Ansys Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual

Ansys Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual
ANSYS, Inc. Release 2022 R2

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction to the Fluid Dynamics Verification Test Cases ................................................................... 1
1. Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases ............................................................................... 4
1.2. Expected Results ........................................................................................................................ 4
1.3. References .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.4. Verification and Validation ........................................................................................................... 5
1.5. Quality Assurance Services .......................................................................................................... 5
1.6. Downloading the Project Files ..................................................................................................... 5
1.7. CFX Supported Test Cases ........................................................................................................... 6
1.8. Index to the Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases .............................................................................. 7
1.9. Index to the Ansys Forte Test Cases ............................................................................................. 9
2. Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases ........................................................................................................... 11
.01. VMFL001: Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders ............................................ 13
.02. VMFL002: Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux ....................................................... 15
.03. VMFL003: Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe ............................................................... 17
.04. VMFL004: Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient ....................................................................... 19
.05. VMFL005: Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe ................................................................................................... 23
.06. VMFL006: Multicomponent Species Transport in Pipe Flow .............................................................. 25
.07. VMFL007: Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe ......................................................................................... 27
.08. VMFL008: Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity ........................................................................................... 29
.09. VMFL009: Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus ..................................................................... 33
.10. VMFL010: Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction. .................................................................................. 37
.11. VMFL011: Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity .................................................................................. 39
.12. VMFL012: Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel .................................................................................... 43
.13. VMFL013: Turbulent Flow with Heat Transfer in a Backward-Facing Step ........................................... 49
.14. VMFL014: Species Mixing in Co-axial Turbulent Jets .......................................................................... 53
.15. VMFL015: Flow Through an Engine Inlet Valve .................................................................................. 59
.16. VMFL016: Turbulent Flow in a Transition Duct .................................................................................. 63
.17. VMFL017: Transonic Flow over an RAE 2822 Airfoil ........................................................................... 67
.18. VMFL018: Shock Reflection in Supersonic Flow ................................................................................ 69
.19. VMFL019: Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion .......................................................................... 75
.20. VMFL020: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston .................................. 77
.21. VMFL021: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure ..................................... 83
.22. VMFL022: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case B: Low Inlet Pressure ...................................... 85
.23. VMFL023: Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder ......................................................... 87
.24. VMFL024: Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids in a Rotating Cylinder ................................................ 89
.25. VMFL025: Turbulent Non-Premixed Methane Combustion with Swirling Air ...................................... 91
.26. VMFL026: Supersonic Flow with Real Gas Effects inside a Shock Tube ............................................... 97
.27. VMFL027: Turbulent Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step ................................................................. 101
.28. VMFL028: Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Pipe Expansion ................................................................... 105
.29. VMFL029: Anisotropic Conduction Heat Transfer ............................................................................ 107
.30. VMFL030: Turbulent Flow in a 90° Pipe-Bend .................................................................................. 109
.31. VMFL031: Turbulent Flow Behind an Open-Slit V Gutter .................................................................. 111
.32. VMFL032: Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody ................................. 113
.33. VMFL033: Viscous Heating in an Annulus ....................................................................................... 117
.34. VMFL034: Particle Aggregation inside a Turbulent Stirred Tank ....................................................... 119
.35. VMFL035: 3-Dimensional Single-Stage Axial Compressor ................................................................ 121
.36. VMFL036: Laminar Flow Past Sphere .............................................................................................. 123
.37. VMFL037: Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step .................................................................... 125
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Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual
.38. VMFL038: Falling Film Over an Inclined Plane ................................................................................. 129

