000
79
Towing pumps discharge water out of flooded buildings
80
These are camps that were set up temporarily by the civil defence department in vulnerable areas as a means to intervene quickly
and easily where needed.
81
In the event of large-scale disasters, the national armed forces, can be obliged to support recovery effort and provide heavy
machinery.

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105
Losses are not applied for this sector two principal governmental bodies dealing
regarding the nature of its activities and with disaster emergencies in Sudan, i.e.
operation system, yet what has been NCCD and HAC, are taking a reactive
damaged should either be compensated or approach to disasters and a change in
rehabilitated in order to resume the service mandate and institutional structure is
provided by NCCD in the next years. needed to shift towards a more proactive
and forward-looking approach in disaster
RECOVERY NEEDS AND risk reduction. In this regard, the Sudan
STRATEGY National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy
2016-2030 proposes a reorganization
Although the National Council of Civil of the existing National Council for
Defence didn’t report heavy losses Civil Defence (NCCD) into the National
due to flood disaster on DRR-related Disaster Risk Reduction Council (NDRRC)
infrastructure and assets, the following with changes in its responsibilities and
recovery needs were identified: composition.82 In the meantime, the EOC
has been leading the overall coordination
• Pumps are critical for discharging for the implementation of this Rapid Post-
water from flood-affected areas. Disaster Recovery Needs Assessment
The different sized pumps must be for the floods in 2020 and continues to
repaired or replaced so they are ready work in the following phases of recovery
for use in case of another disaster. planning and its implementation.
• Flashlights are used during rescue at
In terms of strengthening Sudan’s disaster
night to enable rescuers to see victims.
resilience and mitigate future risks, the
Flashlights which got damaged during
analysis of the loss and damage incurred
flood interventions should also be
by the seasonal floods highlights that
replaced.
a combination of structural and non-
• Power generators are critical for civil structural measures is needed, based
defence operations in areas where on the principles of Building Back Better
there is no electricity. Generators used (BBB).83
during interventions and which are now
no longer functioning should also be 1. Flood Protection: Construct and
replaced. reinforce embankments along the
riverbank line to protect settlements,
• Rescue boats proved to be in acute
residential areas, farms, and other
shortage during flood disaster. As some
vulnerable areas. (Re)construction
remote areas were not easily accessible
efforts for river embankments should
without boats, damage boats need to
be based on scientific analysis
be replaced and an adequate number
and cost-benefit assessment. In
of boats needs to be made available in
light of the large flood damage in
order to reach flood victims.
Khartoum – located at the located
at the confluence of the White and
Recommendations for DRR and Blue Nile - urban areas with a high
Building Resilience in Sector concentration of people and physical
assets are in urgent need of protection
From an institutional perspective, there is against recurrent flooding.
urgent need to streamline responsibilities
and put in place a governance 2. Relocation: Where the instalment
arrangement for disaster risk reduction. of flood protection measures is
The sector analysis has shown that the not feasible, settlements including
residential buildings that are
82
Sudan National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy, 2016 - 2030, page 3
83
Building Back Better (BBB) is an approach to post-disaster recovery that reduces vulnerability to future disasters and builds
community resilience to address physical, social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities and shocks. Recovery within a BBB
framework gives impacted communities the chance to reduce risk not only from the immediate hazard but from threatening hazards
and conditions as well.

106 (RAPID PDNRA)
frequently affected by flooding should management. They allow authorities
be considered to be relocated to flood- and communities at risk to detect
safe locations. Relocation measures hazards at an early stage and to
need to be carefully planned based on take the necessary precautionary
a participatory process involving the measures to prepare for and mitigate
affected households and communities. potential disaster impacts.
3. Risk Assessment and Mapping: 6. Emergency Preparedness and
Scientific assessments of flood risk Contingency Plans: The recent floods
(i.e. hazard, exposure and vulnerability), illustrated the importance of disaster
including maps, are a pivotal preparedness. In order to improve the
source of information for disaster coordination within and across the
risk management decisions. Such different levels of government and
assessments should be mandated and to ensure effective decision-making
made publicly available for areas most processes, emergency preparedness
heavily impacted by the recent floods. and contingency plans should be
In addition, assessments should also developed for disaster prone regions.
include the prevalent disaster types in Regular trainings and simulation
Sudan, such as droughts, and, where exercises are needed to ensure their
possible, consider the changing nature proper implementation in the event of
of these disaster risks due to human a disaster.
activities (e.g. urbanization) or climate
7. Disaster Risk Reduction Governance:
change.
The realization of the above measures
4. Hazard-informed Land Use Planning: demands a functioning DRR system
To prevent the further encroachment with capable authorities. In addition
of settlements into flood-prone there to improving and institutionalizing
is urgent need to develop hazard- DRR governance arrangements,
informed approaches in land use this entails mainstreaming DRR in
planning. This entails i) a better development projects to ensure that
understanding of the hazards, as international support is also leveraged
well as the exposure and vulnerability to increase the disaster resilience of
to these hazards, vulnerability (see the people of Sudan. To this end, the
above), ii) a closer alignment of land relevant authorities need to be trained
use laws and ordinances with flooding and capacitated, so they are able
and other natural hazards, as well as to initiate, coordinate, and monitor
iii) their enforcement and enactment, the respective tasks in disaster risk
to e.g. ensure quality assurance for management.
resilient building of houses, schools
8. Community Engagement: Build local
and commercial buildings.
capacities, of community members,
5. Early Warning Systems: Establishing organizations, and local governments
multi-hazard early warning system is to better understand and respond to
a critical component in disaster risk future emergencies.

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107
TABLE 13 - 4: Table of Short, Medium & Long-term Recovery Initiatives and
Costs
Item
Replace equipment and material that was damaged during flood interventions (pumps,
Short term flashlights, generators, rescue boats etc)
Conduct disaster risk assessments (including maps)

Develop emergency preparedness and contingency plans
Medium Term
Prepare to set up an early warning systems
Improve the technical capacities of DRR authorities
Long Term Reorganize and institutionalize a DRR governance system
Implementation Arrangements the COVID-19 pandemic and the effects of

torrents and floods.
Currently, the establishment of a Disaster
& Emergency Risk Management Authority This body will work to institutionalize the
as a permanent strategic federal body is efforts made in the context of dealing with
being considered by the Government of the recent flood disaster, which witnessed
Sudan to coordinate national, regional, a measure of success in activating the
and international efforts in the field of mechanisms of damage assessment,
disaster risk management. Beyond leading estimating losses, defining needs and
implementation of the overall recovery formulating recovery plans through this
strategy that was developed under this assessment that was implemented with
RPDNRA (see Section 19 of this report), the participation of 15 Ministries and over
the establishment of this authority will 13 international organizations coordinated
support the current efforts to manage by the Emergency Operation Centre (EOC)
disasters and emergencies, and will benefit operating under the Higher Committee
from the experiences of humanitarian aid for Floods Mitigation (see draft decree in
and emergency committees to deal with the Annex of the Disaster Risk Reduction
sector report).

108 (RAPID PDNRA)
14. EMPLOYMENT,
LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL
PROTECTION
SUMMARY The budgeted short-term (3-6 months)
livelihood recovery needs, linked to the
The floods have deeply impacted the respective productive and social sectors,
labour market and livelihoods for the amounting to SDG 92,961 million (USD
Sudanese population; their overall 1,673 million) are summarized in Table
income loss has been estimated to 13 1. Besides these, there is a need to roll
be around SDG 6,051.66 million (USD out the flagship Sudan Family Support
108.93 million). Approximately 60% of Program (now in pilot stage) or Thamarat
affected communities (597,689 farming – a cash transfer program managed by
and pastoral households) are with the the Transitional Government of Sudan and
highest proportions observed in the Darfur international partners – as an immediate
States, Kordofan States, Gedarif and Blue response to the crisis that has been
Nile. The livestock sector was severely unfolding in the country.
impacted by the floods with a loss of
more than 108,000 heads of livestock, Other longer-term recovery suggestions
particularly sheep, goats, poultry, include effectively implementing active
and cattle, belonging to about 20,521 labour market programmes for skill
households. Horticulture, seeds, tools, development and imparting vocation
equipment, machinery and agriculture training. The MSMEs can also benefit if:
and irrigation-related infrastructure were (a) social security measures (including
also either lost or damaged in the floods. health insurance) could be promoted for
The floods also dealt a severe blow to the their workers; and (b) preference for local
already COVID-19 affected trading, micro procurement from MSMEs by government
and small manufacturing MSMEs; about agencies is initiated. Promoting the
68,000 enterprises in Khartoum State activities of community colleges in
were affected by floods. Of these, a rapid universities and linking them to community
survey of 31,500 enterprises estimated service centres can also be a priority area.
income loss for the workers in these
units was about SDG 1,916 million (USD PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
34 million). They are now in dire need of CONTEXT
assistance for survival, and the affected
populations have resorted to distress Sudan’s population is estimated at
coping mechanisms such as borrowing 43,849,260 and is predicted to increase
money and selling productive assets to to 57.3 million by 2030. About 64% of
access food. Levels of debt are escalating, the country’s population lives in rural
and affected populations need to access areas. The country’s economy is highly
cash as soon as possible to repay their dependent on agriculture and allied
debts. An increasing number of workers sectors which contribute around 39% to
in the formal economy are also engaging the nation’s GDP, constitute a source of
in informal work to supplement their livelihood for about 65% of the population,
incomes being eroded due to spiralling and employ about 50% of the labour
inflation. force.84 Despite being a country largely
84
Sudan: First State of Environment and Outlook Report (Oct. 2020); ISBN: 978-92-807-3795-0

(RAPID PDNRA)
109
covered by desert and semi-desert, were Khartoum, South Darfur and South
natural resources are the backbone of Kordofan. These were followed by White
the economy. The crop production is Nile, Kassala, Red Sea, and North Darfur,
diversified; it includes cereals (sorghum, with more than 400,000 people in each
millet, wheat, rice and maize, oilseeds state in at least IPC 3 levels. Devaluation
(sesame, groundnuts and sunflowers), of the Sudanese Pound exerted upward
industrial crops (cotton and sugarcane), pressures on prices, including fuel, wheat,
fodder crops (alfalfa, fodder sorghum and agricultural inputs. Smallholder
and Rhodes grass), pulses (broad beans farmers and vulnerable households will
and pigeon peas) and horticultural crops most likely be unable to purchase food
(okra, onions, tomatoes, citrus, mango, for their families, as well as agricultural
and others). inputs to resume their farming activities.
In 2011, the secession of South Sudan With limited livelihoods resources, cash
had a significant impact on Sudan’s and assets, peoples’ ability to access food
economic growth, inflation, and continues to be hindered.85
employment opportunities. Prices of
cereals, which started to surge in late Labour Market
2017 driven by the removal of wheat
subsidies, reached near-record levels According to the Sudan Labour
in July 2019 in most markets across Force Survey 2011, the labour force
the country. Prices of wheat, mostly participation rate (LFPR) for males in
imported and mainly consumed in urban Sudan (rural and urban) was 70.8%,
areas and in Khartoum, were 60% higher compared to 28.9% for females. For both
than one year earlier and almost four males and females, the rural workforce
times the October 2017 levels. Despite participation rate (WPR) is higher than
a satisfactory outcome of the 2018 the urban rates. However, compared
cropping season, information from the to the LFPR, the WPR rates for both
Crop and Food Supply Assessment men and women is quite high at 78.31%
Mission (CFSAM) in 2018 showed that and 67.89% respectively. Generally
market availability remained low, unable speaking, the labour market in Sudan is
to meet the local demand leading to characterized by86
even higher prices. Traders reportedly
also hoarded their agricultural produce, • a decreasing proportion of people
regarded as a more reliable form of with stable jobs;
savings compared to the fast-weakening • increasing overall unemployment
local currency. rates;
The Integrated Food Security Phase • transformation of the structure of
Classification (IPC), as of August 2019, labour resources; and
estimated that 5.8 million Sudanese • rising internal and external labour
people (14% of the total population) migration, including among youth
were experiencing crisis or emergency and professionals.
levels of food insecurity (IPC Phase 3
and above). Of these, one million people Employment creation and investments
were facing emergency levels of acute in skills are pre-conditions for equitable
food insecurity (IPC Phase 4) and 4.8 income generation, improved living,
million people were in Crisis (IPC Phase and decent work. However, challenges
3). The three states with the highest to creating a vibrant labour market
number of people in IPC 3 and above in the country arises from the fact
85
OCHA January 2020, Humanitarian Needs Overview, Sudan
86
ILO January 2014, A Roadmap Toward A National Employment Policy for Sudan

110 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 14 - 1: Employment Profile
Male Female
Total
Category Total (Male +
Total (Urban
Urban Rural Urban Rural (Urban Female)
+ Rural)
+ Rural)
Population
5,502.34 9,974.09 15,476.43 5,240.43 9,228.9 14,469.33 29,945.76
(in ‘000)
Total Labour
2,344.9 2,344.9 4,689.8 883.1 1,610.5 2,493.6 7,183.4
Force (in ‘000)
Total Workforce
1604.2 1,836.3 3,440.5 495.2 1,197.6 1,692.8 5,133.3
(in ‘000)
Total
Unemployed 740.7 508.6 1,249.3 387.9 412.9 800.8 2,050.1
(in ‘000)
Labour Force
Participation
66.8 73.3 70.8 26.1 30.7 28.9 50.5
Rate %
(2011 Survey)
Workforce
Participation 68.41 78.31 73.36 56.08 74.36 67.89 71.46
Rate %
Unemployment
31.59 21.69 26.64 43.92 25.64 32.11 28.54
Rate %
that only 40% of children at the age shortages of basic commodities, bread,
of secondary education are enrolled in fuel and extended power outages and
schools. To make matters worse, the soaring inflation. Present estimates from
gross enrolment rate is declining since OCHA show that more than 9.6 million
2018. Literacy is particularly low among people, almost a quarter of the entire
young women; about 45% of women population of Sudan, are severely food
between 15 – 24 years are illiterate, with insecure and classified under IPC scales 3
different levels across states (Common and 4 during the lean season, from June
Country Assessment, 2016). Less than to September 2020. This marks a 65%
2% of the Sudanese workforce holds increase in the number of food insecure
vocational training or technical education persons vis-à-vis the same period of
certificates (Sudan Labour Force Survey 2019, and also the highest number of
2011), confirming the feeble contribution of food insecure persons in the recorded IPC
formal Technical and Vocational Education analysis of Sudan.
and Training (TVET) to skills development.
Agriculture and allied sectors
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
THE SECTOR According to FAO, an estimated 2,216,322
hectares of the rainfed planted area was
The flood impacts compounded an already flooded, representing 26.8% of cultivated
dire humanitarian and economic situation areas in the 15 assessed states.88 The
in Sudan, characterized by conflict-related production loss due to crop damage
instability and COVID 19 pandemic.87 The by floods was estimated at 1,044,942
current situation is marked by crippling tonnes in the rainfed areas and 50% of
87
FAO, 2020. The Sudan 2020 Flood Response: an overview by the FAO
88
FAO 2020. A joint Flood Impact Rapid Assessment with the Government of Sudan, September 2020.

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111
Sorghum – the main staple food in the are reportedly the worst in decades. Among
country – has been damaged. Post-harvest the hardest hit are the six states of Gedarif,
losses also had a major impact on farmers’ Blue Nile, Kassala, Khartoum, River Nile,
profitability. Approximately 60% of affected and Red Sea, while serious damage has
communities are farmers with the highest also been reported in North Darfur, Gezira,
proportions observed in the Darfur States, South Darfur, West Kordofan and Sennar
Kordofan States, Gedarif and Blue Nile. states. Effects of the floods on agriculture
The small farmers usually produce bulk in the six worst affected states are provided
of the staple food and the floods have in Table 14-3 below.
severely affected the entire agricultural belt
in Sudan. A total of 597,689 farming and The livestock sector contributes to the
pastoral households have been affected by livelihoods of at least 26 million people.
the floods and heavy rains. This number The sector contributes a significant 60%
includes 527,968 farming households in the to the estimated overall value added by
rainfed areas; 49,200 farming households the agricultural sector, making it a more
in the irrigated sector; and 20,521 pastoral important contributor to the country’s
households. Women play a significant role GDP (average of 20-22% contribution) than
in agriculture, with 80 per cent of farming crop farming (average 11% contribution).
households having at least one woman The livestock sector was severely impacted
involved in harvesting on average.89 by the floods with a loss of more than
108,000 heads of livestock, particularly
In addition to taking place in the middle of sheep, goats, poultry, and cattle, belonging
the main agricultural season, these floods to about 20,521 households. North Darfur,
TABLE 14 - 2: Effects of floods on agriculture in the hardest hit states
Gedarif Blue Nile Kassala Khartoum River Nile Red Sea
Number of people in the

159,435 1,140,370 309,230 4,499,423 1,556,859 842,655
flood-affected region
Total number of people

95,661 798,260 207,184 1,348,527 934,111 505,593
engaged in agriculture
% of population engaged
60 70 67 30 60 60
in agriculture
Total planted area

1,067,721 617,419 109,048 8,517 39,956 12,131
damaged (ha)
% of the damage on
44 34 30 28 25 25
planted area
Agricultural landowner-
43.4 48 28 7 22.7 30.3
ship (HH%)
Farm animal / livestock

51 62.9 44.9 13.8 51.9 44
ownership (HH%)
Animal-drawn cart
16.3 14.2 9 5.6 11.8 1.9
ownership (HH%)
Source: FAO Sept 2020 Flood Impact Rapid Assessment and baseline data Human Impact Assessment
89
OCHA, 2020. Humanitarian Needs Overview, Sudan, January 2020.

112 (RAPID PDNRA)
Blue Nile and Sennar states registered the such as Food Stuff Industry, Edible
highest losses. Damage to the forestry Oil and Soap, Leather and Footwear,
and fishery subsectors was also reported, Spinning and Weaving, Printing,
particularly in Blue Nile, Sennar, Gezira and Publishing and Packing, Pharmaceutics
Gedarif states. and Perfumes, Petrochemicals, Flour
and Animal Production, and Engineering
Horticulture, seeds, tools, equipment, Industry. The food sector is considered
machinery and agriculture and irrigation- the mainstay of the industrial sectors in
related infrastructure were also either the country because of its importance
lost or damaged in the floods. With in providing food and its linkage to
additional damage to irrigation systems, the agriculture sector, which is the
many farmers risk missing the start cornerstone of the Sudanese economy.
of the upcoming agriculture seasons, Manufacture of oils and soap is another
starting in October 2020 and March vibrant sub-segment within the MSMEs.
2021, respectively. The replacement However, the lack of employment
of agricultural inputs and tools, opportunities, poverty, limited resources,
rehabilitation of irrigation schemes, as lack of experience, skills and knowledge
well as provision of support to livestock, have been serious obstacles for the last
fishery and forestry subsectors is crucial several years.91
to ensure that affected populations can
continue with their agricultural activities Findings from the COVID-19 socio-
in the upcoming seasons. economic impact study of April 202092
showed hospitality and transportation
Loss for Micro and Small to be the most affected economic
Enterprises sectors due to restrictive measures.
The transportation sector is heavily
The industrial sector of Sudan is affected by the closing of inter-state
dominated by Micro, Small, and Medium traffic and limits on intra-city movement,
Enterprises (MSME) and there are few which is further exacerbated by the fuel
large industries and enterprises in the shortages in the country. The tourism
country. Among the MSMEs, 80% are sector also witnessed a near decimation
informal enterprises of which many are of its incomes as Sudan’s land, sea, and
family-based enterprises. Even within air borders remain closed to passenger
the formalized economy, 98% of firms traffic. Both these sectors employ a large
are medium and small enterprises number of workers mostly on a daily
employ less than 200 workers and have wage basis.
informally employed workers as well.
Overall, about 65% of the labour force The floods have dealt a severe blow to
is engaged in informal work.90 Most of the already COVID-19 affected trading
the workers (employed either formally and manufacturing MSMEs; the micro
or informally) by micro and small and small enterprises in Khartoum state
enterprises, were hit hard by COVID-19 were the worst affected. According to
measures. the estimates by Ministry of Industry
Government of Sudan, about 68,000
For the MSME sector, focus is given enterprises in Khartoum State have
to Khartoum State as it hosts the been affected by the floods, and now in
largest industrial complexes in Sudan dire need of assistance. A rapid survey
and provides the basic components was conducted by the Union of Small
of the industry, including markets, Industries and Handicrafts in Sudan
transportation, telecommunications, and to understand the losses to the micro
other services. It contributes about 15.8% and small enterprises, showing that the
of gross national income covering sectors estimated income loss for the workers in
90
UNDP (Apr. 2020). COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment for Sudan
91
UNDP (Aug 2010). Socio-Economic Study of Business Opportunities and Support Services for DDR Participants in Khartoum State
92
UNDP (Apr. 2020). COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment for Sudan

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TABLE 14 - 3: Estimated income loss of Micro and Small Enterprise workers in
Khartoum
Estimated Estimated Estimated Livelihood

number of number of number of Average daily income loss
enterprises workers prod. days wages (SDG) in SME sector
affected affected affected (million SDG)
Agriculture,
Horticulture, and 2,600 26,000 90 200 468
allied sectors
Light manufacturing
12,000 70,000 60 200 840
and repair shops
Small retails, trade
10,000 20,000 60 200 240
services
Transportation and
Logistic Service 1,400 2,800 30 200 17
providers
Restaurants and
2,000 12,000 60 200 144
eateries
Const. material
product. units, brick- 1,500 10,000 90 150 135
kilns
Other sectors of
activity by SMEs and 2,000 4,000 90 200 72
informal enterprises
Total Khartoum 31,500 144,800 - - 1,916
Source: survey by the Union of Small Industries and Handicrafts in Sudan
these units was about SDG 1,916 million Overall income loss calculation
(USD 34 million). The findings of the Table 14-4 provides a rapid estimate of
survey are summarized and presented in the income loss during the 2020 Floods
Table 13 4 below. in Sudan. The states have been grouped
into three categories based on the area’s
The lockdown measures impacted women contribution to the total GDP of Sudan
involved in daily trade and casual labour, which has been taken as USD 18.9 billion
including domestic workers. Though in for 2019.93 The number of days lost for
recent years women’s participation in all affected areas were assumed to be
informal economic activities have been 90 work-days (given the duration of the
growing in the urban areas (especially in floods), and accordingly the income loss
food and beverage sales), the restrictions was estimated to be around USD 108.93
notably reduced flow of construction million.
and transport workers as customers
for the tea sellers and impacted them
economically.
93
The GDP of Sudan was USD 18.90 billion in 2019, according to official data from the World Bank and projections from Trading
Economics, see https://tradingeconomics.com/sudan/gdp#:~:text=GDP%20in%20Sudan%20is%20expected,according%20to%20our%20
econometric%20models

114 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 14 - 4: Income loss calculation (initial rapid estimates)
High GDP Middle GDP Middle GDP

contributing State contributing contributing Total
(Khartoum) States94 States95
Baseline Population in ‘000
5,274 11,681 13,938 30,893
(2008-2009)
Projected Population in ‘000
5,802 12,850 15,332 33,984
(2019-2020)
Number of affected
population in ‘000 (Source: 102.58 357.23 366.18 825.99
OCHA)
State share in GDP
40% 42% 18% 100%
(assumption)
State GDP in million USD
7,560 7,938 3,402 18,900
(estimation, 2019-2020)
Per Capita State GDP in
1,303 618 222 556
USD (estimate)
Number of days lost
90 90 90 90
(estimate)
Income loss in million USD
33.42 55.19 20.32 108.93
(estimate)
RECOVERY NEEDS AND as indicated in its priority areas, have

STRATEGY committed to enhancing the role of
youth of both sexes and expanding their
The affected populations have started to opportunities in all areas. Accordingly,
engage in distress coping mechanisms as a mid-term strategy intervention, the
such as borrowing money and selling UPSHIFT Program is being promoted with
productive assets to access food.96 Levels the aim of engaging every disadvantaged
of debt are escalating and affected young person into quality education,
populations will need to access cash as training, or employment by 2030.
soon as possible to repay their debts.
COVID-19 restrictions on the economy Initial experience in the agriculture sector
has further reduced the Government’s Findings from FAO’s flood assessment
ability to mobilize taxes and continue show that job opportunities such as casual
maintaining already meagre expenditures agricultural labour – considered one of
on basic services, including access to the most important income-generating
food, especially for the most vulnerable activities for the rural population – have
strata of the population (e.g., youth and already diminished and will probably
women). There is a likelihood of worsening decrease even further during the
food security and livelihoods need if the upcoming harvest season. Consequently,
underlying causes remain unresolved. a lack of job opportunities in areas such as
An increasing number of workers in farm labour and agri-food processing and
the formal economy are also engaging marketing will have a significant impact
in informal work to supplement their on the livelihoods of many vulnerable
incomes being eroded due to spiralling women. Cash-for-Work (CfW) programs
inflation. High levels of food price are critical to rehabilitate affected areas
inflation are also creating basic food and allow for income generation (e.g.
access problems for the urban poor. The restoring irrigation systems, repairing
General Framework for the Program of roads, rehabilitating hafirs, shallow wells,
the Transitional Government in Sudan, removing debris from agricultural land).
94
Sennar, River Nile, Kassala, Al-Gadarif, Al-Gezira, White Nile, and Blue Nile
95
North Darfur, Northern, Red Sea, Northern Kordofan, Western Darfur, Southern Darfur, West Kordofan and Abyei
96
FAO, 2020. A joint Flood Impact Rapid Assessment with the Government of Sudan, September 2020.

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Through a small-scale intervention, FAO asset serves the twin purpose of income
procures and distributes one donkey cart generation and family utility.
per household to the most vulnerable
households (more than 50% women- Suggested measures (immediate and
headed households). Some beneficiaries medium term)
reported this intervention to be very good,
as donkey carts have a big role in village The immediate recovery interventions in
activities. These carts are used to move the flood affected areas of Sudan can be
people to collect and carry firewood and made possible through the Employment
water, as well as to transport children to Intensive Investment Program (EIIP) and
school if it is far from the village. Donkey could be the preferred way ahead. The
carts also generated income for their recovery suggestions in Table 14-5 takes
owners; beneficiaries reported earning cognizance of such possibilities and
SDG 500 a day from allowing villagers proposes some immediate and medium
to use their carts during each of the term EIIP interventions.
weekly market-days. Thus, this livelihood
TABLE 14 - 5: Livelihood recovery suggestions - Agriculture, Livestock, Fishery,

Housing, Water Resources, MSME Sector (immediate and medium
term)
Damage/Loss Immediate Recovery plan

Requirement
Immediate Mid-term
(3-6 months) (6-12 months)
527,968 farming Cash-for-work Employment creation: Micro-credit through formal
households in / employment Removal of debris; institutions for small farmers
rainfed areas programmes are Demarcating boundaries; and vulnerable households:
affected (FAO, considered critical to Construction of homestead Purchase seeds and tools/
Sept 2020) rehabilitate affected land; Repairing roads/canals implements;
areas and allow for Build community SHGs;
income-generation Entrepreneurship and start-
up business training - local
resource base (women SHGs to
be promoted)
1,044,942 tonnes Provision of storage Employment opportunities in Facilitate sale of agricultural
of produce facility for agri- storage construction sites; products from the flood affected
damaged. products and Facilitate sale of the areas;
Sorghum vegetables; remaining produce in the Promote seed banks
constitutes 50% Take steps to reduce local markets Facilitate linkage with agro-
percent of the mold infestation. based industries
damaged crops
104,000 ha of Restoring irrigation Employment opportunity in Support farmers through
irrigated area systems for 49,200 restoration work using local restoration of irrigation facilities
damaged which farming households resource; for summer 2021 harvest
is 19.4 % of total Replace irrigation pumps,
cultivated area power generators
20,521 pastoral Restocking of livestock Provide livestock along Develop cooperatives for
households -sheep, goat, poultry, with required doses of production and sale of products
affected more and cattle /7-15 vaccination;
than 108,000 animals per HH as per Feed for the livestock;
heads of livestock FAO Facilitate sale of animal
products;
Slaughter slab construction;
Provide animal carts

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Damage to Rehabilitate and Forest land to be reforested; Integrated forest management
forestry improve riverine forests Training for local youth (both through local youth (including
sexes) for undertaking girls/women) to be implemented
afforestation drives,
particularly in Blue Nile,
Sennar, Gezira and Gedarif
Water Resources Rehabilitation of water Restoration of indigenous Flood water obstruction;
assets damaged harvesting structures water harvesting techniques; retention and conservation are
including shallow wells, embankments through local crucial for successful cropping
hafirs labour and runoff farming
Housing Construction of Training on masonry work SSB / SCEB production training

dwellings (only in for local employment
Khartoum 44% HH are
concrete buildings, rest
are Gotiayas of straw
& mud)
Fishery: inland The vessel types are Replacement of canoes and Reach target of previous annual
fishing capacity sharoaq, feluka and fishing gears - gill nets, seine production from inland fisheries
-8,500 boats and murkab al hadeed - nets, hooks and line, traps to 35,000 tonnes (FAO, 2018)
10,000 fishers small wooden open used for inland fishing
(FAO, Fisheries canoes, each boat
and Aquaculture adapted to fishing
Sector Review, conditions. Most fishers
Nov. 2018) use oar-powered 5-6 m
traditional boats.
MSME sector Horticulture, small Ensure wage for informal Skill training and micro-
68,000 retail, transport, and workers engaged in the credit facilities to enhance
enterprises logistics providers, MSME sector and firm level entrepreneurial activities.
affected (Ministry brick making & other financial support for micro Collaboration between Ministry
of Industry, informal activities enterprises. Initiate registry of Labour and Business /
Sudan) affected in Khartoum of all firms (informal & Employers’ Associations
State formal). Retention of jobs in to ensure social protection
small manufacturing units. (including health insurance) for
employees.
Recovery budget estimates affected areas. Labour intensive work

The budget estimates for immediate / includes removal of debris, clearing of
short-term needs (3-6 months) have rainfed agricultural land, restoration of
been drawn up based on the recovery roads and drainage systems, as well
intervention suggestions (Table 13 6). as heath and sanitation facilities in the
The key considerations for the recovery affected areas. Similarly, restoration works
budget are discussed below, and the related to irrigation system is another
recovery budget estimate workings are area recommended for cash for work
subsequently presented in Table 14-6. intervention. This will enable sustainability
of the agricultural sector dependent on
Considerations for recovery budget irrigation for the next cropping season (see
The agricultural labour opportunities Proposals 1 and 2 in Table 14-6).
have declined in the aftermath of
floods. Hence, the recovery plan lays The livestock sector employs directly or
emphasis on increasing Cash-for-Work indirectly about 40% of the population
employment opportunities which can fulfil and contributes valuable animal protein
the dual objective of ensuring income for to the diets of all of Sudan’s people.97 As
agriculture labour force and activating a large number of pastoral households
necessary restoration works in the flood have been affected, the recovery strategy
97
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117
needs to align with their recovery needs. of ‘green’ recovery strategy has been
In consultation with the agriculture sector, budgeted as an important intervention in
the provision for restocking of animals this chapter (Proposal 6, Table 14-6).
for households, their feed and cost for
immunisation has been estimated as part Livelihoods of small-scale fishers have
of livelihood recovery measures in this been affected along the river Nile and
chapter (see Proposal 3 in Table 14-6). many of them have reported missing
fishing gears and canoes. In such a
Recovery interventions, leveraging local situation, assistance is proposed for
experiences with the objective to restore fisher households to replace their lost /
the flood-affected riverine forest areas, destroyed equipment. It will help restoring
seek to move the affected regions towards their livelihood. Thus, the provision of
a sustainable ecology. From an ecological basic fishing gears and canoes have been
point of view, some forest tree species estimated as part of recovery plan (see
stabilize sand dunes in the fragile system Proposal 7 in Table 14-6).
in the semi-desert region, ameliorate soil
through nitrogen fixation, and provide While recovery plans for the MSME sector
natural ecosystems for wildlife and in Khartoum State need to be holistic to
conservation of biodiversity. It is thus cover skill development, market linkage,
proposed that local youth (including girls) price stability and national policy, an
be engaged to work on drainage systems immediate subsistence-level wage support
for stagnated ingresses of flood waters, (daily SDG 150) is needed for workers in
restoration, and maintenance of forest 20,000 of the most affected MSMEs.
cover. The provision for training such youth At the same time, enterprise recovery
(about 15 days) to supplement the efforts measures are equally important to sustain
of the Forestry sector is thus budgeted in production and continue to provide
this chapter (see Proposal 4 in Table 14-6). livelihood opportunities to the workforce.
It is thus proposed that SGD 100,000 be
Another important area of intervention is provided as working capital assistance
restoring water bodies, which have been to the most affected 20,000 enterprises
destroyed by the floods. Construction of as immediate recovery support to enable
hafirs and shallow wells is essential not them to sustain through the crisis. This
only for development and maintenance of process may be based on tracking of
watercourses, streams and watersheds, informal businesses through a registry,
regenerating the sources of water for be it through the locality or the business
households, but also provides labour association as a first step. The enterprises
market opportunities for the affected may be identified and registered through
workers to generate income thus a collaborative effort of Business /
reactivating impacted labour markets (see Employers Association, Ministry of Labour
Proposal 5 in Table 14-6). and Ministry of Industry (see Proposal 8 in
Table 14-6).
Production of ‘green’ building materials
such as Soil Stabilized Bricks (SSB) / Besides this, the MSMEs can also benefit
Stabilized Compressed Earth Blocks if: (a) social security measures (including
(SCEB) is another area that needs to be health insurance) could be promoted
actively supported. There is an abundance for their workers by enrolling them in
of local raw materials and brick-making government programmes with participation
remains an important activity for the from insurance firms as deemed
housing sector. However, up-skilling of appropriate; and (b) preference for local
traditional masons is needed before any procurement from MSMEs by government
large-scale work on production of SSB/ agencies is initiated by linking it to
SCEB and on-site masonry using these employment generation. These initiatives
materials are taken up by the housing could be appropriately structured through
sector. Thus, incremental supporting dialogues with social partners enabled
efforts for training of masons as a part through a multi-agency platform(s).

