Political Ideologies that has influenced

Politics,
the 20thGovernment
and 21st centuryand
Governance
Philippine Politics and Governance
 INTRODUCTION
Quarter/Week: First Quarter/Week 3
Duration
Content Demonstrate an understanding of politics and political
science, governance, political ideologies, power, states, Weeks 1-6
Standard: nations, and globalization
Performance Clearly identify a specific political phenomenon and how
Weeks 1-6
Standard: it can be studied
Learning
Differentiate the political ideologies
Competency and (HUMSS_PG12-Ib-c-7)
Week 2-4 (Now)
CG Code:
Introduction to Ideologies:
Topic: Major Ideologies from Classical Liberalism to Social Week 3 (Now)
Democracy
INTRODUCTION

Meminisse: “To fight and endure sacrifices, people need

ideological motivation—something to believe in.”
(Roskin et. al. 2012)
REVIEW
Politics, Political Science, Government, and Governace
What’s that ideology?

The Republican Party in the United States mostly

supports this ideology.
They support the free-market system since it already
tried and tested. But largely conservative on social
issues.

It is the modern version of classic liberalism. Also known

as Neoliberalism.
If they are in the Philippines, they would promote
voluntary and private charity works instead of 4Ps.
What’s that ideology? MODERN CONSERVATISM
What’s that ideology? MODERN LIBERALISM

The Democratic Party in the United States mostly

supports this ideology.

They support the free-market system since it is already

tried and tested. But largely ‘liberated’ on social issues.

It belongs to the “New Left”.

If they are in the Philippines, they would support 4Ps.
What’s that ideology? MODERN LIBERALISM
Major ideologies summary table

The is common in Germanic and the Nordic states of

Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

They support evolutionary socialism and are willing to

work within the framework of free-market economy
while socialism is still evolving.

If they are in the Philippines, they would also promote

4Ps, as well as other social welfare programs.
What’s that ideology? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
Major ideologies summary table

The is the ideology where communism originated.

They go by the teachings of Karl Marx and other like-

minded thinkers of his time.

It later branched out into two major variants, social

democracy and communism.
What’s that ideology? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
What’s that ideology? SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
LAST SESSION
• Last week you were introduced to the concept of ideologies, you
learned that it is not political science per se, BUT political scientists
study it, because people, states and perhaps the entire civilization are
influenced by it.
• Take note that political scientists study politics, and ideologies for
better or for worse, greatly influence political movements.
• For this week, you will continue discussions on the major political
ideologies that has influenced the 20th and early 21st century from
Communism to Environmentalism.
Ideologies to be discussed
• Communism
• Nationalism
• Fascism
• Libertarianism
• Feminism
• Islamism
• Environmentalism
COMMUNISM (1920s)
• While other socialists became social democrats, a smaller
number reaffirmed the ideas of Marx especially on matters
related to revolutions and the attainment of communism.
• They became today’s communists.
• Here are two main variants of communism today,
1. Leninism; and
2. Maoism
COMMUNISM (1920s)
• Also known as State Socialism
• Leninism (1920s) - put forward by Vladimir I Lenin (1870-1924), a Russian
Intellectual
• It led to the creation of United of Soviet Social Republics, the precursor
to today’s Russian Federation.
• Back then, capitalism was just starting out in Russia, making it unfit for
a proletariat revolution based on Marx’s conditions
• Lenin argued that since imperialism made advanced capitalists States
resource dependent from poor countries, then a revolution, could
break out in a poor country like Russia then spread out to more
advanced countries
• Lenin’s communism therefore was both anti-capitalism and anti-
imperialism
16 November 1988 – 26 December 1991
Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Soviet – Governing councils (Factories, Farmers, Local Governments, etc.)

COMMUNISM (1920s)
• Maoism (1948) – put forward by Mao Zedong (1893-1976), a Chinese
revolutionary.
• China was not only poor; it was also pre-industrial.
• Like Lenin, Mao argued that a communist revolution could break out in pre-
industrial country,
• But for Mao, it was the peasants (farmers, fisherfolks, etc.) who must lead the
revolution, not the proletariat (industrial workers).
• As such, it promoted the use of guerilla warfare in achieving its ends.
• Mao’s communism was partly influenced by nationalism.
• Maoism also influenced communist movements in other pre-industrial (and
post-colonial) countries like the Philippines (Communist party of the
Philippines)
Imperial China
(Qing Dynastic – adopted 1862)

First Republic of China (1912-1928) Second Republic of China (1928) People’s Republic of China
Current flag of Taiwan, R.O.C. Founded under the ideals of
Maoist-Communism
NATIONALISM (1780s/1940s)
“We won’t be pushed around by foreigners anymore!” shout Cuban,
Palestinian, Iraqi, Chinese, and many other nationalists. - Roskin, et.
al. (2012)
• Nationalism is the belief in the greatness and unity of one’s country
• Sometimes this belief becomes so exaggerated to the point of extremism
• Nation, the people of a country united by race, religion, history,
language, or anything that they can think of as basis for their being
“one”
NATIONALISM (1780s/1940s)
• Originally, the primary basis of nationality or “oneness” of the people
is the fact they share the same monarch

• During the French revolution (1789-1799), they promoted an

alternative idea for “oneness” independent of the monarch.
• The French people is a nation, not because of the monarchy, rather it is
because of their French identity resulting from their common history, culture,
etc.
COMMUNISM SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