.39. VMFL039: Boiling in a Pipe with Heated Wall .................................................................................. 131
.40. VMFL040: Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser ........................................................................... 135
.41. VMFL041: Transonic Flow Over an Airfoil ........................................................................................ 139
.42. VMFL042: Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities ............................................... 141
.43. VMFL043: Laminar to Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate ................................ 145
.44. VMFL044: Supersonic Nozzle Flow ................................................................................................. 147
.45. VMFL045: Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp ............................................................................ 151
.46. VMFL046: Supersonic Flow with Normal Shock in a Converging Diverging Nozzle ........................... 153
.47. VMFL047: Turbulent Flow with Separation in an Asymmetric Diffuser ............................................. 155
.48. VMFL048: Turbulent flow in a 180° Pipe Bend ................................................................................ 157
.49. VMFL049: Combustion in an Axisymmetric Natural Gas Furnace ..................................................... 159
.50. VMFL050: Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Slab ........................................................... 161
.51. VMFL051: Isentropic Expansion of Supersonic Flow Over a Convex Corner ...................................... 163
.52. VMFL052: Turbulent Natural Convection Inside a Tall Cavity ............................................................ 165
.53. VMFL053: Compressible Turbulent Mixing Layer ............................................................................. 169
.38. VMFL054: Laminar flow in a Trapezoidal Cavity ............................................................................... 171
.55. VMFL055: Transitional Recirculatory Flow inside a Ventilation Enclosure .......................................... 175
.56. VMFL056: Combined Conduction and Radiation in a Square Cavity ................................................ 177
.57. VMFL057: Radiation and Conduction in Composite Solid Layers ..................................................... 179
.58. VMFL058: Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser .................................................................... 181
.59. VMFL059: Conduction in a Composite Solid Block ......................................................................... 183
.60. VMFL060: Transitional Supersonic Flow Over a Rearward Facing Step ............................................. 185
.61. VMFL061: Surface to Surface Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Concentric Cylinders ................ 187
.62. VMFL062: Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Over a “Hill” .................................................................. 189
.63. VMFL063: Separated Laminar Flow Over a Blunt Plate ..................................................................... 191
.64. VMFL064: Low Reynolds Number Flow in a Channel with Sudden Asymmetric Expansion ............... 193
.65. VMFL065: Swirling Turbulent Flow Inside a Diffuser ........................................................................ 195
.66. VMFL066: Radiative Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Enclosure with Participating Medium ................ 197
.67. VMFL067: Boiling in a Pipe-Critical Heat Flux ................................................................................. 199
.68. VMFL068: Axial Flow in an Eccentric Annulus ................................................................................. 201
.69. VMFL069: Two Phase Poiseulle Flow .............................................................................................. 203
.70. VMFL070: Radiation Between Two Parallel Surfaces ........................................................................ 205
.71. VMFL071: Mid-Span Flow Over a Goldman Stator Blade .................................................................. 207
.72. VMFL072: Liquid Water Flow Over a Flat Plate Under the Influence of Gravity ................................. 209
.73. VMFL073: Turbulent Separated Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser ................................................... 211
.74. VMFL074: Modeling of a Plug Flow Atomizer ................................................................................. 213
.75. VMFL075: Supersonic Flow Over a Circular Arc Bump ..................................................................... 215
.76. VMFL076: Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate ............................................................................... 217
.77. VMFL077: Free Surface Flow Around a Ship ................................................................................... 219
.78. VMFL078: Test Case Description ..................................................................................................... 221
3. Ansys Forte Test Cases ......................................................................................................................... 223
.01. VMFRT001: Large Eddy Simulation in Internal Combustion Engine Case .......................................... 225
.02. VMFRT002: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklraAL4 .................................. 229
.03. VMFRT003: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklfaAL4 .................................. 231
.04. VMFRT004: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bkldaAL4 .................................. 233
.05. VMFRT005: Engine Combustion Network Reacting Flow Case jkldaAL4 ........................................... 235
.06. VMFRT006: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston ............................... 239
.07. VMFRT007: Small-Bore Direct Injection Diesel Engine ..................................................................... 243
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List of Figures
.01.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 13
.02.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 15
.03.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 17
.04.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 19
.04.2. Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m ............................................................. 20
.04.3. Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m ............................................................. 21
.05.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 23
.06.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 25
.07.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 27
.08.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 29
.08.2. Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m ........................................... 30
.08.3. Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m ............................................. 31
.08.4. Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m ........................................... 32
.08.5. Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m ............................................. 32
.09.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 33
.09.2. Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry ................................ 34
.09.3. Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Top Wall of Symmetry ...................................... 35
.09.4. Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry ................................ 36
.10.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 37
.11.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 39
.11.2. Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that Bisects the Base of the
Cavity ......................................................................................................................................................... 40
.11.3. Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that Bisects the Base of the
Cavity ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
.12.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 43
.12.2. Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the Wave Crest ...... 44
.12.3. Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the Wave Trough .......... 45
.12.4. Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the Wave Crest ...... 46
.12.5. Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the Wave Trough .......... 47
.13.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 49
.13.2. Comparison of Predicted Local Nusselt Number Distribution Along the Heated Wall with Experimental
Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 50
.13.3. Comparison of Predicted Local Nusselt Number Distribution Along the Heated Wall with Experimental
Data ........................................................................................................................................................... 51
.14.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 53
.14.2. Comparison of Distribution of Propane Along Axis of the Jets ............................................................. 54
.14.3. Comparison of Distribution of X-Velocity Along Axis of the Jets ........................................................... 55
.14.4. Comparison of Distribution of Propane Along Axis of the Jets ............................................................. 56
.14.5. Comparison of Distribution of X-Velocity Along Axis of the Jets ........................................................... 57
.15.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 59
.15.2. Z-Velocity Component at Z= -5mm ..................................................................................................... 60
.15.3. Z-Velocity Component at Z = +10mm ................................................................................................. 61
.16.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 63
.16.2. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient at Station 5 .................................................................................. 64
.16.3. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along Centerline of the Duct ........................................................ 65
.17.1. Geometry of the RAE 2822 Airfoil ....................................................................................................... 67
.18.1. Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................................... 69
.18.2. Comparison of Predicted Static Pressure Distribution on the Afterbody with Experimental Data ........... 70
.18.3. Comparison of Predicted Total Heat Flux Along the Afterbody with Experimental Data ........................ 71
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.18.4. Comparison of Predicted Static Pressure Distribution on the Afterbody with Experimental Data ........... 72
.18.5. Comparison of Predicted Total Heat Flux Along the Afterbody with Experimental Data ........................ 73
.19.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 75
.19.2. Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet ......................................................................... 76
.19.3. Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet ......................................................................... 76
.20.1. In-Cylinder Piston Description ............................................................................................................ 77
.20.2. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 77
.20.3. Comparison of Static Temperature Variation with Time ....................................................................... 78
.20.4. Comparison of Static Pressure Variation with Time .............................................................................. 79
.20.5. Comparison of Static Temperature Variation with Time ....................................................................... 80
.20.6. Comparison of Static Pressure Variation with Time .............................................................................. 81
.21.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 83
.21.2. Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction ........................................................................................ 84
.22.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 85
.22.2. Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction ........................................................................................ 86
.23.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 87
.24.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 89
.25.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 91
.25.2. Comparison of Axial Velocity at X = 40mm ......................................................................................... 92
.25.3. Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 40mm ......................................................................................... 93
.25.4. Comparison of Temperature at X = 40mm ........................................................................................... 94
.25.5. Comparison of Mass Fraction of CO at X = 40mm ................................................................................ 95
.26.1. Flow Domain ...................................................................................................................................... 97
.26.2. Comparison of Static Temperature Along Centerline of the Tube ......................................................... 98
.26.3. Comparison of Static Pressure Along Centerline of the Tube ................................................................ 99
.27.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 101
.27.2. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Wall ...................................................................... 102
.27.3. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Wall ...................................................................... 103
.28.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 105
.28.2. Nusselts Number Variation along the Heated Wall ............................................................................. 106
.29.1. Domain ............................................................................................................................................ 107
.29.2. Comparison of Normalized Temperature Distribution at X = 0.5 m .................................................... 108
.30.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 109
.30.2. Comparison of Velocity Magnitude (m/s) at 75° Along the Bend ........................................................ 110
.31.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 111
.31.2. X-Velocity at x = 22 mm Downstream of the V-Gutter ....................................................................... 112
.31.3. The Coand Effect ............................................................................................................................. 112
.32.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 113
.32.2. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall ........................................................... 114
.32.3. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall ..................................................... 114
.32.4. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall ........................................................... 115
.32.5. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall ..................................................... 115
.33.1. Geometry ........................................................................................................................................ 117
.33.2. Comparison of Velocity Profile .......................................................................................................... 118
.33.3. Comparison of Temperature Profile ................................................................................................... 118
.34.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 119
.35.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 121
.36.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 123
.37.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 125
.37.2. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall ............................................................................ 126
.37.3. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall ............................................................................ 127
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.38.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 129