118 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 14 - 6: Livelihood recovery budget for immediate / short-term measures
Budget proposals: Agriculture, Livestock, Fishery, Housing, Water Resources, MSME sector
Daily wage Total Cost

No. of HH /
Job No. of rate / cost Inputs for 06
# Sector Activity Enterprises Cost by Expense Head
description Beneficiary per HH / required months [in
targeted
Beneficiary ‘000 SDG]
1 Agriculture Cash for Work Removal 12,000 12,000 (one SDG 150 Tools and Wages: 150*12,000*180 384,000
in rainfed of debris, (2,000 per per HH) per HH / implements =SDG 324,000,000
areas demarcate State for 06 Beneficiary / Bricks / Inputs: 5,000*12,000
boundaries, States) Cement
repair roads, etc.@ SDG =SDG 60,000,000
drainage & 1,000 per HH
sanitation (Lumpsum)
2 Agriculture Cash for Work Restoring 12,000 12,000 (one SDG 150 Tools and Wages: 150*12,000*180 384,000
in irrigated Irrigation (2,000 per per HH) per HH / implements =SDG 324,000,000
areas System State for 06 Beneficiary / Bricks / Inputs: 5,000*12,000
States) Cement
etc.@ SDG =SDG 60,000,000
1,000 per HH
(Lumpsum)
3 Pastoral Restocking of Sheep, Goat, 5,000 HHs 5,000 SDG 1,000 per Purchase of Cost of Livestock: 20,000
HHs livestock: Poultry and (covering 6 sheep (SDG Livestock
Cattle states) 3,000 per and Feed & SDG 3,000 * 5,000 HH
7-15 animals HH) / Female- Vaccination
per HH head HH / Pastoral = SDG 15,000,000
and pastoral camp Cost of Feed and
(as per FAO) camps @ SDG Vaccination:
1,000 per HH
SDG 1000 * 5,000 HH
=SDG 5,000,000
4 Riverine Training of Restoration 1,000 youth 1,000 SDG Venue & Lumpsum cost of SDG 28,000
Forest Youth (men & work affected (covering 1,000,000 per Resource 1 million per training
women) by floods in Blue training for 35 persons inclusive of DSA @
Nile, Sennar, 4 sates) participant
Gezira and batch @ each SDG 150 per participant
Gedarif batch for 15 i.e. 150*15*35
days training
=SDG 78,750
5 Water Rehabilitation Construction of 500 each 30,000 SDG Tools, raw Wages: 30% of cost i.e. 89,100,000
Resources of water shallow wells state for 06 Hafirs 9,900,000 for materials etc. SDG 2,970,000 / hafir
harvesting worst flood each Hafir
structures affected For 30,000 hafirs: SDG
(shallow wells, states 89,100,000 (only wages
hafirs) component considered
in this chapter)
6 Housing Training on SSB / SCEB 500 500 45 days Raw Lumpsum cost of SDG
green brick production (covering 06 workers in training for materials & 1 million per training 500,000
making for training states) construction batch of 20 equipment’s inclusive of DSA @ SDG
masons sector semi-skilled 150 per participant, i.e.
masons 150*15*35
=SDG 78,750
7 Fishery Provision of Replacement 1,000 HHs 1,000 SDG 5,000 Nil Cost for purchase of
fishing gears of canoes and (Number of fishing canoes and 5,000
for inland fishing gears - fishers per per Fisher HH gears:
fishery gill nets, seine boat ranges
nets, hooks and between 2-3, SDG 5000 per HH
line, traps for FAO 2017)
inland fishing

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119
Budget proposals: Agriculture, Livestock, Fishery, Housing, Water Resources, MSME sector

No. of HH /
Job No. of rate / cost Inputs for 06
# Sector Activity Enterprises Cost by Expense Head
description Beneficiary per HH / required months [in
targeted
Beneficiary ‘000 SDG]
8 MSME Wages for Horticulture, 68,000 20,000 SDG 150 for Nil Wages:
(Khartoum workers in the small retail, enterprises enterprises each worker 150*20,000*180 =SDG 540,000
State) MSME sector transportation, affected in each of 540,000,000
brick making & the affected
other informal MSME
activities
Firm Recovery Support 20,000 20,000 SDG 100,000 Registry of Recovery assistance:
to micro- micro enterprises small and 2,000,000
enterprises and small for each informal SDG 100,000*20,000
through tracking enterprises affected enterprises*
and registry MSME =SDG 2,000,000,000
Total recovery assistance budget for the above proposals (Sudanese Pounds/ US Dollars) SDG 92,961,000,000/
USD 1,673,298,000
Need to roll out a flagship Social increase the disaster risk resilience of the
Protection programme (now in pilot vulnerable population in the country.
stage)
Other longer-term suggestions
The main source of protection against
social risks in Sudan is acquired by the Developing skills and imparting technical
individual through his or her income. The and vocation training are key components
Sudan Family Support Program (SFSP) of active labour market programmes.
or Thamarat – a cash transfer program However, over several decades, government
managed by the Transitional Government funding for the TVET sector has been
of Sudan and international partners – is an inadequate. Increasing allocations to meet
immediate response to the crisis that has TVET expansion and quality needs are
been unfolding in the country. The initial necessary by designing and implementing
pilot phase was launched on 11 October sustainable financing mechanisms for
2020, aiming to reach 20,000 households the TVET sector. It will be meaningful to
in two peri-urban areas of Khartoum. formulate policies and funding strategies
Currently, this phase is gradually being by adopting labour responsive approaches
carried out. As of 26 November, nearly to longer-term recovery measures.
9,400 individuals have been enrolled in the In the area of social welfare and
program of which about 1,800 families development, promoting the activities
have received cash transfers, including of community colleges in universities
500 who received cash for the second and linking them to community service
time. However, there is a need to scale centres is a priority area for the Transitional
up safety net programs by targeting Government. Research projects on socio-
the most vulnerable households. A long- economic parameters could be another
term policy intervention is needed while area of strategic intervention through
effective implementation of well-designed university students as part long-term
social protection programmes is crucial to recovery measures.

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15. CULTURE
SUMMARY To tackle the challenges in heritage
protection there is a need to study and
This report covers a mission carried determine the impact of groundwater
out to Sudan by UNESCO98 to assess on archaeological monuments and sites
damages caused to Sudan’s historical as a basis for developing coordinated
sites, monuments and archaeological flood management strategies, policies
materials including on its world heritage and laws, and innovative flood solutions.
properties. These damages have been Since communities are crucial to heritage
caused by floods from the rising Nile, making and heritage conservation it is
the uncharacteristically heavy rains also recommended to establish a national
in 2020 and rising ground water that flood risk management network, which
have become common in many places works to increase coordination between
in the country including in the capital relevant stakeholders.
city Khartoum and the adjacent sister
city of Omdurman. This disaster has PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
impacted many world heritage and other CONTEXT
Sudanese heritage sites. These included
the archaeological sites of the royal city Sudan is a culturally diverse country with
in the world heritage property at Island a remarkably rich archaeological heritage.
of Meroe, Teseen mosque in Khartoum, Through the millennia Sudan has served
Nile Museum in Khartoum and pressing as a zone of contact among the peoples
groundwater rise problem in Nuri and of Sub-Saharan and Central Africa, the
Kerma, in addition to other sites found Mediterranean and the Arab world. It
to need urgent attention and support served as a corridor for the movement of
for conservation. Sudan has lost many people and ideas.
archaeological and heritage sites as
a result of the construction of dams Within the last 20 years, there are notably
in the Nile, despite the past salvage several international collaborations
made through the efforts of UNESCO, in the field of archaeology, which had
the international community, and the contributed in changing the image of
Sudanese government. ancient Sudan and emphasized its role in
antiquity as a cradle of civilizations and
To better protect Sudan’s cultural sites highlighted the beginning of civilization in
against disasters it is recommended Sudan in the 10th millennium B.C.
to put in place a national policy on
disaster risk management that covers A book on ancient history would be
heritage resources. This policy can then incomplete without a chapter on Sudan.
be domesticated where applicable by Sudan had spread its heritage to the
mainstreaming it in the management public through implementation of many
plans for the various sites. It is noted international exhibitions in various
that there are structures, bodies and museums, which show the great attention
professionals engaged in the area of flood attained toward heritage. The Sudanese
mitigation, especially those working in government has become more aware of
the area of water and irrigation. However, the role which had been played by our rich
there is a strong need to strengthen the heritage.
inter-institutional cooperation.
98
The mission was carried out by Dr. George Abungo, at the request by the state party of Sudan to UNESCO and with the support of
the UNESCO Heritage Emergency Fund

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121
The culture sector in Sudan is to remove these factors in order to ensure
mandated to the Ministry of Culture and that Sudanese archaeological sites receive
Information. This ministry has a dedicated the required protection.
undersecretary for culture affairs, whose
responsibilities include the National Archaeological sites
Corporation for Antiquities and Museums
(NCAM), the National Council for Cultural Archaeological sites are the remnants
Heritage, National Languages Promotion, of the ancient human life represented
and the National Council for Culture and in humankind’s dwelling, burial place,
Arts, in addition to other culture related places of worship and everything related
national bodies. Also, at the state level, to daily life and beliefs. Monumental or
the culture sector is managed through architectural archaeological sites include
dedicated ministries in each state and various residential purposes (e.g. palaces
there is coordination directly between and houses), religious sites (e.g. temples,
national and state level agencies through churches, monasteries, and mosques),
the Ministry of Federal Governance. funerary sites (e.g. various cemeteries),
commercial sites (e.g. markets and various
Relevant national legislations to the commercial stores), and defence sites (e.g.
culture sector include the Ordinance for forts and castles). Each of these sites has
the Protection of Antiquities of 1999, its own separate and connected tools and
which prescribes the procedures to be arts.
followed for the protection, investigation,
study, and dissemination of information The following archaeological sites are
concerning archaeological sites, the most important at the present time,
structures, and moveable antiquities (Ali, including tourist sites, which represent
2019). Other relevant legislation is the tourist attractions that generate income
2009 National Tourism Law. Additionally, from hard currencies: Naqa, Musawwarat
efforts for Sudan to sign the UNESCO es sufra, Begrawiya Pyramids, the Royal
1970 convention were successful recently, City of Al-Bajrawia (Nile River), Jebel
and there are further efforts to sign the Barkal, Al-Kurru, Nuri, Sanam Abudom, Dir
2001 Convention for Underwater Heritage. Al-Ghazali, Old Dongola, Al-Kawa, Karma,
Sudan is a signatory since 2008 of the Tumbos, Sesebi, Sulb, Sadenga, Sai Island
UNESCO convention for Safeguarding (North) and Swakin (Red Sea).
Intangible Culture Heritage and there are
registered world heritage sites within the Intangible Cultural Heritage
1972 convention, in addition to many sites
registered within tentative list for World The data of 2011 on ethnic and linguistic
Heritage Sites and other sites registered diversity shows that in Sudan still exist
nationally for protection. around 70 ethnic groups speaking more
than 63 languages. In 2016, the Ministry
Despite all these efforts the policy of the of Culture established the National Council
government of Sudan need to further of Cultural Heritage and Promotion
encourage the work of the international of National Languages (NCCH), with
scholars to reinforce and strengthen this representation in all 18 Sudanese states,
cooperation with foreign missions for the to safeguard the intangible cultural
protection of archaeological sites. heritage and to promote the national
languages. From 2018 to 2020 a project
The protection of archaeological sites is on Developing National Capacities in
one of the most important duties of the Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage
National Corporation for Antiquities and in Sudan has been implemented by
Museums because these sites represent UNESCO and NCCH through support from
the importance of shaping the ancient the Department of Culture and Tourism in
history of Sudan, and a set of factors Abu Dhabi. As a result of the project more
that affect the survival of archaeological than 160 culture managers and experts
sites overlap, and it is necessary to work have been trained, a 10 year strategy

122 (RAPID PDNRA)
has been developed for Safeguarding severe threat leading to the destruction
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Sudan, in of archaeological sites.
addition to inventorying Sudanese living
• Agricultural projects: Agricultural
heritage, where a list of 35 heritage items
projects sometimes expand in
has been registered in national list and
archaeological heritage sites and
application has been made for Sudanese
could lead to the loss of heritage
Toub for UNESCO International Living
sites. In addition, agricultural projects
Heritage list.
near heritage sites irrigated from the
Nile are suspected of causing rising
Cultural and Creative Industry: Poultry
groundwater problem as in the case of
making and traditional bricks making
Nuri Pyramids and Kerma.
industry are mainly based around the
Nile in Khartoum state, Al Jazeera • Urban planning: Increasing urbanization
state, Northern state, and other states. and the increase in urban populations
Additionally, most festivals and wedding in particular in Khartoum state (the
ceremonies organized in Khartoum and capital) threat archaeological sites,
other states are held on halls or in open examples include (Hajj Youssef Square
yards. The cinema sector is progressing 1), Old Sennar and Omdurman Nile
but still there are limited number of Street (Khor Shambat).
cinemas in Khartoum, and as a result of • Natural encroachments: Weathering
December 2018, there has been an era caused by the winds carrying sand
of street walls paintings by many artists. particles weaken the sandstone
The theatre sector is declining, and the that constitute the material of
National Theatre requires rehabilitation archaeological buildings in Sudan.
from water leakage and rising water level Unfortunately, it is considered one of
as it is near the Nile (nearly every year it is the weakest types of sandstone and
flooded). archaeological buildings constructed
from this type of stone are affected,
Tourism sector: The tourism season is such as the pyramids and other
usually from October to April (6 months). buildings in Al-Bagrawiya, Nuri, Barkal
The tourism sector has rich potential but and al-Kawa. Also, earthquakes that
still faces many challenges relevant to occurred in previous times and their
basic tourist infrastructure even though remaining effects on the cracked side
there has been support for World Heritage of Jebel Barkal facing the Nile, pose a
Sites from Qatari Sudanese project and threat to the temples located below
from UNESCO on Community Based the mountain. Additionally, flash floods
Tourism as an option where there are and Nile floods pose a risk to many
not enough hotel rooms, in addition to archaeological sites in Sudan.
tourist guides regulations and guidelines
and initiative under discussion to develop • Other threats: Lack of coordination and
national a Tourism strategy. fragmented responsibilities in heritage
protection poses a threat to Sudan’s
Vulnerabilities archaeological sites Establishing joint
committees to manage archaeological
Factors of encroachment on sites is needed and (especially the
archaeological sites: World Heritage sites, the sites of
Jebel Barkal and Meroe Island) with
• Human factors: Despite the importance responsibilities of raising awareness
of implementing development among local communities and visitors
projects, the lack of prior coordination on the value of heritage archaeological
with the National Corporation for sites and to manage sustainably
Antiquities and Museums when these tourism and other activities on the
projects, including mining and urban sites.
development projects, are carried is a

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123
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR AbuErtila, Alhass etc) that represent the
THE SECTOR remains of Kush ancient kingdom.
Many world heritage and Sudanese The Royal City of Meroe

heritage sites, in addition to other
archaeological sites has been largely Separately from the Royal Burials at
impacted by the disastrous floods, Begraweya but forming part of the Island
acknowledging that ancient Sudanese of Meroe world Heritage property is
civilizations were mostly near the Nile, Royal city of Meroe. This is an expansive
including the two world heritage sites (1) site that is by all means significant. It
The archaeological sites of the Island of comprises a complex of activity areas
Meroe and (2) Gebel Barkal and the Sites within and outside the city walls with the
of the Napatan Region. most dominant feature being the large
Amun Temple located just on the outside
The prioritized threats to archaeological wall of the city.
sites because of 2020 floods according
to UNESCO/NCAM mission in November The floodwater that came to the site in
2020 include (1) Meroe Island (royal city, Meroe adversely affected the royal bath
pyramids, Meroe City, Amun Temple and the objects in it. This was the first
and Naga Site), (2) Teseen Mosque, time that water is known to have entered
(3) Protection of Tabo temple, (4) the royal bath in memory. It would appear
Conservation of Fossil Forests of El-Kurru, that because there was stagnant water in
(5) Groundwater Research in Nuri and front of the building a long time it sipped
Kerma, (6) Backfilling of the trenches its way from underground. At the highest
at El-Kurru site, (7) Preservation of the point the water measured 38 centimetres
Nile Steamers of the Nile Museum, and and went down to 20 centimetres in
(8) Restoration of the Tabiyeh (Mahdia November 2020. The statues that were
Fortification). Additionally, many people located on the bath had colours but after
lost their living heritage as a result of being covered by water the colours started
floods that have taken their homes and to fade away.
led them to live in shelters and therefore
losing their indigenous knowledge and The staff worked very hard moving the
living heritage gained through years of pieces, cleaned and dried using different
practice, as shown by the collapse of the combinations to ensure that the colours
Boot dam in Blue Nile, that could lead were retained in the statues. The heavy
to the loss of indigenous languages and statues are reported to have lost colour
practices as local communities moved where water entered. The treatment was
from their original homes. first made in the bath place and then
items were then relocated to safer places
In summary, according the National from the site. Despite the efforts of the
Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, staff there was damage due to unplanned
the following provides an overview of the operations and lack of end-to-end disaster
main archaeological sites affected by the risk management plan.
flooding in Sudan:
Khartoum State
River Nile State
Al Hajr Mosque
The River Nile State is located north of
Khartoum State and holds the Meroe Al Hajr Mosque in the Teseen Village where
Island World Heritage Sites, which are there is an old stone and daub mosque
known by Meroe island and consist of 5 reckoned to date between 400 to 1000
sites (Begrawiya Pyramids, Royal City of years old. The mosque has been protected
Marawi, Naga and Musswarat AL Suffra) by the Khartoum state government due
and also include several others important to its ancient status as one of the oldest
heritage sites (Wad Banga, Mawis, mosques in Sudan. The recent floods

124 (RAPID PDNRA)
FIGURE 15 - 1: Floodwater going into the bathhouse as staffs try to protect the
site with sandbags (Source: NCAM)
arising from the levels of the swelling of in Omdurman and Tutti were badly
the Nile has had serious impact on the affected by the unexpected Nile flooding
physical condition of the mosque. As a in September 2020. With accumulated
result of the impact of floods, rain as well water around them, there is serious danger
as high winds, the shelter that had been of losing these heritages as they are made
put on top of the heritage site by the of mud and bricks, and thus could be
Khartoum state government to protect vulnerable to stagnant water and the new
it partially collapsed causing destruction micro-environment that are being created
to the mosque rather than its protection. around them.
This was in addition to the inflow of
water inside the mosque that resulted FIGURE 15 - 2: Partial collapse of
in structural damages with collapse of Tabiyeh due to floods (Source: NCAM)
a section of the southern corner of the
mosque and cracks on various parts of the
walls including the quibla wall. Most of the
structure is however still intact and can be
rescued and successfully conserved.
The Tabiyeh and Gate of Omdurman

Mud built fortresses/ war shelters called
the Tabiyeh located on the Nile banks and
used by Al Mahdia Sudanese army to fight
the British-Egyptian forces. The most well
preserved and popular are the Omdurman
Tabiyeh used for siege of Khartoum in
1884. As they are made of daub/earth and
dung, and are exposed to rainfall, there is
a renovation regime that takes place every
two years to ensure their survival.
However, a number of these Tabiyeh as
well as the only remaining gate (of the
original three) of the Omdurman have
faced challenges with rising water levels
either from the Nile or as a result of
human made interventions (road building
in particular) that has interfered with
natural flow in and flow out of water,
leading to large accumulations of water
near these sites. Thus, the Tabiyeh

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125
Blue Nile State in different state of conservation with
some experiencing serious wind and sand
Boot Dam erosion while others are still quite intact.
The pyramid of King Nastasen suffers
The collapse of Boot Dam in Blue from underground flood and water can
Nile state endangered the indigenous be seen even on the stairs leading to the
knowledge for communities there, in entrance of the chambers. It is not clear
addition to other displaced communities what damage the stagnant water has
because of floods in Sudan.99 It cost caused to the burial chambers of the other
about USD 100,000 to conduct pyramids, as they are all sealed. However,
Living Heritage inventorying project there is no doubt that in the long run the
that include documentation of living presence of water will be injurious to these
heritage threatened and to strengthen monuments and may result in collapse.
communities in safeguarding their living The situation at Nuri seems quite complex
heritage. as it is said that it hardly rains here and
so the danger is not from the rainwater
Northern State: but the underground floods that have
been caused by the establishment of new
Nuri Royal Burial irrigation water channels from the Nile
that serve new irrigation schemes nearby.
Nuri site is part of the Jebel Barkal and
Nepatan region World Heritage Property El-kuru Site
and is located between two Wadis or dry
riverbeds that during the rainy season do This site is part of the larger Jebel Barkel
hold water. It is one of the most impressive and Napatan Region world heritage
sites with magnificent concentration property. Well maintained with numerous
of pyramids. There are in total about burials, it contains the tombs of earlier
76 pyramids ranging in sizes with the burials in the history of the Sudanese
largest one belonging to the famous Kushitic kingdoms.
Kushitic King Taharqo. The pyramids are
FIGURE 15 - 3: Inside a burial Chamber in one of the El-Kurru tombs

(Source: NCAM)
99
Note: Culture Sector Team continued receiving additional information about from other branches of Sudan Culture which could not
be added to this sector report because of time limitations.

126 (RAPID PDNRA)
There is no underground flooding neither and adjoining the irrigated date palm
is it affected by rain or the rising level of farms. The wall has been excavated and
the Nile. Actually, there is a living town stone masonry exposed also showing a
between the site, the farms, and the Nile. gatehouse. It is reported that during the
The only visible and past threat was the high floods this stonewall area was under
water entering the temple on the site water. There is a danger that it may waste
whose level is below ground level. A wall away with time.
was built that directs the water elsewhere
and there is no more threats to the temple RECOVERY NEEDS AND
or site even from flush floods during rainy STRATEGY
season. It is important to note that the
town wall was located towards the river Based on the consultations the work to be
just past the present town boundary carried out should be in the order below:
TABLE 15 - 1: Overview of Recovery Needs and Costs
No Heritage Site State Activity Budget Budget SDG

USD
1 Establishment All • Multi-disciplinary Research Group by 100,000 5,500,000
of Research Ministry of Higher Education
Group
2 Meroe Island River Nile • Sand removal from pyramids site 42,050 2,312,750
• Master Plan for Meroe city
• Protection wall in Nagaa
3 Hajr Teseen Khartoum • Flood protection 36,500 2,007,500
Village Mosque • Drainage system
• Archaeological Investigation
4 Nuri Northern • Groundwater research 50,000 2,750,000
5 Kerma Northern • Groundwater research 10,000 550,000
6 El Kurru Northern • Backfilling of trenches 1,241 68,266
7 Nile Museum Khartoum • Preservation of the Nile Steamers of 88,548 4,870,140
the Nile Museum
8 Tabiyeh Khartoum • Restoration 5,850 321,750
9 Boot Dam Blue Nile • Research and Capacity Development 100,000 5,500,000
on Indigenous knowledge for local
communities
Total 434,189 23,880,406

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127
There is one overarching recommendation 3. Control and monitoring of tourists and
that has implication on the future monuments.
understanding of the challenges and their
solutions.
1b. The City of Meroe
Recommendation 1: Multi-
Recommendation:
disciplinary Research Group by
Ministry of Higher Education
1. A Master Plan aimed at providing
more protection to the site is urgently
1. Recommend for the setting up of an
needed.
interdisciplinary/ research committee
by the Ministry of Higher Education 2. The plan will incorporate both research
that will look at the question of floods, work (preparation of a catalogue or file
both river induced and underground, for all features at the site by collection
and its effects on heritage and others of all available documentations,
and preparation of work plan), and
2. The team will be jointly coordinated by
fieldwork (survey and mapping,
the Ministry of Higher Education and
surface cleaning, fencing, and opening
UNESCO Khartoum
pathways) to presentation.
3. Costs for this interdisciplinary/
research group under the Ministry
of Higher Education will be used to
1c. Naga Site
cover for transport (vehicle hire and
petrol), per diem, meetings and field
Recommendation:
survey, procurement of materials,
data collection, data analysis, and
recommendation preparation and 1. A trench is to be dug on the three
write up sides of the Hatur temple to create
a semi-island feature to temporarily
hold water during the rainy season.
The top three recommendations for
recovery100 are as follows: 2. The water flow towards the temple
will be redirected elsewhere by
PRIORITY NUMBER 1: MEROE ISLAND constructing a wall about 70 cm
high all along the eastern part of the
1a. The Pyramids archaeological area where the Lion
and Hathor temples are located.
Recommendation:
3. The wall would follow the same
pattern constructed at el-Kurru, that
1. Removal of newly accumulated
is a cement structure covered by
sand dunes from the immediate
stone.
surroundings of the pyramids as well
as from inside the offering chapels 4. During rains, little movable wooden
with their unique reliefs. walkway could be put over the channel
for people to walk into the temple
2. Documentation of the site and its
compound or the temple could be
monuments to assess, the state of
reached through the direction of the
their preservation after the shutdown
Lion temple that will have no trench
and after summer rains and storms
around.
(photographical documentation,
comprehensive report, and 5. The long-term recommendation
assessment on necessary protection involves the possibility of putting
measures). up a water trough but only after
100
See Annex of the Culture sector report for a full list of recommendations

128 (RAPID PDNRA)
a proper study to determine what experts to determine the cause of the
microenvironment may be created and underground flooding in this area and
what effects it may have generally on recommend a lasting solution.
the heritage within the property.
2. The team could be the same as that
set up under the auspices of Ministry
PRIORITY NUMBER 2: TESEEN MOSQUE of Higher Education but should include
professionals of relevant subjects from
2a. The Mosque and its surrounding the local universities, local persons
with traditional knowledge system of
Recommendation: water behaviour over the years as well
as representation from the regional
1. It is recommended that in order to government.
solve this, an underground tank be
3. The study should also look at issues
constructed where the water will drain
of microenvironment creation through
to as part of the solution as well as
new developments and their effects on
serving as a water catchment and
heritage.
management strategy for the locals.
4. Part of the recommendation of such
2. Concurrently to be undertaken
a study would be expected to cover
with the restoration and protection
the implementation of end-to-end
work should be an archaeological
Disaster Risk Management planning.
investigation that should establish the
date of the mosque and gather other 5. It would also ensure that both EIA
data that will contribute to its proper and HIA studies are carried out before
understanding and appreciation. major developments are put in place
including those of water extraction
and use.
This work is considered of immediate
urgency as the mosque could collapse if
nothing is done and the budget is provided 3b. Ground Water Research at Kerma
below Recommendation:
1. It is recommended that this is one of

PRIORITY NUMBER 3: GROUND WATER the areas where the interdisciplinary
RESEARCH IN NURI AND KERMA team looking at among other
things the problem of underground
3a. Ground Water Research at Nuri floods should research and provide
a recommendation to address the
Recommendation: challenge.
2. The Deffufa because of the materials
1. It is recommended that before any used of earth and daub are in eminent
action is put in place as a solution danger if these challenges are not
that a thorough study is carried addressed soon enough and so this is
out by a multi-disciplinary team of an urgent a must exercise.

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129
16. GENDER
SUMMARY In addition to urgent health needs,
displaced women face increased risk
An estimated 206,000 women of of gender-based violence and limited
reproductive age are living in temporary services to prevent or respond to such
flood shelters with minimal protection. violence. Sudan’s unprecedented flooding
UNFPA estimates that some 20,000 has dramatic consequences on gender-
pregnant women are among the affected. based violence. Flooding means that
Of them, an estimated 3,000 will economic livelihoods were destroyed
experience pregnancy complications, and that disproportionately affects
requiring life-saving sexual and women. Stress means more domestic
reproductive health services. More than violence. Local health services that
2,000 women were expected to give respond to victims are interrupted and
birth in the coming months. In addition support networks are disrupted. Though
to urgent health needs, displaced women protection needs are rising, services
face limited settlement options, and to support survivors of gender-based
financial difficulties as a result of job loss. violence are minimal. In more than 90
They also face increased risk of gender- per cent of the country’s localities, these
based violence, with limited services services are absent. UNFPA and partners
threatened by damaged facilities and have activated networks to provide
networks. community protection and referrals to
services for survivors of violence in North,
Protection South and West Darfur, as well as in Blue
Nile, Khartoum and Kassala. Despite
Conflict in many regions in Sudan have these efforts, addressing gender-based
increased the impact of insecurity on violence in Sudan remains a challenge.
women. This has impacted greatly on Access to affected populations and areas
human security for women. Rape and has been disrupted and the ongoing
other forms of gender-based violence are economic crisis has raised operation
alleged to be widely prevalent, although costs.
the extent cannot be determined because
of lack of comprehensive data and under UNFPA has helped to rehabilitate 16
reporting. Women get raped when they emergency obstetric and newborn care
leave the IDP camps in search of water facilities in seven regions of Sudan,
and firewood. They also get raped during support that can mean the difference
clashes between tribes as part of the between life and death for displaced
means of warfare. Accountability for pregnant women. Reproductive health
such offences has been challenging for a kits were pre-positioned in advance of
multiplicity of factors such as low police the flooding and UNFPA had supported
presence outside urban areas, inadequate the rehabilitation of 16 emergency
training of the police especially in obstetric and newborn care facilities in
investigation of gender based crimes, seven states as part of its contingency
absence of forensic facilities and cultural planning. UNFPA also supported the
norms that stigmatize victims of sexual distribution of more than 20,000 dignity
offences. The low presence of women in kits, which contain hygiene supplies
the police force also makes it difficult for including soap and sanitary napkins, as
women to report. The lack of justice and well as information about where to find
accountability for gender based crimes essential support.
has led to impunity of the commission of
these offences. The mobile clinics have reached some
25,000 people with consultations and

130 (RAPID PDNRA)
information. Mobile clinics were deployed by providing immediate emergency
to affected areas to provide vital health livelihood support and medium-term
services – particularly reproductive health interventions to strengthen the resilience
care and information. The rapid response of female headed households and devise
maintained the supplies and services in preparedness and preventive measures
maternal hospitals and health facilities as for flood management. The high impact
in Gezira and North Darfur States where of natural hazards and disasters
clean delivery bags were provided in the on agriculture calls for enhanced
mobile clinics. Today, referral services for gender mainstreaming of disaster risk
women in need of emergency obstetrics reduction and resilience building within
services are functioning in 12 states. the agriculture sector to strengthen
the livelihoods and food security and
Food Security nutrition.
Mainstreaming Gender enhances the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

relevance and quality of food security
programs and maximizes the impact of Crisis affected population should be
interventions. Furthermore, it contributes targeted for access to basic water
to the appropriate targeting of services. Interventions should ensure
beneficiaries and enables sector partners drinking water from an improved source
to avoid any harm. Identifying protection with collection time not more than
threats will enable to harmonize food 30 minutes for a roundtrip, including
security activities in order to address, queuing. People targeted with improved
mitigate or reduce these threats. basic water services will benefit from
Similarly, the sector will enhance gender these activities, including maintenance
mainstreaming in food security and and rehabilitation of handpumps, water
livelihoods interventions. yards, protected wells, and hafirs. The
new installations should consider girls
Food security and livelihoods programs and women’s engagement for site
and interventions will provide safety, identification not to have to travel far to
dignity, and protection. Responses unsecured places to fetch water, which
should be designed in a way to decrease causes protection risks.
protection risks. Vulnerable people may
include women, girls and boys, people Crisis affected population should gain
with disability and older people. e.g. access to adequate (basic, limited, or
while women contribute significantly communal based on context), secured,
to agriculture, they often have limited and gender-appropriate sanitation
ownership of land or agricultural tools services. Interventions should ensure
when food is limited. the use of flush/pour pit latrines,
ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP),
The assessment findings by FAO show pit latrine with slab, composting toilet
that job opportunities such as casual where possible. Partners should ensure
agricultural labour–considered one of that the communal latrines are gender
the most important income-generating segregated.
activities for the rural population–have
already diminished and has decreased PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
even further during the harvest season. CONTEXT
Consequently, a lack of job opportunities
in areas such as farm labour and agri- Gender rights and equality represent
food processing and marketing have a fundamental areas for change in Sudan
significant impact on the livelihoods of as the country emerges from three
many vulnerable women. There is need long decades of political oppression, in
for external robust support from resource particular the suppression of women’s
partners to respond to the needs of rights. The context remains uncertain
affected communities especially women however, with the persistence of poor

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131
human development indicators, inequality Trends in educational participation
and regional instability, and new threats
posed by climate change. Over a third Today there are an estimated 7.9 million
of households in Sudan are estimated school aged children in Sudan (aged
to be poor, with a quarter falling below 5-13 years)102 and there is increasing
the extreme poverty line (AfDB, 2018). participation in school, but progress
Significant regional disparities exist in remains uneven. In 2019, almost
terms of the prevalence and scope of 30 percent of primary school-aged
poverty, and the western, southern and children remained out of school (2.5
Red Sea states are shown to be the most million children). School access has
deprived regions. Following the secession improved markedly since 2009 but the
of South Sudan in July 2011, Sudan has Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
struggled with the loss of about three of universal basic education remains a
quarters of the country’s oil revenues ‘major challenge’ for Sudan, with basic
(World Bank, 2015). After years of poor level education as well as secondary
investment, basic services are now level education exhibiting some of the
strained and there is a growing economic lowest retention profiles in the region
crisis that is leading to ‘worsening food (MoE, 2019).103 A total of 8 percent of the
insecurity, deteriorating healthcare, current school generation are unlikely to
and other needs across Sudan’ (OCHA, ever attend school.104
2020). This is further exacerbated by
the health crisis and socio-economic The proportion of out-of-school girls is
consequences of COVID-19. UN Women higher than boys in basic level education.
highlights violence against Women and In 2016-17, at basic level (compulsory)105
Girls (VAWG) as prevalent and a ‘critical the Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) was
hindering factor’ for human development approximately 73 percent (75 percent
and peace building in Sudan.101 for boys, and 71 percent for girls). There
is little change in GER since 2009 (72
TABLE 16 - 1: Key Educational Indicators in Sudan
National
Participation in Education Services
Gross Enrolment Rate 75 % Male
(Basic Level)* 71 % Female
Basic School Attendance** 77.4 % Male
75.5 % Female
Gross Enrolment Rate 35 % Male
(Secondary Level)* 41 % Female
Secondary School Attendance** 27.4 % Male

29.4% Female
Education Gender Parity** 0.98 (Primary)
1.07 (Secondary)
* 2017 estimates (MoE 2019)
** MICS 2014 (CBS and UNICEF, 2016)
101
https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/sudan
102
http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/sd
103
https://www.unicef.org/sudan/education In 2014, UNICEF indicated that Sudan had one of the lowest levels of school attendance
of primary aged children in the Middle East and North Africa Region (MENA). This included 490,6735-year-olds that should have been
in pre-primary (50%), 1,965,068 primary school-aged children (37% of total population of primary school-aged children) and 641,587
lower secondary school-aged children (40% of secondary school-aged children) (UNICEF, 2014).
104
https://www.unicef.org/sudan/education
105
Basic education lasts eight years and targets children between the ages 5-13 years. Providers include the Government and private
entities (MoE 2019).

