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    Reimar Quiambao
    Daryl Wheeler developed a cyclical curriculum model in the 1960s. The model emphasizes situational analysis and sees curriculum development as an ongoing process that responds to changes. The model includes five interdependent stages: setting aims and objectives, selecting learning experiences, selecting content, organizing experiences and content, and evaluation. Feedback is incorporated between each stage to allow for continuous improvement. The model aims to create a flexible, integrated curriculum. However, it has been criticized as time-consuming and difficult to implement in practice.

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    Heaer 1

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    Reimar Quiambao
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    Daryl Wheeler developed a cyclical curriculum model in the 1960s. The model emphasizes situational analysis and sees curriculum development as an ongoing process that responds to changes. The model includes five interdependent stages: setting aims and objectives, selecting learning experiences, selecting content, organizing experiences and content, and evaluation. Feedback is incorporated between each stage to allow for continuous improvement. The model aims to create a flexible, integrated curriculum. However, it has been criticized as time-consuming and difficult to implement in practice.

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    Daryl Wheeler developed a cyclical curriculum model in the 1960s. The model emphasizes situational analysis and sees curriculum development as an ongoing process that responds to changes. The model includes five interdependent stages: setting aims and objectives, selecting learning experiences, selecting content, organizing experiences and content, and evaluation. Feedback is incorporated between each stage to allow for continuous improvement. The model aims to create a flexible, integrated curriculum. However, it has been criticized as time-consuming and difficult to implement in practice.

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    155 views4 pages

    Heaer 1

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    Reimar Quiambao
    Daryl Wheeler developed a cyclical curriculum model in the 1960s. The model emphasizes situational analysis and sees curriculum development as an ongoing process that responds to changes. The model includes five interdependent stages: setting aims and objectives, selecting learning experiences, selecting content, organizing experiences and content, and evaluation. Feedback is incorporated between each stage to allow for continuous improvement. The model aims to create a flexible, integrated curriculum. However, it has been criticized as time-consuming and difficult to implement in practice.

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    of 4

    WHEELER’S CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT MODEL

    I. PROPONENT
    Daryl Kenneth Wheeler was born on February 26, 1952. Died on February 15, 1991
    at 38 years of age. He was an educator at the University of Western Australia in
    1967. Wheeler's Curriculum Development Model (1967) in his book “Curriculum
    Process” presented a cyclical process in which each element of the curriculum is
    related and interdependent. He modified Tylers’s straight line model in to cyclic
    model. He also developed and extended the ideas by the work. Wheeler’s definition
    of curriculum: “the planned experiences offered to the learner under the guidance of
    the school”. He developed and extended the ideas by the work, influenced by the
    work of Tyler, Taba, and Bloom.

    II. THEORY
    The Wheeler model emphasizes content selection, and the integration of content in
    providing quality learning experiences. This model focuses on situational analysis:
    the context in which the curriculum decisions are taken is considered important, as
    this is believed to help make the most effective decision. This model illustrates the
    dynamic nature of the process of curriculum development. It goes on as the needs
    and interest of society change and the objective also change. This model has a
    feedback mechanism (students can measure their progress). The basic assumption of
    this model is that the end of education is a desirable change in behavior. “It is
    perfect and true that the end of education is always and everywhere the same. But it
    is at the most general level of discourse. In dealing with behavior, specification is
    necessary to be more precise than usual statement of educational aims. The process
    described above can be used in all curriculum development at any level.” (D.K.
    Wheeler, 1967).

    III. DESIGN
    Wheeler model of curriculum development is a type of model that indicates
    curriculum development is a continuous cycle. According to this model, curriculum
    development should be responsive to changes in the education sector and make
    appropriate modifications to account for these changes. D.K Wheeler suggested that
    any study of curriculum must be concerned with at least two factors:
    (1) Nature of society itself - which is Society consists in mutual interaction and
    inters relation of individuals and of the structure formed by their relations.
    Therefore, society refers not to a group of people but to the complex pattern of
    norms of interaction that arise among them. Society is process rather than a
    thing, motion rather than structure.
    (2) Nature of individual member - the individual is a combination of the universal
    and the particular. The particular is the material principle that differentiates
    every. individual from every other and without which no individual can be
    distinguished from the others.

    IV. DISCUSSION
    Curriculum decision-making can start from any point and comeback to any of that
    point like a cycle. In Wheeler or cyclic Model, curriculum is a continuous cycle
    responding to the changes within education where any new information or practice
    will bring changes. It undertakes situational analysis whereby the context or
    situation in which curriculum decisions are to be taken is thoroughly studied. This
    help curriculum developers take correct decisions thus encouraging active
    participation of staffs in school-based curriculum.The wheeler curriculum model is
    prescriptive as well as cyclical (non- linear) with 5 inter- dependent stages.