.38.2. Comparison of Velocity Profile at Outlet ............................................................................................ 130
.39.1. Flow Domain ................................................................................................................................... 131
.39.2. Comparison of Temperature Along the Pipe Wall ............................................................................... 132
.39.3. Comparison of Temperature Along the Pipe Wall ............................................................................... 133
.40.1. Sketch of Flow Domain ..................................................................................................................... 135
.40.2. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall ............................................................. 136
.40.3. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall ............................................................. 137
.41.1. Flow Domain ................................................................................................................................... 139
.41.2. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Airfoil .............................................................................. 140
.42.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 141
.42.2. Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m .................................. 142
.42.3. Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m .................................. 143
.43.1. Flow Domain ................................................................................................................................... 145
.43.2. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Plate .......................................................................... 146
.44.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 147
.44.2. Comparison of Pressure Ratio Along the Nozzle Wall with Experimental Data ..................................... 148
.44.3. Comparison of Pressure Ratio Along the Nozzle Wall with Experimental Data ..................................... 149
.45.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 151
.46.1. Flow domain .................................................................................................................................... 153
.46.2. Comparison of Mach Number Along Center Line of the Nozzle With Analytical Solution ..................... 154
.47.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 155
.47.2. Comparison of X-Velocity at X = 24.4 m ............................................................................................. 156
.47.3. Comparison of X-Velocity at X = 24.4 m ............................................................................................. 156
.48.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 157
.48.2. Comparison of Velocity in the Axial Direction at a Section 1.555 m upstream of the Outlet (after the
bend) ....................................................................................................................................................... 158
.49.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 159
.49.2. Comparison of the Mole Fraction of CH4 Along the Axis .................................................................... 160
.49.3. Comparison of Temperature Along the Axis ...................................................................................... 160
.50.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 161
.51.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 163
.52.1. Flow Domain (not to scale) ............................................................................................................... 165
.52.2. Comparison of Vertical Velocity at Y/h = 0.05 ..................................................................................... 166
.52.3. Comparison of Temperature at Y/h = 0.05 ......................................................................................... 167
.53.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 169
.53.2. X Velocity Profiles at x = 50 mm ........................................................................................................ 170
.38.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 171
.38.2. Normalized u-Velocity at the Horizontal Centerline of the Cavity ....................................................... 172
.38.3. Normalized v-Velocity at the Vertical Centerline of the Cavity ............................................................ 172
.38.4. Normalized u-Velocity at the Horizontal Centerline of the Cavity ....................................................... 173
.38.5. Normalized v-Velocity at the Vertical Centerline of the Cavity ............................................................ 174
.55.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 175
.55.2. Comparison of X Velocity at Y = 2.916 m ............................................................................................ 176
.56.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 177
.56.2. Comparison of Non-Dimensional Temperature at X = 0.5 m ............................................................... 178
.57.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 179
.57.2. Comparison temperature distribution along Y = 0.5 m ...................................................................... 180
.58.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 181
.58.2. Comparison of Pressure Coefficient along the Divergent Diffuser Wall ............................................... 182
.59.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 183
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.60.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 185

.60.2. Comparison of Non-Dimensionalized Static Pressure along the Stepped Wall Downstream of the
Corner ...................................................................................................................................................... 186
.61.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 187
.61.2. Comparison of Temperature Variation along Radius .......................................................................... 188
.62.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 189
.62.2. Comparison of Skin Friction along the Wall ....................................................................................... 190
.63.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 191
.64.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 193
.65.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 195
.65.2. Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 0.175 m ..................................................................................... 196
.66.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 197
.66.2. Comparison of Non-Dimensional Heat Flux along the Hot Wall .......................................................... 198
.67.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 199
.67.2. Comparison of Wall Temperature ...................................................................................................... 200
.68.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 201
.68.2. Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 2 .......................................................................... 202
.68.3. Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 3 .......................................................................... 202
.69.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 203
.69.2. Comparison of Velocity Profile for Two Phase Flow ............................................................................ 204
.70.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 205
.70.2. Comparison of Normalized Temperature with Analytical Result ......................................................... 206
.71.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 207
.71.2. Comparison of Pressure Ratio with Experimental Result .............................................................. 208
.72.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 209
.73.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 211
.73.2. Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient along the Diffuser Wall ................................................... 212
.74.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 213
.74.2. Comparison of Number Density of bin-2 Fraction .............................................................................. 214
.74.3. Comparison of Number Density of bin-5 Fraction .............................................................................. 214
.75.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 215
.75.2. Comparison of Mach Number along the lower wall with published reference .................................... 216
.76.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 217
.76.2. Comparison of Normalized Temperature with analytical results ......................................................... 218
.77.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 219
.77.2. Comparison of water level on the hull surface with experimental data ............................................... 220
.78.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 221
.78.2. Comparison of X-Velocity along the vertical centerline in the symmetry plane .................................. 222
.01.1. Sketch of the geometry with the static volume refinement region ..................................................... 226
.01.2. Normalized axial velocity at z = 20 mm ............................................................................................. 227
.01.3. Normalized axial velocity fluctuation at z = 20 mm ............................................................................ 227
.01.4. Normalized axial velocity at z = 70 mm ............................................................................................. 228
.02.1. Vapor and liquid penetration length ................................................................................................. 230
.06.1. Pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 240
.06.2. Temperature .................................................................................................................................... 241
.07.1. Geometry sector and dimensions ..................................................................................................... 243
.07.2. Spray targeting data ......................................................................................................................... 244
.07.3. Pressure and apparent heat release rate ............................................................................................ 245
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List of Tables
.01.1. Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations ...................................... 14
.01.2. Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations ...................................... 14
.02.1. Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature ........................................................................ 16
.02.2. Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature ....................................................................... 16
.03.1. Comparison of Pressure Drop in the Pipe ............................................................................................ 18
.06.1. Comparison of Mass Fraction of Species A Along the Axis .................................................................... 26
.10.1. Comparison of Flow Split from Tee ...................................................................................................... 37
.17.1. Comparison of Coefficients ................................................................................................................. 68
.17.2. Comparison of Coefficients ................................................................................................................. 68
.21.1. Comparison of Discharge Coefficient ................................................................................................. 84
.21.2. Comparison of Discharge Coefficient ................................................................................................. 84
.22.1. Comparison of Discharge Coefficient .................................................................................................. 86
.23.1. Materials, Geometry, and Boundary Conditions ................................................................................... 87
.23.2. Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100 ............................................................................................. 88
.23.3. Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100 ............................................................................................. 88
.24.2. Comparison of the Non-Dimensional Swirl Velocity at Various Radial Locations (for a Given Axial Location,
X = 20mm) at Time t = 80 s .......................................................................................................................... 90
.27.1. Materials, Geometry, and Boundary Conditions ................................................................................. 101
.34.1. Comparison of Moment of PBE ......................................................................................................... 120
.35.1. Comparison of Pressure and Mass Flow Rate ..................................................................................... 122
.36.1. Comparison of Drag Coefficient ........................................................................................................ 124
.45.1. Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock ............................................................ 152
.45.2. Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock ............................................................ 152
.50.1. Comparison of Temperature after 2 Minutes ...................................................................................... 162
.51.1. Comparison of Mach Number Downstream of the Corner, after Expansion ......................................... 164
.51.2. Comparison of Mach Number Downstream of the Corner, after Expansion ......................................... 164
.59.1. Comparison Temperatures on the Side Walls ..................................................................................... 184
.63.1. Comparison of Reattachment Length ............................................................................................... 192
.72.1. Comparison of Film Thickness ........................................................................................................... 210
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Part 1: Introduction to the Fluid Dynamics Verification Test Cases
Chapter 1: Overview
The Fluid Dynamics Verification Manual presents a collection of test cases that demonstrate a represent-
ative set of the capabilities of the ANSYS Fluid Dynamics product suite. The primary purpose of this
manual is to demonstrate a wide range of capabilities in straightforward problems that have "classical"
or readily-obtainable theoretical solutions and in some cases have experimental data for comparison.
The close agreement of the ANSYS solutions to the theoretical or experimental results in this manual
is intended to provide user confidence in the ANSYS solutions. These problems may then serve as the
basis for your additional validation and qualification of ANSYS capabilities for specific applications that
may be of interest to you.
Although these test cases allow comparison against theoretical solutions and experimental data, we
have selected relatively simple problems that run quickly and can be conveniently used to test for
consistency across multiple platforms. They are not intended to provide a rigorous validation of the
model, which generally requires a greater number of much longer running problems. This manual rep-
resents a small subset of the Quality Assurance test case library that is used in full when testing new
versions of Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX, and Ansys Forte. Furthermore, because these programs are capable
of solving very complicated practical engineering problems that have no closed-form theoretical solutions,
the test cases in this manual do not illustrate their full capability.
The Ansys software suite is continually being verified by the developers at ANSYS as new capabilities
are added to the software. Verification of Ansys products is conducted in accordance with written pro-
cedures that form a part of an overall Quality Assurance program at Ansys.
Note:
To solve the fluid dynamics test cases, you must have a product license that supports the
relevant solver (the Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX, or Ansys Forte solver). A complete list of the
products and license features can be found in the ANSYS, Inc. Product to License Feature
Mapping table. For instructions on how to access this table, see Product to License Feature
Mapping in the Ansys, Inc. License Management Guide.
Additional Topics Covered in this Introduction:

1.1. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases
1.2. Expected Results
1.3. References
1.4. Verification and Validation
1.5. Quality Assurance Services
1.6. Downloading the Project Files
1.7. CFX Supported Test Cases
1.8. Index to the Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases
1.9. Index to the Ansys Forte Test Cases
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 3
Overview
1.1. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases

You are encouraged to use these tests as starting points when exploring features in these products.
Geometries, material properties, loads, and output results can easily be changed and the solution re-
peated. As a result, the tests offer a quick introduction to new features with which you may be unfamil-
iar.
The test cases in this manual are primarily intended for verification of the ANSYS programs. An attempt
has been made to include most significant analysis capabilities of the ANSYS products in this manual.
Although they are valuable as demonstration problems, the test cases are not presented as step-by-
step examples with lengthy data input instructions and printouts. The reader should refer to the online
help for complete input data instructions.
Users desiring more detailed instructions for solving problems or in-depth treatment of specific topics
should refer to the Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX, or the Ansys Forte documentation. Tutorials are also
available for various specific topics. These publications focus on particular features or program areas,
supplementing other ANSYS reference documents with theory, procedures, guidelines, examples, and
references.
1.2. Expected Results

The test cases in this manual have been modeled to give reasonably accurate comparisons with exper-
imental data wherever applicable, with a low number of elements and iterations. In some cases, even
fewer elements and/or iterations will still yield an acceptable accuracy for the purpose of verifying the
solution. The test cases employ a balance between accuracy and solution time. An attempt has been
made to present a test case and results that are grid-independent. If test results are not grid-independent,
it is due to the need to limit the run time for the test to be in the manual. Improved results can be
obtained in some cases by refining the mesh, but this requires longer solution times.
Important:
It should be noted that these are not validation cases of the models presented. The test
cases are single instance simulations using one mesh, one turbulence model, and one scenario
of the model.
The ANSYS solutions in this manual are compared with solutions or experimental data from textbooks
or technical publications. Fluid-dynamics simulations have to make use of data available from experi-
mental measurements for their verification primarily because closed-form theoretical solutions are not
available for modeling the related phenomena. In this manual, test cases make use of experimental
data published in reputable journals or conference proceedings for verification of the computational
results. The experimental measurements for fluid-flow systems are often presented in the form of plots
of the relevant parameters. The published experimental data for those cases and the corresponding
simulation results are presented in graphical format to ease comparison.
Different computers and operating systems may yield slightly different results for some of the test cases
in this manual due to numerical precision variation from machine to machine. Solutions that are non-
linear, iterative, or have convergence options activated are among the most likely to exhibit machine-
dependent numerical differences. Because of this, an effort has been made to report an appropriate
and consistent number of significant digits in both the target and the ANSYS solution. If you run these
test cases on your own computer hardware, be advised that an ANSYS result reported in this manual
4 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Downloading the Project Files
as 0.01234 may very well show up in your printout as 0.012335271. Slightly different results may be
obtained when different processor types or operating systems are used.
1.3. References
The goal for the test cases contained in this manual was to have results accuracy within 3% of the target
solution. The solutions for the test cases have been verified; however, certain differences may exist with
regard to the references. These differences have been examined and are considered acceptable.
It should be noted that only those items corresponding to the given theoretical solution values are re-
ported for each problem. The same solution may also contain other useful numerical solution data.
1.4. Verification and Validation

The test cases provided in this manual are a single instance, using one mesh, one turbulence model,
and one scenario for the model. They are not validation cases of the models presented since they do
not provide, nor attempt to provide, the necessary methodology on how to arrive at the presented
results. The intent of these cases is to provide a means to verify that you are obtaining the same results
in your computing environment as ANSYS obtained in its computing environment. You are encouraged
to do a complete study to validate the ANSYS solution.
1.5. Quality Assurance Services

For customers who may have further need for formal verification of the ANSYS products on their com-
puters, Ansys, Inc. offers the Quality Assurance Testing Agreement. You are provided with input data,
output data, comparator software, and software tools for automating the testing and reporting process.
If you are interested in contracting for such services, contact the Ansys, Inc. Quality Assurance Group.
For additional information, refer to the Ansys Quality Assurance Effort in the Ansys Workbench Verification
Manual.
1.6. Downloading the Project Files

All project files for the test cases are available for download at the Customer Portal. Ansys publishes
these files annually for each product release. You can find the zipped archives at: ANSYS Customer
Portal > Downloads > Current Release > Tools, or you can use the download links below.
Project File Release Schedule