132 (RAPID PDNRA)
percent) although there is considerable a decrease in Child Mortality, and an
difference in GER between the states. increase in delivery by a skilled birth
The gender gap remains small in the attendant. Several challenges remain,
majority of states (slightly higher levels including a lack of progress in neonatal
of boys than girls). Exceptions include mortality and child nutrition, an unmet
West Darfur and West Kordofan with need for contraceptives and a high
a more marked gender gap.106 In North fertility rate, low institutional delivery, and
Darfur and Gezira, boys’ enrolment was significant rates of maternal mortality
shown to be higher (92 percent in both (World Bank, WHO, UNICEF and JICA,
states) than girls’ enrolment (89 percent 2018).
and 84 percent respectively). In Gadarif,
levels of primary-level GER are lower (70 The Maternal Mortality Ratio remains
percent of boys and 65 percent of girls). high (311 per 100,000 live births110)
The age of enrolment is reducing, with the despite progress, and Sudan is still far
majority of children now attending school from meeting the 2015 MDG target of
from 5 years of age. Interestingly, there 134/100,000. Maternal under-nutrition
is a growing participation in pre-school107 is also very high in Sudan; and up to 62
across Sudan; with little disparity between percent of mothers are under-nourished,
boys and girls (although girls may have with the highest percentage observed in
slightly higher rates of participation the eastern Red Sea state.111 Maternal
than boys) but still significant disparities deaths disproportionally affect certain
between the states, and between rural groups, including poor women, rural
and urban areas.108 Excluding khalwas, women, and nomads (Badawi and
the GER for pre-school (optional) stands Folcio, 2019). High numbers of maternal
at 42.8 percent (2015-16), putting Sudan deaths in some parts of Sudan reflect
ahead of countries such as Tunisia and various inequities in access to health
Ethiopia (gender indicators are not given). services, socio-cultural barriers (inhibiting
health-seeking behaviour), low levels of
Trends in utilization of maternal education112 and poverty. Maternal health
health services is also linked to FGM/C and cultural
practices that lead to early marriage
Over the last three decades, Sudan and childbearing. The large proportion
has actually made significant progress of deliveries still take place outside of
on the ground in terms of advancing health care facilities and are conducted
some dimensions of maternal and child by traditional birth attendants who are
health.109 While Sudan did not meet its not professionally trained. Other factors
health-related MDGs, several key health influencing maternal health include the
indicators have improved, including prevalence of sexual-transmitted diseases,
TABLE 16 - 2: Key Maternal Health indicators
Maternal health and WASH indicators National (MICS, 2014)

Births attended by skilled health personnel (women aged 15-49 yrs) 77.5 %
Antenatal care (at least once by skilled health personnel) 79.1%
Contraceptive prevalence (married women aged 15-49 yrs) 12.2%
106
For example, in West Darfur, there is a 22 percentage point gap between boys and girls (86 percent and 64 percent),
107
This level covers two years and targets children aged 4-5 years. The pre-primary programmes are provided by Government and
private institutions with ‘significant effort’ also contributed by the community (MoE 2019).
108
Excluding khalwas (religious schools), it is indicated that almost half of children (aged 4-5 years) in rural areas had some experience
in pre-school (49 percent of boys and 53 percent of girls), while over 80 percent of children (aged 4-5 years) in urban areas had
experience in pre-school (80 percent of boys and 83 percent of girls).
109
http://www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-events/all-eyes-on-maternal-health.html Accessed 22 Sept 2018
110
http://www.who.int/gho/maternal_health/countries/sdn.pdf?ua=1 Accessed 22 Sept 2018.
111
Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan National S3M, 2013 in Badawi and Folcio (2016)
112
http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality

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particularly as result of polygamy and has improved markedly since 2009, but
migration.113 In most cases, maternal progress remains uneven and gender
deaths may be attributed to easily and disparities are prevalent. In 2016-17, the
treatable birth complications, and many proportion of out-of-school girls was higher
women struggle to access adequate than boys at the basic level of education
maternal care. (the Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) was
approximately 75 percent for boys, and
The utilization of skilled birth attendants 71 percent for girls). Gender gaps are also
(with midwifery skills) for delivery care observed at secondary and tertiary levels,
has shown positive trends (77.5 percent but at these levels, larger numbers of girls
of births are attended by skilled health are enrolled than boys, indicating greater
personnel); however, quality of care dropout by boys. Gender, geography, and
remains variable especially in rural areas. wealth are key determinants of access to,
Sudan has still one the lowest rates of and participation in, quality education in
family planning use in sub-Saharan Africa Sudan. Non-participation of girls may be
and fertility rates remain significant (the attributed to a mix of inter-related factors,
Total Contraceptive Prevalence Rate is including the persistence of negative
12.2 percent, and the Fertility Rate is 3.57 community cultural attitudes towards girl’s
per woman). Key barriers to maternal education, early marriage, movement in
healthcare include a lack of access to nomadic families, domestic chores, and
adequate facilities and trained staff, the distance from home to school, especially
high costs of services and medicines, in conflict-affected areas. Poor school
and the persistence of local customs facilities and learning environments, and
and beliefs that discourage the use of a lack of female teachers also deter girls’
reproductive health services. participation.
Trends related to water, sanitation, While there are positive trends in WASH in
and hygiene (WASH) Sudan, only two thirds of the population
has access to improved drinking water and
WASH is recognized as playing a less than a third has access to improved
fundamental role in public health sanitation, falling well below SDG targets of
and hence sustainable development, universal access. Yet access and services
highlighted as Sustainable Development vary widely between the states and
Goal 6 (SDG 6). Access to safe water and population groups. Poor access to water
sanitation are considered basic human and unhygienic conditions, and widespread
rights, as articulated in 2010 by the United open defecation are compounding health
Nations General Assembly. Poor WASH is and nutrition vulnerabilities across all
the main cause of faecally-transmitted states (OCHA, 2020), especially risks
infections (FTIs), including cholera and during the global Covid-19 pandemic; and
diarrheal disease, cited as the second influencing women and girls’ safety and
leading cause of morbidity and mortality access to basic services.
among children under the age of five and
the leading cause of death in sub-Saharan WASH remains a fundamental dimension
Africa (UNICEF, 2016). of family health, and reproductive,
maternal, neonatal and child health
There have been concerted efforts in (RMNCH). Access to WASH has significant
strategy and policy development, and socio-economic impacts, particularly
service delivery in the education, health, for women and girls, as they may suffer
and WASH sectors over the past decade. the ‘loss of productive and leisure time
In 2019, almost a third of primary school- from the drudgery of water hauling and
aged children still remain out of school other WASH-related domestic labour;
(2.5 million children). School access and the exclusion from full participation
participation (including in pre-school) in schools due to the lack of WASH
113
https://www.unhcr.org/protection/health/43293e0b2/sudan-trying-stem-spread-hivaids.html https://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/
files/textOnlyContent/FMR/24/28.htm

134 (RAPID PDNRA)
facilities; urinary tract infections arising the labour market on an equal basis to
from delayed urination or reduced water men. Women’s labour force participation
intake to cope with a lack of access is characterized by sector bias and
to sanitation facilities; and the loss of vulnerable employment. Yet variations
dignity and threat of sexual assault due exist among states, between rural to
to the lack of toilets, both in times of urban areas, and across age groups.
stability and crisis’ (UNICEF, 2016). In
particular in rural households, women, Labour force participation
and children (especially girls) are often
responsible for domestic chores, including Only half of the working aged population
the daily fetching of water for household (15-64 years)116 is economically active117,
consumption. Meanwhile, Safe WASH in including less than a third of working-
health care facilities is critical for maternal aged women. Drawing on the SLFS data
and newborn health. The integration of (2011), ILO estimated that just over half of
WASH services and good practices into the population aged 15-64 years remains
health facilities and improving access economically active, including 70.8 percent
to WASH within communities has been of males and 28.9 percent of females (ILO,
shown to decrease both morbidity and 2014). Notably female participation was
mortality of women and children.114 In reported to have increased from the 1990
realizing the right to WASH, the UN survey (18 percent of females aged 10-64
emphasizes the importance of ‘well years). There are slightly lower levels of
resourced, capable institutions delivering participation of both men and women
services’ alongside healthy behaviour.115 (10-64 years) in urban areas (56.9 percent
of males and 22.6 percent of females).
Trends in labour and employment Labour force participation among men
overview increases with age up to the age range
of 45-49 years (91.8 percent), and then
The Sudanese population remains declines. Among females, the highest level
primarily engaged in the agricultural rural of labour force participation is in the age
economy, particularly women. There are group 35-39 years (28.7 percent).
major gender distortions in the labour
market, as two thirds of women remain The eastern states report extremely low
outside of the labour force altogether, and labour force participation of women (15-64
there are distinct geographic inequalities. years), in particular rural areas of the Red
Socio-cultural factors still play a major Sea (6.7 percent) and Kassala (2.7 percent)
role in influencing women’s access to, whereas men’s participation in these areas
and participation in livelihoods, business, is above the national average. Youth and
credit and services, and natural resources young people (15-29 years old) make up
such as land and water. Women’s rural 51 percent of the working age population
livelihoods are further affected by (15-64 years). Over seven out of ten
environmental stresses, due to climate working age women, and just three out of
change and land degradation. ten working age men (this rises to five out
of ten men in rural areas) are economically
The most recent national survey on the inactive (not participating in the labour
workforce indicated significant gender force). The majority of inactive people fall
inequality in access to, and participation in in the age range of 15-24 years, with the
the labour force and employment in Sudan main reason cited to be full-time schooling
(Sudan Labour Force Survey (SLFS), 2011). for men and ‘home-making’ for women
Women were reported to face high levels (ILO, 2014).
of exclusion and do not participate in
114
The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (2014)
115
https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/water-sanitation-and-hygiene/
116
According to the standards of the Sudanese Central Bureau of Statistics, the labour force in Sudan actually includes the population
10 years old or more, and is estimated at 9.3 million (age 10-64 years and over). The ILO re-calculated the rate for the population aged
15-64 years.
117
Labour force: refers to the economically active population who participates, or want to participate, in the production of goods and
services during the reference period. It includes both the employed and the unemployed (SLFS 2011)

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TABLE 16 - 3: Key Indicators for Gender in the Economy
National
Participation in economy
(SLFS, 2011)
Labour force participation rate 50.5 %
(15-64+ yrs) 70.8 % male
28.9 % female
Employment rate 41.1 %
(15-64+ yrs) 61.4 % male
19.6 % female
Employment in agriculture 47.0 %
41.4 % male
63.5% female
Employment as professionals, directors, or technicians 9.9 %
8.3 % male
14.7 % female
Youth employment (15-24 years) 20.4 %
28.9 % male
11.4 % female
There are low levels of employment, of economically active women (rising to

particularly among young women (15- 82.2 percent in rural areas). The service
24 years). The ILO estimated that 41.1 sector is the second largest employer,
of the population aged 15-64 years especially wholesale and retail trade (12.1
are employed, including 61.4 percent percent) and transportation and storage
of males and 19.6 percent of females, (7.7 percent).
with higher levels in urban areas (ILO,
2014). Once again for males (10-64 Trends in gender and enterprise
years), employment increases with
age, peaking at the age group of 45-49 The ILO estimated that there were
years (96.9 percent). The highest level of approximately 600,000 registered micro,
participation among females occurs in small and medium enterprises (MSMEs)118,
the age group 24-30 years (38.6 percent). employing less than 1.5 million workers
Unemployment among youth (15-24 (about 20 percent of total jobs) in Sudan
years) is notably twice as high as that (ILO, 2014). The majority of the businesses
among the rest of the labour force, and (75 percent) are micro enterprises, and
is particularly high among young women employ, on average just two workers. Most
(ILO, 2014). workers and MSMEs are in the informal
economy, which accounts for a significant
Gender and employment profile share of employment in Sudan (World
Bank, 2016).
Gender influences the choice of
employment by sector, particularly in As a result of rural to urban migration, the
rural areas. The ILO (2014) estimates informal economy has experienced rapid
that about 65 percent of ‘prime age growth, particularly in Khartoum, and is
workers’ (aged 25-54 years old) are attracting greater participation of women.
engaged in the informal sector (including Informal sector enterprises include both
agricultures, mining, trades), and 20 subsistence and unofficial enterprises
percent of youth (15-24 years). The SLFS (ILO, 2014). Subsistence activities are
survey (2011) indicates that half of the typically carried out by poor, unskilled and
labour force is engaged in agriculture uneducated workers, and include petty
(47 percent), including 41.4 percent of trading, home-based activities and crafts,
economically active men and 63.5 percent car repair, and traditional food making and
118
Ahmed Abou El-Yazeid, Sudan’s Small and Medium Enterprises, Thematic Paper prepared for the ILO/UNDP project “Sudan: Support
to the development of a National Employment Framework”, September 2013

136 (RAPID PDNRA)
beverages. Although less publicly visible example the obtainment of a licence or
than in other African countries, women paying taxes); and harassment and abuse
tend to occupy designated areas within in the workplace. Women also struggle
the open marketplace. Challenged by little with weak procurement facilities and a
experience and access to credit, women’s lack of transport to move goods. Young
petty trading ventures and businesses women entrepreneurs in Khartoum
typically remain micro or small. They are elaborated on the various socio-cultural
also constrained by restricted mobility and constraints including family pressures
a lack of networks. Unofficial enterprises and obligations, gender discrimination in
may be owned by both poor or wealthy the marketplace, price inflation of goods
entrepreneurs, and can include activities and services (related to transport services
such as carpentry, bakeries, garment and raw materials) and limited ‘business’
making and pottery. networks.120
Women tend to remain in traditional Trends in gender and wage employment

female-dominated sectors, for example Gender dynamics are implicated in
in small-scale retailing, services, or women being less likely to earn a wage
home-based business. There is limited (in family work) or receive equal and fair
participation of women in apprenticeships remuneration (in formal employment).
and a persistence of gender-segregated The majority of employed workers are
crafts (ILO, 2014). In Gadarif, GIZ wage earners, representing 40.2 percent
emphasized the lack of advocacy on of the work force (44.1 percent for males,
the diversification of women’s roles and and 28.4 percent for females). Self-
the promotion of women’s engagement employment is the second most common
in vocational sectors, including in type of work, incorporating 37.4 percent of
electrical work, mechanics as well as the workforce (40.2 percent for males, and
technology.119 According to a study of 29.1 percent for females). Meanwhile, 15.7
more educated, middle-class Sudanese percent of the work force is engaged in
female entrepreneurs, female businesses family work without a wage; this includes
in the SME sector may be concentrated less than 10 percent of working men but
in the small-scale retailing and services over a third of working women. In terms of
industries (Welsh, Memili, Kaziak, & wage incomes, there is a gender pay gap
Ahmed 2013). In the sample of 89 female- of 47 percent in the 2011 SLFS survey; and
owned SMEs, retailing comprised 32 this was fairly constant across rural and
percent of women’s businesses, followed urban areas (World Bank, 2015). The wage
by 19 percent in food-related activities, gender gap is present in all sectors, but at
10 percent in design businesses, and 10 varying degrees. An estimated 35 percent
percent in tailoring businesses. Female of women earn less than the monthly
entrepreneurs in this study reported higher poverty line, compared to just 16.5 percent
than average earnings (3,000 USD), with of men.
some earning four times the amount.
Gender and vulnerable employment
Self-employed women from all social Over 50 percent of those employed in
classes encounter a number of social Sudan are in ‘vulnerable employment’121,
and economic challenges that influence with uncertain job security, remuneration
business participation and development. and benefits; and this includes over 40
As highlighted by SIHA (2012), these percent of workers, in particular those with
include social constraints related to low educational attainment (ILO, 2014).
the family and/or religion; access to Women are indicated to be at greater risk
capital and credit, a lack of awareness than men (66 percent of the female labour
of relevant laws and regulations (for force, compared to 48 percent of the male
119
Key informant interview with GIZ, Gadarif, Nov 2019
120
Workshop with women entrepreneurs at Orange Corners Programme, Khartoum, Nov 2019
121
Vulnerable employment is the share of self-employed (without employees) and contributing family members in total employment
(ILO, 2014). See also, http://ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/publication/wcms_631497.pdf

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137
labour force). Higher labour participation (and children) are described as ‘visible
by men accounts for their over minorities’ in gold-mining activities.125
representation in vulnerable employment Manufacturing has notably increased
(male workers represent 70 percent of from the expansion in sugar and cement
those in vulnerable employment, or almost processing; but this has not boosted
4 million workers). The less favourable sector employment with the lack of a
treatment of women in employment, in skilled workforce preventing diversification
terms of lower pay and benefits, remains into ‘new and value-added product areas’
a serious concern in Sudan (Badawi and (World Bank, 2015).
Folcio, 2016). Harassment of females in
the workplace is also significant leading Women face discrimination in certain
to ‘mental and psychological distress’, lines of professional work but have
with physical harassment of women been active in lobbying for change. In
particularly high in informal or casual particular, women have struggled to
jobs such as market trade and street enter employment as land surveyors
vending (ERT, 2014). Focus groups in or oil engineers since many companies
Khartoum highlighted that such urban argue that they will not be able to protect
harassment has been exacerbated by a them.126 The less favourable treatment
lack of institutional protection and laws of women in careers, pay and benefits
that support women workers.122 Insecure remains a serious concern in Sudan
employment is higher in the rural areas, including discrimination in promotion, as
and in the agricultural sector, which male candidates are promoted ahead of
accounts for the highest incidence of more suitable female candidates (Badawi
unpaid work. and Folcio, 2016; ERT, 2014). Active
campaigning by women’s organisations
Trends in gender and sector has been successful in removing a number
participation: infrastructure and of barriers to female employment in
services certain sectors. Women now occupy
professional positions both in politics
The service sector (40 percent of workers) and education (including as university
and industry (15 percent of workers) are professors or teachers in primary and
the largest employers after agriculture, secondary schools).127 In contrast, there
accounting for almost 58 percent and 2.6 have been regressive trends in female
percent of the GDP respectively123. The employment in the judiciary. A bias
industrial sector has decreased rapidly towards hiring men exists and there are
from 2010 levels due to the decline in only a few female judges in appeal courts,
oil production and related processing and they were notably employed before
activities (ILO, 2014). While the service the Islamization process started.128
sector has a slight gender imbalance
(44.5 percent of employed men compared As a result of commitments under the
to 35.5 percent of employed women), Doha peace agreements and efforts in
industry is almost completely dominated reconstruction, the construction sector
by men (15.7 employed men, and just 3.8 has continued to grow, and presents
percent of employed women). In terms labour opportunities. In road projects,
of extractives, gold is fast emerging as petty trading tends to proliferate along
a leading export commodity, employing the route leading to increased livelihood
an estimated 1 million workers124, with opportunities, often for women. Yet
the workforce composed primarily of there remain heightened risks of sexual
younger men under the age of 45. Women assault for women traders, without local
122
Focus Group Discussion, Government representatives, Khartoum, Nov 2019
123
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
124
https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Presentation/17OILGASMINE%20Mohamed%20Sulaiman%20Ibrahim%20S4.pdf
125
https://unctad.org/meetings/en/Presentation/17OILGASMINE%20Mohamed%20Sulaiman%20Ibrahim%20S4.pdf
126
Equal Rights Trust and SORD, In Search of Confluence. Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Sudan, 2014.
127
128

138 (RAPID PDNRA)
protection measures and a structured improved cook stoves and have trained
environment. Internationally supported women in innovative technologies such as
programmes on infrastructure can the production of ‘green’ charcoal (Ritchie,
promote the development of Public- 2018).
Private Partnerships (PPP) with the
inclusion of female contractors. Gender Based Violence (GBV) remains
a highly prevalent and persistent
In recent years, there has been increasing phenomenon facing women and girls
attention to access to alternative in Sudan. The most common forms of
energy (such as solar) to accelerate local GBV include harmful traditional norms
development and gender empowerment and practices related to female genital
in Sudan.129 This represents a potential mutilation or cutting (FGM/C), early and
sector for both women’s employment and forced marriage, and physical and sexual
enterprise. Yet due to women’s limited violence (including Intimate Partner
access to assets and participation in Violence (IPV)). Yet there is significant
household decision-making, women variation between states, and between
are often unable to access regular urban and rural areas. Conflict and
financing schemes for relevant equipment disaster-affected communities are the
(ENERGIA, 2011), necessitating tailored most vulnerable population groups, in
micro-financing programmes. In regions particular nomads, pastoralists and IDPs.
such as Darfur, there have been several
solar energy projects for example, the POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
installation of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) THE SECTOR
systems in community service centres to
support schools, health clinics, streets, The country remains prone to natural
police stations, women centres and water disasters including seasonal flooding.
pumping (UNDP, 2016). At a grassroots In 2020, Sudan experienced the worst
level, NGOs such as CARE have also floods in a hundred years. By October,
sought to facilitate the dissemination of close to 900,000 people were affected
129
https://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/Solar_Energy_in_Sudan.html

(RAPID PDNRA)
139
in all 18 states. In addition to destruction farmers have already begun to adopt
to infrastructure, floods affected almost negative coping mechanisms including
600,000 farming and pastoral households borrowing and selling productive assets to
(2.9 million people), of whom 42 per cent access food and ensure they have seeds
are female-headed, and resulted in the for the upcoming agricultural seasons.
flooding of about 2.2 million hectares So far, about 22 percent of affected
of land (representing 26.8 percent of localities have received assistance from
cultivated areas in the 15 assessed the Government, humanitarian actors,
states) and loss of 108,000 heads of and non-governmental organizations.
livestock, belonging to more than 20,000 Further assistance is needed urgently, and
households. additional funds are required to maintain
livelihood interventions and provide
Extreme levels of food insecurity are necessary emergency and recovery
expected to persist in many of the states. support.
The flooding experienced in Sudan from
July to September has contributed to an The agriculture sector plays a key role
increase in food insecurity. In the rainfed in the country’s economy, accounting
agriculture areas, around 2,2 million ha of for about 30 percent of the GDP. At
the planted area was flooded, representing least 55 percent of the total population
26.8 percent of cultivated areas in 15 (of whom 42 percent are women) in the
states. Gedaref was the most affected flood-affected states are engaged in and
state in terms of damage to planted area rely on agriculture and livestock rearing
with more than 1,067,721 ha of cultivated for their livelihoods. Job opportunities
land washed away due to floods and a such as casual agricultural labour –
total loss of crops. Blue Nile is the second considered among the most important
most affected state with 617, 419 ha income-generating activities for those
damaged, followed by Sennar and Kassala in rural areas – have already diminished
states with 112,579 ha and 109,048 ha due to the floods and are expected to
respectively. further deteriorate during the imminent
harvest season. Food prices are expected
Agriculture to rise and availability and access to
food continues to be limited due to both
FAO in the Sudan jointly with the Ministry COVID-19 related containment measures
of Agriculture and Natural Resources and and the floods. This will worsen the food
Ministries of Production and Economic security of Sudanese farmers, particularly
Resources conducted a rapid assessment smallholders and vulnerable households
in mid-September to document the who cannot afford to purchase food
impact of the floods on farming and for their families or agricultural inputs
pastoral communities which showed that to resume farming. The effects of the
252,000 female headed households are flooding in combination with the various
severely affected. Preliminary results of shocks and threats, including desert
the assessment estimate that the floods locusts, faced by the Sudanese population
have affected almost 600 000 farming has left many exposed to increased
and pastoral households (2 988 445 vulnerabilities and food insecurity. Without
people), of whom 42 percent are female- urgent livelihood assistance, already
headed, and resulted in the flooding of vulnerable populations are at risk of falling
about 2.2 million ha of land and loss of into more severe phases of acute food
108 000 heads of livestock, belonging insecurity.
to 20 521 households. In addition to
limiting movement and access to farms Education
and agricultural inputs, the floods
have also led to the loss of fishing gear The Education Sector has identified 2.9
and destruction of aquaculture farms; million (45% of boys and 55% of girls)
loss of agricultural inputs, tools, and disaster-affected school-aged children
pumps; and destruction of agriculture in need to access quality basic and
and livestock service facilities. Affected secondary school education. These include

140 (RAPID PDNRA)
686,928 internally displaced, 244,830 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
refugees, 187,853 returnees, and 1,803,781
non-displaced vulnerable children. Of Crisis-affected population should
these children in need, 2.2 million (1.21 have access to hygiene promotion
million girls and 990,000 boys) should be services. Affected people should receive
supported through the Education sector. hygiene promotion messages, including
Gender, age, disability, and protection handwashing with soap through household
specific needs are all addressed in the visits, campaigns, and media coverage.
Education Sector strategy. In localities Partners should also address the needs of
with a historically low rate of female girls and women of the newly displaced
enrolment in school, a gender analysis is population with menstrual hygiene
yet to be conducted so that girls will be supplies. Women in a protracted situation
provided with specialized support to return should be introduced to women’s groups,
to school or to remain in school. led by the protection sector, to receive
training on access to menstrual health
Food Security and Livelihoods management (MHM) supplies and soap.
Overall, women and girls have experienced

a worsening of existing inequalities and
disproportionate secondary impacts of
floods, compared to men and boys. A total
of 49% of men and 51% of women have
been affected. This is even worse for other
marginalized groups such as persons with
disabilities and those in extreme poverty.
In Sudan, women have always been
active in agriculture and food security,
constituting 17% to agricultural labour
force. The findings in North Kordofan
confirm that women contribute 74% to the
monthly agricultural income, 65% to total
income, 62% to the labour work, and 65%
to the household activities. The removal of
the obstacles that women face after the
floods could increase their contribution
to and enhances their livelihood through
empowerment that improves their access
to resources and credit.
The informal sector is particularly

impacted by the floods, and estimates
show that women make up 50 percent
of this workforce. This has affected
household income and even longer-term
impact on women. The response should
consider prevailing market conditions,
availability of financial services and food
products in the markets; the preferences
of the affected population; cultural and
gender dynamics; accessibility, safety, and
security of beneficiaries.

(RAPID PDNRA)
141
health and hygiene promotion activities.
RECOVERY NEEDS AND
STRATEGY Appropriateness of relief items
The issues faced and processes required a) Gender and culture-specific needs
to ensure that community-based should be taken into consideration
disaster risk reduction activities are when designing relief packages.
sensitive to, and inclusive of, gender and Women and men should be consulted
diversity, are similar to those required on the contents of relief supplies to
for disaster response and recovery ensure they are suitable and to avoid
programming. Consultation with a socially costly waste, preferably as part of
and economically representative cross- disaster preparedness planning for the
section of affected men and women is pre-stocking of relief items. Women
essential for effective targeting, as is and older girls also have particular
their participation in decision-making. A sanitary needs that should be taken
gender analysis of the situation of both into account. Relief packages need to
men and women can help in developing contain supplies for menstrual blood
interventions that better meet their absorption that are in line with what
different roles and needs and are mutually women would normally use (sanitary
reinforcing in increasing the overall safety pads and clean strips of cloth) and
and resilience of the household and should include underwear for women
community. The creation of an enabling and girls. As women tend to be
environment may also be required to reluctant to approach men regarding
support this work their personal hygiene requirements
and can be easily embarrassed or
According to the International Federation humiliated during the distribution of
of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC), sanitary and undergarment supplies, it
women and girls, children, elderly, is generally preferable that males are
migrants, people with disabilities and with not involved in their distribution.
underlying conditions have experienced b) Similarly, pregnant, and lactating
heightened vulnerability due to the flood women have special needs for
and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in ensuring adequate milk production
Sudan. Protection, Gender, and Inclusion and for other crucial nutrients and
(PGI) will be mainstreamed throughout vitamin supplements that can be
the intervention to ensure communities incorporated into family or mother
dignity, access, participation, and safety. and baby assistance packages.
All sectors will meet the international Addressing health issues: Flood relief
Minimum Standards on Protection, Gender efforts need to pay attention to
and Inclusion in Emergencies and be specific female health needs. Often,
assisted through the integration of these pregnant women have lacked access
by focal points at state level that will to obstetric care and have miscarried
monitor and propose actions to assure or delivered babies under unsanitary
them a) to undertake a series of in-house and unsafe conditions. The availability
trainings and orientations to ensure the of female and male medical personnel
teams have an understanding of how is particularly important. This is
protection can be approached at all levels; especially true when cultural norms
b) acknowledge that women, girls, men may not allow women to be examined
and boys with diverse ages, disabilities and by male physicians, and when
backgrounds have very different needs, women’s mobility may be restricted.
risk and coping strategies, the operation c) Ensuring the safety and security
will pay particular attention to protection of those displaced by the floods is
and inclusion of vulnerable groups and on also a key priority. Displaced women
gender and diversity analysis; c) gender and girls face heightened risks of
roles will be considered when setting up unwanted and high-risk pregnancies
distribution time and date as well as in and rape. Those affected by floods

142 (RAPID PDNRA)
also frequently face a higher exposure broader benefits of facilitating earlier
to contagious diseases including HIV/ rebuilding and recovery. Encouraging
AIDS. Condoms, reproductive health communities to stay together in
kits and midwifery kits, along with shelter areas has similar advantages:
reproductive health information are the community can be a source of
key post-disaster needs. strength and support and often
d) Domestic violence and alcohol abuse maintains an internal policing system
prevention counselling should be that can offer additional security.
incorporated into the provision of Furthermore, women are often in
post-disaster psychosocial services charge of collecting firewood and
whenever possible. Increased rates water, and are therefore particularly
of alcoholism and alcohol-related affected by the security of access
violence are frequent in flood routes to these resources. The spacing
affected areas and assistance with and design of shelters is important
related services. Men may also need in ensuring adequate privacy for
counselling to help them cope with female members of households from
changes in gender roles, i.e. caring for neighbours or passers-by. Secure
young children after the loss of their doors and adequate lighting can be
spouse. Sports programmes for men important factors in safety. Cooking,
and women may also be helpful in bathing, and toilet arrangements
relieving tensions. also need to be adequate, safe, and
culturally appropriate. This requires
Ensuring appropriate safe shelter, participation by both male and
human settlements and water and female beneficiaries in designing
sanitation such facilities. If it is not possible to
provide individual household sanitation
a) Shelter and human settlement facilities, then bathing areas and
planning needs to take into account toilets are best segregated by sex.
the socio-cultural and economic Female and male bathing areas
needs and preferences of both should be placed at some distance
men and women, as well as safety from each other and near areas with
considerations. Following the Sudan adequate lighting. Whenever culturally
floods, the threat of physical and necessary, women’s bathing and
sexual violence has increased. toilet areas should also include a
Ensuring the safety and security of separate area for washing and drying
those displaced by floods is also a key menstruation cloths. Furthermore,
priority. Displaced women and girls kitchens should be adapted to local
face heightened risks of unwanted food preparation custom.
and high-risk pregnancies and rape.
Those affected by the floods also Housing, human settlements, and
face a higher exposure to contagious water and sanitation
diseases including HIV/AIDS.
Condoms, reproductive health kits and It is vital that women and men from all
midwifery kits, along with reproductive social and economic groupings in the
health information are key post- flood-affected communities actively
disaster needs. participate in the design and location of
b) The location and set-up of shelters new housing and communal infrastructure,
can affect both the perceived and such as water and sanitation facilities and
actual safety of those displaced community halls, as well as the repair of
by a disaster. Locating shelters existing structures. Local participation
close to the original home whenever in physical reconstruction should be
feasible provides extra safety due to encouraged, including the hiring of
intimacy with the shelter’s physical women, and providing them with training
surroundings, in addition to the in construction-related skills. While it is
advisable to proceed with sensitivity to

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143
the local culture, many cases have been participation in livelihood schemes should
recorded where women have successfully be actively encouraged in addition to
launched new careers in non-traditional men. When the mobility of women or
areas such as electrical fitting, masonry, other groups is restricted, home-based
and carpentry. work alternatives should be considered.
Pregnant women and older or disabled
Re-establishing livelihoods persons also can be given lighter roles in
reconstruction schemes, such as providing
The roles women play in contributing to snacks or water to the labourers. The use
a household’s food security or income, of cash as an alternative or complement
whether as family members or heads of to commodity assistance is increasing
the household, need to be understood, in emergency responses. This includes
and livelihood recovery activities should be cash grants, cash for work, providing cash
designed that meet their needs, in addition through microfinance institutions, and
to those of the men in the household. This vouchers for goods. Research has found
is especially the case when households that, under appropriate circumstances,
were already poor, were particularly cash-based programs can better meet
affected by the floods, or had their coping people’s needs than the distribution of
mechanisms badly eroded. One of the commodities. Beneficiaries have used
most important areas of post-disaster cash transfers for a variety of purposes:
recovery programming for both men and the purchase of food, kitchen utensils
women is the restoration of economic and clothes, the payment of debts and
opportunities or the development of loans, school costs and health care, the
new livelihood opportunities to replace purchase of livestock and agricultural
those that were lost. This can include inputs, and the purchase of tools and
diversifying household income sources to materials for rebuilding homes and
strengthen resilience to future hazards. businesses. Female household members,
However, recovery agendas do not always like males, can benefit greatly from such
adequately recognize or appreciate the cash-based support and the programmes
dynamics of the survival strategies of must be designed to ensure that they are
impoverished and marginalized rural or not summarily excluded. Cash transfer
urban households. Women often play schemes based on home ownership often
bigger roles in generating the household’s overlook vulnerable people without land
means of making a living than is title, such as squatters, un-registered
recognized by that planning recovery. This migrants, and female heads of household.
is particularly true when the household is Schemes focused on male heads of
headed by a woman or when male family household also often miss the needs of
members have migrated to find work female household members or heads.
elsewhere. Women’s means-producing Vouchers or in-kind materials may be
activities can include cultivating home more appropriate in situations where
vegetable gardens, playing key roles in women or other groups have restricted
crop and fish production and marketing, mobility for physical or socio-cultural
raising livestock, running small businesses reasons, for example a female-headed
such as selling snacks or making cakes household in a strict cultural situation.
and day labour. Livelihoods strategies Monitoring the impact of cash distributions
have sometimes neglected to replace also requires social and gender sensitivity,
the assets necessary for women to as decisions about how cash is spent and
resume their economic activities or who makes those decisions, may create
have provided inappropriate assets conflict within households.
based on assumptions about women’s Recovery Budget
roles and needs. This may be due to
prevailing perceptions of men as the
family breadwinners, or possibly because
men tend to possess more visibly
productive assets than women. Women’s

144 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 16 - 4: Budget proposals: Relief Items

No. of HH /
Job No. of rate / cost Cost by for 06
# Sector Activity Enterprises Inputs required
description Beneficiary per HH / Expense Head months [in
targeted
Beneficiary SDG]
1 Reproductive Provision of Reproductive 30,000 30,000 women SDG Reproductive Inputs 6,000,000
health reproductive health women and and girls 200 per Health kits 200*30,000
health kits information girls (6,000 Beneficiary (sanitary pads, =SDG
and provision per State for panties) 6,000,000
of health kits 06 States)
2 Sanitation Construction Construction 500 each 3,000 female SDG 10,000 Tools, raw Inputs: 30,000,000
of sanitation of sanitation state for 06 sanitation materials etc. 3,000*10,000
facilities female worst flood facilities for each
facilities affected states sanitation = SDG
facility 30,000,000
3 Agriculture Cash for Work Restoring 6,000 (1,000 6,000 (one per SDG 150 Tools and Wages: 900,000
in irrigated Irrigation per State for female headed per female implements / 150*6,000
areas System 06 States) HH) headed HH / Bricks / Cement =SDG 900,000
Beneficiary etc.@ SDG
1,000 per female
headed HH
(Lumpsu)
Total recovery assistance budget for the above proposals (in Sudanese Pounds) SDG 39,900,000
Total recovery assistance budget for the above proposals (in US Dollars) USD 725,544
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145
17. GOVERNANCE
SUMMARY This assessment has identified the
following recovery priorities:
Sudan had been governed by nine
constitutions since the independence in 1. Paving roads and maintaining main
1956. The protracted political instability dirt roads and bridges to ensure the
had made it difficult for the various movement of citizens to government
political parties and ethnic groups to agree service centres, as well as workers’
on a permanent constitution. With the access to their work sites;
revolution in 2019, the Interim Constitution 2. Horizontal expansion of
of 2005 was abolished. The legislation communication networks and
governing the transitional government strengthening them to cover all parts
and regulating the relationship between of the country;
the different levels of Government are the
Constitutional document of the transition 3. Reconstructing administrative units
period, constructed with local materials and
making sure that all government
Decentralized Governance Regulation Law headquarters are constructed with
of 2020, and State local government laws. fixed materials and far from torrential
The Decentralized Governance Law of streams and river basins;
2020 defined three levels of Government 4. Local authorities have sufficient
in Sudan, namely at the federal, state, and powers and resources to deal quickly
local level. with disasters;
The Decentralized Governance Regulation
Law of 2020 defined exclusive powers 5. Encouraging the private sector to
for the federal government and exclusive engage in risk reduction projects;
powers at the state level, in addition 6. Sponsoring civil society organizations
to joint powers that are exercised and engaging them in disaster
in coordination between the federal response work;
government and the states, as well as
financial resources for each level. 7. Provide the necessary government
support by providing rebuilding
The floods led to significant damages materials (BBB) at reasonable prices;
to government buildings located in rural 8. Enacting legislations and laws to
areas and to a much lesser extent to prevent housing in areas threatened
government buildings located in urban by floods and torrents.
areas where buildings are located in safer
areas and constructed with stronger
The assessment recognises the
materials. The floods also affected the
importance of the role of local
continuity of Government Services due
governments in recovery and
to disruption on roads and electricity and
reconstruction and the need to augment
economic losses in terms of reduction of
capacity and technical expertise to
local revenue and increased expenditure
support their role in the recovery process.
incurred on relief and recovery activities.
The estimated cost of damages and
losses for the Governance sector is SDG
2,824,149,920.