    Wheeler’s 5 curriculum development stages


     Aims, goals and objectives
     Selection of learning experience
     Selection of content
     Organization and integration of learning experiences and content
     Evaluation

    The first step of model in which Aims covers all the experiences provided in the
    curriculum. Goals are tied to specific subjects or group of content within the
    curriculum; while Objectives describe more specific outcomes as a result of
    lessons or instructions delivered at. The second step of model is about learning
    experiences is an activity which the leaner engages in which the results in his/her
    behavior. The selection content is what teacher teaches. It must be related to
    validity, significance, utility, interest and learnability. Organization and
    Integration of Learning experiences and content, implies learning that is
    synthesized across traditional subject areas and learning experiences that are
    designed to be mutually reinforcing. This approach develops the child's ability to
    transfer their learning to other settings. The step Evaluation is about that the
    former have clear objective and aligned assessment strategies designed to test
    how well students have achieved the learning outcomes.

    V. ISSUES
    Wheeler model has received criticisms.
     It is time consuming.
     It is difficult to locate.
     It is not different from objective model.
     It seems to lack of procedure between organizing and integrating learning
    experiences, content and evaluation.
    VI. IMPLICATIONS TO PEDAGOGY
    Wheeler's model is a best illustration of flexibility, continuity in the curriculum
    developed. According to wheeler, goals are outcome and once the cycle of
    curriculum development is complete, it starts again from step one and continues
    again with improvement in the curriculum after putting some changes.Wheeler
    model takes new information into account, has a feedback mechanism, view
    elements of curriculum as interconnected phases, and emphasize on situational
    analysis.However, Wheeler model is also time-consuming and can be difficult to
    put into practice.

    VII. IMPLICATIONS TO RESEARCH


    In his (D.K Wheeler) book “Curriculum Process” presented a cyclical process in
    which each element of the curriculum is related and interdependent. Although this
    model is rational in nature each phase is a logical development of the preceding one
    which one cannot proceed to the next phase unless the preceding phase is done.

     The curriculum that utilizes wheeler's model is Learned Curriculum which


    this type of curriculum indicates what the students have learned. The
    capability that students should demonstrate at the end of the lesson can be
    measured through learning outcomes.

     Also, Assessed Curriculum utilizes the wheeler's model because when


    students take a quiz or the mid-term and final exams, these evaluations are
    the so-called assessed curriculum. Teachers may use the pencil and paper
    tests and authentic assessments like portfolio and performance-based
    assessments to know if the students are progressing or not.

     And Taught Curriculum utilize the model this is about the implementation
    ofthe written curriculum. Whatever is being taught or an activity being done
    in theclassroom is a taught curriculum. So, when teachers give a lecture,
    initiate groupwork, or ask students to do a laboratory experiment with their
    guidance, the taught curriculum is demonstrated.

    VIII. REFERENCES
    https://www.studocu.com/row/document/bahauddin-zakariya-university/curriculum-
    development/cyclical-models-of-curriculum-development/10087807
    https://www.slideshare.net/sqjafery/wheeler-curriculum-model-assingment
    http://anwarsania710.blogspot.com/2018/09/explain-wheeler-model-of-
    curriculum.html
    https://www.youtube.com/redirect?
    event=video_description&redir_token=QUFFLUhqbHFrYXBRSVY0aEdfQXpYS
    WZNRDQ1SUM3N0RiUXxBQ3Jtc0tuUTAxd01NR1RQaWpLeHAwTFZ3NDVfR
    XdNVm9HQ2I1RGhjTDRmYjM3UklKRndZSE5EZTIxYVU0bHNoRDlHUjgzM
    G0wNUE1M3NGTHBvZHlOS1FoT1BiQjdoLU9rZXY0bFN5N0xzX0hSQUtDT3
    QtRnZrOA&q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powtoon.com%2Fyoutube
    %2F&v=zCvQhVy4waA
    https://youtu.be/ZZhqpuyQufA
    https://www.google.com/search?
    q=what+are+the+issues+of+wheeler+model+of+curriculum&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPH
    911PH911&oq=what+are+the+issues+of+wheeler+m&aqs=chrome.2.69i57j33i160l
    3j33i22i29i30j33i15i22i29i30j33i22i29i30l4.15902j0j4&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT
    F-8

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