The latest verification files become available for download several weeks after each release of the Ansys
software.
If you click the download link for the latest project files, you might receive a message that the files are
not yet available. If that happens, check back again later. Meanwhile, you can download the project
files for the previous release at any time. (You'll find the download link below as well.) The download
package for the previous release contains project files for all the test cases, except for the most recent
ones added for the current release. And those earlier files are fully compatible with the latest version
of your Ansys software.
Overview
How to Download the Fluids Verification Case Files

1. Using the Current Release 2022 R2 link below, downloads the VM2022R2_Fluids.zip package
containing the project files for all the test cases in the Ansys CFX, Ansys Fluent, and Ansys Forte
Product's verification manual.
• Download link: Current Release 2022 R2
Note:
This project download is also available on the Ansys Customer Portal: Ansys Customer
Portal > Downloads > Current Release > Tools.
If you receive a message that the project files are not yet available, you may download the package
for the previous 2022 R1 release for the time being.
• Download link: Previous Release 2022 R1
2. Select the .zip file you are interested in and extract the contents to a folder of your choice.
Note:
Typically, the project files appear on the Portal several weeks after the release of the software
package. If the downloads are not yet available, check back again later. Meanwhile, you can
download the project files of earlier releases any time. They are fully compatable with the
latest version of your Ansys software. Direct download links are provided below.
1.7. CFX Supported Test Cases

Due to differences between the Fluent and CFX solvers, only a subset of the test cases in this manual
are supported by CFX. The following is a list of test cases which are supported by CFX:
VMFL001 (p. 13) - Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders
VMFL002 (p. 15) - Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux
VMFL003 (p. 17) - Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe
VMFL004 (p. 19) - Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient
VMFL005 (p. 23) - Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe
VMFL007 (p. 27) - Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe
VMFL008 (p. 29) - Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity
VMFL009 (p. 33) - Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus
VMFL010 (p. 37) - Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction
VMFL011 (p. 39) - Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity
VMFL012 (p. 43) - Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel
VMFL018 (p. 69) - Shock Reflection in Supersonic Flow
Index to the Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases
VMFL019 (p. 75) - Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion

VMFL021 (p. 83) - Cavitation over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure
VMFL023 (p. 87) - Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
VMFL032 (p. 113) - Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody
VMFL037 (p. 125) - Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step
VMFL040 (p. 135) - Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser
VMFL042 (p. 141) - Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities
VMFL045 (p. 151) - Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp
1.8. Index to the Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases

Dimensionality Column Key:
• 2: 2D
• 3: 3D
• A: 2D Axisymmetric
VMFL001 (p. 13) 2

VMFL002 (p. 15) A X
VMFL003 (p. 17) A X
VMFL004 (p. 19) 2
VMFL005 (p. 23) A
VMFL006 (p. 25) A X
VMFL007 (p. 27) A
VMFL008 (p. 29) A X
VMFL009 (p. 33) 2 X X
VMFL010 (p. 37) 2
VMFL011 (p. 39) 2
VMFL012 (p. 43) 2 X
VMFL013 (p. 49) 2 X X
VMFL014 (p. 53) A X X
VMFL015 (p. 59) 3 X
VMFL016 (p. 63) 3 X
VMFL017 (p. 67) 2 X X X
Overview
VMFL018 (p. 69) 2 X X X

VMFL019 (p. 75) 2 X
VMFL020 (p. 77) 2 X X X
VMFL021 (p. 83) A X X X
VMFL022 (p. 85) A X X X
VMFL023 (p. 87) 2 X
VMFL024 (p. 89) A X X X
VMFL025 (p. 91) A X X X X
VMFL026 (p. 97) 3 X X X X
VMFL027 (p. 101) 2 X
VMFL028 (p. 105) A X X
VMFL029 (p. 107) 2 X X
VMFL030 (p. 109) 3 X
VMFL031 (p. 111) 2 X
VMFL032 (p. 113) A X
VMFL033 (p. 117) 2 X
VMFL034 (p. 119) 2 X X
VMFL035 (p. 121) 3 X X X X
VMFL036 (p. 139) A X
VMFL037 (p. 125) 2 X
VMFL038 (p. 129) 2 X X
VMFL039 (p. 131) A X X X X X
VMFL040 (p. 135) A X
VMFL041 (p. 139) 2 X X X
VMFL042 (p. 141) 2 X X X
VMFL043 (p. 145) 2 X X
VMFL044 (p. 147) A X X X
VMFL045 (p. 151) 2 X X
VMFL046 (p. 153) 2 X X X
VMFL047 (p. 155) 2 X
VMFL048 (p. 157) 3 X
VMFL049 (p. 159) A X X X X
VMFL050 (p. 161) 2 X X
VMFL051 (p. 163) 2 X X X
Index to the Ansys Forte Test Cases
VMFL052 (p. 165) 2 X X

VMFL053 (p. 169) 2 X X X
VMFL054 (p. 171) 2
VMFL055 (p. 175) 2 X X X
VMFL056 (p. 177) 2 X X
VMFL057 (p. 179) 2 X X
VMFL058 (p. 181) A X
VMFL059 (p. 183) 2 X
VMFL060 (p. 185) 2 X X X X
VMFL061 (p. 187) 2 X X
VMFL062 (p. 189) 2 X
VMFL063 (p. 191) 2
VMFL064 (p. 193) 2
VMFL065 (p. 195) A X
VMFL066 (p. 197) 2 X X
1.9. Index to the Ansys Forte Test Cases

• VMFRT001 (p. 225): Large Eddy Simulation in Internal Combustion Engine Case
• VMFRT002 (p. 229): Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklraAL4
• VMFRT003 (p. 231): Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklfaAL4
• VMFRT004 (p. 233): Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bkldaAL4
• VMFRT005 (p. 235): Engine Combustion Network Reacting Flow Case - jkldaAL4
• VMFRT006 (p. 239): Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston
• VMFRT007 (p. 243): Small-Bore Direct Injection Diesel Engine
Part 2: Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases
VMFL001: Flow Between Rotating and Stationary Concentric Cylinders
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Viscous Fluid Flow. Section 3-2.3. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc..
New York, NY. 1991.
Solver Ansys Fluent, Ansys CFX
Physics/Models Laminar flow, rotating wall
Input Files rot_conc_cyl.cas for Ansys Fluent
rotating_cylinder.def for Ansys CFX