146 (RAPID PDNRA)
PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR until the year 1989 with the addition of
CONTEXT some revenues from local commercial
and agricultural activities to the localities,
The issuance of the constitutional and with the adoption of Sudan to the
document of the transition period after federal government formula in the year
the 2019 revolution has disabled the 1991, the powers and resources were
Interim Constitution of 2005 and the divided between the centre and the
constitutions state. However, the ruling states that were established according to
laws of the local state remained in force constitutional decrees, provided that the
and are now preparing for a new law for states later give up some of its resources
local government after it was passed for the localities (Constitutional Decree
a law to regulate governance relations 12), then a subsequent constitutional
decentralized during the transitional decree (Qom 14) was issued regarding the
period as being. It is also preparing to division of resources into a triple division
hold a national conference on issues of that includes local government.
governance and administration. Therefore,
the legislation governing the transitional After the signing of the peace agreement
period and regulating the relationship and the approval of the transitional
between the levels of government defines constitution for the year 2005, which
the powers of each level of government explicitly stated that no level may extend
resources: to other levels of government. However,
it restricted the division in the areas
• the constitutional document of the of wealth, powers, and specializations
transition period between the central and state levels, and
the constitution did not mention the level
• Decentralized Governance Regulation
of local government despite reference
Law of 2020
to it. A level of government where the
• State local government laws authority of its powers and resources
was left to be determined by the state
constitution, and it was considered that
The Decentralized Governance Law has
local government was a state affair,
defined three levels of government in
and under this transitional constitution
Sudan, namely at the federal, state, and
the states issued state constitutions in
local level.
which some resources and authorities
Finance & Funding
were assigned to the local level without
accompanying defining mechanisms to
National governments focused on funding monitor and allocate these resources and
sources tended to rule since Sudan to self- ensuring their access to localities with the
governance report (1953) and increased required transparency, especially state
attention to this in the post-independence and central resources, in which state
stage to address the disparity in local government laws have defined the
development between regions according share of localities in percentages, which
to different formulas accompanied by opened the door wide for the state level
developments in the legislation governing to invade local government resources and
the relations of governance its different weaken its ability to fulfil its obligations
levels. The first of these formulas are in providing services and exercising the
brought about by the 1951 Law, which won powers vested in it without resources.
the local level of financial resources ceded Sufficient and many states kept some of
by the central government under the Tax these local resources in return for bearing
Act of 1954 (herds tax and arable land and the cost of workers compensation
tithes tax). (salaries) and implementing some for
local projects and provide support to
This pattern in the distribution of localities in emergency and disaster
resources and powers continued to prevail situations.

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147
Division of Powers 1. A national committee comprising the
competent authorities of the Federal
The Decentralized Governance Regulation Government;
Law of 2020 defines exclusive powers
2. Commission jurisdictional and be
for the federal government and
formed by the governor under his
exclusive powers at the state level,
chairmanship in addition to the
in addition to joint powers that are
operations room headed by the
exercised in coordination between the
Ministry of Infrastructure;
federal government and the states,
as well as financial resources for each 3. Committee on the level of localities
level. Paragraph (14) of Table No. (B) formed by the governor, headed by
preparedness for disaster response and Executive Director of the local
its management, relief, and epidemic
control, is a common competence Powers and terms of reference and
between the federal and state levels. As membership of these committees is
for local government, in March, the powers often determined by a federal decree. The
and competencies defined by the Local localities allocate funds for coping with
Government Law within the scope of the disasters, but they are insufficient and
powers granted to the state. Accordingly, often depend on support from the state or
the administrative structure through the federal government.
which specializations are exercised in the
field of disaster response are as follows:
TABLE 17 - 1: Administrative Baseline Data
No of
No of
State Capital Area in km2 Population management
Localities
units
1 Red Sea Port Sudan 222,466 1,447,787 10 18
2 EL Gazera Madani 24,098 4,926,555 8 43
3 South Darfur Nyala 86,309 3,811,914 21 65
4 South Kordofan Kadugli 79,088 1,055,503 17 70
5 Central Darfur Zalingi 33,483 737,423 9 29
6 Kassala Kassala City 54,066 2,438,806 11 25
7 River Nile ELdamar 127,372 1,472,257 7 33
8 White Nile Rabak 40,544 2,410,260 9 32
9 Blue Nile Ad Damazin 42,278 1,080,742 7 18
10 Sennar Singa 35,358 1,847,458 7 26
11 Gadaref Al Gadaref 55,091 2,108,468 12 41
12 Eastern State Dongola 365,602 913,533 7 21
13 North Darfur El Fashir 297,593 2,296,068 18 61
14 North Kordofan EL Obid 188,362 2,451,218 8 44
15 East Darfur Ad Dean 45,071 1,408,276 9 32

16 Khartoum Khartoum 21,198 7,687,584 7 116
17 West Darfur El Junana 23,630 987,686 8 31
18 West Kordofan El Fula 142,281 1,701,240 14 64
TOTAL 1,883,890 40,782,742 189 769

148 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 17 - 2: Self-revenue for States (2017-2018)
2017 2018
State
Scheme Executor % Scheme Executor %
1 Red Sea 499.35 619.36 124 724.1 952.86 76
2 EL Gazera 1,092.40 878.56 80 1,318.68 1,253.35 105
3 South Darfur 577.55 333.04 58 857 730.25 117
4 South Kordofan 320.88 190.25 59 405.06 292.93 138
5 Central Darfur 138.5 64.07 46 243.86 95.43 256
6 Kassala 623.62 544.24 87 773.83 654.99 118
7 River Nile 1,013.46 632.13 62 1,979.40 1,261.58 157
8 White Nile 536 415.64 78 675.35 661.58 102
9 Blue Nile 279.72 149.1 53 336.19 216.39 155
10 Sennar 561.72 416.22 74 933.27 739.46 126
11 Gadaref 970.42 702.95 72 1,257.42 947.84 133
12 Eastern State 360.55 436.08 121 830.92 479.23 173
13 North Darfur 382.57 234.54 61 454.49 428.97 106
14 North Kordofan 1,248.57 879.25 70 1,418.54 1,028.11 138
15 East Darfur 267 196 73 371.51 331.17 112
16 Khartoum 7,833.28 6,729.57 86 9,380.65 9,981.96 94
17 West Darfur 301.79 122.81 41 401.12 251.48 160
18 West Kordofan 446.1 367.66 82 508.31 582.73 87
TOTAL 17,453.48 13,292.11 76 22,869.70 20,890.31 109
Labour Force According to the wage structure for the

year 2020.
Workers in the country to Guanyin
jurisdictional is subject to regulate their Government workers are spread over
work, but they are paid salaries and in the geographical spread of state power,
accordance with provisions of the decrees especially with regard to basic health care
of federal and unified structure for salaries services and basic education services, and
ranging from the seventeenth class to these are mainly concentrated at the level
first class for a monthly salary of workers of administrative units (773 units), some of
ranging from 4,400 pounds minimum which are in areas that lack paved roads
grade (seventeenth grade) to 28,759 and modern means of communication.
pounds degree higher (initial special

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149
TABLE 17 - 3: Labour force by state
State 2017 2018 Change (absolute)

1 Red Sea 17,893 19,521 1,628
2 EL Gazera 65,271 65,271 0
3 South Darfur 27,393 27,687 294
4 South Kordofan 17,797 19,195 1,398
5 Central Darfur 14,234 14,577 343
6 Kassala 26,463 25,928 -535
7 River Nile 28,823 28,887 64
8 White Nile 32,944 23,216 -9,728
9 Blue Nile 20,975 32,944 11,969
10 Sennar 22,393 25,677 3,284
11 Gadaref 25,970 26,906 936
12 Eastern State 25,740 25,531 -209
13 North Darfur 30,118 29,966 -152
14 North Kordofan 27,541 27,541 0
15 East Darfur 10,291 10,932 641
16 Khartoum 107,761 110,537 2,776
17 West Darfur 21,018 20,934 -84
18 West Kordofan 13,951 14,887 936
TOTAL 536,576 550,137 13,561
POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR where the FAO estimated in a rapid

THE SECTOR report to assess the effects of the
floods in September 2020 that 2.2
The impact of a flood disaster on the million hectares of agricultural areas
governance sector can be assessed in two were damaged in 15 states of Sudan
main axes: in particular. Mechanized cultivation
areas in Gedaref, Blue Nile, and Sennar
• Urban areas: These are the urban Kassala, and production losses were
areas that are located on the banks estimated at 1,044,942 tons of
of the Nile, its branches, and seasonal agricultural crops, and that affected
rivers, and in which the government a large number of farmers and their
offices are usually concentrated. In ability to provide for their needs,
these areas, housing, electricity supply, which forced them to borrow and sell
and roads are affected by the flood, production tools to prepare for the next
which affects the movement of the season, as well as weaken seasonal
population on the one hand and the agricultural employment opportunities.
continuity of government services that This had an impact on the gross
depend on electricity on the other hand domestic product of the states and
(Khartoum, Nile River and Northern the loss of estimated amounts of
states). financial resources that were collected
from these crops in the form of fees
• Rural areas: It is the areas of
and taxes. Government services in
agricultural and livestock production
these areas are mainly affected by the
where the income of the population
interruption of roads and the collapse
and the means of their livelihood are
of bridges that limit the movement of
affected by the loss of crops and

150 (RAPID PDNRA)
citizens and government employees, disasters
and the state’s ability to deliver
• Encouraging the private sector to
humanitarian aid.
engage in risk reduction projects
• In general, government buildings and
• Sponsoring civil society organizations
assets were not directly affected,
and engaging them in disaster
especially in urban areas, where
response work
buildings are located in locations
far from the risk of flooding and • Provide the necessary government
constructed with cement materials. support by providing rebuilding
Some damage occurred in rural areas, materials (BBB) at reasonable prices
especially government buildings • Enacting legislations and laws to
constructed from local materials. prevent housing in areas threatened by
floods and torrents
RECOVERY NEEDS AND
STRATEGY Recommendations
Recovery priorities 1. Exemption of materials for rebuilding

what was destroyed by the flood from
• Paving roads and maintaining main customs and other government fees
dirt roads and bridges to ensure the
movement of citizens to government 2. Building an integrated system for the
service centres, as well as workers’ flow of information across the various
access to their work sites levels of government
• Horizontal expansion of communication 3. Unify government channels to deal

networks and strengthening them to with disasters
cover all parts of the country 4. Adopting a development strategy
• Reconstructing administrative units to convert flood water into a useful
constructed with local materials and natural and economic resource
making sure that all government 5. Using modern technology in
headquarters are constructed with government dealings and enacting
fixed materials and far from torrential binding laws that are priorities
streams and river basins.
• Local authorities have sufficient powers
and resources to deal quickly with

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18. ENVIRONMENT
SUMMARY has brought gigantic amount of sand and
sediment. This had a negative impact on
The 2020 floods in Sudan were the water quality.
worst recorded in the last 100 years.
Continued rainfall and flooding caused an The recovery strategy must address the
historical overflow of the River Nile and underlying problems of environmental
its tributaries, affecting all the States in degradation that exacerbated the
Sudan, and causing devastating damage impact of the floods. The Environment
along riverbanks in the northern, central, assessment team identified the following
and eastern parts of the country. The recovery measures:
assessment for the environment sector
is a joint exercise of the Government • Conduct a ‘comprehensive post-
of Sudan which was led by the Federal disaster environmental assessment’
Ministry of Environment and supported to determine site-specific solutions
by UNDP with contributions from UNEP. that are eco-friendly and based on a
This assessment looks at the impact of landscape and ecosystem approach;
the 2020 flood on environmental assets • Riverbank rehabilitation through a mix
and provides recovery measures to avoid of man-made and biological solutions,
further environmental degradation and re- depending on risk levels. Where
establishment of ecosystem services. biological solutions are adopted, native
vegetation should be used for riverine
Environmental issues are of particular area protection and slope stabilization;
importance in Sudan given that a large
part of the population depend on natural • Rehabilitation of degraded soils
resources for their livelihoods. Sudan through ploughing of the soil surface
is exposed to various environmental to improve soil physical condition
challenges such as desertification, land and break compacted layers and
degradation, loss of biodiversity, and poor reclamation of soil salinity;
waste management which leads to water • Rehabilitation of rangelands through
pollution. The recent devastating floods the distribution of seeds and creation
resulted in significant environmental of protected areas.
damages, affecting riverine forests,
agricultural land, biodiversity, thus
impacting lives and livelihoods of local The recovery strategy for the environment
communities. The exceptional rainfall sector for the next 3-5 years is estimated
and prolonged flood period negatively at USD 52 million.
impacted riverine forest through riverbank
erosion along the main Nile and caused PRE-DISASTER AND SECTOR
severe soil erosion in the watersheds of CONTEXT
the Blue Nile and Atbara rivers and the
main Nile. Soil erosion leads to fertility About 72 per cent of Sudan is desert
loss, deep gully formation and a large and is sparsely populated. The land
increase of sediment input to the river supports an agrarian economy and
system, resulting in sedimentation pockets of mining. The country’s arable
problems downstream. Therefore, another land extends to 90.7 million hectares
important environmental damage caused (216 million feddan) of which only about
by the 2020 floods is the exposed soil and 23.5 million hectares (56 million feddan)
silting of agricultural land, which affect is under cultivation. Rain-fed agriculture
natural water catchments. The floods is practiced on 12.4 million hectares (29.5
have washed tremendous territory and million feddan), while the area under

152 (RAPID PDNRA)
irrigation makes up only 3.9 per cent rich biodiversity continues to face
of the country’s total area. Sorghum many threats due to the harsh climate,
and millet are the major crops, while deforestation and habitat fragmentation
sugarcane, sesame, groundnut, and and weak conservation efforts. In addition,
cotton are among the cash crops. About new emerging environmental challenges
25.6 per cent of Sudan’s total land area is are created by gold mining which disrupts
rangeland. the soil, rendering it not suitable for any
other land use. Chemical pollution by
Forest in the Sudan contribute mercury, cyanide, and other heavy metals
significantly to food security, economic especially at the processing sites inside
growth, and poverty reduction as they market complexes is widespread.
provide many food and non-wood
products, animal fodder and energy Severe soil erosion is going on in many
to local communities, representing an parts of Sudan rendering a lot of land
important source of revenue for the unproductive. Floods cause a different
country. set of problems. Flooding accelerates
land erosion, especially riverbank erosion
Sudanese riverine forest landscapes particularly where the vegetation cover
are located along the banks of the Blue along the banks is removed. During a
Nile, its tributaries and along the White flood period, the Blue Nile and Atbara
Nile and other wetland bodies. They are Rivers carry a lot of silt. Soil and debris
characterized by multiple coexisting are eroded from the Ethiopian highlands
land uses, including a unique forest and carried into Sudan, causing siltation
ecosystem covering a vast area with vital of reservoirs and irrigation canals. This
environmental and economic importance. reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs
They protect the Nile system and its and the carrying capacity of irrigation
watershed and soil against wind and canals and causes blockages in pumping
water erosion, reduce water pollution, and systems. The erosion of riverbanks is
provide habitats for wild animal species, another problem, especially along the main
migratory birds, and many aquatic Nile north of Merowe where mature date
organisms. palms and fruit trees are uprooted into
the river. However, the partial regulation
The riverine forests have an important of flow downstream of Merowe dam has
biodiversity value since they host a wide helped to limit riverbank erosion to some
range of fauna and animals, contributing extent.
to environmental conservation and
livelihoods. The riverine forests are POST-DISASTER EFFECTS FOR
managed to conserve the Nile ecosystem THE SECTOR
and play a key role in stabilizing the Nile
riverbanks from erosion and degradation, The recent devastating floods inflicted
as well as having profound effects on significant environmental damages,
water quality and the hydrology of the affecting riverine forests, agricultural
river, which sustains agricultural activities land, biodiversity, thus impacting lives
for local communities. and livelihoods of local communities. This
is likely to continue if no sustainable and
The most prominent environmental preventive measures are implemented.
problems in Sudan are associated with The exceptional rainfall and prolonged
desertification, land degradation and flood period negatively impacted riverine
poor waste management including toxic forests, causing severe riverbank erosion
chemicals. Biological damage includes along the main Nile and severe soil
tree removal, disturbance of species erosion in the watersheds of the Blue
mix, disturbance of soil fauna and flora, Nile and Atbara rivers and the main Nile.
destruction of soil seed bank, destruction Soil erosion leads to loss of arable land,
of habitat for wildlife and reduction of deep gully formation and a large increase
rangeland area and usability. Sudan’s of sediment input to the river system,

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153
TABLE 18 - 1: Labour force by state
Mild Moderate Severe

Description of effect and location
Effect Effect effect
Riverbank erosion (along the main Nile) x
Soil Erosion – (along the Blue Nile and Atbara rivers and the main Nile) x
Biodiversity x
Silting of agricultural land x
Water Quality - Deposits of physical and chemical waste in the Nile. x
leading to sedimentation problems year in the period 1987 to 1990 along the
more downstream. Another important Atbara River as estimated by Hassan M.
environmental damage that flood Fadul et al. (1999). According to Crosato
caused is exposed soil and slitting up of et al. (2010), the irrigable land loss was
agricultural land. The floods have washed estimated to range from 13 to 52 per
tremendous territory and has brought cent. Besides the loss of this arable land,
gigantic amount of sand and sediment. the Kerib land represents soil erosion
is one of the main sediment sources of
Table 18-1 presents a quick overview of Atbara and Nile Rivers, where the eroded
the effects on the environment as a result silt and clay materials end up in Sennar,
of the flooding. Of most concern is the Khashm ElGriba and Merowe and reducing
riverbank erosion which has occurred. their storage capacity. The Blue Nile is
exhibiting active bank erosion at different
Riverbank Erosion locations. The most serious suffering areas
are downstream of Roseires Dam, Singa
Bank erosion is a natural phenomenon to AlSuki,
of a river that could be complicated and
aggravated by human practices and Along the main Nile, a study by Salih and
interventions. Bank erosion is the wearing Mohammed (2008) indicated that about
away of the banks of a stream or a river. 15% of the bank length of the total studied
The rate of fluvial erosion is determined area showed mild risk of bank erosion. The
both by the force of the flowing water analysis revealed that about 30% of the
and the resistance of the bank material total riverbank length surveyed exhibited
to erosion. In Sudan, the anthropogenic moderate risk to erosion while 55% of the
factors include brick making whereby total riverbank length is classified as high
the soil is excavated near the riverbank, risk. These rates increased during high
cutting of trees and construction of floods. The annual rate of loss is more
buildings near the bank on the land used than 2 m/year of arable land. Riverbank
to be part of the river fold plain. erosion increased the internal and external
emigration of the people because they lose
Riverbank erosion have serious impact the cultivable lands and their irrigation
on the livelihoods of communities living equipment. In a survey conducted in
along the Nile and its tributaries. Coupled River Nile State, 481 feddan were lost to
with bank erosion, there is also the riverbank erosion, 2,660 date palm trees
phenomenon of riverbed degradation. The were lost with an estimated cost of US$
sediment deficit water released from dams 1,330,000 (Crosato et al 2010). There is
such as Roseires Dam caused riverbed also loss of aquatic and wildlife habitat
degradation downstream in Singa area. and lowering of water quality. Studies on
the problem of riverbank erosion should
The loss of arable land was 13.4 km2/ take on board the imminent impact of
year in the period 1985 to 1987, 9.8 km2/ GERD.

154 (RAPID PDNRA)
Soil Erosion habitat, shelter, and food. Deforestation
has several effects. Birds, animals, and
Flooded soils create significant challenges creatures that depend on trees and plants
for the environment. Most prominent for food or shelter lose their homes or
is soil erosion. Severe soil erosion is starve to death. Survivors are forced to
experienced in the watersheds of the relocate and find a new dwelling.
Blue and Atbara rivers and the main
Nile caused by the flood. The resulted Water quality
sediment causes sedimentation of dams’
reservoirs, power houses, inlet channels Water quality is of key importance to man
of pumping stations and irrigation canals. and nature. Flooding tends to reduce water
Storage capacities of reservoirs are quality by introducing large amounts
reduced due to sedimentation. During of eroded materials. Compounding the
flooding soils are under water for days problem, large quantities of chemicals are
or weeks, causing oxygen depletion, or flushed into the surface water by overland
reducing conditions, which suffocate plant flows. Chemical loading and poor water
roots. Soil lost due to erosion can take quality can have long and short-term
with it valuable plant-available nutrients consequences. Point sources for pollution
and organic matter. Flooding can also include lanterns collapsed by the flooding,
induce salinization of the soil. Soil erosion inundated municipal and industrial sites,
occurring in the upper catchment is and disposal or holding areas. The largest
mainly caused by deforestation practices. non-point pollution source is runoff from
The results are local losses of arable land, agricultural land.
deep gully formation and a large increase
of sediment input to the river system, RECOVERY NEEDS AND
leading to sedimentation problems more STRATEGY
downstream (Crosato et al 2010).
Environmental degradation is one
Biodiversity of the fundamental causes of large-
scale destruction, following the heavy
Flooding is responsible for creating different rains of 2020. Therefore, the recovery
site conditions and soil formations, strategy should address the underlying
preferred by different types of vegetation. environmental issues, in addition to those
Some crops like alfalfa, grown widely all environmental issues created by the
over Sudan are very sensitive to flooding. disaster itself.
Areas of alfalfa inundated by the recent
flood in the state of Khartoum were First, it will be essential to conduct
completely destroyed. There is a correlation a comprehensive post-disaster
between the magnitude of flood and the environmental impact assessment to
quantity of biodiversity of the area. Flood study and document how environmental
causes animal as well as floral mortality. degradation has exacerbated the disaster,
Some animals are sometime washed away as well as the environmental damages
by the current of the flood. Migration roots caused by the disaster itself. This should
of animals are disrupted. include satellite image-based analysis of
land use as well as field level studies on the
Also, rangelands which form an immense impacts of the floods on biodiversity and
natural resource and the major source of assessment of water pollution and land
feed for the national herd are affected by contamination by chemicals. The studies
flooding. Species such Sporoblus pungens should result in mitigation strategies.
(Difra) and Syperus spp (Sedges) with high Approaches such as ‘room for the river’
nutritive value disappear from the range should be the basis for addressing
while less value species such Orobanche flood protection. Removal of sediments
ramosa (Broomrape) and Tribulus deposited as a result of floods should
terrestris (Puncture vine) take over. Wildlife be based on site specific studies and
is highly linked to forests which provide suggestions by the experts.

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155
Riverbank rehabilitation methods to reduce the erosive forces of water and
increase soil’s resistance to erosive forces
Rigid protection measures should be and stabilize slopes. Plants can be used
limited to the most acute sections and either as a primary structural component
in major cities along the rivers. Biological or in combination with inert materials
methods should be used in low and such as rock and concrete. Recommended
medium risk areas and a combination tree species include Acacia nilotica, Acacia
of physical structures (riprap) and seyal. Tamarix aphylla, Sesbania sesban,
bioengineering (the use of plants) methods and Mimosa pigra besides the aquatic
in high risk areas. Biotechnical riverbank herbaceous Salix safsaf.
protection utilizes living plant materials
FIGURE 18 - 1: Trees recommended to be used for bank erosion control in Sudan:

Tamarix aphylla, Salix safsaf, and Mimosa pigra (from left to
right)
Erosion Rehabilitation strategy • Deep ploughing of the soil surface to

improve soil physical condition and
Rehabilitation should start by break compacted layers.
classification of bank erosion according
• Rehabilitation of soil fertility
to severity as low, medium, or high risk.
Low and medium erosion should be • Reclamation of soil salinity.
controlled by biological methods. High risk
should be controlled by bioengineering Rehabilitation of rangelands
methods. In major cities, the banks should
be protected by engineering methods. Rehabilitation strategy includes gathering
Gabions are a low-cost method of flood and distribution of seeds, and creation of
protection. Building a flood control wall range enclosures.
with gabions keeps the erosion protection
systems cost down. Water quality reclamation strategy
Rehabilitation of degraded soils Physical contamination of flood water

is easier to reclaim than chemical and
The area affected by the high flood erosion biological pollution. Flood water can be
this year was estimated from satellite used to irrigate fields and for recharge of
imageries. Damaged soils can recover underground water.
naturally over a very long period of time.
However, human intervention is needed in Stagnant water is a great risk to health.
most cases. Suggested interventions for Water-borne diseases usually outbreak
rehabilitation of soil include: after floods. Excess water needs to be

156 (RAPID PDNRA)
drained or directed towards low spots. Wastewater treatment plants in Sudan
Flood water can be directed to low spots are very few and not equipped to
which can be used to relief the river and handle large volumes of water. The best
this water can be used later. Water stored strategy is to control the sources of
in the soil can be used in space irrigation water pollution by good management of
agriculture. physical and chemical waste away from
the Nile.
Reclamation of chemically contaminated
water is an expensive endeavour.
TABLE 18 - 2: Short-, Medium and Long Term Recovery Needs for Environmental
Restauration
N. Measures Short Medium Long Cost (USD)
Riverbank Rehabilitation
1 Collection of tree seeds x 500,000
2 Nursery x 200,000
3 Planting x 400,000
4 Rip Rap x 300,000
5 Construction of engineering structures x 5,000,000
Rehabilitation of degraded soils
Ploughing of the soil surface to improve
6 x x 2,000,000
soil physical condition
7 Rehabilitation of soil fertility x x 10,000,000
8 Salinity x 3,000,000
Rehabilitation of Rangelands
9 Gathering of seeds x x 1,000,000
10 Distribution of seeds x x 2,000
11 Creation of protected areas x 20,000,000
Water Treatment
12 Central/Reference Laboratory x x 3,000,000
Rehabilitation of existing wastewater
13 x x 2,000,000
treatment plants
14 Capacity building x 500,000
15 Network of drainage system x 5,000,000
Total Recovery Needs 52,902,000

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157
19. HUMAN IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
OBJECTIVE AND KEY FINDINGS estimates of flood-affected people
in the areas (FAO & Transitional GoS,
Any disaster is first and foremost a 2020);
human crisis. In the case of Sudan, many 3. comment on the overall impact this
compounding stresses and shocks, may have on the trajectory of achieving
including the macro-economic conditions the Sustainable Development Goals
causing unprecedented price inflation, pertaining to human development
protracted and new displacement from (SDG 1-10).
within and around the country, COVID-19
related containing measures, and on To achieve the first objective, this chapter
top of it, a nation-wide flood causing develops a series of sub-indices for the five
damages and epidemic outbreaks, have all areas of human development vulnerabilities
contributed to severe human development and inequalities across all states. This also
setbacks. Although, it is difficult to offers a cumulative human development
attribute these impacts to any specific vulnerability index for the country as well as
event, the experiences at the household and each of the states, to give a view of how the
individual level are conditioned by their pre- states are performing as compared to the
existing vulnerabilities. others (see Figure 18 2). Comparing these
indices suggests that:
This chapter attempts to achieve three
insights across the five key dimensions of • There exists a vast variation in human
human development - (1) multi-dimensional conditions across geography and the
poverty (based on conditions of drinking 18 states. Darfur and Kordofan states
water, sanitation, housing, energy access, are amongst the most vulnerable in
asset ownership, health, and education), almost all dimensions, followed by
(2) income poverty (based on employment, Gedarif, Blue Nile and Kassala.
livelihoods, savings and debt), (3) food
insecurity, (4) gender inequality, and (5) • In particular, East, Central, West, North
social exclusion. It aims to: and South Darfur are amongst the
states with poorest living conditions
1. understand the pre-existing and multi-dimensional poverty, which is
vulnerabilities and the spatial also somewhat in line with the highest
inequalities across the 18 states to incidence of income poverty in these
inform the recovery actions such states as well as in West Kordofan.
that they are comprehensive, long- • Food insecurity owing to economic
term, and address the entrenched vulnerability is proportionally the
vulnerabilities while also responding to highest in West Darfur and the Red
the immediate needs; Sea, followed closely by Kassala,
2. estimate the impact on the people North Kordofan, White Nile, Blue Nile
(mainly due to the floods) across the and South and West Kordofan (WFP,
18 states, using a primary household 2020a).
survey130 documenting the before and • Gender inequality is experienced at
after flood conditions, alongside the about similar levels across all states
pre-existing baseline conditions and irrespective of the income and living
130
A primary household survey was conducted between Nov – Dec 2020 (n=2,665 households) in 6 states. For the remaining states,
estimates are drawn from previously conducted rapid field assessments by other partners, including FAO, HAC, UNOCHA, and the
Inter-Agency Rapid Flood Assessments (August 2020), or national averages derived from the survey are used.