SOCIALISM
NATIONALISM (1780s/1940s)
• Colonized peoples outside Europe fought for independence and
declared themselves “nations”
• Or it could be the other way around – declared themselves “nations", then
fought for independence, either way, nationalism was important for building
“strong republics”
• Most of these new countries gained their independence from 1945 to
1960, those years were marked in World History as the
Decolonization of Asia and Africa
NATIONALISM (1780s/1940s)
• Nationalism is regarded by Roskin, et. al. (2012) as the strongest
ideology because it can easily coexist without conflict with other
ideologies.
• Conservatives, Liberals, Social Democrats Socialists, and Communists can all
be Nationalists.
• Regional Nationalism
• It aims at breaking up existing nations into what its proponents argue are the
true nations.
• Example: the struggle of the Bangsamoro people as represented by the Moro
National Liberation Front and Moro Islamic Liberation Front
 NATIONALISM

RADICALIZED CLASSICAL
LIBERALISM (Radicalism)
FASCISM (1922)
• Extreme form of nationalism with elements of militarism.
• Extreme nationalistic ideals led to Fascism in Italy (1922-1943) and
Germany (1933-1945)
• Fascist signature: members in uniforms (they like military structure and
discipline)
• In Germany, it is also known as Nazism,
• from Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NAZI) or National
Socialist German Workers' Party
• It sounds like a socialist party, but it is not. The NAZI is a fake socialist party
 FASCISM

NATIONALISM

RADICALIZED CLASSICAL
LIBERALISM (Radicalism)
Other Notable Ideologies (Roskin et. al., 2012)
• Other Notable Ideologies (Roskin et. al., 2012)
• Libertarianism - U.S. ideology in favor of shrinking all government power in
favor of individual freedom.
• Feminism - Ideology of psychological, political, and economic equality for
women. Liberals, socialists, social democrats have their own variants of
feminism.
• Islamism - Islam turned into a political ideology. It has elements of
nationalism and socialism.
• Environmentalism - Ideology that environment is endangered and must be
preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes. Like in Feminism, Liberals,
socialists, social democrats have their own variants of environmentalism.
Abstraction: Left-wing / Right-wing Politics
• An extremely common way to look at political ideologies is to place
them on a left to right spectrum or axis that visually compares them
based on what they prioritize (Heywood, 2011).
• This left to right placement dates from the time of the French
revolutionary parliament (1790s).
Abstraction: Left-wing / Right-wing Politics
• Left-wing - Those seeking the most change in the nation’s political
and societal arrangements sat on the left side of the presiding officer.
• Today the left is associated with the liberals, progressive and radicals, when it
comes to freedoms -- they tend to focus on positive freedom (freedom to)
• Radicals: People who believe that there should be great changes in society and try to
bring about these changes.
• Progressives: People favoring or implementing social reform or new, liberal ideas.
• Ideologies associated with the left-wing:
• Modern Liberals, Social Democrats, Socialists, Communists, and Libertarians
• Environmentalism, and Feminism are generally regarded as left-wing because
of its liberal, progressive and sometimes radical ideas
Abstraction: Left-wing / Right-wing Politics
• Right-wing - Those seeking to preserve or conserve the existing
political and social system sat on the right side.
• Today the right is associated with conservatives and reactionaries, when it
comes to freedoms -- they tend to focus on negative freedom (freedom from)
• Reactionaries: People who tries to prevent changes in the political or social
system. They tend to favor the good-old days, and those which have been
tried and tested.
• Ideologies associated with the left-wing:
• Classic Liberals, Classic Conservatives, Modern Conservatives
(Neoliberals), and Islamists
• Fascism is also generally classified right-wing because of its militaristic
tendencies
Activity 3 REQUIRED
Complete the diagram by filling in the appropriate ideology for each item
below.
Activity 3 REQUIRED

Identify what is being described in the

following statements:
7. In the traditional political spectrum, which refers to ideologies with
revolutionary sympathies?
Left Middle Right
8. Paul believes that people with higher income should be taxed
higher than those with lower income. He believes that these taxes
should support the government’s social welfare programs. On
matters of individual freedom, Paul believes that the government
should not limit individual choices. What contemporary political
ideology best represents Paul’s political beliefs?
Modern Liberalism Neoliberalism State Socialism
Activity 3 REQUIRED

Identify what is being described in the

following statements:
9. An ideology is a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that
forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Ideology
intends to do at least one of following, except:
To modify the present system
To preserve the current political order
To overthrow the existing political structure
To secure the after life
Activity REQUIRED

Identify what is being described in the

following statements:
10. The offshoot of classical socialism which calls for the reaffirmation
of its original call for armed struggle and adopted within certain
national context such as in Russia and China.
Communism Fascism Nationalism
 REQUIRED

Lesson Reflection 3
• I learned that ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• I realized that___________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Based on what I have learned and realized I will ________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 OPTIONAL

Optional Activity for Week 3

• Based on your observations what do you think is the prevalent ideology of
our present national administration? You may provide one or a
combination of not more than two ideologies. Provide concrete examples
to justify your answer.
Marking Guide
• Identified at an ideology or a combination two of the ideologies. (1-3 points)
• Demonstrated understanding of the ideology or a combination of the ideologies chosen. (1-4 points)
• Justified the chosen ideology using at least five (5) concrete observations based on the actions, decisions,
rhetoric of the present administration. (1-5 points)
• Neatness, grammar including use of punctuations (1-3 points)

Note #1: Do not use nationalism as prevailing ideology unless combined with another ideology.
Note #2: As much as possible use the materials provided by your teacher. If using external resources such as those source from the internet or
printed books, using techniques to avoid plagiarism such as paraphrase, writing your own words, direct quotes, among other. Be sure to also
identify your references.
Note #3: Issues on academic dishonesty including but not limited to plagiarism and other forms of cheating shall warrant a zero rating on this
output plus a demerit of 5 points to be applied on the main (required) activity.