Project Files Link to Project Files Download Page (p. 5)
Test Case
Steady laminar flow between two concentric cylinders is modeled. The flow is induced by rotation of
the inner cylinder with a constant angular velocity, while the outer cylinder is held stationary. Due to
periodicity only a section of the domain needs to be modeled. In the present simulation a 180° segment
(half of the domain shown in Figure .01.1: Flow Domain (p. 13)) is modeled. The sketch is not to scale.
Figure .01.1: Flow Domain
Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Density = 1 kg/m3 Radius of the Angular velocity of the inner
Inner Cylinder = wall = 1 rad/s
Viscosity = 0.0002 17.8 mm
kg/m-s
Radius of the
Outer Cylinder =
46.28 mm
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

The flow is steady. The tangential velocity at various sections can be calculated using analytical equations
for laminar flow. These values are used for comparison with simulation results.
VMFL001
Results Comparison for Ansys Fluent

Table .01.1: Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations
Tangential Target, m/s Ansys Fluent, m/s Ratio

Velocity at
r = 20 mm 0.0151 0.0151 1.000
r = 25 mm 0.0105 0.0105 1.000
r = 30 mm 0.0072 0.0072 1.000
r = 35 mm 0.0046 0.0045 0.978
Results Comparison for Ansys CFX

Table .01.2: Comparison of Tangential Velocity in the Annulus at Various Radial Locations
Location Target, m/s Ansys CFX, Ratio

m/s
r = 20 mm 0.0151 0.0150 0.991
r = 25 mm 0.0105 0.0105 0.998
r = 30 mm 0.0072 0.0071 0.988
r = 35 mm 0.0046 0.0045 0.976
VMFL002: Laminar Flow Through a Pipe with Uniform Heat Flux
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics . 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, NY. 1994.
F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt. Fundamentals of Heat Transfer. John
Wiley & Sons. 1981.
Physics/Models Laminar flow with heat transfer
Input File laminar-pipe-hotflow.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL002B_VV002CFX.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Laminar flow of Mercury through a circular pipe is modeled, with uniform heat flux across the wall. A
fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. The resulting pressure drop and exit
temperature are compared with analytical calculations for Laminar flow. Only half of the 2–D domain
is modeled due to symmetry.

Fluid: Mercury Length of the pipe Fully developed velocity
= 0.1 m profile at inlet.
Density = 13529 kg/m3
Radius of the pipe Inlet temperature = 300 K
Viscosity = 0.001523 kg/m-s = 0.0025 m
Heat Flux across wall = 5000
Specific Heat = 139.3 J/kg-K W/m2
Thermal Conductivity = 8.54

W/m-K

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure drop can be calculated from the theoretical expression
for laminar flow given in Ref. 1. Correlations for temperature calculations are given in Ref. 2.
VMFL002

Table .02.1: Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Pressure Drop, Pa 1.000 0.999 0.999
Centerline Temperature at the Outlet, K 341.00 340.50 0.999

Table .02.2: Comparison of Pressure Drop and Outlet Temperature
Target Ansys CFX Ratio

Pressure Drop, Pa 1.000 1.019 1.019
Centerline Temperature at the Outlet, K 341.00 340.8 0.9994
VMFL003: Pressure Drop in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Co., New York, NY.
1994.
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, standard k-ε Model
Input File turb_pipe_flow.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
Air flows through a horizontal pipe with smooth walls. The flow Reynolds number is 1.37 X 104. Only
half of the axisymmetrical domain is modeled.
The figure is not to scale.

Density = 1.225 kg/m3 Length of the pipe Inlet velocity = 50 m/s
=2m
Outlet pressure = 0 Pa
Viscosity = 1.7894 X 10-5 kg/m-s
Radius of the pipe
= 0.002 m

The flow is steady. Pressure drop can be calculated from analytical formula using friction factor f which
can be determined for the given Reynolds number from Moody chart. The calculated pressure drop is
compared with the simulation results (pressure difference between inlet and outlet).
VMFL003

Table .03.1: Comparison of Pressure Drop in the Pipe
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Pressure Drop, Pa 21744 21480 0.988


Pressure Drop, Pa 21744 21740 1.000
VMFL004: Plain Couette Flow with Pressure Gradient
Overview
Reference B.R. Munson, T.H. Okiishi, W.W. Huebsch, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
5th Edition, Wiley, 2006
Physics/Models Laminar flow, moving wall, periodic boundaries
Input Files couette_flow.cas for Ansys Fluent
Couette_Flow.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Viscous flow between two parallel plates is modeled. The top plate moves with a uniform velocity while
the lower plate is fixed. A pressure gradient is imposed in a direction parallel to the plates.

Density = 1 kg/m3 Length of the domain = 1.5 Velocity of the moving wall
m = 3 m/s in X-direction
Viscosity = 1 kg/m-s
Width of the domain = 1 m For Ansys Fluent, pressure
gradient across periodic
boundaries = -12 Pa/m
For Ansys CFX, pressure

gradient across periodic
boundaries = -12 Pa/m
(pressure change = –18 Pa)

The flow is steady and laminar. Periodic conditions with specified pressure drop are applied across the
flux boundaries.
VMFL004

Figure .04.2: Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m
VMFL004

Figure .04.3: Comparison of X-Velocity (m/s) at a Section Where X = 0.75 m
VMFL005: Poiseuille Flow in a Pipe
Overview
Reference F.M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
NY. 1994.
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow
Input File poiseuille-flow.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
Fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube is modeled. Reynolds number based on the tube diameter
is 500. Only half of the axisymmetric domain is modeled.

Density = 1 kg/m3 Length of the pipe = Fully developed laminar
0.1 m velocity profile at inlet with an
Viscosity = 1e-5 kg/m-s average velocity of 2.00 m/s
Radius of the pipe =
0.00125 m

The flow is steady. A fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. Hagen-Poiseuille
equation is used to determine the pressure drop analytically.

Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Pressure 10. 24 10.22 0.998
Drop, Pa
VMFL005


Pressure Drop, Pa 10. 24 10.49 1.024
VMFL006: Multicomponent Species Transport in Pipe Flow
Overview
Reference W.M. Kays and M.E. Crawford. Convective Heat and Mass Transfer. 3rd Edition.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. 126-134. 1993.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow, species transport
Input File Species-diffusion.cas
Test Case
Fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube, with two species is modeled. Species A enters at the
inlet and species B enters from the wall. Uniform and dissimilar mass fractions are specified at the pipe
inlet and wall. Fluid properties are assumed to be the same for both species, so that computed results
can be compared with analytical solution.