158 (RAPID PDNRA)
conditions, highlighting the need to average size 5.4 people. In addition,
address the deep-rooted socio-cultural people dependent on remittances or
challenges across the country. humanitarian aid (i.e., those who are
unemployed or have only a seasonal
• Social disparities are highest in the
income), although fewer in number
states of East Darfur, West Kordofan,
(85.4 thousand households), but are the
South Darfur, South Kordofan,
most severely affected for not having
Khartoum, Blue Nile and Sinnar.
any savings or assets to rely on.
Besides, rural areas are more vulnerable Of the ones affected, 596.1
across all the five metrics of human thousand are IDPs, 167.6 thousand
development as compared to their urban are refugees and asylum seekers,
counterparts. and 372.9 thousand are female
headed households. See Figure 18 1
For the second objective, the following to understand the intersectionality
overall impacts are estimated across the of vulnerability across the different
five human development dimensions in the types of people facing income
flood affected areas: poverty challenges. There are
324.1 thousand households from
1. Multidimensional poverty: Living the poorest quintile and 458.9
conditions of nearly 1.6 – 1.9 million thousand households from the
households have been severely second to poorest quintile (both
affected mainly because of widespread below the poverty line) living in the
diseases triggered by damaged flood affected areas who will need
sanitation, contaminated drinking immediate and long-term support
water, but also because of broken through immediate humanitarian
homes, loss of assets, and loss of help and food/cash for work
education days. Some of the coping programmes. There are another
mechanisms employed by them are 559.9 thousand households from the
further worsening their safety, dignity, middle quintile who are although just
and privacy outcomes, especially for above the poverty line, but with these
women. Being pushed to use shared cumulative stresses and shocks may
facilities for toilets or shelter is also be in the danger of falling below it
increasing their COVID-19 related (See Figure 3). They will also need to
exposure. Nearly 1.1 million households be supported through Employment
are experiencing homelessness or Support Schemes and Skill Training
displacement, of which 790 thousand workshops 131.
are temporarily relocated, and over
3. Food insecurity: Nearly 2.2 million
123.9 thousand have either already
households are food insecure in the
relocated or planning to relocate
flood affected areas owing to their
permanently in the near future.
economic vulnerability. Nearly 1.5
2 Income Poverty: Incomes and savings million of them are estimated to have
of nearly 1.7 million households have borrowed money to get food for their
been affected, of which the most families, worsening their debt and
impacted are the agriculturalists (634.9 poverty outcomes further. Many are
thousand households), daily wage coping by skipping meals, rationing
earners (607.3 thousand households), food portions, or changing dietary
and people earning from micro-, small- composition, all of which may affect
or medium enterprises (374.6 thousand the mid- to long-term malnutrition
households). Considering most families outcomes. These people need
have only a single earning family immediate assistance as food supply
member, the effect of reduction in and/or cash vouchers (e.g., through
income, savings and increase in debt the Sudan Family Support Program
will be felt by the entire household of (SFSP)).
131
See Employment and Livelihoods Chapter for more details

(RAPID PDNRA)
159
FIGURE 19 - 1: Intersectionality of people affected by income poverty
372.9 167.6
596.1 thousand female
thousand thousand
headed HH refugees &
IDPs
asylum seekers
Agriculturalists (634.9 thousand HH)
Daily wage workers (607.3 thousand HH)
MSME (374.6thousand HH)
Unemployed/dependent (85.4 thousand HH)
4. Gender Inequality: About 2.9 million or shelter conditions, and many are
women are disproportionally affected mainly dependent on humanitarian
among the population, who are facing assistance. Nearly 1.1 million of
loss of dignity and privacy after them have been severely affected,
being forced to defecate in the open, primarily due to damages faced in
safety issues while accessing toilets basic services (sanitation), and price
during the dark, increased burden of inflations.
care-giving needs, and unhygienic
Children are another group affected
menstrual conditions. Besides, it is
disproportionately. About 770.1
expected that over 1 million women
thousand children may face severe
might face gender-based violence
physical or psychological aggression
after these recent events, an increase
at home. Nearly 122.7 thousand
of over 70% from before. 312.8
children between the ages 1 to 3 risk
thousand female children might also
the chance of missing vaccinations,
end up dropping out of school because
and being exposed to otherwise
of conditions at home. Although, in
preventable diseases in the long-term.
that male children are even more likely
to drop out than female children – About 150.3 thousand people with
about 450.6 thousand male children special health needs (pregnant women,
– with more burden on them for people with disabilities, or HIV) have
contributing economically to the also faced issues accessing health-
family’s income. 626.9 thousand men care during and after floods, and need
might also shift to hazardous working immediate support.
conditions.
Overall, many of the development gains
5. Social exclusion: IDPs, refugees
made over the past two decades may be
and asylum seekers are among the
in the danger of getting lost due to these
most affected and excluded groups
compounded and cascading shocks and
due to lack of integration within the
stresses. SDG4 on Education, SDG6 on
society. They are more likely to be
water and sanitation, SDG8 on work and
poor, than community members,
SDG9 on Infrastructure, had all made
have fewer assets (including land),
some progress over the past decades,
live in camps with poor basic services
but have been affected severely in 2020.

160 (RAPID PDNRA)
SDG2 on hunger, SDG3 on health, SDG5 (FAO & Transitional GoS, 2020).
on gender equality, SDG7 on energy and
SDG10 on inequality were barely staying Sudan suffers regular epidemic
afloat, but with these shocks and stresses outbreaks of three broad types, all of
are likely to get a strong hit. But most which are otherwise avoidable: water
critically, SDG1 on poverty was already and sanitation-related diseases (e.g.,
showing worsening trends, and are likely cholera), vector-borne diseases (e.g.,
to see many more people pushed into malaria and viral haemorrhagic fevers)
severe poverty and food insecurity. These and vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g.,
areas need immediate attention through measles, polio, and diphtheria)133. Many
cash transfers, and cash and food for work lives are lost to these epidemics, people
programs to protect those already poor face setbacks economically, physically,
but also to prevent those just above from and psychologically, and these outbreaks
falling into poverty. leave the already strained health systems
further stressed.
The following priority areas of action are
recommended: There have been marginal improvements
in the incidence of stunting, wasting
• Priority 1: Strengthen poverty and underweight in children under five
alleviation & food security through cash between 2014 and 2018, but the overall
grants and cash-for-work immunization coverage has suffered,
when less than 26% children under one-
• Priority 2: Improve living conditions
year of age received full EPI coverage.
by rebuilding sanitation and drinking
The impacts of this are visible in the
water facilities
re-emergence of polio in recent months,
• Priority 3: Invest in building capacities which had otherwise been eradicated in
of community members, organisations, the country by 2009.
and local governments to better
understand and respond to future Protracted and new displacement
emergencies continues due to decades of conflict
and environmental hazards, with
CONTEXT OF HUMAN approximately 1.86 million IDPs in addition
to the over 1 million refugees hosted by
DEVELOPMENT IN SUDAN
the country. Also, limited institutional
and financial capacities have constrained
While the political context in Sudan
policy protections to alleviate poverty,
witnessed a historic shift in 2019, the
provide diverse employment opportunities,
human development context has been
reduce food insecurity, illiteracy, disease
subject to a continuous and significant
outbreaks, gender inequality, and social
decline. Sudan’s global ranking based
integration of the IDPs and refugees.
on the Human Development Index has
All these conditions have had profound
been steadily slipping down, from 147 in
consequences on people’s immediate
2005 to 170 in 2020132. Years of conflict
physical and mental wellbeing; their living
and natural hazard-driven displacements
standards including access to services;
and inflation due to economic pressures
their ability to live with dignity; and their
have substantially increased the number
long-term resilience (UNOCHA, 2020).
of people living in destitution and those
needing humanitarian assistance. This
This chapter provides a baseline of the key
number has increased by 75% in the last 5
human development vulnerabilities across
years - from 5.2 million people in 2015 to
the 18 states using 33 development
9.3 million (23% of the population) in 2020
indicators across 5 areas134. The indices
132
(UNDP, 2020) http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SDN
133
See the Health Sector Chapter for more details
134
(1) Multi-dimensional poverty (based on conditions of drinking water, sanitation, housing, energy access, asset ownership, health,
and education), (2) income poverty (based on employment and livelihoods), (3) food insecurity, (4) gender inequality, and (5) social
exclusion. See the methodology at the end of this chapter for more details on the indicators, data sources and index computation.

(RAPID PDNRA)
161
developed are presented in Figure 18 2. of drinking water (unprotected well, hafirs,
Pre-existing conditions have been unfiltered surface water, etc.). This is
exacerbated by the impacts of the a significant improvement from 31% of
COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown households (HH) as per MICS5 2014, of
measures taken to prevent its spread, which 96% did not use any form of water
which have significantly decreased treatment method. About 58% of all HH
commodity movement, market functions, got their water away from the premises
cross-border trade, and compromised (32% of all HH had to walk over 30 mins),
livelihoods, daily labour opportunities, with the primary onus of fetching falling
reducing household purchasing power and on women (38%) and children under 15
food access of the vulnerable population (23%) (UNICEF & CBS, 2014).
(Government of Sudan, 2020). In such a
context, the nation-wide floods have had As per the inter-agency rapid flood
a compounding effect, which is having assessments conducted in August 2020,
a disproportionate effect on the already many people faced challenges in accessing
vulnerable people and states more than drinking water136. People in Khartoum
others. (Norwegian Refugee Council, 2020),
mentioned the presence of a high ratio
Living conditions and Multi- of salinity making the available borehole
dimensional Poverty135 water non-potable, forcing HHs to pay
for drinking water with the cost of 150
Impacts due to affected drinking water SDG/barrel. Besides, many households
As per Sudan S3M II survey 2019, 17% of also faced challenges in accessing water
households (HH) used unimproved sources temporarily owing to loss of jerry cans,
FIGURE 19 - 2: Human Development Vulnerabilities assessed using multiple

indicators (see the methodology section at the end of this
chapter for more details). The Y-axis denotes the relative index
on the scale 0-1 in increasing order of vulnerabilities.
Human Development Vulnerabilities and Inequalities across states
1.00
0.90
Index (worse from 0 to 1)
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
-
te a
rt lue r
N
Ge la
Ka ea
ar if
So Ko Nile
ve rn
Re ile
um
Si e
ur
Ce th D ur
So t Da r
lD r
st fur
n
W Ko fan
n
a
es rfu
ra fu
W zir
l
Kh dar
rt fa
t K ofa
DA
Ni
nn
he
rN
rf
rf
S
ss
nt ar
Ea ar
to
No ardo
o
Ge
Da
W Da
d
rt
ut rd
d
SU
r
No
hi
h
No B
Ri
u
h
h
es
Multi-dimensional Poverty Income Poverty

Food Insecurity Gender Inequality
Social Vulnerabilities and Exclusions Overall Human Vulnerabilities
135
This is complimentary to the sub-themes covered under the Human Development Index framework, but the assessment does not
use the same indicators or methodology to arrive at a similar index, and therefore not comparable. This exercise only identifies the key
vulnerabilities and potential impacts on various attributes of living conditions.
136
HAC & UNOCHA Rapid Flood Assessment Reports August 2020

162 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 19 - 1: Impacts due to affected drinking water
Estimate number of impacted

Key risks for most vulnerable social groups social groups in most affected
geographies137
1.1. Drinking Water
1.1.1. HH affected by worsened water quality (in terms of colour, taste, 1.31 million HH (Sinnar = 207.6
or other contamination) (this can have second-order implications on thousand, Khartoum = 202.8
health and water-borne diseases discussed in the health section of this thousand, River Nile = 186.5
chapter) thousand)
1.1.2. HH affected due to increased prices of drinking water (those who 485.5 thousand HH (Blue Nile =
relied on tanker and bottled water earlier) (temporary impact but may 141.7 thousand, Red Sea = 102.6
result in coping mechanisms such as borrowing money and increasing thousand, Khartoum = 75.1
debts that may have long-term implications) thousand)
1.1.3. HH affected due to lack of physical access to drinking water (it 1.699 million HH (Khartoum =
may have been a temporary impact but has led to coping mechanisms 525.8 thousand, River Nile = 276.9
such as reducing consumption of water, borrowed money, etc. which thousand, Sinnar = 263 thousand)
may have long-term implications)
washing basins, and buckets. Those who As per the primary survey (qualitatively
were displaced from their homes and were corroborated by the inter-agency
staying with relatives, neighbours or at rapid flood assessments in Aug 2020),
nearby schools, were able to access some 64% respondents raised the issue of
drinking water during those days. Others damaged sanitation facilities, including
complained about increased turbidity, those who previously had access to
caused by contamination, and may lead to improved sanitation. This can have
water-borne diseases. As per the primary immediate and mid-term implications
survey conducted138, 54% of HH indicated on water contamination related to
facing water quality issues (taste, colour, disease outbreaks. Owing to poor solid
or contamination), 20% faced price waste management, 60% households
increase, and 70% faced issues accessing experienced an increase in mosquitoes
water. and bad smells, 46% experienced blocked
drains, 41% experienced health and safety
Impacts due to affected sanitation issues, and 33% faced blocked roads and
and solid waste management access issues. 33% respondents indicated
being forced to shift to open defecation,
Even before the floods, less than 1% while another 48% respondents indicated
of households had access to a piped shifting to shared sanitation facilities
sewer system, while 40.1% used some (mostly women while men shifted to open
form of decentralised sanitation (septic defecation), thereby potentially increasing
tank, ventilated improved pit latrine, their risks of contracting COVID-19. 10% of
etc.) (UNICEF & CBS, 2014). About 33% respondents also indicated rationing toilet
households practiced open defecation, times to either too early in the morning
62% had access to unimproved sanitation or late at night, with women, in particular,
facilities (pit latrine without a slab, bucket, facing safety issues. 7% faced issues of
etc.), and nearly 69% of households access, 4% indicated having female family
used shared sanitation facilities (public, members who faced safety issues, and 3%
community toilets) (Federal Ministry of indicated safety issues against animals
Health, 2012). (snakes, scorpions, etc.).
137
Northern state is not included in this assessment due to lack of information available on the flood impact. West Kordofan, Central
and East Darfur also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.
138
A detailed primary survey was conducted between November and December 2020, in 6 states (Blue Nile, Gedarif, Khartoum, River
Nile, Sinnar, and White Nile) covering 2665 households. See Annex of the Human Impact Assessment sector report for a the detailed
sample description and overview of the methodology used for arriving at estimates.

(RAPID PDNRA)
163
TABLE 19 - 2: Impacts due to affected sanitation and solid waste management
Key risks for most vulnerable social groups Estimate number of impacted social groups in most
affected geographies139
1.2. Sanitation
1.2.1. HH with toilets rendered dysfunctional 1.55 million HH (Khartoum = 548.3 thousand, River Nile =
(this may be a medium-term impact, with 242.994 thousand, Sinnar = 235.326 thousand)
some repairs already made by people over
time, but the second-order health and safety
impacts maybe longer-term)
1.2.2. Women who faced safety issues while 269.3 thousand women (Sinnar = 48.3 thousand, Khartoum
accessing toilets = 43.5 thousand, West Darfur = 24.6 thousand)
1.2.3. No. of people faced safety issues due to 418.1 thousand people (Khartoum = 134.9 thousand,
animals (snakes, scorpions, etc.) Blue Nile = 114.1 thousand, Sinnar = 39.9 thousand)
1.2.4. No. of people with increased danger from 8.3 million people (Khartoum = 3.5 million, Sinnar = 1.2
vector-borne diseases due to poor solid waste million, West Darfur = 763 thousand, River Nile = 591.6
and sanitation issues thousand)
1.2.5. No. of people forced to use open 4.6 million people of which 2.2 million are women
defecation (Khartoum = 1.2 million, Blue Nile = 615.8 thousand, Sinnar =
559.1 thousand, Gezira = 442 thousand)
1.2.6. HH exposed to greater COVID-19 related 1.17 million HH (Khartoum = 450.7 thousand, River Nile =
exposure being forced to use neighbours / 237.4 thousand, Sinnar = 176.5 thousand, West Darfur = 127.2
shared facilities thousand, Gezira = 107.2 thousand)
1.2.7. HH with potential water contamination 2.48 million HH (Khartoum = 745.447 thousand, Sinnar =
and water-borne diseases (affected households 348.5 thousand, West Darfur = 271.8 thousand, River Nile =
using open defecation or decentralised 267.4 thousand, Gezira = 201.7 thousand)
sanitation systems more prone to damages
during floods)
Image 1: Damaged Ventilated Improved Pit Image 2: Some parts of El Ferdous settlement in East Darfur
latrines (VIP) in one the houses in Um dawn after the floods as on 20 August 2020. Source: HAC &
ban, Khartoum as on 12 Aug 2020. Source: UNHCR Rapid Flood Assessment
Norwegian Refugee Council
139
Note that although the % share of population using open defecation or decentralized systems of sanitation is higher in Gedarif, Red
Sea, North and South Kordofan and Kassala, and the largest share HH availing piped sewer system who were not as badly affected
is in Khartoum, but simply owing to an extremely large population is in Khartoum, the total number of households affected is much
larger.

164 (RAPID PDNRA)
Impacts due to damaged housing, the entire household (of average size 5.4
assets, and loss of energy access people). Nearly 59% of people used solid
fuels for cooking. These households in the
As per Sudan MICS5 2014, over 28.8% of flood-affected regions are at the highest
households did not own the housing they risk of facing household damages, or
lived in (rented, provided by jobs, etc.); evictions due to inabilities to pay rent at a
about 62.4% lived in a housing made of time of crisis.
mud and sticks (e.g. Gottiya) [77% HH
with rudimentary roofs or those made Table 19-3 lays out the damages
of natural material, and 66% HH with experienced by households across different
rudimentary/natural material walls], and states:
29.4% households had only one room for
TABLE 19 - 3: Impacts due to damaged housing, assets, and loss of energy

access
Estimate number of impacted social groups in most

1.3. Housing, Assets and Energy
1.3.1. HH with severe damages to their houses 1.38 million HH (Khartoum = 505.7 thousand, River Nile
= 199.6 thousand, Sinnar = 191.5 thousand, West Darfur
– 150.1 thousand)
1.3.2. HH that experienced permanent or temporary 1.01 million HH (Khartoum = 285.439 thousand, River
homelessness or displacement Nile = 214.739 thousand, Sinnar = 162.6 thousand, West
Darfur = 111.3 thousand)
1.3.3. HH with asset losses (potentially creating 970.9 thousand HH (Khartoum = 368.1 thousand, River
long-term implications for poverty) Nile = 248.7 thousand, Sinnar = 134.7 thousand)
1.3.4. HH with affected access to cooking fuel 436.9 thousand HH (Khartoum = 210.3 thousand, River
(temporary impact but leading to coping strategies Nile = 124.3 thousand, Sinnar and West Darfur = 48
such as increased debts, food insecurity, etc. that thousand each, Gezira = 40.2 thousand)
may have long-term implications)
1.3.5. HH having rebuilt similarly vulnerable 1.5 million HH (Khartoum = 298.5 thousand, Sinnar =
structures as before 228.5 thousand, West Darfur = 162.5 thousand)
1.3.6. HH at risk of losing housing due to lack of 169.9 thousand HH (mostly in Khartoum)
ability to pay rents
1.3.7. HH at risk of losing housing due to losing jobs 35.4 thousand HH (West Darfur = 18.8 thousand, Sinnar
= 12.1 thousand, Red Sea = 11.6 thousand)
1.3.8. HH living in overcrowded conditions (with 724.4 thousand HH (Khartoum = 169 thousand, Sinnar
implications for COVID-19) = 118 thousand, West Darfur = 93.3 thousand)
Image 3: A completely destroyed IDP camp (Kass) in Image 4: A severely damaged IDP house (Kass) in South
South Darfur. Photo Credit: OCHA & HAC field staff Darfur. Photo Credit: OCHA & HAC field staff
140
Northern state is not included in this assessment due to lack of information available on the flood impact. Kordofan and Darfur
regions also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.

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165
Impacts on health Also, 7% of the population was already at
risk of malaria, with the highest malaria
Sudan has witnessed many disease parasite prevalence found in Blue Nile,
outbreaks in the recent past, including North and South Kordofan, and West
malaria and haemorrhagic fevers after the Darfur (Federal Ministry of Health, 2012).
floods last year. These outbreaks do not With increased damages to sanitation
just stress the healthcare infrastructure facilities, increased open defecation, and
but increase health care spending per other waste disposal issues, there is a high
capita: in 2017 it was nearly US$ 100-199; risk for people (even those not affected by
where the out-of-pocket expenditure could floods directly) to be infected by vector-
be as high as 76%.141 borne diseases, apart from water-borne
diseases such as diarrhoea and cholera,
43% of the total deaths of children below 5 and snakes and scorpion bites due to
were due to otherwise avoidable (infectious, stagnant water.
water or vector-borne,142 communicable)
diseases . 29% of children experience The Inter-agency Rapid Flood Assessment
regular incidences of diarrhoea, with nearly in Aug 2020 also found that hospitals,
10% not being given ORS or any other such as Jabal Awliya in Khartoum, were
recommended fluids. Further, there is a found to be overcrowded with 250-300
3.7 times gap of equity in child survival visits per day. With few Primary Health
between Northern state (the lowest U5MR Care facilities in rural areas, already with
of 30 deaths per 1,000 live births) and East limited capacities, there was a lack of
Darfur (the highest under-five mortality ambulance services for emergency cases
rate of 111.7 deaths for 1,000 live births). and mother and childcare. They found
Children living in poorest families are at there were significant gaps in Outpatient
double the risk of dying before their firth Therapeutic Programs (OTP) and Targeted
birthday (U5MR of 84.2) in comparison to Supplementary Feeding programs (TSFP)
children from the richest household (U5MR that provide malnutrition services for
of 39.4) (UNICEF & CBS, 2014). children (6-59 months). Additionally,
they also found a need for breastfeeding
With children missing vaccinations, spaces for lactating mothers and IYCF
there is an increased risk of spreading counselling.144
polio, measles and other diseases that
are otherwise vaccine-preventable143. With high fertility rates of 5.4, about 5%
There was an estimated 15% drop in the of the female population (between the
use of measles-containing-vaccines ages 15-49)145 are likely to be pregnant in
(MCVs) during the first quarter of 2020. any given month146. With over 72% of child
Most activities planned in the Integrated deliveries not happening at any health
Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) facility, and worsened living conditions
plan were cancelled and there was a 65% at homes after the floods could pose
decrease in measles vaccination coverage an additional risk for those who have
among children under five years of age. delivered or those expecting to deliver
There was a new Polio outbreak reported in the coming months. With neonatal
in August after it was eradicated in mortality rates as high as 32%, there is a
2009, and although WHO had plans to very real risk of that worsening in these
widespread polio vaccination, challenges conditions.
were met due to areas becoming
inaccessible during floods and lock- As per the primary survey, 52% households
downs. indicated experiencing water-borne
141
See Health chapter for more details
142
Open Data for Africa: https://sudan.opendataforafrica.org/cxnktu/sudan-health-profile
143
https://www.who.int/health-cluster/news-and-events/news/Multiple-emergencies-Sudan/en/
144
Inter-agency Assessment jointly led by Govt. of Sudan and OCHA in Aug 2020
145
On average, women are found to be pregnant for nearly 5 out of 35 years (between ages 15-49).
146
The primary sample survey reflects this estimation where 5% households surveyed indicated having pregnant family members.

166 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 19 - 4: Impacts on health
Key risks for most vulnerable social Estimate number of impacted social groups in most affected
groups geographies
1.4. Health
1.9 million households (Khartoum = 616.9 thousand, Sinnar =
1.4.1. Households infected by malaria and
258.5 thousand, North Kordofan = 233.6 thousand, River Nile
other vector-borne diseases
=220.4 thousand, South Kordofan = 155.1 thousand)
1.4.2. Households affected by water-borne
diseases (cholera, dysentery, skin infections,
181.1 thousand, West Darfur = 137.6 thousand)
etc.)
1.4.3. Households having family members
325.2 thousand households (Khartoum = 154.3 thousand,
with pre-existing health conditions facing
Sinnar, Blue Nile, and West Darfur = 35 thousand each, Gezira,
(temporary) challenges in accessing health
and River Nile = 30 thousand each)
facilities
422.6 thousand (Khartoum and River Nile = 160 thousand each,
1.4.4. Households with family members with
Sinnar = 56 thousand, West Darfur = 46 thousand, Gezira = 38.9
an increased incidence of mental trauma
thousand)
1.4.5. Households where people with special
150.3 thousand households (Blue Nile = 36 thousand,
conditions impacted (pregnant women,
Khartoum = 33.8 thousand, Sinnar = 19 thousand)
newborn children elderly, disabled, etc.)
1.4.6. In particular, people with HIV facing 28.1 thousand people (Khartoum = 18.9 thousand, Blue Nile =
challenges in accessing regular medication 3900 people, Gezira = 2450 people)
1.4.7. Number of children (aged 2-3 years) at 122.8 thousand children (Sinnar = 21.4 thousand, Khartoum =
risk of missing their vaccination on time 16.5 thousand, Red Sea & West Kordofan = 13.5 thousand each)
1.4.8. Households with women having faced 105.7 thousand households (Blue Nile = 32 thousand, Sinnar
gynaecological or female health issues and River Nile = 17 thousand each)
1.4.9. Households with increased debt due
to health expenditure faced following the
188.1 thousand, West Darfur = 133.5 thousand)
floods
1.4.10. Households with increased
580.2 thousand households (Khartoum = 312.3 thousand,
dependence on humanitarian assistance for
River Nile = 135.625 thousand, Sinnar = 77 thousand)
health needs following the floods
diseases (cholera, digestive issues, ages increase, overall education enrolment

skin issues, etc.) after the event, 78% seems to drop, with male children
indicated experiencing vector-borne marginally more excluded. Where 27.4%
diseases (malaria, etc.), 13% faced of male children of secondary education
challenges accessing primary healthcare age level are enrolled, 29.4% of females
for pre-existing conditions, 17% reported are enrolled in education programmes. On
experiencing mental trauma and stress, average, nearly 13% of all children below 18
6% households reported challenges faced are not enrolled in education, with nearly
by family members with special health 48% of children unenrolled in the state of
conditions (pregnant women, newborn Gedarif, and 29% in Blue Nile.
children, elderly, people with disabilities,
etc.), and 4% households indicated having As per the primary survey conducted, 40%
female family members who faced of households indicated having lost books
gynaecological or female health issues. and certificates, 15% indicated having
lost other education-related assets (e.g.,
Impacts on education computers, etc.). 23% said they lost school
days because of domestic reasons (such
Primary and secondary education as help needed at home or health issues),
enrolment has improved over the MDG whereas nearly 50% indicated a loss of
period, yet it remains low. While 77.4 % of education because of infrastructure issues
males of primary school age are enrolled, (damaged school, roads, transport access,
75.5% female children of similar ages are etc.).
enrolled for primary education. But as the

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167
TABLE 19 - 5: Impacts on education
Key risks for most vulnerable social Estimate number of impacted social groups in most affected
groups geographies
1.5. Education
1.5.1. HH with children having lost 968.2 thousand HH (Khartoum = 353.7 thousand, River Nile =
education-related assets (books, 248.7 thousand, Sinnar = 139.3 thousand)
certificates, or computers, etc.)
1.5.2. HH with children having lost school 560.2 thousand HH (Khartoum = 161.8 thousand, River Nile =
days for needs at home and health issues 124.3 thousand, Sinnar = 97.8 thousand)
(domestic issues)
1.5.3. HH with children having lost school 912.7 thousand HH (Khartoum = 393.7 thousand, Sinnar = 128
days due to affected access or school thousand, West Darfur = 99 thousand, Gezira = 83 thousand,
shutting down (infrastructure issues) River Nile = 73 thousand, Red Sea = 59 thousand)
1.5.4. Households with increased debt from 1.43 million HH (~ 59% HH)
borrowing for school fees
1.5.5. Households with male child dropping 265.1 thousand (~11% HH)
out of school
1.5.6. Households with a female child 183.9 thousand (~8% HH)
dropping out of school
Impact on Income, Poverty and 15% had access to occupational safety

Livelihoods measures (MHRDL, 2011).
46.5% of the population lived in poverty, As per the primary survey148, the highest
and 7.76% lived in severe poverty. 1.27 proportion of households affected were
million households belonged to the those involved in agriculture. 73% of the
poorest wealth quintile, while 2.7 million agriculturalist families lost working days
households belonged to the second during and post the event, nearly all of
and middle quintiles (potentially at an them reported a loss of transportation
increased risk of falling into poverty) modes (bicycles, etc.), 25% reported a
(UNICEF & CBS, 2014). The proportion of loss of work-related assets (equipment,
poor people increases going further away machinery, etc.), 43% indicated a
from city centres (UN Sudan, UKAid, reduction in wages, 25% indicated
Government of Sudan, & World Bank, decreased savings and 24% indicated
2019). Of those unemployed, 50% had increased debts. 36% of households
remained unemployed for over 12 months, indicated a loss of stored crops and
indicating severe work shortages and/or seeds, while 31% indicated a loss of
unemployability levels (MHRDL, 2011). livestock.
Over 2.4 million people were employed in Of those involved in daily wage work,
the informal sector, with no workplace 70% reported a loss of workdays, 39%
protections, insurance, or social safety saw reduction in wages, 18% reduction
nets. Of these, 30% were employed in in savings, and 19% increased debts. Of
agriculture and allied activities, 23% in those earning their income from micro,
transport and storage – both activities small or medium enterprises, 78% saw a
severely hampered following the floods. loss in working days, 23% loss in work-
Even those employed in the formal sector, related assets, 39% reduction in income,
only 12% had access to social security, 21% indicated a reduction in savings, and
18% had access to health insurance, 20% indicated increased debts.
147
Northern state is not included in this assessment due to lack of information available on the flood impact. Kordofan and Darfur
regions also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.
148
The survey found an average of 1.3 earning members per family and an average family size of 5.4.

168 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 19 - 6: Impacts experienced in livelihoods, income, and savings
Impacted numbers of social groups in most

2.0. Livelihoods and income poverty
2.1. HH in the poorest quintile in the affected area having 324.1 thousand HH (West Darfur = 107.3
suffered the greatest shock (with direct implications on thousand, West Kordofan = 57.7 thousand, East
their food security, mental trauma, increased exposure to Darfur = 25 thousand)
violence/crime, etc.)
2.2. HH in the affected area just above the poorest quintile 458.8 thousand HH (West Darfur = 79.5
(although also below the poverty line) but likely to fall into thousand, Sinnar = 73.4 thousand, West Kordofan
severe poverty due to the shock = 56.8 thousand)
2.3. HH in the affected area just above the poverty line 558.9 thousand HH (Sinnar = 127.1 thousand,
but likely to fall into poverty after the series of shocks and Khartoum and Blue Nile ~ 93 thousand each,
inflation West Darfur = 36.3 thousand)
2.4. Agriculture households affected (loss of working days, 634.9 thousand HH (West Darfur = 114.9
productive assets, reduction in income, decreased savings, thousand, Sinnar = 58.3 thousand, Blue Nile =
increased debts) 57.4 thousand)
2.5. Cattle rearing households affected (loss of working 42.54 thousand HH (West Darfur = 8.3
days, productive assets, reduction in income, decreased thousand, Khartoum = 4.4 thousand, Sinnar = 4.1
savings, increased debts) thousand, Gezira = 3.7 thousand)
2.6. Households dependent on daily wage work affected 607.3 thousand HH (Khartoum = 401.8
(loss of working days, decrease in wages, decrease in thousand, River Nile = 117.5 thousand, Gezira =
savings, and increase in debts) 71.9 thousand)
2.7. Households dependent on income generated from 374.6 thousand HH (Khartoum = 75.9 thousand,
MSMEs affected (loss of working days, loss of assets, Gezira = 41.4 thousand, Red Sea = 38.48
decrease in sales and earnings, decrease in savings, and thousand, West Darfur = 28.1 thousand)
increase in debts)
2.8. Households with no income source or those dependent 85.4 thousand HH (Khartoum = 19.3 thousand,
on pensions, remittances, humanitarian assistance, or West Darfur = 11.4 thousand, Gezira = 8.1
seasonal income affected (reduction in savings, increase in thousand)
debts)
2.9. Households with loss of crops and seeds 873.9 thousand HH (Khartoum = 232.9
thousand, River Nile = 152.6 thousand, Blue Nile =
131.659 HH)
2.10 Households with loss of livestock 752.5 thousand HH (Khartoum = 210.3
thousand, River Nile and Sinnar = 101 thousand
each, West Darfur, and Blue Nile = 82 thousand
each)
Another near-future impact that is harvest season. Consequently, a lack of

expected due to lack of job opportunities job opportunities in areas such as farm
such as casual agricultural labour, which labour and agri-food processing and
are one of the most important sources of marketing will have a significant impact
income for rural households. According on the livelihoods of many vulnerable
to the FAO assessment, such jobs have women(FAO & Transitional GoS, 2020).
already diminished, and are likely to
reduce even further during the upcoming
The Northern state is not included in this assessment due to little information available on the flood impact in that region. West
149
Kordofan, Central and East Darfur also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.