Species A Length of the Fully developed laminar
pipe = 0.1 m velocity profile at inlet with
Density = 1 kg/m3 an average velocity of 1 m/s
Radius of the
-5
Viscosity = 1.0 x 10 Pa-s pipe = 0.0025 Mass fraction of species A at
m pipe inlet = 0.5
Diffusivity BA = 1.43 x 10–5 m2/s Mass fraction of species B at
pipe inlet = 0.5
Species B
Mass fraction of species A at
Density = 1 kg/m3 pipe wall = 0.9
Viscosity = 1.0 x 10-5 Pa-s Mass fraction of species B at

pipe wall = 0.1
Diffusivity AB = 1.43 x 10-5 m2/s

The flow is steady. A fully developed laminar velocity profile is prescribed at the inlet. Species transport
model is used.
VMFL006
Results Comparison
In the following table, the value of species A is the mass-weighted average of the normalized species
mass fraction A at x-locations.
Table .06.1: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Species A Along the Axis
Axial Target Ansys Ratio

location (m) Fluent
0.01 0.8225 0.8223 1.000
0.02 0.7308 0.7307 1.000
0.03 0.6593 0.6592 1.000
0.04 0.5992 0.5991 1.000
0.05 0.5469 0.5469 1.000
0.06 0.5006 0.5006 1.000
0.07 0.4589 0.4591 1.000
0.08 0.4212 0.4214 1.000
0.09 0.3869 0.3871 1.001
0.10 0.3555 0.3558 1.001
VMFL007: Non-Newtonian Flow in a Pipe
Overview
Reference W.F. Hughes and J.A. Brighton. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of
Fluid Dynamics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY. 1991.
Physics/Models Steady laminar flow, power law for viscosity
Input File powerlaw-visc.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL007B_vv007CFX.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Flow of a non-Newtonian fluid in a circular pipe is modeled. Viscosity is specified by power law equation.

Density = 1000 kg/m3 Pipe length = 0.1 m Fully developed velocity
profile at inlet with an
Viscosity: Power law Pipe diameter = 0.0025 m average velocity of 2 m/s
Parameters:
k = 10
n = 0.4

The flow is steady. Viscosity is specified using non-Newtonian power law equation.

Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Pressure Drop, kPa 60.52 60.41 0.998
VMFL007


Pressure Drop, kPa 60.52 61.52 1.0165
VMFL008: Flow Inside a Rotating Cavity
Overview
Reference J.A. Michelsen. “Modeling of Laminar Incompressible Rotating Fluid Flow”.
AFM 86-05., Ph.D. thesis. Department of Fluid Mechanics, Technical
University of Denmark. 1986.
Physics/Models Laminar flow, Rotating reference frame
Input File rotcv_RRF.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL008B_rot_cyl.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Flow in a cylindrical cavity enclosed with a lid that spins at Ω = 1.0 rad/s. The flow field is 2–D
axisymmetric, so only the region bounded by the dashed lines in Figure .08.1: Flow Domain (p. 29)needs
to be modeled. The Reynolds number of the flow based on the cavity radius R and the tip-speed of the
disk is 1800.

Density = 1 kg/m3 Height of the cavity = Speed of rotation of the
1m moving wall = 1 rad/s
Viscosity: 0.000556 kg/m-s
Radius of cavity = 1m Rotational velocity for cell
zone = -1 rad/s

The flow is laminar. The problem is solved using rotating reference frame.
VMFL008

Figure .08.2: Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL008
Figure .08.3: Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL008

Figure .08.4: Comparison of Distribution of Radial Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
Figure .08.5: Comparison of Distribution of Swirl Velocity Along a Section at X= 0.6 m
VMFL009: Natural Convection in a Concentric Annulus
Overview
Reference T.H. Kuehn, R.J. Goldstein, “An Experimental Study of Natural Convection
Heat Transfer in Concentric and Eccentric Horizontal Cylindrical Annuli”,
Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol 100, pp. 635-640, 1978.
Physics/Models Heat transfer, natural convection, laminar flow
Input Files concn.cas for Ansys Fluent
ecc_cfx.def for Ansys CFX

Test Case
Natural convection inside a concentric annular domain. The inner wall is maintained at a higher temper-
ature than the outer wall, thereby causing buoyancy induced circulation.
Only half of the domain is modeled due to symmetry.

Density: Incompressible Radius of outer cylinder = Inner wall temperature
ideal gas 46.25 mm = 373 K
Viscosity: 2.081 X Radius of inner cylinder = Outer wall temperature

-5 17.8 mm = 327 K
10 kg/m-s
Specific Heat: 1008 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity:
0.02967 W/m-K
VMFL009

The flow is symmetric and only half of the domain is modeled. Density is calculated based on incom-
pressible ideal gas assumption. The flow is laminar.

Figure .09.2: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry
VMFL009
Figure .09.3: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Top Wall of Symmetry
VMFL009

Figure .09.4: Comparison of Static Temperature Distribution on the Bottom Wall of Symmetry
VMFL010: Laminar Flow in a 90° Tee-Junction.
Overview
Reference R.E. Hayes, K. Nandkumar, H. Nasr-El-Din, “Steady Laminar Flow in a 90
Degree Planar Branch”. Computers and Fluids, Vol 17, pp. 537-553, 1989.
Physics/Models Laminar flow
Input File plarb_r4.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL010B_plarb.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
The purpose of this test is to compare prediction of the fractional flow in a dividing tee-junction with
experimental results. The fluid enters through the bottom branch and divides into the two channels
whose exit planes are held at the same static pressure.
Table .10.1: Comparison of Flow Split from Tee

Fluid: Air L=3.0 Fully developed inlet velocity profile for:
m
where is the inlet
Density : 1 kg/m3
W=1.0 centerline velocity.
Viscosity: 0.003333 kg/m-s m
VMFL010

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. It is seen that with increasing flow
rate in the main channel, less fluid escapes through the secondary (right) branch. For analysis of results,
we calculate and compare the fractional flow in the upper branch.

Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Flow split 0.887 0.884 0.997


Flow split 0.887 0.8837 0.9962
VMFL011: Laminar Flow in a Triangular Cavity
Overview
Reference R. Jyotsna, S.P. Vanka. “Multigrid Calculation of Steady, Viscous Flow in a
Triangular Cavity”. J. Comp. Phys., Vol 122, pp. 107-117, 1995.
Physics/Models Viscous flow, driven by a moving wall
Input Files driv.cas for FLUENT
driven_cavity.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Laminar flow induced by the motion of the top wall of a triangular cavity (Figure .11.1: Flow Do-
main (p. 39)). The side walls are stationary.