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169
FIGURE 19 - 3: Proportion of households by wealth quintiles in 18 states. While
the bottom two quintiles are already below the poverty line,
those in the middle quintile are at a high risk of falling into
poverty due to the recent shocks and stresses.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
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ile
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Poorest Second So
Middle Fourth Richest
Impact on Food Insecurity To understand the urgency of the

context, we also need to highlight
As per IPC (Oct-Dec 2020), over 7.1 million the ongoing food price inflation and
people were living with food insecurity commodity movement restriction-based
(1.3 million in Phase 4 or emergency level, food availability issues, at the time of
5.8 million in Phase 3 or crisis level). Also, the floods. Although the primary survey
another 17.4 million were in Phase 2 or focused on identifying implications
stress level (FSTS, WFP, FAO, FEWS. due to the floods, it would be difficult
NET, & USAID, 2020). Besides, 90% of to attribute the experiences at the
households were economically vulnerable, household level purely to the floods. The
as they spent over 65% of their income on effects reported here are likely the overall
food (WFP, 2020a). conditions of the people, and not merely
because of the floods.
Malnutrition in mothers during pregnancy
and early childhood is very high in Sudan Access: The current economic situation
hampering long-term development. in Sudan has resulted in steep price
Nearly 32.3% of children born have low rises (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
birth weights; 33% of children under 5 Resources, WFP, FAO, FEWS NET, &
remain underweight, 38.3% are stunted, USAID, 2020), with inflation nearly
and 16.3% of them are wasted. 270% in December 2020 as compared
to same month last year. Much of it
As per Sudan MICS5 2014, 15.1% can be attributed to the devaluation
households relied on less preferred and of the Sudanese Pound over the same
less expensive food, 16.1% borrowed period (WFP, 2020d). This has had a
money to buy food, 6.4% relied on considerable impact on households’ food
relatives, but most critically, 9.5% limited security. According to the WFP report,
potion size, reduced number of meals despite an increase in the casual labour
in a day or had adults consume less for daily-wage rate by 199% in December
small children to eat, having long-term 2020 compared the same month of 2019,
implications on food security. the high food commodity prices were still

170 (RAPID PDNRA)
stressing the purchasing power of the supplies and high demand (FSTS et al.,
population, as the local food basket cost 2020). Expected delays in replanting
increased by 261% for the same period.150 caused by waterlogging in some areas
The report identified those dependent on could reduce the availability in some
informal transfers such as remittances, affected areas during November and
informal labour, agricultural wage labour December 2020 (FSTS et al., 2020).
as the main source of income among
the most vulnerable group. The report As per the primary survey, 36%
also suggests that 54% of the resident households indicated loss of stored
households cannot afford to buy healthy crop and 31% indicated loss of livestock
meal daily without depleting their assets. which may further exacerbate food
For IDP and refugee households, the availability. In addition, 27% had their
figure is around 75% (WFP, 2020a). stored food damaged, 36% indicated the
unavailability of certain required food
Main challenges for accessibility of food items, and 16% of households said special
were lack of money and the high prices food needs of some family members
due to inflation. As per the primary (such as milk for children, etc.) were not
survey, 84% of households indicated available.
facing food price inflation and 36% Utilisation: As per the primary survey,
indicated facing issues in accessing the 69% of households said they changed
markets. Physical access to markets dietary composition (e.g., increased carbs,
was not affected to a great extent in reduced protein or vegetables) and 9% of
Khartoum (as per HAC & OCHA Rapid households said that breastfed children
Flood Assessment in August), although were also affected since the mothers
for the disabled and elderly, impassable either did not have time, or sufficient food
roads posed challenges. themselves to be able to feed.
Availability: Availability of food The recent floods have exacerbated

commodities was also hampered and intensified the food insecurity
following the COVID-19 related lockdowns and malnutrition of already vulnerable
and border closures. Although, these populations and further put them at risk
restrictions were lifted in October, which of falling into more severe phases of food
eased the conditions. Fuel shortages insecurity – IPC Phase 4 (Emergency) and
and the high cost of transportation Phase 5 (Famine) – if no robust external
continued reducing market supplies to support from resource partners is
affected remote areas and roads cut- off provided (FAO & Transitional GoS, 2020).
by flooding (FSTS et al., 2020). Although, Apart from increasing inflation, upcoming
the overall sorghum harvest is expected lean season and trade restrictions, WFP
to be above average (nearly 4-5 million expects that around 2 million additional
tonnes) in this harvest period151, high loss people are at risk of food insecurity due
of food stocks in areas affected by floods to COVID-19 across Sudan (WFP, 2020a).
will continue to contribute to reduced
150
The highest cost of local food basket was recorded in North Kordofan (SDG 144.4) followed by Blue Nile (SDG 141.4), while the lowest
cost recorded in West Darfur (SDG 95.9).(WFP, 2020c)
151
As per expert inputs received from WFP

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171
TABLE 19 - 7: Impact on Food Insecurity
Impacted numbers of social groups in most affected

geographies152
3.0. Food Insecurity
3.1. HH in flood affected areas at risk of falling 2.1 million HH153 (Khartoum = 647.5 thousand, Sinnar =
into acute food insecurity owing to their economic 295 thousand, River Nile = 240 thousand, West Darfur =
vulnerabilities and increased food inflation 219 thousand)
3.2. Households in affected areas facing food price 2.01 million HH (Khartoum = 724.8 thousand, Sinnar =
inflation 253.7 thousand, River Nile = 226 thousand) [84% of the
households surveyed in flood-affected areas indicated
facing food price inflation]
3.3. Households affected by access to markets 870.8 thousand (Khartoum = 300.9 thousand, River
(temporary effect but the coping mechanisms Nile and Sinnar = 111 thousand each, West Darfur = 95
employed may have long-term implications) thousand)
3.4. Households with stored food damaged (putting 644.9 thousand HH (Khartoum = 160.5 thousand,
additional pressure on spending and savings) Sinnar = 114.9 thousand, River Nile = 107.4 thousand)
3.5. Households affected by the unavailability of 1.26 million HH (Khartoum = 400 thousand, Sinnar =
certain needed food items 171.9 thousand, River Nile = 152 thousand)
3.6. No. of infants affected due to issues in 174.7 thousand infants (Khartoum = 34 thousand,
breastfeeding Sinnar = 28 thousand, Blue Nile = 23.5 thousand)
3.7. Households employing dietary changes, having 1.66 million HH (Khartoum, Sinnar, River Nile, West
implications for nutrition intake Darfur)
3.8. Households with adults practising food 1.65 million HH (Khartoum, River Nile, Sinnar, West
rationing, having implications for long-term Darfur)
malnutrition
3.9. Households with family members skipping 1.7 million HH (Khartoum, River Nile, Sinnar, West
meals, having implications on immediate health, Darfur)
immunity, and long-term malnutrition
3.10. Households with increased debt due to 1.5 million HH (Khartoum, River Nile, Sinnar, West
borrowing money for food supplies Darfur)
Impact on Gender Equality as against that of males (561.37 SDG),

all indicating a prevalence of significant
Women consist of only 27.7% of the labour gender inequality in employment and
force, with 69.2% females economically income.
inactive in rural areas, and 73.9% in urban
areas. 60.7% of the employed women Women also face the brunt of many
are engaged in agriculture, forestry, cultural phenomena. 21.2% of females
fishing, and allied activities, some of the between 15-19 years are married, 21.7% of
most affected sectors due to the floods. married women between 15-49 years are
12.1% are employed in education-related in polygynous marriages, 21.5% of women
activities, also affected by COVID-19 (between ages 20-24) had adolescent
restrictions (although may still be childbirths, and most starkly, 87% of
employed, but the stress and exposure women in ages 15-49 had experienced
may both be disproportionately higher). some form of female genital mutilation.
33.1% of the youth are Not in Employment There was also a prevalence of domestic
nor in Education or Training (NEET), where gender-based violence, with over 34%
this rate is worse for female youth (46.7%) women between ages 15-49 have
(UNICEF & CBS, 2014). Meanwhile, there experienced some form of it at the hands
was already a large gap in an average of their husbands(UNICEF & CBS, 2014).
monthly income of females (295.93 SDG)
152
The Northern state is not included in this assessment due to little information available on the flood impact in that region. West
Kordofan, Central and East Darfur also have significant data gaps, and therefore are not as well represented here.
153
This estimate is only for people living in flood affected areas and not entire Sudan. As per the IPC by the FSTS, estimate for the
entire country stands at 7.1 million people.

172 (RAPID PDNRA)
As per the primary survey, women were households. As per previous estimates,
disproportionately affected than men households headed by females have
on many fronts. 62% respondents said a much higher prevalence of food
women in their families had to leave work insecurity with 44% of the female-
to take care of the situation at home, headed households being food insecure,
and only 10% females were anticipating as opposed to 33% of the male-headed
learning new skills to diversify their households (WFP, 2020a). As per a
income in the future (as compared to 17% WFP report, female-headed households
men). 38% said there was an increased in North Darfur had the highest rate of
pressure of care-giving on women than food insecurity at 70% while the male-
before. Most critically, 15% of respondents headed households in White Nile had
indicated facing gender-based violence at the lowest rate at 21% (WFP, 2020b).
home after the floods, which was a 70%
• 24% of female-headed households
increase as compared to before.
indicated the inability to participate in
community-level decision-making than
Also, females faced special health and
the overall sample proportion of 20%.
hygiene-related issues. 43% respondents
indicated that women in their households • As per previous studies, 16% of the
had issues accessing safe hygienic- female-headed households relied on
sanitary supplies during menstruation informal transfers such as remittances,
during the floods, 22% faced issues during which is more than twice the
the disposal of sanitary waste, and 18% prevalence observed in male-headed
said they faced issues accessing toilets households (7.5%)(WFP, 2020b).
multiple times a day. There were also
some distinguishing impacts faced by Meanwhile, this trend is reversed in
female-headed households: education and migration. Although
the ratio of male to female children
• Female-headed households were more attending primary school is comparable,
likely (8%) to migrate than male- fewer males attend secondary school as
headed households (2%) in search compared to females, with the increased
of alternate livelihoods, although of responsibility of economic and domestic
those already displaced at the time of labour falling on male children. According
the survey, both male- and female- to the survey, male children were more
headed households constituted similar likely (11%) to drop out of school than
proportions. female children (8%) post-floods, owing
• Female-headed households were to an increased burden of earning on the
significantly more likely to skip, male child even more. Of the respondents,
reduce, or change their dietary intake 14% men anticipated migrating as
(93%) as against the male-headed compared to 5% women, and 9% of
households (59%) after the shock. This men changed work to more hazardous
could have disproportionate long- conditions, as compared to 3% of women
term implications for female-headed who did so.

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173
TABLE 19 - 8: Impact on Gender Equality
Impacted numbers of social groups

Key risks
across Sudan
4.0. Gender equality
4.1. Women leaving work due to increased needs at home 1.16 million women
4.2. Women with an increased burden of care-giving 2.6 million women
4.3. Women facing gender-based violence 1.1 million women (an increase of over
70% from before the events)
4.4. Women forced to defecate in the open after damaged toilets 2.2 million women
affecting their dignity, privacy, and safety
4.4. Women facing menstrual hygiene-related issues (affecting their 2.9 million women
privacy, dignity, and health)
4.5. Women facing safety issues 269.3 thousand women
4.5. HH with male children dropping out of school 265.1 thousand households
4.6. HH with female children dropping out of school 183.9 thousand households
4.8. Males shifting to hazardous working conditions 626.9 thousand men
4.9. Females shifting to hazardous working conditions 234.9 thousand women
Impacts on Social Inclusion faced drinking water quality issues, and

74% faced issues of accessing water; 88%
Nearly 2% of Sudan’s population is faced issues with sanitation; 54% had
that of refugees and asylum seekers faced damages to their housing; 32% lost
(UNOCHA, 2020), and another 6.9% of household assets; 65% faced food price
internally displaced persons (Federal inflation, and 22% faced issues related to
Ministry of Health, 2012). 44% of the access to markets for food.
refugee households and 54% of the IDP
households in Sudan are food insecure 24.9% of children between ages 5-17
(WFP, 2020b). These populations and years, experience child labour, of
other persons in need are increasingly which 17.8% were working in hazardous
unable to meet basic needs, thus conditions (UNICEF & CBS, 2014).
remaining reliant on humanitarian 63.9% of children between ages 1-14
assistance. experienced the use of physical or
psychological punishment as a form of
As per the primary household survey, 65% discipline(UNICEF & CBS, 2014).
of the IDPs, refugees and asylum seekers,

174 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 19 - 9: Impacts on Social Inclusion
Impacted numbers of social

Key risks for the most vulnerable social groups
groups
5.0. Social Exclusion
5.1. IDPs/refugees/Asylum Seekers

5.1.1. People affected by drinking water quality 800.6 thousand people
5.1.2. People affected by drinking water access 911.5 thousand people
5.1.3. People with affected sanitation facilities or access 1.1 million people
5.1.4. People with damaged housing 665.1 thousand people
5.1.5. People having lost household assets (implications for increased
394.1 thousand people
impoverishment in the long-term)
5.1.6. People faced with food-price inflation 800.6 thousand people
5.1.7. People faced with market access 270.9 thousand people
5.2. Children below 3
5.2.1. Children missing vaccinations 122.8 thousand children
5.3. Children below 18
5.3.1. Children with an increased burden of household chores (fetching water

315.6 thousand children
etc.)
770.1 thousand children
5.3.2. Children facing severe physical or psychological punishment at home
below 14
5.4. Other special groups
150.3 thousand households

5.4.1. Households with people with special conditions (pregnant women,
newborn children elderly, etc.) who faced difficulties due to the floods
5.4.2. People with HIV facing challenges accessing regular medication during
28.1 thousand people
the floods

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175
COPING STRATEGIES EMPLOYED BY PEOPLE, ASSISTANCE RECEIVED
AND EXPRESSED NEEDS
People have employed various resources and strategies over the past few months
to prevent further losses, adapt to the new conditions, and cope with the social
and economic shocks and stresses. As per the various surveys, some are adaptive
responses that could be strengthened further, there are others more maladaptive that
may pose additional second-order impacts on people and are symptomatic of deep
challenges being faced that must be addressed.
Coping Strategies employed by people with affected drinking water
Bringing water from unaffected areas and saving
Boiling water before drinking
Buying water bottles / tanker
Consuming less
No alternative but to drink unsafe water
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping strategies employed by people with affected sanitation

Using toilets either too early in the morning or too late at…
Use of neighbours facilities
Shifted to open defecation
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping strategies employed by people with damaged housing
Rebuilt stronger than before with new material
Rebuilt as before using newly bought material
Rebuilt as before using salvaged material
Temporarily relocated
Permanent relocation or plans for permanently…
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping strategies employed by people affected by health
Took actions to prevent losses in the future (e.g. medical…
Increased dependence on local civil society organisations…
Borrowed money for health issues
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping startegies employed for education

Building higher shelves to protect assets in the future
SUDAN RAPID POST A
DISASTER NEEDS
female child AND RECOVERY
dropping ASSESSMENT
out of school
176 (RAPID PDNRA)
A male child dropping out of school
Increased dependence on local civil society organisations…
Borrowed money for health issues
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping startegies employed for education

Building higher shelves to protect assets in the future
A female child dropping out of school

A male child dropping out of school
Borrowed money to pay fees post floods
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Copng mechanisms used to deal with food insecurity

Borrowed money to buy food
Change in dietry composition (e.g. increased carbs,…
Rationing (gender or age based decreased consumption)
Skipped meals
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Coping staretegies employed (by gender) to deal with income and livelihoods
Females: Anticipate learning new skills to diversify…
Males: Anticipate learning new skills to diversify sources…
Females: Anticipating moving/migrating to other states…
Males: Anticipating moving/migrating to other states…
Females: Changed work to more hazardous / precarious…
Males: Changed work to more hazardous / precarious…
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Sources of funds used to cope

Other
Remittances
Borrowed/ Assistance money from family/friends
Charity, NGOs, etc..
Borrowed money from bank / microfinance
Sale of asset/jewellery, etc..
Bank account
Cash
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

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177
The following graphs indicate the assistance people had received until the survey, and
the additional support requested by them (based on top 3 stated priorities):
Assistance received so far

Medicines
Building material
Agricultural inputs
Loans
Non-food household
Food Assistance
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Assistance requested (based on top 3 stated priorities)
Protection against insecurity, violence, etc.
Restoring Electricity
Housing Reconstruction
Loans to resume work
Sanitary Supplies
Food Assistance
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

178 (RAPID PDNRA)
IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
SDG Trend154 between Potential impact on the

2008 - 2014 - 2018 SDG achievement
Limited data is With the multiple

available on the stresses and shocks,
change in severe 458,825 poor
poverty since households are in
2009 NBHS, but huge danger of falling
both international poverty rate and into deep income poverty; 558,984
the lower-middle-income poverty borderline-poor households at risk
rate has been increasing steadily of falling into poverty, worsening the
in the past decade(World Bank, already grim conditions. Also, multi-
2020), with more concentration of dimensional poverty is going to worsen.
poverty away from urban centres Increased health burden has been
and among IDPs and refugees(UN affecting people’s savings and debts,
Sudan et al., 2019). furthering impoverishment.
Although there has Due to the food price

been a marginal inflation, there are 2.1
improvement in million economically
food security over vulnerable HH at the
the years, the risk of falling into food
number of food-insecure people (in insecurity. Overall, nearly 7.1 million
Phases 3 and 4) is still extremely people are living in Phase 3+ food
high(Government of Sudan, 2020). insecurity(FSTS et al., 2020).
The MDG targets With severe damages

for child and to sanitation facilities
maternal health during the floods,
were not achieved water clogging, and
and it is still water contamination,
not on track for SDG targets155. the spread of both vector- and water-
While there have been marginal borne diseases is going to worsen. It
improvements in stunting, wasting has added additional stress on the
and underweight indicators health systems, causing vaccination
for children under 5 and period delays leading to a recurrence of polio.
prevalence of diarrhoea, but other People with preconditions, such as
indicators such as immunization HIV, have also been severely affected
coverage, re-emergence of polio, both during the floods. Changes in
and prevalence of malaria and food intake are also likely to increase
Acute Respiratory malnutrition-related health issues.
154
2008 based on Census Bureau of Statistics, Sudan; 2014 based on Sudan MICS5 Survey; and 2018 based on S3M Survey by the
Federal Ministry of Health Sudan
155
See Health Sector Chapter for more details

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179
Improvements While 23% of

have been made households have
in education faced a loss of
coverage at the education days
pre-primary and because of domestic
primary level, although there are issues, nearly 50% of households
vast inequities between urban have faced education losses due to
and rural areas, as well as by affected infrastructure (school closure,
gender where male children are transport interruptions, etc.) These
at a greater disadvantage than may be temporary challenges, but due
females potentially owing to to other financial stresses, nearly 20%
early engagement with economic of households may resort to children
activities. dropping out of school entirely, with
particular impacts on male children
Although there Labour force

have been steady participation, albeit
improvements already low, is likely
made in education to worsen with
and health additional caregiving
indicators for women, their labour requirements imposed on the women.
force participation continues to Gender-based violence has increased
remain low, and prevalence of other by nearly 70% from before the floods,
cultural inequities such as female for about 15% of women facing
genital mutilation, early and this challenge now. Due to fewer
polygamous marriages, adolescent opportunities to migrate, women to
childbirth, and gender-based tend to migrate less and improve
domestic violence is still very high. their income generation alternatives.
Meanwhile, male children are under
greater stress to contribute to
household income and are dropping
out of education earlier or during
instances of shocks.
Although Widespread damage

there were to the unimproved
few, but some sanitation facilities
improvements has forced 4.6
had been achieved million towards open
during the MDG period is improving defecation, and causing second-order
access to water and sanitation. issues of drinking water contamination
This access to clean drinking water and vector and water-borne diseases.
and safe and hygeincic sanitation This will have a long-lasting impact
was limited to mainly urban areas, on the overall development of all
and even there to those amongst the regions, and requires immediate
the highest wealth quintiles. attention on priority.

180 (RAPID PDNRA)
The majority of 436.9 thousand

households rely households were
on solid fulels tempoarily affected
for cooking by lack of access to
and have no cooking fuels, but are
electricity connection. Only 5% likely to resort back to their older ways.
use decentralised systems (solar, There is an opportunity to improve the
battery, etc.) source and spread of energy access.
Due to many Nearly 70-80% of all

innovative people, working in
programs, such agriculture, animal
as food for work, rearing, daily wage
agricultural work, small and
subsidies, income, and employment medium enterprises, or seasonal work,
had made some improvements lost several days of work and faced
over the past decade. Although, a reduction in income, savings, and
most people being dependent on increased debts.
agriculture, the overall economy is
much less diverse and more prone
to environmental and macro-
economic shocks.
School, health and Many of these

road infrastructure infrastructure have
had made some suffered physical
improvements damages after the
over the last two floods, and may push
decades, including during the MDG back the gains made over the past
period. decades.
Although on a Existing inequalities

decline, deep will have
inequality disproportionate
persists between implications on people
urban & rural and regions, especially
areas, between states, people of for those living in underserviced
different gender, amongst IDPs rural areas. This will require focused
and refugees, and people engaged attention for a long period to reduce
in different forms of employment the existing inequalities.
(formal/informal)

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181
RECOMMENDATIONS drinking water to ensure human dignity
and rights. However, it is also pertinent
Government, humanitarian actors, and to ensure that the flood impacts do not
other civil society organisations have been cascade into further disease outbreaks
working together to limit the impacts and displacements. While addressing
of concurrent emergencies, the limited these immediate and mid-term needs,
resources have curtailed them from it is also necessary to ensure that some
addressing the root causes of increasing focused actions are taken that help
displacement, worsening of health and prevents such losses for the people soon
physical and mental well-being for the by investing in sustainable and durable
most vulnerable populations. Resources solutions that can help build resilience and
need to be directed urgently to help capacities. The following three priority
the poorest of the poor, the most food- areas are, therefore, recommended to also
insecure people, and provide for the remain in line with the Sudan HRP 2020
necessities like shelter, sanitation and Strategic Objectives156:
Priority 1: Strengthen poverty alleviation and food security through cash

grants and cash-for-work
Target groups 324,035 severely poor households (HHs); 458,825 poor HHs in the danger of falling into severe
poverty; 558,984 borderline-poor HHs at risk of falling into poverty. Overall, there are 2.2
million HHs at risk of falling into food insecurity owing to their economic vulnerability (already
paying over 65% of their incomes on food) that need to be protected immediately(FSTS et al.,
2020; WFP, 2020a).
Amongst these, 634.9 thousand households are dependent on agriculture, 607.3 thousand
households are daily wage workers with no social protections, and 374.6 thousand households
are dependent on their earnings from micro-, small- or medium enterprises. In addition, people
dependent on remittances or humanitarian aid (i.e., those who are unemployed or have only
a seasonal income), although fewer in number (85.4 thousand households), but are the most
severely affected.
Of these, 596.1 thousand are IDPs, 167.6 thousand are refugees and asylum seekers, and 372.9
thousand are female headed households.
It is also recommended to refer to the upcoming WFP Comprehensive Food Security &
Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) and Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) reports
to more accurately capture the food insecurity situation as it unfolds over time.
How In addition to the food and in-kind assistances being provided by different agencies, the
following activities could be expanded:
• Provide immediate monthly cash transfers (for at least next 3 to 6 months) by expanding
the current pilot under the Sudan Family Support Programme to other priority regions
(and potentially increasing the disbursement amount from $5 to $10-12). It is also
recommended to have a similar program aimed at the refugees in the group (at present
SFSP only covers Sudanese citizens registered in the National Civil Registry).
• Initiate cash-for-work minimum wage guarantee programmes, especially aimed at the
unemployed youth, women, and IDPs without property ownership.
• Expand food vouchers and food subsidies to support families to sustain themselves
during food price inflation.
When Immediately
Where Phase 1 - West Darfur, West Kordofan, East Darfur, Khartoum, Sinnar, River Nile
Phase 2 – Central Darfur, Red Sea, Central Darfur, Gezira
156 (UNOCHA, 2020) (1) Provide timely multi-sectoral life-saving assistance to crisis affected people to reduce mortality and
morbidity; (2) Contribute to building resilience to recurrent shocks and improving vulnerable people’s access to basic services;
(3) Enhance the prevention and mitigation of protection risks and respond to protection needs through quality and principled
humanitarian action

182 (RAPID PDNRA)
Key partners Led by the Ministry of Labour and Social Development in partnership with WFP, World Bank,
for delivery FAO, UNHCR and key civil society organisations. Involvement of the local private sector
agencies can also be promoted, esp. in the cash-for-work programs.
Expected 220 million USD (~100 USD per poor household via different schemes)
costs
Expected • Immediately provide safety support to the most food insecure and poor people and
outcomes avoid the chances of increased displacement, crime, and violence.
• Help with debt relief and support a variety of need-based non-food expenditures
(health, education, livelihood investments such as buying seeds, livestock, etc.) (FAO &
Transitional GoS, 2020)
Priority 2: Improve living conditions by rebuilding sanitation and drinking

water facilities
Target people Overall, 1.6 million households are facing challenges of broken toilets, and a wider population
is at an increased risk of contaminated drinking water, water- and vector-borne diseases,
apart from them facing issues of privacy, dignity, safety, and greater exposure to COVID-19.
How Apart from the shelter reconstruction, vector control activities, and strengthening of the
health care facilities and capacities through mobile clinics, there is an urgent need to address
the root causes of disease outbreaks by investing in WASH:
• Invest in a program for rebuilding toilets with safe disposal of waste (aligned with the
cash-for-work program in Priority 1)
• Rehabilitation and protection of water harvesting structures (aligned with the cash-
for-work program in Priority 1)
• Invest in awareness programs to improve uptake of water filtration methods and
cultural/behavioural issues related to WASH.
When Immediate to long-term phased approach
Where Phase 1 (smaller numbers but a higher proportion of people with poor sanitation): West
Kordofan, Kassala, North Kordofan, Gedarif, South Darfur, North Darfur
Phase 2 (higher numbers): East Darfur, West Darfur, Khartoum, Sinnar, River Nile, Gezira
Key partners Led by the Ministry of Infrastructure and/or Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and
for delivery Electricity Drinking Water & Sanitation Unit in close partnership with Africa Development
Bank, UNHCR, WHO, IOM, IFRC, REACH, and NRC. The involvement of the already
established local resistance/protection committees157 and community leaders can also help
improve the behavioural and uptake aspects of WASH.
Expected 445 million USD (assuming 278 USD per toilet)158
costs
Expected While there are sound health policies in place, the social sectors have remained dramatically
Outcomes underfunded. Resulting in poor WASH conditions expose people to repeated outbreaks of
cholera, malaria, and haemorrhagic fevers, all of which contribute to avoidable deaths and
increased financial, physical, and mental stress on already poor families. This also pushes the
deeply stressed health system near a breaking point.
• Investments in WASH can lead to significant savings per households (who at the
moment spend over US$100-199 per capita annually, with over 76% out of pocket
expenditure)159
• Alleviate the chances of future disease outbreaks and save lives lost.
• Improve safety, privacy, and dignity outcomes, especially for the women.
• Reduce the burden on the health system, which can then focus on other health aspects
(such as expanding immunisation, etc.)
157
HAC & OCHA Rapid Flood Assessments Aug 2020
158
https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/956/latrinesdesignedbrieffinal.pdf
159
See Health Sector Chapter for more details

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183
Priority 3: Invest in building capacities of community members,
organisations, and local governments to better understand and respond
to future emergencies
Target people Ensuring the interests of the most vulnerable and excluded groups including the refugees,
IDPs, females, children, youth, people with disabilities, and the elderly.
How • Strengthening “durable solutions” that can help integrate the IDPs and refugee groups
within the host communities better
• Provide technical support for improved cropping and breeding practices, improvement
of the value chain, marketing and added value of agricultural produce
• Establishment of seed banks at village level and diversify access to markets and
affordable rural financial services
• Strengthen data and information governance and capacities for early warning and
early action at the local level
• Help establish a Scientific research and consultation committee at the national level
When Mid- to long-term
Where All-State and Local-level governments
Key partners Led by the Ministry of Local Governance in close partnership with the National Council
for delivery of Civil Defence (NCCD), UNDP, and bringing together a wide network of civil society
organisations, citizen groups, resistance/protection committees and community leaders.
Expected 22 million USD (~10% of direct spending on the poor households)
costs
Expected • Build systems, assets, and local capacities for regular information gathering and
outcomes evidence-based responses
• Enhance early warning systems and early actions in case of future emergencies
• Reduce chronic malnutrition through community support and quick response
mechanisms
More sustainable and durable outcomes (UN Sudan et al., 2019) of other investments made
through Priority 1 and 2.

184 (RAPID PDNRA)
20. SUDAN NATIONAL
RESILIENCE
AND RECOVERY
FRAMEWORK
Disaster events result in consequences and struggle for the vulnerable members
that affect individuals, communities, of the society. The proposed recovery
regions, and nations depending on the approach will aim to reduce the level of
scale and seriousness of the event. The vulnerability; and hence improve the ability
most vulnerable are those that suffer of the various society components to deal
the most as they lack the resources to with future disasters.
rebound following an event. This document
provides the general guiding principles and As part of the undertaking of the Rapid
concepts of recovery management, which Post Disaster Needs And Recovery
will be applied to Sudan disaster caused Assessment, commissioned and led by
by the flooding event of September 2020. the Transitional Government of Sudan
It sets out the prioritization for action and (TGoS), following Sudan’s worst flooding
the arrangements for implementation. in decades, a resilience and recovery
strategy has been prepared, which will
Recovery is described by the Emergency work to meet the needs of the people
Operation Centre (EOC) as: ‘The and support the vision and work towards
coordinated efforts and processes to the fulfilment of the Sudan Transition
affect the immediate, medium- and Government Programme. The strategy
long-term holistic regeneration of a recognizes the broader challenges facing
community following a disaster’. Recovery the country as it grapples with a complex
is a developmental and a remedial process political transition, treats with measures
encompassing the following activities: to achieve macro-economic stability,
addresses the health crisis due to the
• Minimising the escalation of the prevailing COVID-19 pandemic while all
consequences of the disaster; at the same time increasing population
displacement. The strategy therefore will
• Regeneration of the social, emotional,
seek to adopt an integrated approach –
economic, and physical wellbeing of
or whole of government approach – to
individuals & communities;
recovery and resilience building.
• Instilling resilience to meet the
social, economic, natural, and built The country experienced extraordinary
environments future needs; rainfall in the summer of 2020 which
• Reducing future exposure to hazards caused deaths, displacement, and massive
and their associated risks. destructions to key infrastructure and
livelihoods across seventeen of the
eighteen states of the country, with Blue
The leadership of the country is keen to Nile, Khartoum, North Darfur, Sennar, and
instil the concept of resilience into the West Darfur states amongst the hardest
fabric of the Sudanese society. For so hit. The result was unprecedented floods
many years the country has suffered from affecting the entire length of the country.
ineffective approaches to disaster recovery The worst effects of the floods were
and this resulted in even more suffering experienced by those already vulnerable

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185
populations such as internally displaced Additionally, many people lost their living
persons (IDPs), refugees and women heritage as a result of the floods that have
headed households and their children. taken their homes, forcing them to live in
One third of cultivated land and about 3 shelters.
million people from agricultural households
were directly affected. According to the The total estimated damage across all
Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC) the sectors amounted to SDG 183.77 billion
rains/floods have affected thousands of or USD 3.34 billion. The indicative160 cost
people in many states in the country. The of recovery will be SDG 379.87 billion or
impact of the floods was felt in many USD 6.91 billion, to be disbursed over
sectors of the economy and in villages a five year period (see Table 19 1). As
and cities across Sudan. Many cultural summarized in Figure 19 1, the housing
sites of great significance, not only to the sector accounts for over half (57%) of
Sudanese community but to the world the total estimated recovery costs,
archaeological community, have been followed by Employments, Livelihoods
impacted by the disastrous floods. This and Social Protection (24%), Energy (8%)
due to the fact that ancient Sudanese and Water, Sanitation & Water Resource
civilizations were mostly near the Nile. Management (5%).
FIGURE 20 - 1: Overview of estimated recovery costs by sub-sector
Education Transport Other

2% 2% 2%
Employment,
Livelihoods &
Social Protection
24%
Housing
57%
Water, Sanitation
& Water Resource
Management
5%
Energy
8%
Vision
The vision of “Building a democratic, development-based State for everyone, where

citizens will all enjoy peace, freedom, justice and welfare,” is the driving force of the
Recovery Strategy.
(General Framework for the Programme of the Transitional Government)
160
The figures are a preliminary estimate, as final total recovery cost have yet to be determined at the time of the assessment.

186 (RAPID PDNRA)
Guiding principles required for mitigation against future
flooding, but where possible addresses
The following are the five guiding the challenges presented by the COVID-19
principles discussed and agreed with the pandemic and supports the governance
leadership of the Higher Committee for needs of the TGoS.
Flood Mitigation which will guide Sudan’s
recovery efforts. In that regard the Strategy seeks to
Each principle is meant to describe an support the most relevant priorities
action that realises a certain outcome: for recovery as set out in the General
Framework for the Programme of the
1. Restore Livelihood to preserve lives. Transitional Government:
2. Improve Resilience to minimise risks.
• Addressing the economic crisis and
3. Involve Community to ensure establishing the bases of sustainable
sustainability. development.
4. Align with Governance to maximise • Promoting public and private
coordination; and freedoms and safeguarding human
5. Leverage on Humanitarian Effort to rights.
avoid redundancy. • Ensuring the promotion of the
rights of women in all areas and
Implementation Strategy their equitable representation in the
structures of governance.
Disaster events result in consequences • Supporting social welfare and
that affect individuals, households, development and preserving the
communities, regions, and nations environment.
depending on the scale, intensity, and type
of the event. The general principles and • Enhancing the role of youth of
concepts of recovery management should both sexes and expanding their
be applied to all scales of disaster. The opportunities in all areas.
recovery strategy adopts a holistic – all of
government approach – which highlights It will be the guiding principles, however,
the importance of coordination across that provide the implementation strategy
sectors/policy domains as well as between for the recovery processes. Figure 19 2
the different levels of government. Such an illustrates how the principles should guide
approach to recovery measures ensures the recovery efforts in the short, medium,
that measures not only meet the needs and long term.
FIGURE 20 - 2: Guiding principles by period of recovery
Livelihood Resilience Community Governance Humanitarian

Restoration Improvement Involment Alignment Leverage
Short-term
Medium-term
Long-term
Source: EOC

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187
Recovery measures are presented bridges. With regard to housing, the
according to the sectors which have aim is to repair, reconstruct, and
been assessed, the cross-cutting issues where necessary relocate damaged
and the human impact of the event. It and destroyed housing and provide
is evident that the event has had a very training in improved techniques for
high impact on the people, particularly the families involved in home construction.
already poor and the internally displaced. In addition, zoning and avoiding
The human impact analysis undertaken urban development in hazard-prone
suggests that there will be need to provide areas will be undertaken. In the
support for personal debt relief, for seeds energy sector the team will seek to
and agricultural inputs, veterinary and reconstruct, repair and rehabilitate
livestock support, animal feed due to damaged facilities; provide renewable
damaged pastures and lack of income energy systems to provide power to
to purchase feed, the replacement of communities that are cut off; establish
lost poultry, goats and donkeys used for standard operation procedures
draught, and vaccines to prevent spread (SOPs) for emergency preparedness
of animal diseases. For households; and disaster response; develop and
construction of latrines has been identified implement improved safety standards
as a priority. and building codes; carry out long-
term development planning for power
The following measures for resilience generation, transmission, distribution,
building and recovery identified in the improvement program, increase power
report are highlighted to meet the supply coverage, and explore alternate
recovery needs of the people: sources of energy; strengthening the
uses of solar energy. With regard to
• Livelihood Restoration - the educational facilities the teams intend
restoration of livelihoods disrupted, to explore modelling through the use
will be undertaken through the of local materials in different regions,
establishment of cash for work taking into account the educational
programmes: to meet the needs standards and the particular culture
of the agricultural sector and to and customs, such as those of
support farmers; works on rebuilding nomadic peoples. Where it is deemed
and retrofitting irrigation projects; that schools require relocation the
and skills training to support house appropriate risk and vulnerability
building and resettlement with new surveys will be undertaken. Cultural
methodologies to withstand future sites that have been damaged are
flooding. Cash grants to supplement earmarked to be restored, repaired, or
income loss due to destruction of retrofitted as needed. The damaged
produce ready for harvest and as sporting facilities are to be to be
support to SMEs involved in the reconstructed and repaired with
agro-processing area. As part of consideration of lessons learnt and
the restoration of livelihoods the ensuring future flooding risks are
distribution of seeds and seedlings addressed during restoration work.
and food aid will be undertaken where
• Community Involvement - The
necessary.
recovery strategy seeks to enhance
• Resilience Improvement – will communities’ involvement in terms
be most evident in the physical of improving risk awareness and
infrastructure sectors that requires strengthening disaster preparedness
reconstruction or repair. Based on at the community/local level. For
the building back better principle, that, the Transitional Government
infrastructure teams will repair, of Sudan will invest in building
reconstruct, relocate and retrofit capacities of community members,
infrastructure to withstand organizations, and local governments
future floods. Rehabilitating the to better understand and respond to
transportation network of roads and future emergencies. Introduce on-line

188 (RAPID PDNRA)
services (e-governance) thus reducing and supporting bodies, mechanisms
face to face and paper-based services and societies for human rights issues,
and increase efficiency in the delivery adopting and enforcing international
of government services to the people human rights conventions, starting
and strengthen online capabilities and with the International Bill of Human
facilities for teachers and children. Rights, particularly the rights of
Develop School Flood Preparedness women and children; and promoting
Plans and create School Disaster and ensuring religious freedoms in
Risk Management Committees; a way that preserves the peoples’
incorporate Disaster Risk Reduction absolute right to practice their
principles and approaches into religious rituals.
schools’ curricula; Strengthen
psychological health programmes
It is expected that measures will be carried
with focus on DRR (through psycho-
out on a phased basis using the short,
social support and school counselling)
medium- and long-term timeframe as
for both students and teachers;
detailed in the sector reports. Action will
provide training in primary health
be based on the Common Values and
for students and children in view
Principles of the TGoS. Among those that
of the recent floods and COVID-19.
are immediately applicable to the recovery
Water Education courses for youth
strategy are the following:
of both sexes is proposed to increase
youth resilience in managing
“Celebrating diversity and plurality;
water disasters such as floods and
respecting and promoting human dignity
droughts. In the area of culture there
and rights; Inclusive participation and joint
is a recommendation to mobilize
social responsibility; Justice and equality;
communities in the management and
Financial and administrative transparency
protection of key cultural sites and
and accountability; Promoting peace
develop and strengthen community-
and tolerance; Upholding the national
based tourism.
interest; and encouraging Innovation and
• Governance Alignment – Efforts creativity”.
will be undertaken to ensure
accountability and transparency by In the General Framework for the
strengthening inter-governmental Transitional Government Programme,
alignment through the establishment the TGoS states that “The institutions of
and activation of systems to control both the State and society shall work in
State revenue and expenditure, by full harmony and effective partnership
means of using networks and modern with the regional and international
technologies. community to meet the aspirations of the
Sudanese people in attaining the bases for
• Humanitarian leverage – Through
realizing the desired common vision, the
the strengthening of partnerships
programmes and plans of the transitional
with the development community the
period.” It is within this spirit that the
Transitional Government of Sudan
Recovery strategy is presented with the
will seek to deliver the programme
details provided in the sector reports.
for resilience and recovery. With the
support of the humanitarian actors
Institutional Arrangements for
and the development partners the
Recovery
Transitional Government of Sudan
can jointly leverage resources for
With Sudan’s Disaster & Emergency Risk
the recovery efforts. The Transitional
Management Authority, a permanent
Government of Sudan will guarantee
strategic federal body was established
that the necessary action are taken
to coordinate national, regional, and
to ensure that the humanitarian
international efforts in the field of disaster
needs of the population are met while
risk management. Beyond leading
human rights are safeguarded, by
implementation of the overall recovery
adopting and encouraging oversight

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189
strategy, the establishment of this The Authority also works to support the
authority will support the current efforts efforts of the emergency committees that
to manage disasters and emergencies, are established according to need in the
and will benefit from the experiences event of disasters, to carry out specific
of humanitarian aid and emergency tasks.
committees to deal with the COVID-19
pandemic and the effects of torrents and The duties of the Authority are as follows:
floods.
• Developing policies, strategies and
This body will work to institutionalize the programs related to disaster and
efforts made in the context of dealing with emergency risk reduction;
the recent flood disaster, which witnessed
• Managing the Disaster Management
a measure of success in activating the
Information Centre and coordinating
mechanisms of damage assessment,
research and studies while keeping an
estimating losses, defining needs and
inventory of damages and emergency
formulating recovery plans through the
needs;
Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA)
project that was implemented with the • Establishing guidelines and
participation of 15 Ministries and over 13 frameworks for early warning
international organizations coordinated mechanism, as well as disaster
by the Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) precautions in coordination with the
operating under the Higher Committee for relevant government agencies;
Floods Mitigation. • Coordination between national,
regional, and international bodies
The Disaster & Emergency Risk concerned with disaster risk reduction;
Management Authority is a federal body
with branches in the 18 States, supervised • Activating partnerships and
by a coordinating Supreme Council headed supporting the implementation of
by the Prime Minister, assisted by the regional and international agreements
Minister of Social Development acting as to achieve the effectiveness of
the Council’s Rapporteur. The executive preparedness, response, and disaster
arm of the Council is conducted by a recovery efforts;
General Secretary with the rank of a State • Supporting mobilization efforts,
Minister and who is appointed by the media and communication between
Prime Minister. the relevant authorities and affected
parties and communities;
The Authority consists of a number of
strategic units concerned with managing • Drafting regular professional reports
disaster related information and making on disasters forecasts, damages,
strategic and emergency decisions, needs and interventions;
while supporting and following up on • Support efforts and mechanisms for
the implementation mechanisms in The Strategic Inventory mechanism
coordination with the relevant authorities. and all related logistical needs.

190 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 20 - 1: Summary of Damage, Loss, Total Effects and Needs for Recovery
Damage, billion CEF/Losses, billion Total Effects, billion Recovery, billion161

Sector Sub-Sector USD SDG Ownership (SDG) USD SDG Ownership (SDG) USD SDG USD SDG
Public Private Public Private
Housing 2.920 160.644 160.644 0.067 3.707 3.707 2.987 164.351 3.908 214.932
Social
Health 0.005 0.289 0.289 0.009 0.478 0.478 0.014 0.767 0.047 2.560
Education 0.040 2.207 2.207 0.006 0.331 0.331 0.046 2.538 0.137 7.513

Sport 0.002 0.120 0.100 0.020 0.001 0.026 0.003 0.146 0.003 0.170
Productive Agriculture 0.032 1.769 1.769 0.546 30.051 30.051 0.579 31.820 0.046 2.551
Manufacturing 0.003 0.150 0.150 0.348 19.158 19.158 0.351 19.308 0.033 1.818
Transport 0.091 4.999 4.999 0.001 0.045 0.045 0.092 5.044 0.109 5.999
Infrastructure
Energy 0.007 0.387 0.387 0.019 1.021 1.021 0.026 1.408 0.583 32.059
Water, Sanitation &
0.240 13.200 12.265 0.935 0.088 4.813 0.330 4.483 0.328 18.013 0.359 19.745
WRM
Total 3.340 183.765 20.247 163.518 1.085 59.630 2.205 57.399 4.425 243.395 5.225 287.347

Culture 0.000 0.023
Environment 0.005 0.275
Cross-Cutting Governance 0.000
issues Gender 0.001 0.039

Employment,
Livelihoods and Social 1.676 92.161
Protection
0.009 0.009 0.000 0.022
Disaster Risk
0.000
Reduction (DRR)
Grand Total 3.341 183.774 20.256 163.518 1.085 59.630 2.205 57.399 4.425 243.395 6.907 379.867
161
The figures are a preliminary estimate, as final total recovery cost have yet to be determined at the time of the assessment.
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191
21. ANNEXES
ANNEX – HOUSING
Sector assessment methodology
Data provided and officially notified by HAC has been taken as a starting point for
estimating effects. In the absence of detailed field surveys, the following assumptions
were made in estimating housing effects: (i) weighted proportion of totally destroyed
and partially damaged houses by housing typology with reference to the proportion of
housing stocks in the 2011 Labour Force Survey and the likelihood of effects by housing
typology; (ii) replacement/repair cost based on the average floor area and unit cost
per square metre for each housing typology; and (iii) proportion of rental property in
each state in 2011 Labour Force Survey and average rental per state surveyed through
telephone calls. Secondary data on damage to housing stock has been collected for
quantitative and qualitative assessment.
Detailed field survey was proposed for each state affected by the flooding as part of
the recovery plan to measure and verify the effects, damages, and losses, and to refine
the recovery strategy according to the verified effects.
Sources
• Centre for Affordable Housing Finance Africa (CAHF). 2019. Housing Finance in
Sudan.
• Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2011. Labour Force Survey.
• Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 2014. Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.
• Elkhalifa, A. A. 2012. The Construction and Building Materials Industries for
Sustainable Development in Developing Countries: Appropriate and Innovative Local
Building Materials and Technologies for Housing in Sudan.
• Hafazalla, A. 2018. Rationalizing Urban Housing Land Allocation Policy in Khartoum
for Sustainable and Effective Urban Planning.
• Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC). 2020. Flood Damages.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2019. World Economic Outlook Sudan.
• UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 2020. Flood Situation
Report.
• UN Department of Economic Social Affairs (UNDESA). 2019. World Urbanization
Prospects.
• World Bank. 2011. Sudan: Issues in Urban Development
• List of people met: Fedaa El-Dosougi, National Council for Urban Development &
Physical Planning; Omr Alsir, National Council for Urban Development & Physical
Planning

192 (RAPID PDNRA)
ANNEX – HEALTH
The health sector deployed use of informal, non-structured, key informant interviews
via telephone and in person with State Ministry of Health, Federal Ministry of Health,
and relevant sector offices to explore more on the type and level of damage to health
facilities following the floods. Besides, the sector team used secondary data from grey
literatures and periodic reports from government offices such as HAC and FMOH and
UN and other institutions.
Assumptions were made for estimating damages and losses as concrete information
were missing. For the interest of time and resource, field visit was not possible to be
made for verification.
The level of damage to health facilities was categorized into four and assigned
percentage of damage. Accordingly, minor entails 15% damage, moderate entails 35%
damage, major entails 50% damage while complete entails 100% damage. The impact
of the damage in terms of access to health services was calculated based on the
minimum number of catchment population per type of health facilities. The cost of
damage on medical equipment, ICT and furniture was calculated based on the recent
project expenditure for a PHCC. The cost for hospital is doubled while the cost for
PHCU is halved.
ANNEX – EDUCATION
Assumptions and findings
Damage quantification has been made for estimating the financial costs for the flood
damage and loss incurred, using the following assumptions and formulas:
a. Damages
• Average costs will be considered for all States;

• If a school is destroyed, it is assumed that its furniture and equipment will also be
fully damaged;
• It is assumed that all the destroyed schools are made of brick clay/mud brick;
• If offices and residences damaged are not reported in the damage list, then, it is
assumed that either there was no loss to office buildings, or the administration has
managed to repair affected offices;
• Due to the nature of the disaster, damages to school infrastructures is concentrated
on the foundation and walls. Therefore, it is assumed that all foundations and walls
amount to around 60% of the building cost value of school;
• Average unit cost of school construction was calculated by multiplying the average
size of schools (sqm) by the average cost by sqm, information provided by the
Ministry of Education.
• The overall cost will vary according to location, type of material, the school area,
and number/size of classes. However, according to the Housing Authority and other
experiences (see references) the cost of building one sqm. with red brick and sandy

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193
clayey mortar and aluminium roof is between US$ 90 (market rate) and US$404
(Bank rate). Respectively, the cost of building one sqm. with red brick, cement mortar
and concrete roof is between US$165 (market rate) and US$703 (Bank rate).
• The damage to schools has been calculated by applying the following formula:
Fully Destroyed: Number of affected institutions x Average Unit Cost
Partially Damaged: Number of affected institutions x Average Unit Cost x 60%
b. Losses
The cost of debris removal, cleaning and sanitizing, temporary structures for school to
continue, and replacing the textbooks and other learning materials were estimated as a
ratio of 15% from total damage;
c. Recovery
• The estimates of recovery needs are calculated using the replacement value of
assets and infrastructure accounted for the use of better materials and construction
techniques and for inflation (15%).
• Applied exchange rate: 1 USD = 55 SDG
Data collection
In the days following the floods, the FMoE began to gather information from affected
states, prepared by locality level authorities. Data collection for the report focused
on secondary data available through various sources that primarily include the
relevant local and state government departments, particularly, the Federal Ministry
of Education and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. Where
States had not submitted data on damage, the information collected by the HAC
and UNICEF was used. All secondary data received was closely scrutinized through
various analyses. The data were validated through several measures including damage
discussion meetings by sector team; desk reviews, satellite imagery and GIS map data
checks and assessment for analytical works by sector team. Data for higher education
was received from 6 universities exclusively. The information, while valuable, indicated
that more detailed school-level assessments were required in order to have a better
understanding of damage on a case-by-case basis and understand how the flooding
had affected children at the school level. This can be led by the National Emergency
Committee in collaboration with the relevant Ministries and development partners.
Sources
• [1] Flooding and Its Impact on Education, By Edson Munsaka and Sebia Mutasa
,November 6th 2020, https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/flooding-and-its-
impact-on-education
• [2] Basic Education Project for Northern Sudan: Environmental and Social
Management Framework (ESMF)
• [3] Pakistan Floods 2010
• [4] Sudan Education Sector: Impact of the Floods on Education (update as of Sept
2020); for further communication, please contact Julienne Vipond [email protected]
or Hisham Elawad ([email protected]) https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/
flooding-and-its- impact-on-education
• [5] Heat map of Sudan’s basic education schools. The World Bank Sudan Basic
Education Emergency Support (P172812)
• [6] HAC
• [7] SUDAN EDUCATION SECTOR: IMPACT OF THE FLOODS ON EDUCATION (MAP
Update as of Sept 2020; for further communication, please contact Julienne Vipond

194 (RAPID PDNRA)
[email protected] or Hisham Elawad [email protected]
• [8] Making Schools Safe from Flooding
• [9] Damage Estimation of Urban Catchment Using Remote Sensing and GIS,
Sirikantha Hirathm Senior Academic Programme Officer, Environment of Sustainable
Development, United Nations University, Japan, International Training Program on
Total Disaster Risk Management, 10-13 June 2003
• [10] Flooding and Its Impact on Education, By Edson Munsaka and Sebia Mutasa
,November 6th 2020, https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/flooding-and-its-
impact-on-education
• [11] Education Sector Joint Assessment Overview on Flood-Affected Schools
• [12] Sudan_education_sector_awg_tor_oct20
• [13] Establishment of flood damage function models: A case study in the Bago River
Basin, Myanmar
• Shelly Wina et al, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 28, June
2018, Pages 688-700
• [14] ‫ يراوطلا ريرقت ناضيفلا لبق ميلعتلا‬2020
• [15] Evaluation of Global Partnership for Education Programme in South Sudan Final
report 6 April 2018
• [16] Vietnam 2016: Rapid Flood Damage and Needs Assessment
Additional Tables and Figures
TABLE 21 - 1: Sudan Education Sector: Flood Reconstruction Needs Estimations

by Higher Education Institution
Type of Required Cost of Cost of Losses

No University State Place of Damage Loss
Damage Solutions Damages SDG SDG
Houses and Rebuilding,
Complete and Cultivable Clover,
1 Khartoum Khartoum University Farm in maintenance, 20,000,000 13,834,300
Partial Burglary
Shambat area and cleaning
2 Blue Nile Blue Nile Missing Missing Missing Missing Unspecified Missing
Administrative
offices, Lecture
Halls, Fences,
Farm, canal,
bridge, Central
3 Zalingei Central Darfur Complete Rebuilding 36,735,000 Unspecified Unspecified
library in the
Faculties of
Agriculture and
Community
Development
Northern Fence
(150 m) of 500 young
Administration, Mango trees,
Academic Affairs Cowsheds and
4 Shendi River Nile Complete Rebuilding 4,300,000 7,450,000
and Faculty 18 Feddans (7.56
of Medicine’s, ha) of cultivable
Students Hostels fodder
and Univ. Farms,
Fence of the
Faculty of Arabic
5 Holey Quran Al Gazira Complete Rebuilding 11,095,000
Language in Al
Managil City
Const. of a
Faculty of
flood protection
Abdulatif Engineering
Partial – terrace,
Alhamad administration
6 Northern inundation waterproofs to 2,800,000
University of Buildings and
and structural Laboratories,
Technology Laboratories in
Library, and
Kariima City
office buildings
Sub total 74,930,000 21,284,300
Total 96,214,300

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195
FIGURE 21 - 1: Heat map of Sudan’s basic education schools
Source: The World Bank Sudan Basic Education Emergency Support, based on 2018/19 School Census using ArcGIS
SUDAN
Situation Report
FIGURE 21 - updated:
Last 2: Sudan 9 Noveducation
2020 sector: Impact of the floods on education
Sudan Education Sector: Impact of the Floods on Education
INTERACTIVE (17 Sep 2020)

Sudan:
SUDANCOVID-19
RAPID Situation
POST Dashboard
DISASTER2020
NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT
196 (RAPID PDNRA)
FIGURE 21 - 3: Number of flood damaged schools by State
Geographical Distribution of Flood Damaged Schools
States Khartoum Northern Kassala

Blue Nile White Nile River Nile Al Gezira
Red Sea Gadarif Sinnar North Kordofan
South Kordofan West Kordofan North Darfur South Darfur
75 77
62 66
41 46
38 40 34
27
13 15 19
6
0
Data Source: Sudan Education Sector: Impact ff The Floods on Education
FIGURE 21 - 4: Number of affected school aged children by states
Number of affected school aged children
22,027 22,027 22,027
9,790 9,7909,790 9,790 9,790 9,790
1753 1,150 17531753

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Data Source: Sudan Education Sector: Impact ff The Floods on Education
ANNEX – SPORTS
The methodology involved collection and validation of data as follows:
• Data collection process and sources: Estimates made based on Data collected by
HAC and the Ministry of Sport and Youth
• Assumptions made for estimating costs: a 15% increase in the cost of damage to
build back better
Sources
• Youth Policy.org
• General Framework for the Programme of the Transitional Government of Sudan
• UN Chronicle. Sports as a means of advancing international development. https://
www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/sport-means-advancing-international-development

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197
ANNEX – MANUFACTURING
In order to ascertain the effects and impact of floods on the manufacturing MSMEs
sector, the assessment took into account a special report by Small Industry Chamber
Khartoum, which was commissioned by the Secretary General for the Post-disaster
Needs Assessment. It should be noted that data on the estimated value of physical
assets destroyed and of production or sale losses was not available for analysing the
sector effects. However, the team estimated MSMEs losses in terms of income loss to
the sector.
Sources
• Comprehensive Industrial Survey Project March 2005, Ministry of Industry in co-

operation with the Central Bureau of Statistics and with technical assistance from
UNIDO
• Small Industry Chamber Khartoum
No. of No. of
Gross Output
Activity Establishments Labours
ISIC
No. % No. % No. %
Total Manufacturing 765,429,858 100.0 24,114 100.0 131,506 100.0
15 Manufacture of food products and beverages
423,637,059 55.3 16,974 70.4 74,058 56.32
16 Manufacture of tobacco products 38,527,680 5.0 33 0.1 1,209 0.92
17 Manufacture of textiles 21,696,554 2.8 58 0.2 6,982 5.31
18 Manufacture of wearing apparel; dressing & dyeing of fur
1,140,509 0.1 180 1.0 613 0.47
Tanning & dress. of leather; man. of leather products. &
19
footwear 12,576,772 1.6 461 1.9 2,870 2.18
20 Manufacture of wood, cork, plaiting & prods., exc. Furniture
4,103,398 0.5 820 3.4 2,300 1.75
21 Manufacture of paper & paper products 5,844,334 0.8 9 0.0 634 0.48
22 Publishing, printing, and reproduction of recorded media
7,210,556 0.9 88 0.4 1,927 1.47
23 Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products & nuclear fuel
128,838,437 16.8 3 0.0 845 0.64
24 Manufacture of chemicals & chemical products
32,851,260 4.3 278 1.2 5,636 4.29
25 Manufacture of rubber & plastics products
11,196,142 1.5 62 0.3 2,661 2.02
26 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
11,846,597 1.5 1,541 6.4 18,633 14.17
27 Manufacture of basic metals 11,822,060 1.5 139 0.6 973 0.74
28 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, exc. Mach. & equip.
14,482,531 1.9 2,812 11.7 7,530 5.73
29 Manufacture of machinery & equipment n.e.c
6,354,330 0.8 15 0.1 461 0.35
30 Manufacture of office, accounting & computing machinery
251,379 0.0 2 0.0 25 0.02
31 Manufacture of electrical machinery & apparatus n.e.c
2,898,019 0.4 12 0.0 945 0.72
32 Manufacture of radio, T.V. & communication equip. & apparatus
582,749 0.1 51 0.2 140 0.11
33 Manufacture of medical, prec. & optical instr., watches & clocks
21,264 0.0 2 0.0 102 0.08
34 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers & semi-trailers
27,881,525 3.6 28 0.1 1,744 1.33
35 Manufacture of other transport equipment
59,325 0.0 25 0.1 50 0.04
36 Manufacture of furniture; manufacturing n.e.c.
1,607,378 0.1 521 1.5 1,168 0.69

198 (RAPID PDNRA)
ANNEX – AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES & LIVESTOCK
Data collection process included secondary data collection mainly from the reports
developed by FAO and the relevant ministries of the Government of Sudan.
Cost estimates for damage, loss and recovery include a limited set of crops and
livestock and use pricing from 2018 GIEWS Update by the FAO.
Assumptions made for estimating costs
• production losses only refer to sorghum, millet, sesame, and groundnut in the rainfed
sector
• Seeds costs are estimated based on the reported 111 tonnes of mixed seeds loss by
the FAO. The estimate assumes the seeds to be of sorghum, millet, sesame, and
groundnut and estimates the costs based on unit price of each crop accordingly. The
total of seeds lost are broken down for each of the four crops based on their relative
production percentage, as can be seen in the attached Table 20 4.
• Livestock damage and recovery are based on the unit price of livestock multiplied by
the total number of heads lost due to the floods.
Sources
• Republic of the Sudan. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. (2019).

Implementation of Istanbul Plan of Action for Least Developed Countries (IPoA) 2011-
2020. Sudan National Report.
• FAO. (2020). The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment. A joint assessment
with the Government of the Sudan. Rome.
• FAO. (2020). Special Report - 2019 FAO Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission
to the Sudan. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7787en
• FAO. (2018). GIEWS Update. The Sudan Fuel shortages and high prices of agricultural
inputs affecting planting of 2018 crops. http://www.fao.org/3/CA1361EN/ca1361en.
pdf
TABLE 21 - 2: Baseline Data for Crop Production
Total Area
States Baseline Production (2019/2020) - tonnes
cultivated (ha)
Sorghum Millet Sesame Groundnut
East Darfur 478,829 294,000 193,000 17,000 923,000
Red Sea 48,145 4,000 1,000 - -
White Nile 446,463 60,000 4,000 45,000 9,000
Kassala 359,310 49,000 - 8,000 -
Gedarif 2,436,000 - - - 13,000
West Darfur 136,107 128,000 273,000 78,000 138,000
North Darfur 237,804 56,000 140,000 23,000 105,000
South Kordofan 650,000 141,000 73,000 104,000 19,000
Central Darfur 400,925 201,000 129,000 18,000 104,000
Blue Nile 1,850,529 - 17,000 - -
Sennar 688,261 - 34,000 - -

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West Kordofan 315,000 28,000 45,000 65,000 730,000
River Nile 160,000 117,000 - - -
Khartoum 30,110 13,000 - - -
North Kordofan 63,000 128,000 10,000 166,000 34,000
South Darfur - 489,000 132,000 29,000 -
Gezira - 260,000 13,000 59,000 496,000
Total 1,968,000 1,064,000 612,000 2,571,000
TABLE 21 - 3: Baseline Data for Livestock
States Sheep Goats Cattle
East Darfur 1,801,309 749,373 2,009,200
Red Sea 434,532 749,373 143,626
White Nile 2,661,508 2,665,951 3,699,926
Kassala 2,107,480 1,743,995 892,978
Gedarif 2,226,976 1,103,622 1,099,050
West Darfur 2,238,361 2,524,674 2,360,459
North Darfur 3,921,651 3,020,200 727,496
South Kordofan 2,205,684 2,152,812 4,567,925
Central Darfur 1,838,070 20,633,038 1,929,581
Blue Nile 4,073,737 472,332 2,132,531
Sennar 1,433,955 1,707,662 1,433,955
West Kordofan 4,350,099 2,419,612 3,496,976
River Nile 1,075,466 1,258,038 106,158
Khartoum 461,690 6,721,165 256,029
North Kordofan 4,207,138 2,706,145 780,575
South Darfur 2,205,684 1,723,018 2,455,689
Gezira 2,580,033 2,580,033 2,625,854
Total 39,823,373 54,931,043 30,718,008

200 (RAPID PDNRA)
TABLE 21 - 4: Recovery Cost Estimates
Total Number of livestock to

Livestock Unit Cost (per head) Total Cost (SDG)
restock
Sheep 66,462 19,000 1,262,778,000

Goats 22,070 12,000 264,840,000
Cattle 4,828 50,000 241,400,000
Poultry 290 400 116,000
Total 1,769,134,000
Crop Seed Requirement* (tonnes) Unit Cost (per Kg)** Total Cost (SDG)
Sorghum 35.15 19 667,822

Millet 19.00 23 437,070
Sesame 10.93 60 655,820
Groundnut 45.92 24 1,102,034
Total 111 - 2,862,746
Tools No. of tools lost Unit Cost (per item) Total Cost (SDG)
Tractors 256 1,045,000 267,520,000

Disc ploughs 200 495,000 99,000,000
Sprayers 150 49,500 7,425,000
Hand tools 310 2,750 852,500
Donkey ploughs 1,000 71,500 71,500,000
Total -
Total Recovery Cost 2,218,294,246
Total Recovery Cost
2,551,038,383
(inflation-adjusted @15%)
*FAO reports that 111 tonnes of different seed varieties were lost, and this value is considered underreported. The recovery estimate here is
based on an assumption that the seed mix included sorghum, millet, sesame, and groundnut.
** FAO. (2018). GIEWS Update. The Sudan Fuel shortages and high prices of agricultural inputs affecting planting of 2018 crops. http://www.
fao.org/3/CA1361EN/ca1361en.pdf

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ANNEX – TRANSPORT
This report preparation has been a result of corroboration between the World Bank, UN
agencies and the Government of Sudan. The government nominated and counterpart
to liaise with the World Bank and UN agencies. The UN agencies and the World Bank
provided the government counterpart with a template and structure for the report.
The government counterpart, helped to collect vital information in form of reports,
development plans, maps, photos for the before and after the flood disaster. The
quality and accuracy of the data used in the report was enhanced by field visits by
the government counterparts. The data collection process was facilitated by the
corporation of the various agencies within the Federal Ministry of Infrastructure and
Transport, i.e. National Roads, Railways, Aviation and River transport Authorities.
The World Bank and the UN agencies reviewed the supplied information, carried out
necessary analysis of the data provided and prepared the sector reports. In preparing
the sector reports, some assumptions have been made including the following:
• The costs of the short, medium, and long-term initiatives have been derived from
comparison with similar activities carried out in other countries, with adjustments for
conditions in Sudan.
• A 20% has been added to the recovery needs to allow for best international practice
and building back better, rather than returning to the exact pre-flood circumstances
which in some cases were likely to fail under a similar disaster.
• The damages for the different subsectors have been derived from the unit costs
supplied by the sub sectors. For instance, for the road sub sector, the cumulative
length of the damaged infrastructure was multiplied by the unit cost of that
infrastructure.
• The government of Sudan is already carrying out immediate measures to ensure
some connectivity between places and the cost of this has not been established or
considered.
Sources
• Sudan railway authority

• Sudan airways
• Land transportation unit
• National roads & bridges authority
• River navigation authority
• Sudan Regional Airports Co.ltd

202 (RAPID PDNRA)
ANNEX – ENERGY & ELECTRICITY
Field visit was conducted by a team representing the Sudanese Power Thermal
Generating Company to Garri Stations in Khartoum North.
Sources
Data provided by the Sudanese Power Thermal Generating company; Sudanese

Electricity Distribution Company; Sudanese Electricity Transmission Company; and
Sudanese Electricity Holding Company
List of people met
• Eng. Hamza Atta Alfadeel Ali Ahmed, Director of Health Safety, and environment
directorate
• Eng. Alaeldin Mergani Logman (Health and safety Department manager, STPG)
• Eng. Asma Mahgoub ALkair (Environment Department manager, STPG)
• Eng. Dr. Galal Abd Elfattah (Sudanese Electricity Distribution Company)
• Eng. Ali Habib Allah (Sudanese Electricity Transmission Company)
• Eng. Hatim Hassan Salman (Sudanese Electricity Holding Company)
• Eng. Alhadi Gomaa (Sudanese Electricity Holding Company)
• Eng. Amin Subri Ahmed (World Bank)
• Eng. Tarig Taj Alasfia (World Bank)
• Miss Kawther Ahmed Brema (World Bank)
ANNEX – WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
• Data collection process and sources: Interagency assessment reports from field visits
covered 11 states of the total 18 states. The rest of the information is obtained from
HAC reports and interviews with decision-makers carried by EOC;
• Methodology to extrapolate data: Comparisons made depended on similarities found
on nature of damages, state population size, and geographical location;
• Field visits: Based on Interagency assessment reports;
• Assumptions made for estimating costs: Agency guidelines, quantification of
damages by concerned WASH personnel and officials.
Sources
• Interagency assessment and EOC report summary; the cost of effects

• Implementing IoT for Smart Water Management _ Water World
• Historical gauge stations
• Water and Sanitation _ Baseline
• WASH guideline
• FAO Food deprivation measurement
• FAO Sudan flood impact assessment
• Decision-maker interviewed included:
• Water Authority director
• Khartoum State; Sanitation director
• Federal Ministry of Health; Environmental Health Manager
• Khartoum Ministry of Health; Environmental Health Manager

(RAPID PDNRA)
203
204
TABLE 21 - 5: Annex 1 (Water, Sanitation & Water Resources Management)
(RAPID PDNRA)
Theme Item Sanitation Water Improved Handwashing
water &
Im- OD Unim- Total un- Im- Improved; Unim- Total Water sanitation Place for Place for soap is
proved proved improved proved Trucked proved unim- treat- hand- handwash available
proved ment washing w/ water & in the
soap house
States Total 30.4 30.5 39.1 69.6 63.6 13.2 23.2 36.4 3.6 24.1 40.7 25.1 52.4
Area Urban 57.0 5.0 38.0 43.0 78.3 16.1 5.6 21.7 3.7 48.7 47.3 34.0 67.9
Rural 22.1 40.0 37.9 77.9 63.5 9.4 27.1 36.5 4.1 19.1 38.2 21.8 50.1
Education Total 39.8 22.7 37.4 60.2 70.7 12.8 16.5 29.3 3.4 33.7 46.3 30.5 58.2
Baseline data: Source of drinking water 2019-20*
% of households accessing drinking water using various sources per region Time to source of drinking water
States % of users of improved drinking % of users of unimproved

Rural Urban
water source drinking water source
A B C D E A B C D E a b c d a b c d

Total 36.1 26.8 14.7 15.3 7.1 48.0 16.4 1.2 31.4 4.7 32.3 12.9 16.6 1.9 2.6 9.4 19.0 5.5
Sources Key <Adjust as per context> Key <Adjust as per context>
1 A Water Yards a Within premises
2 B Mini Water Yards b Less than 50m
3 C Hand pump/Protected dug well c 30 minutes or more
D Treatment plant/compact units d missing
E Hafir/dam with filtration/disinfection units
*Figures for Sennar, River Nile and East Darfur needs revision
Baseline data: Type of sanitation accessed 2019-20*

% of households out of those having access to improved sanitation
Rural Urban
States A B C A B C
Total 27.6 32.1 40.3 72.4 61.9 13.8
Sources Key <Adjust as per context>
1 A Improved pit latrine
2 B Flush toilet to septic tank or pit
3 C Flush toilet to Sewerage System
RED-SEA
DARFUR STATIONS LAT LONG FROM TO
PROVINCE
SHEBEIKA 13º 43´ 22º 25´ 1962 1976 STREAM STATION LAT LONG FROM TO
GUHUR MURFAEIN 11º 35´ 23º 23´ 1952 1978 Khor Arbaat ARBAAT 19º 50´ 36º 57´ 1957 1992
ZALAT GRASH* 14º 06´ 28º 01´ 1952 1978 Khor Salloum SALLUM 19º 25´ 37º 10´ 1958 1969
ODROUS
GAZALA GAWZ.* 14º 36´ 28º 25´ 1952 1962 W. Odrous 19º 06´ 36º 32´ 1960 1979
(No A)
ODROUS
SALATIYA 14º 29´ 23º 44´ 1952 1976 W. Odrous 19º 20´ 36º 25´ 1981 1992
(No B)
GOZ BANAT 14º 28´ 23º 38´ 1952 1976 W. Goub GOUB - A 18º 00´ 37º 10´ 1958 1982
DAWANI 14º 01´ 23º 01´ 1962 1976 W. Goub GOUB - B 19º 20´ 36º 25´ 1981 1992
TURTUR 14º 01´ 23º 20´ 1962 1976 Khor Arab ARAB 18º 45´ 37º 02´ 1960 1992
LAGI 13º 04´ 23º 35´ 1962 1976 Khor Arab ENHA 18º 20´ 36º 18´ 1974 1979
EL GADAREIF STATIONS LAT LONG FROM TO Khor Arab TOHAMIYAM 18º 20´ 36º 32´ 1974 1980
WAD ELHASSEIN 14º 02´ 35º 36´ 1963 1977 Khor Ailterba AITERBA 17º 57´ 38º 21´ 1977 1986
EL SOFY 14º 03´ 35º 22´ 1963 1977 Khor Kass KASS 18º 16´ 36º 11´ 1979 1986
BLUE NILE
EL SARAF 14º 00´ 35º 27´ 1963 1977
PROVINCE
WAD ELMALIK 14º 04´ 35º 25´ 1963 1977 STREAM STATION LAT LONG FROM TO
WAD EDDAMMAK 14º 02´ 35º 26´ 1963 1977 Khor Bau BAU (dam) 10º 22´ 34º 06´ 1959 1958
ABAYO 14º 01´ 35º 25´ 1963 1977 Khor Wadaka WADAKA 10º 30´ 33º 56´ 1978 1984
STREAMS DALASA 14º 01´ 35º 26´ 1963 1977 Khor Elsamaa EL SAMAA 10º 41´ 33º 39´ 1982 1983
Khor Abu
ABU FARGHA 14º 02´ 35º 22´ 1961 2006 Khor Ghormain GHORMAIN 10º 18´ 34º 10´ 1983 1984
Fargha
N. KHORDOFAN
Khor Azazat Elfeil AZAZATEL FEIL 13º 19´ 35º 18´ 1966 1990
PROVINCE
Khor Abugamida ABU GHAMIDA 13º 33´ 35º 22´ 1965 1975 STREAM STATION LAT LONG FROM TO
Khor Essageiaa ESSAGEIAA 13º 31´ 35º 31´ 1967 1975 Khor Abuhabil ABU HABIL 12º 39´ 30º 42´ 1978 1989
ERRAHAD
S. KORDOFAN STATIONS LAT LONG FROM TO Khor Abuhabil TURAA 12º 32´ 30º 24´ 1973 1984
(Feeder canal)
EL ABBASIA 12º 10´ 31º 19´ 1953 1978 Khor Elsikeran AL SIKERAN 13º 11´ 29º 50´ 1982 1989
SUBUT 12º 03´ 31º 14´ 1964 1978 Khor Elsikeran NABALAT N/A N/A 1982 1997
GARADUD
TASSI 12º 02´ 31º 11´ 1964 1978 Khor Abuhabil 12º 30´ 30º 35´ 1983 1989
ELARAK
UREIGA 12º 06´ 31º 14´ 1964 1978
STREAMS EL SUNUT 12º 10´ 29º 53´ 1965 1978
Khor Elabbassia ABAASIYA 12º 10´ 33º 39´ 1968 1982
Khor Rashad RASHAD (dam) 11º 50´ 31º 04´ 1974 1976
Khor Abu Erouge ABU GUBEIHA 12º 28´ 31º 14´ 1973 1975
Khor Abuhabil UMM BREMBITA 11º 01´ 30º 41´ 1974 1981
Khor Abuhabil EDDILLING 12º 02´ 29º 38´ 1974 2000
Wadi El Ghella ELSUNUT 11º 10´ 29º 02´ 1967 1981

(RAPID PDNRA)
205
No. State Infrastructure Q. CD Q. PD No. State Infrastructure Q. CD Q. PD
1 Khartoum 9
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or dams 1 All state 4
dams
Boreholes, hand-dug wells White Nile Latrines 338
Jebel Aulia, Dar Elsalam, South
Omdurman, North Omdurman Large and small filtration
1 1 Housing sector 5588 2073
and, North Bahri localities; 29 systems
administrative units Not
Piped distribution systems Educational facilities 4
known
Latrines 3687 4400 10
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or
Housing sector 3841 5805 All state 1
dams
Waste management sites 1 River Nile Latrines 631
2 Blue Nile Housing sector 2700 1036
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or dams 1 5 Educational facilities 5

Tadamon and Bau localities; 7
Latrines 349 11
administrative units
Housing sector >322 >456 All state West Darfur Waste management sites
Educational facilities 13 Housing sector 5659 8095
3 North Darfur 12
Boreholes, hand-dug wells 500 All state Algadarif Housing sector 2311 4461
Pumping stations - motor,
1 21 Educational facilities 23
Kebkabiya locality; 2 wind, solar
Latrines 7013 13
Housing sector 2205 8513 All state Kassala Housing sector 4291 3470
Educational facilities 6 19 Educational facilities 11
4 East Darfur 14
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or dams 3 All state Boreholes, hand-dug wells 2

Red Sea
Ellaiet locality; 3 Pumping stations - motor,
1 Housing sector 2082 8058
administrative units wind, solar
Latrines 1589 Educational facilities 16
Housing sector 535 15
5 Sinnar All state Latrines 55

South Darfur
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or dams 1 Housing sector 24 3463
Elsuki locality; 4 administrative
Boreholes, hand-dug wells 2 Educational facilities 2
units
Latrines 243 16
Housing sector 748 All state Central Latrines 195

Darfur
6 Northern Housing sector 1899 1216
Piped distribution systems 1 Educational facilities 10

Aldabbah and 4 other localities
Latrines 542 17
South
Housing sector All state Latrines 62
Kordofan
7 North Kordofan Housing sector 425 215
Storm and runoff collection 20,000

Sheikan, Um Rawaba, Um 18
systems Km
Dam, Sodary and, West Bara
localities; 30 communities Rivers, lakes, ponds, or
Housing sector 1969 6854 All state 1 1
dams
West
Educational facilities 1 9 Kordofan Latrines 1131
8 Gezira Housing sector 2958 6788
Rivers, lakes, ponds, or dams 5 Educational facilities 6

Total 6 localities; 20
Boreholes, hand-dug wells 9
Piped distribution systems 7.2 Km
Latrines 1748

206 (RAPID PDNRA)
ANNEX – DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
• Document and data review from the archive of the National Council for Civil Defence.
• An interview was conducted with His Excellency the General Director of Civil Defence,
Secretary General of the National Council for Civil Defence.
• The estimation of total cost of losses is brought forward from knowledge of prices in
the local market.
Sources
TABLE 21 - 8: Draft Decree to Establishing Sudan’s Disaster & Emergency Risk

Management Authority
Draft Decree ‫مقترح قرار إداري‬

Establishing Sudan’s Disaster &
‫انشاء الهيئة السودانية إلدارة مخاطر الكوارث والطواريء‬
Emergency Risk Management Authority
Introduction ‫المقدمة‬
By reviewing the institutional work of ‫بمراجعة العمل المؤسسي للطواريء والكوارث وعلى‬
emergencies and disasters and in light of the ‫ضوء تجربة الكورونا واألمطار والسيول وتكوين اللجان‬
experience of the COVID-19, floods and torrents,
‫الطارئة فإن الطواريء في السودان عملية موسمية مع العلم‬
and the formation of emergency committees,
the risk of disasters in Sudan continue to pose ‫أن السودان بلد تكثر فيه الطواريء والكوارث الطبيعية‬
a huge challenge and especially that Sudan
ً‫والتي تتم أحيانا ً بفعل اإلنسان مما يترتب عليها ضغطا ً كبيرا‬
disaster prone country. These disasters are ‫من لجوء ونزوح وأثار اقتصادية وصحية واجتماعية كبيرة‬
sometimes caused by human action, resulting in . ‫بل وأحيانا ً نزاعات دموية‬
great pressure from asylum, displacement, and ‫لذا كان ضروريا ً إنشاء هيئة إتحادية استراتيجية دائمة‬
negative economic, health and social impacts, .‫لتنسيق الجهود الوطنية واإلقليمية والدولية في هذا المجال‬
and sometimes violent conflicts. ‫سيدعم انشاء هذه الهيئة الجهود الحالية إلدارة الكوارث‬
‫والطواريء وستستفيد من تجارب العون اإلنساني والمجالس‬
Therefore, it was necessary to establish a
‫الطارئة للتعامل مع جائحة الكورونا وأثار السيول‬
permanent strategic federal body to coordinate .‫والفيضانات‬
national, regional, and international efforts
in the field of disaster risk management. The ‫وستعمل هذه الهيئة على مأسسة المجهودات التي تمت في‬
establishment of this authority will support ‫سياق التعامل مع كارثة الفيضانات األخيرة والتي شهدت‬
the current efforts to manage disasters ‫تحقيق قدر من النجاح في تفعيل آليات حصر األضرار‬
and emergencies, and will benefit from the ‫وتقييم االحتياجات وصياغة خطط التعافي من خالل مشروع‬
experiences of humanitarian aid and emergency ‫( حصر االحتياجات واستراتيجية التعافي‬PDNA) ‫الذي تم‬
committees to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic ‫تنفيذه بمشاركة خمس عشرة وزارة وثالث عشرة منظمة‬
and the effects of torrents and floods. ‫( دولية تحت مظلة غرفة الطوارئ المركزي‬EOC) ‫التابعة‬
. ‫للجنة العليا لمعالجة آثار السيول والفيضانات‬
This body will work to institutionalize the efforts
made in the context of dealing with the recent
flood disaster, which witnessed a measure of
success in activating the mechanisms of damage
assessment, estimating losses, defining needs
and formulating recovery plans through the Post
Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) project that
was implemented with the participation of 15
Ministries and over 13 international organisations
coordinated by the Emergency Operation Centre
(EOC) operating under the Higher Committee for
Floods Mitigation.

(RAPID PDNRA)
207
Definition ‫التعريف‬
This is a federal body with branches in the 18 ‫هو هيئة اتحادية ها فروع في الواليات ويشرف عليها‬
States, supervised by a coordinating Supreme ‫مجلس تنسيقي أعلى برئاسة رئيس الوزراء يساعده مقرر‬
Council headed by the Prime Minister, assisted ‫المجلس كمشرف عام وهو وزير وزارة التنمية االجتماعية‬
by the Minister of Social Development acting as
‫ويدار العمل التنفيذي بواسطة أمين عام بدرجة وزير دولة‬
the Council’s Rapporteur. The executive arm of
the Council is conducted by a General Secretary . ‫يتم تعيينه من قبل رئيس الوزراء‬
with the rank of a State Minister and who is
appointed by the Prime Minister.
Composition ‫مكونات الهيئة‬

The Authority consists of a number of strategic ‫تتكون الهيئة من وحدات استراتيجية تعنى بإدارة المعلومات‬
units concerned with managing disaster ‫واتخاذ القرارات االستراتيجية والطارئة مع دعم ومتابعة‬
related information and making strategic and ‫ وتعمل الهيئة‬.‫آليات التنفيذ بالتنسيق مع الجهات ذات الصلة‬
emergency decisions, while supporting and
‫كذلك على دعم مجهودات اللجان الطارئة التي يتم انشاؤها‬
following up on the implementation mechanisms
in coordination with the relevant authorities. The
. ‫حسب الحوجة في حاالت الكوارث للقيام بمهام محددة‬
Authority also works to support the efforts of
the emergency committees that are established
according to need in the event of disasters, to
carry out specific tasks.
Duties ‫المهام‬
• Developing policies, strategies and programs • ‫وضع السياسات واالستراتيجيات والبرامج‬ •
related to disaster and emergency risk ‫المتعلقة بإدارة مخاطر الكوارث والطواريء‬
reduction. • ‫إدارة مركز معلومات مخاطر الكوارث‬ •
• Managing the Disaster Management
‫وتنسيق البحوث والدراسات مع حصراألضرار‬
Information Centre and coordinating
research and studies while keeping an ‫واالحتياجات الطارئة‬
inventory of damages and emergency • ‫وضع موجهات وأطر واليات اإلنذار المبكر‬ •
needs. ‫والتحوطات للكوارث بالتنسيق مع الجهات الحكومية‬
• Establishing guidelines and frameworks ‫ذاتالصلة‬
for early warning mechanism, as well as • ‫التنسيق بين الجهات الوطنية واإلقليمية‬ •
disaster precautions in coordination with the ‫والدولية‬
relevant government agencies. • ‫تفعيل الشراكات ودعم تنفيذ االتفاقيات‬ •
• Coordination between national, regional, and ‫إلنجاز فاعلية جهود الجاهزية واالستجابة والتعافي من‬
international bodies concerned with disaster
‫الكوارث‬
risk reduction.
• Activating partnerships and supporting • ‫دعم مجهودات التعبئة واالعالم والتواصل‬ •
the implementation of regional and ‫بين الجهات ذات الصلة والجهات والمجتمعات‬
international agreements to achieve the ‫المتضررة‬
effectiveness of preparedness, response, and • ‫صياغة التقارير المهنية الراتبة حول‬ •
disaster recovery efforts ‫التنبؤات واألضرار واالحتياجات والتدخالت‬
• Supporting mobilization efforts, media • ‫دعم مجهودات وآليات المخزون‬ •
and communication between the relevant ‫االستراتيجي واالحتياجات اللوجستية‬
authorities and affected parties and
communities
• Drafting regular professional reports on
disasters forecasts, damages, needs and
interventions
• Support efforts and mechanisms for The
Strategic Inventory mechanism and all
related logistical needs

208 (RAPID PDNRA)
Membership ‫عضوية المجلس‬
The Authority is managed by the General ‫تدار الهيئة بواسطة األمين العام للمجلس األعلى للهيئة تحت‬
Secretary of the Supreme Council of the ‫رئاسة رئيس مجلس الوزراء وأن يكون وزير التنمية‬
Authority under the leadership of the Prime ‫ ويكون المجلس بعضوية كل‬.‫االجتماعية مقرراً للمجلس‬
Minister. The Minister of Social Development
shall be the rapporteur of the Council. The
: ‫من‬
Council consists of the following members: 1. ‫ وزير الدفاع‬.1
1. Minister of Defence 2. ‫ وزير المالية والتخطيط االقتصادي‬.2
2. Minister of Finance and Economic Planning 3. ‫ وزير الداخلية‬.3
3. Minister of Interior 4. ‫ وزير الخارجية‬.4
4. Minister of Foreign Affairs 5. ‫ وزير الحكم االتحادي‬.5
5. Minister of Federal Government 6. ‫ وزير اإلعالم‬.6
6. Minister of Information 7. ‫ وزير التنمية االجتماعية‬.7
7. Minister of Social Development 8. ‫ محافظ بنك السودان‬.8
8. Governor of the Bank of Sudan
9. ‫ أمين عام المجلس األعلى للبيئة‬.9
9. Secretary General of the Supreme Council
for the Environment 10. ‫ أمين عام مجلس السكان‬.10
10. Secretary General of the Population Council 11. ‫ مدير عام المركز القومي اإلحصاء‬.11
11. Director General of the Central Bureau of 12. ‫ مدير عام الهيئة العامة لإلرصاد الجوي‬.12
Statistics. 13. ‫ مدير عام هيئة المساحة العسكرية‬.13
12. Director General of The Meteorological 14. ‫ مدير عام المركز القومي للمعلومات‬.14
General Authority 15. ‫ أمين عام المجلس القومي للدفاع المدني‬.15
13. Director General of The Military Survey 16. ‫ اتحاد أصحاب العمل‬.16
Authority 17. ‫ أمين عام الهالل األحمر السوداني‬.17
14. Director General of the National Information
Centre
15. Secretary General of the National Council
for Civil Defence
16. President of the Sudanese Businessmen and
Employers Federation
17. 1Secretary General of the Sudanese Red
Crescent
ANNEX – EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION
The employment profile was based on the last available data from the Sudan
Labour Force Survey (2011) and, for income loss computation, the GDP of Sudan was
considered at USD 18.9 billion which were the World Bank estimates for the year 2019.
The income losses were estimated for high, middle, and low GDP contributing states of
Sudan.
For agricultural livelihood impact assessment, the pre-disaster data considered

number of population/households dependent on agriculture: both rainfed and irrigated.
For fishers and pastoral households, it was based on secondary data available for
each state. Information on estimated loss of cultivable area, amount of food crops
destroyed, damage to riverine forest and water resources was accessed from the
Sudan 2020 Flood Impact Rapid Assessment report released by the FAO in September
2020.

(RAPID PDNRA)
209
Data pertaining to household assets was taken from Sudan MICS5 (Multiple Indicator
Cluster Survey), and the identification of the six severely affected states was based
on the percentage damage of planted area. Accordingly, those states which suffered
at least 25% damage in planted area were prioritized for immediate / short-term (3-6
months) intervention.
The income loss estimates for Micro and Small Enterprises in Khartoum state was
based on information made available by the Union of Small Industries and Handicrafts
in Sudan which, in turn, was based on their primary survey of affected enterprises in
Khartoum state during November and December 2020.
Assessment of recovery needs, both immediate (3-6 months) and medium term (6-12
months), was based on discussions with government officials and other PDNA sector
teams. These needs were then taken forward to form a set of budgeted recovery
proposals targeting affected people / households. The number of beneficiaries were
estimated in the discussions with officials and other PDNA sector teams; the estimates
being deemed achievable to implement by them through the proposed interventions
during this period.
Sources
• OCHA January 2020, Humanitarian Needs Overview, Sudan

• ILO January 2014, A Roadmap Toward A National Employment Policy for Sudan
• FAO, The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment report
• Common Country Analysis for Sudan Desk Review - April 2016
• UNDP (April 2020). COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment for Sudan
• UNDP (August 2010). Socio-Economic Study of Business Opportunities and Support
Services for DDR Participants in Khartoum State
• UNDP (April 2020). COVID-19 Socio-Economic Impact Assessment for Sudan
• African Development Bank/OECD/United Nations Development Programme (2017),
“Sudan”, in African Economic Outlook 2017: Entrepreneurship and Industrialisation,
OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/aeo-2017-59-en
ANNEX – CULTURE
Sources
1. Assessment of Impact of 2020 floods on World Heritage and Archaeological Sites

in Sudan (2nd to 17th November 2020) by George Abungo
2. National corporation for antiquities and museums –fieldwork department,
Restoration department, museums department
3. library,
4. private references,
5. Tourism office in Khartoum.
6. Tourism office in al Damar- Nile Province.
7. Tourism office in Sennar.

210 (RAPID PDNRA)
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF RECOVERY
Priority Number 1: Meroe Island
1a. The Pyramids
Recommendation:
1. Removal of newly accumulated sand dunes from the immediate surroundings of
the pyramids as well as from inside the offering chapels with their unique reliefs.
2. Documentation of the site and its monuments to assess, the state of
their preservation after the shutdown and after summer rains and storms
(photographical documentation, comprehensive report, and assessment on
necessary protection measures).
3. Control and monitoring of tourists and monuments.
Budget for sand removal from around the Pyramids at Meroe Royal Cemetery
1. 2 NCAM officers for supervision of sand dune removal, fence repair, damage
assessment, report, administration (Salaries covered by NCAM)
2. Field allowances for 5 NCAM technicians for 30 days × USD 15 = USD 2,250
(Including food)
3. Payments for 12 local workmen (sand dune removal from the surrounding of the
pyramids to area accessible for trucks) for 30 days × USD 10 = USD 3600
4. USD 35 for the one load of sand x 200 load = USD 7,000 (Truck and loader to be
hired)
5. NCAM camp at Meroe will be the place for the accommodation for the team
(NCAM)
Total = 12,850 USD
1b. The City of Meroe
Recommendation:
1. A Master Plan aimed at providing more protection to the site is urgently needed.
2. The plan will incorporate both research work (preparation of a catalogue or file
for all features at the site by collection of all available documentations, and
preparation of work plan), and fieldwork (survey and mapping, surface cleaning,
fencing, and opening pathways) to presentation.
Budget for master plan:

1. Equipment: Laptop, camera, digging tools, etc. (Provided by NCAM)
2. Transportation (Provided by NCAM)
3. Fencing materials, signs making and installation, sum of 2000 USD
4. Archaeologists per diem: 2 × 40USD ×60 days = 4,800 USD (including food and
accommodation)
5. Topographer × 40 USD× 60 days = 2,400 USD (including food and accommodation)
6. Local workmen: 20 × 10USD × 40 days = 8,000 USD
7. Skilled masons: 2 × 30 days × 20USD = 1,200 USD (including food and
accommodation)
Total = 18,400 USD

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211
1c. Naga Site
Recommendation:
1. A trench is to be dug on the three sides of the Hatur temple to create a semi-island
feature to temporarily hold water during the rainy season.
2. The water flow towards the temple will be redirected elsewhere by constructing a
wall about 70 cm high all along the eastern part of the archaeological area where
the Lion and Hathor temples are located.
3. The wall would follow the same pattern constructed at el-Kurru, that is a cement
structure covered by stone.
4. During rains, little movable wooden walkway could be put over the channel for
people to walk into the temple compound or the temple could be reached through
the direction of the Lion temple that will have no trench around.
5. The long-term recommendation involves the possibility of putting up a water
trough but only after a proper study to determine what microenvironment may be
created and what effects it may have generally on the heritage within the property.
Budget for building protection wall at Naga
1. NCAM Technicians 2 (skilled masons) x 20 Days x USD 20 = 800 USD (including

food)
2. 5 Local workmen x 20 Days (Digging foundation trench, assisting the masons) x 10
USD = 1,000 USD
3. 5 Local workmen x 5days (Digging the shallow trench around the Hatur temple to
hold water during the rainy season) x10 = 500 USD
4. Building Materials (Cement, sand, gravel, water, stone, rebars) = 6000 USD
5. Tools for construction (rent and purchase): concrete mixer, etc. = 1500 USD
6. Gasoline (for concrete mixer and generator and cars) = 1000 USD
Total = 10,800 USD
Priority number 2: Teseen Mosque
2a. The Mosque and its surrounding
Recommendation:
1. It is recommended that in order to solve this, an underground tank be constructed
where the water will drain to as part of the solution as well as serving as a water
catchment and management strategy for the locals.
2. Concurrently to be undertaken with the restoration and protection work should be
an archaeological investigation that should establish the date of the mosque and
gather other data that will contribute to its proper understanding and appreciation.
This work is considered of immediate urgency as the mosque could collapse if nothing
is done and the budget is provided below
Budget
Flood protection, Drainage System and Archaeological Investigation

1. Earthen landfills with stone cladding at the eastern side (3,500 US$, one week);
2. Landfill cladding at the eastern and southern sides (4,500 US$, one week);
3. Strengthening the northern wall by adding landfills on it (2,000 US$, one week);
4. Urgent removal of the roof that Khartoum State Tourism Department constructed,
before the next year’s rains and floods, due to danger of collapse and high load that
is affecting the body of the mosque (1,000 US$, one week);

212 (RAPID PDNRA)
5. Conducting a scientific archaeological study to determine the age of the mosque
3500 USD for 14 days, including analysis and write up;
6. Restoration of the broken wall and repair to the wall cracks (5000 USD for ten
days). Local community will be involved in every stage and process of all the
activities with a view to them taking full ownership at the end of the project.
7. Improve flood protection and drainage system including the Digging of a well/
underground water tank at the north-western side and connecting it to a piping
network in order to transport the rainwater that collects inside the Mosque to
protect it 17,000 USD
Total= 36,500 USD
Priority number 3 Tabo Temple
Priority number 4 Fossil Forest of El Kurru
Priority number 3: Ground Water Research in Nuri and Kerma
3a. Ground Water Research at Nuri
Recommendation:
1. It is recommended that before any action is put in place as a solution that a

thorough study is carried out by a multi-disciplinary team of experts to determine
the cause of the underground flooding in this area and recommend a lasting
solution.
2. The team could be the same as that set up under the auspices of Ministry of Higher
Education but should include professionals of relevant subjects from the local
universities, local persons with traditional knowledge system of water behaviour
over the years as well as representation from the regional government.
3. The study should also look at issues of microenvironment creation through new
developments and their effects on heritage.
4. Part of the recommendation of such a study would be expected to cover the
implementation of end-to-end Disaster Risk Management planning.
5. It would also ensure that both EIA and HIA studies are carried out before major
developments are put in place including those of water extraction and use.
Budget
The budget for the exercise should include:

1. Procurement of research materials
2. Carrying out new research on the cause of underground flooding in the region
3. Per diem for the team,
4. Meetings costs,
5. Transport costs,
6. Accommodation and Food
Total USD 50,000
3b. Ground Water Research at Kerma
Recommendation:
1. It is recommended that this is one of the areas where the interdisciplinary team
looking at among other things the problem of underground floods should research
and provide a recommendation to address the challenge.

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213
2. The Deffufa because of the materials used of earth and daub are in eminent danger
if these challenges are not addressed soon enough and so this is an urgent a must
exercise.
Budget
The Multi-disciplinary team to carry out research on the cause of underground flooding
in the sites and to be catered for on:
1. Procurement of research materials
2. Per diem
3. Meetings costs,
4. Transport costs,
5. Accommodation and food.
Total: USD 10.000
Priority number 4: Backfilling of Town wall trenches at El Kurru site
4a. Trenches at El Kurru Site
Recommendation:
1. The trenches exposing the town wall that get inundated with water during flood
times should be backfilled, possibly leaving only a small demonstration part that
can also include the gatehouse.
2. The site should receive the same maintenance regime that the main site is getting
if this part was to be left open so as to avoid decay and destruction.
3. The cost of backfilling should be met by the excavators/mission responsible if this
cannot be sources within the present rescue programme.
Budget
Backfilling of Ancient Town Wall at El-Kurru
1. 8 lorries of sand at USD 43 per lorry = USD 344
2. Labour by 10 men x 7days x 10 USD = USD 700
3. Supervision =USD 350
Total = USD 1394
Priority number 5: Preservation of the Nile Steamers of the Nile Museum
Recommendation:
1. It is recommended to pull the out the ship from the water into the dry dock, carry
out the necessary repairs with a view to turning it into a marine/maritime museum
Budget:
1. Make floating sandals to fix the Steamers Thurayah, Gamoosa and Asaad: Length:
26 meters, width 10 meters. Angle 2 inches, 5 mm at cost 51,818 USD
2. Maintenance of the tractor machine to move the two steamers Gamoosa and
Asaad at cost 30,910 USD
3. Buy a strap wire to install the Thuryaha steamer from sinking in the Nile 16 mm
wire at a cost: 5,820 USD
Total cost = 88,548 USD

214 (RAPID PDNRA)
Priority number 6: Restoration of the Tabiyeh (Mahdia Fortifications)
Recommendation:
1. The challenges facing the last remaining Omdurman gate and the Tabiyeh (Mahdia
fortifications) should be considered under a major interdisciplinary/research study
to be carried out by the group appointed under the Ministry of Higher Education
that will look at the question of floods both river induced and underground and its
effects on heritage and others.
2. It is further recommended that the team coordination be a joint one between the
UNESCO Khartoum and the Ministry of Higher Education.
3. It is also recommended that for the time being and based on the damage already
caused and the potential damage posed to the Tabiyeh from the factors discussed
above, that repair/mitigation work be carried out on a numbers of them to
minimize the damages with a budget provided below for the various tabiyeh
Budget for Restoration of the Tabiyeh (Mahdia Fortifications)

Al-Dibaga fortification
Total= USD 1146
Al-Gamayer fortification
Total = USD 1146
Al Hitana Fortification
Total = USD 1146
Al Sarrha Fortification
Total = USD 1446
Shambat Fortification
Total = USD 1266
Priority number 7: Project for Strengthening local communities’ capacities near

Boot Dam in Blue in safeguarding indigenous knowledge and inventorying local
knowledge under threat
1. Mission
2. Safeguarding Plan
3. Inventorying of Living Heritage
4. Capacity Development
Budget 100,000 USD

(RAPID PDNRA)
215
ANNEX – GENDER
Sources
• FAO
• Humanitarian Needs Overview
• Humanitarian Response Plan
• Relief Web
• UNFPA
• UN OCHA
• Middle East Monitor
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
ANNEX – ENVIRONMENT
Sources
• FAO (2020). Flood Impact Rapid Impact Assessment

• Aballa A. Salam Ahmed, Ahmed Adam Ibrahim, Sief Eldeen Hamed and Samir
Ibrahim Saad. (2005). Towards the improvement of protection methods against bank
erosion Nile Basin Capacity Building Network
• The Sudan 2020 Flood Impact Rapid Assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations, Rome, 2020
• Oliver Kirui and Alisher Mirzabaev (2016). Cost of land degradation and improvement
in Eastern Africa Fifth International Conference AAAE. United Nations. Addis Ababa,
September 2016
• Salih, A. A. and Mohamed A. G. (2008). Environmental, economic, and social impact
of riverbank erosion and proposed control measures in River Nile State, Sudan, Nile.
Nile Basin Initiative and Sudan Discourse Forum
ANNEX – HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Methodology and Limitations
The Human Development Vulnerability indices presented for the 18 states is the
numerical average of the following sub-indices, where each indicator is weighted equally:
A. Multi-dimensional Poverty sub-index (numerical average of the following)

1. Drinking water (% HH with unimproved drinking water)
2. Sanitation (% HH with unimproved sanitation or open defecation)
3. Housing (numerical average of % HH with unfinished roof, unfinished walls, not
owner, 3+ people per room for overcrowding)
4. Cooking fuels (% HH using solid fuels)
5. Asset ownership (numerical average of % HH not owning mobile phone, land,
vehicle of any kind, Bank account)
6. Access to electricity (% HH without access to electricity)
7. Health (numerical average of % HH without access to hospital within 5 km, under 5
mortality, % children not vaccinated, Malaria Parasite Incidence Rate)
8. Education (numerical average of % of children in the appropriate age group not
attending primary or secondary school)
B. Income poverty sub-index

9. % of households in the lowest two quintiles

216 (RAPID PDNRA)
C. Food Insecurity sub-index (numerical average of the following)
10. % of HH that are food insecure
11. Economically vulnerable households (spending more than 65% on food)
D. Gender Inequality sub-index (numerical average of the following)

12. % women married before 18
13. % women with adolescent childbirth
14. % women in polygamous marriages
15. % women with any form of female genital mutilation
16. Illiteracy among women
17. % females economically inactive
18. Prevalence of domestic violence
E. Social vulnerabilities and exclusions (numerical average of the following)

19. Number of refugees per 1000 people (normalised as a %)
20. % of IDP population
21. Prevalence of child labour
22. Prevalence of physical or psychological aggression against children
Each of the sub-indices and the overall Human Development Vulnerability Index ranges
from 0 to 1, 0 being the least and 1 being the most vulnerable.
Do note that this index is not comparable to the official UNDP Human Development
Index, considering its different methodology, indicators used, and purpose. This
vulnerability index is primarily developed to help aid the resource allocation during the
recovery process across the states, to address the pre-existing systemic vulnerabilities
during the recovery process.
The estimates for each of the impact areas are calculated as follows:
Step 1. Estimating the total number of people in flood affected areas (N0). Estimate
number of people in each of the states in the affected areas based on the FAO Rapid
Assessment and Geographical analysis (FAO & Transitional GoS, 2020) . Assumptions
are made for South Darfur and Northern (5% of the population), and Gezira (25% of the
population) based on the spread of impact and interviews with on-ground experts, since
other estimates are not available. Population for 2020 is calculated using the 2018
Population data from Open Africa162 , and growth rate of 2.5 (UNICEF & CBS, 2014) using
the formula: (xt = x0 * e (r * t)). Sub-groups of people are also estimated based on national
and state-wise averages (e.g. number of women in affected areas, number of pregnant
women in affected areas, number of children below 1, number of refugees and IDPs, etc.).
Step 2. Establishing the Baseline (C). Proportion of people with different baseline
conditions are estimated using previously available data (e.g., proportion of people
practicing agriculture). The most recent estimates available are used.
Step 3. Estimating the Effects (n). Proportion of people with certain characteristics
affected are estimated based on the primary household survey
Step 4. Estimating the Impact (I). Impacted population and sub-groups are estimated
as follows: I = N0 x C x n
Recommendations are arrived at based on the estimates made, as well as several

interviews with government officials, partnering organisations, and people’s requests as
gathered through the primary household surveys.
162
http://sudan.opendataforafrica.org/cyltlaf/sudan-regional-atlas-fact-dataset-january-2019 last accessed on 24 Jan 2021

(RAPID PDNRA)
217
REFERENCES
FAO, & Transitional GoS. (2020). The Sudan 2020 Flood impact rapid assessment. Khar-
toum: FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/cb1463en/cb1463en.pdf
Federal Ministry of Health. (2012). The Republic of Sudan National Health Sector Stra-
tegic Plan II (2012- 2016), 67. Retrieved from https://extranet.who.int/countryplanning-
cycles/sites/default/files/planning_cycle_repository/sudan/sudan_national_health_sec-
tor_strategic_plan_nhssp_2012-2016.pdf
FSTS, WFP, FAO, FEWS.NET, & USAID. (2020). Integrated Food Security Phase Classi-
fication - Acute Food Insecurity Analysis Projection Update October - December 2020.
Khartoum: WFP.
Government of Sudan. (2020). Sudan: Integrated Food Security Phase Classification
Snapshot : June - December 2020, (September), 2020. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.
int/report/sudan/sudan-integrated-food-security-phase-classification-snapshot-ju-
ne-december-2020
MHRDL. (2011). Sudan Labour Force Survey 2011 (SLFS 2011). MINISTRY OF HUMAN
RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND LABOUR.
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, WFP, FAO, FEWS NET, & USAID. (2020).
Annual Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission Report. Khartoum: Government of
Sudan.
Norwegian Refugee Council. (2020). Rapid Assessment Report - Impact of Floods and
Torrential Rains on Um Dawwn Ban Locality Eastern Nile Bank , Khartoum North. Khar-
toum: NRC.
UN Sudan, UKAid, Government of Sudan, & World Bank. (2019). Progress Towards Dura-
ble Solutions.
UNDP. (2020). Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier : Human Develop-
ment and the Anthropocene Sudan. Khartoum: UNDP. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.
org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/SDN.pdf
UNICEF, & CBS. (2014). Sudan - Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014 - Final Report.
Khartoum: Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https://mics.unicef.org/files?jo-
b=W1siZiIsIjIwMTYvMDUvMTgvMjEvNTkvNTEvODg3L1N1ZGFuXzIwMTRfTUlDU19Fbmd-
saXNoLnBkZiJdXQ&sha=32907fc39e6e2e6e
UNOCHA. (2020). Sudan Humanitarian Response Plan 2020. Khartoum: UNOCHA.
Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Sudan_2020_HR-
P_22Jan20.pdf
WFP. (2020a). Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Assessment Guidelines:
Summary Report Q1 2020. Khartoum: WFP.
WFP. (2020b). Food Security Monitoring System Report Q1 2020. Khartoum: WFP.
WFP. (2020c). Market Monitor December 2020 - Sudan. Khartoum: WFP.
WFP. (2020d). Market Monitor Oct 2020 - Sudan. Khartoum: World Food Program.
World Bank. (2020). Selected Economic Growth Indicators: Sudan. World Bank. Retrieved
from http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/758431492207289663/data-sdn.pdf

218 (RAPID PDNRA)

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SUDAN RAPID POST

ACRONYMS DIRECTORY xii

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii

3. SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT 4

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

11. ENERGY & ELECTRICITY 80

12. WATER, SANITATION & WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 90

13. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 100

14. EMPLOYMENT, LIVELIHOODS & SOCIAL PROTECTION 109

15. CULTURE 121

16. GENDER 130

17. GOVERNANCE 146

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

19. HUMAN IMPACT ASSESSMENT 158

20. SUDAN NATIONAL RESILIENCE AND RECOVERY FRAMEWORK 185

21. ANNEXES 192

ANNEX – HOUSING 192

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

FIGURE 1 - 1: Contribution to Total Damages and Losses by Sector

Energy Water, Sanitation & WRM * On February 21, 2021

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

* Change in Economic Flows

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

FIGURE 1 - 2: Summary of Estimated Recovery Costs by Sector

Education Transport Other

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

Grand Total 6.907 379.867

Applied exchange rate: 1 USD = 55 SDG

The Recovery Strategy is guided by 1. Restore Livelihood to preserve lives.

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT

FIGURE 2 - 1: Map of Sudan (Source: United Nations)

SUDAN Nasser SAUDI

0 100 200 300 km N u b i a n Muhammad Qol

Kerma Abu Hamed

do not imply official endorsement or

acceptance by the United Nations.

* Final boundary between the ush

Republic of Sudan and the Republic of sh Ed Damer

South Sudan has not yet been

** Final status of the Abyei area is not

Dilling NILE T'anaState (wilayah) capital

12° Abu Zabad 12°

Buram DARFUR Talodi State (wilayah) boundary

W Paloich Abyei region**

10° r Main Road 10°

Map No. 4458 Rev.2 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support

SUDAN RAPID POST DISASTER NEEDS AND RECOVERY ASSESSMENT