Density = 1 kg/m3 Height of the triangular Velocity of the top (base)
cavity = 4 m wall = 2 m/s
Viscosity =
0.01 kg/m-s Width of the base = 2 m Other walls are stationary

The flow is steady. Pressure based solver is used. A hybrid mesh with triangular and quadrilateral cells
is used to discretize the domain.
VMFL011
Results Comparison for FLUENT

Figure .11.2: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that
Bisects the Base of the Cavity
In this figure, X-velocity is normalized by the velocity of the moving wall.
VMFL011

Figure .11.3: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity Along a Vertical Line that
Bisects the Base of the Cavity
In this figure also the X-velocity is normalized by the velocity of the moving wall.
VMFL012: Turbulent Flow in a Wavy Channel
Overview
Reference J.D. Kuzan, “Velocity Measurements for Turbulent Separated and
Near-Separated Flows Over Solid Waves”. Ph.D. thesis. Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1986.
Physics/Models Turbulent internal flow with separation and recirculation, periodic
boundaries
Input File wavy.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL012B_VV012.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
A periodic flow domain bounded on one side by a sinusoidal wavy wall and with a straight wall on the
other side. Due to periodicity only a part of the channel needs to modeled. Figure .12.1: Flow Domain
(p. 43) depicts the channel geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.

Density = 1 kg/m3 Amplitude of the Periodic Conditions:
sinusoidal wave = 0. 1 m
Viscosity = Mass flow rate = 0.816 kg/s
0.0001 kg/m-s Wave length = 1 m
Pressure Gradient =
Length of the periodic -0.01687141 Pa/m
segment = 1 m
VMFL012

The flow is steady. Pressure based solver is used. Periodic boundaries are used. For analysis of results,
velocity in the x –direction is normalized by the mean mainstream velocity, U = 0.816 m/s, at mean
channel height. Turbulence model used is Realizable k-E in Fluent and Shear Stress Transport in CFX.

Figure .12.2: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at
the Wave Crest
VMFL012
Figure .12.3: Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the
Wave Trough
VMFL012

Figure .12.4: Comparison of Distribution of Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at
the Wave Crest
VMFL012
Figure .12.5: Comparison of Predicted Normalized X-Velocity along Transverse Direction at the
Wave Trough
VMFL013: Turbulent Flow with Heat Transfer in a Backward-Facing Step
Overview
Reference J.C. Vogel, J.K. Eaton, "Combined Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamic
Measurements Downstream of a Backward-Facing Step". Journal of Heat
Transfer, Vol. 107, pp. 922-929, 1985.
Physics/Models Incompressible, turbulent flow with heat convection and reattachment.
Input File step_ve.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL013_CFX.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
The fluid flow and convective heat transfer over a 2–D backward-facing step is modeled. A constant
heat-flux surface behind the sudden expansion leads to a separated and reattaching boundary layer
that disturbs local heat transfer. Measured values of the distribution of the local Nusselt number along
the heated wall are used to validate the CFD simulation.
Material Properties for Dry Air Geometry Boundary Conditions

Density = 1 kg/m3 H=1 Velocity profile at inlet corresponding
m to ReH = 28,000
Viscosity = 0.0001 kg/m-s
Wall heat transfer, Q˙= 1,000 W/m2
Conductivity = 1.408 W/m-K
Specific Heat = 10,000 J/kg-K

A Cartesian non-uniform 121 x 61 mesh is used. The flow is steady and incompressible. Fluid properties
are considered constant. Pressure based solver is used. The inlet boundary conditions are specified using
the fully-developed profiles for the U-velocity, k, and epsilon. The incoming boundary layer thickness
is 1.1 H. Under the given pressure conditions, the Reynolds number, ReH is about 28,000 The RNG k-ε
model with standard wall functions is used for accounting turbulence.
VMFL013

Figure .13.2: Comparison of Predicted Local Nusselt Number Distribution Along the Heated Wall
with Experimental Data
VMFL013

Figure .13.3: Comparison of Predicted Local Nusselt Number Distribution Along the Heated Wall
with Experimental Data
VMFL014: Species Mixing in Co-axial Turbulent Jets
Overview
Reference R.W. Schefer, R.W. Dibble, “Simultaneous Measurements of Velocity
and Density in a Turbulent Non-premixed Flame”. AIAA Journal,
Vol 23, pp. 1070-1078, 1985.
R.W., Schefer, “Data Base for a Turbulent, Nonpremixed,
Nonreacting Propane-Jet Flow”.
http://www.sandia.gov/TNF/DataArch/ProJet.html
Physics/Models Multi-Species flow, turbulent, jet mixing
Input File san_jet.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL014.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
A propane jet issues into a co-axial stream of air. There is turbulent mixing between the species in the
axisymmetric tunnel. Only half of the domain is considered due to axial symmetry.

Density: Incompressible Tunnel length = 2 m Inlet velocity of air = 9.2 m/s
ideal gas law
Tunnel diameter = 0.3 Inlet velocity of Propane –
–5 m Specified as fully developed
Viscosity: 1.72X10 kg/m-s
profile
Propane jet tube:
VMFL014

Inner diameter = 5.2 Inlet temperature (both
mm streams) = 300 K
Outer diameter = 11 Temperature at the wall =

mm 300 K

The flow is steady. Species mixing is modeled with the three species; propane, oxygen, and nitrogen.
There is no reaction.

Figure .14.2: Comparison of Distribution of Propane Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL014
Figure .14.3: Comparison of Distribution of X-Velocity Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL014
Results Comparison for CFX

Figure .14.4: Comparison of Distribution of Propane Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL014
Figure .14.5: Comparison of Distribution of X-Velocity Along Axis of the Jets
VMFL015: Flow Through an Engine Inlet Valve
Overview
Reference A. Chen, K.C. Lee, M. Yianneskis, G. Ganti, “Velocity Characteristics of Steady
Flow Through a Straight Generic Inlet Port”. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol 21, pp. 571-590, 1995.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models 3–D turbulent flow
Input File valve10.cas
Test Case
Flow in an idealized engine cylinder with a straight inlet port and a valve lift of 10 mm (the distance
from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the valve). The configuration of the inlet port, valve, and
cylinder is shown in Figure .15.1: Flow Domain (p. 59).

Density : 894 kg/m3 All dimensions shown in Inlet velocity = 0.9282
Figure .15.1: Flow m/s
Viscosity: 0.001529 kg/m-s Domain (p. 59) are in mm.
Inlet turbulent intensity
= 10%
VMFL015

Inlet turbulent length
scale = 0.046m
Outlet gauge pressure

= 0 Pa

The flow is steady, isothermal and incompressible. The standard k-ε model with standard wall functions
is used. The length of the cylinder is chosen to be large enough that it will not affect the flow in the
cylinder.

Figure .15.2: Z-Velocity Component at Z= -5mm (p. 60) and Figure .15.3: Z-Velocity Component at Z =
+10mm (p. 61) compare Ansys Fluent's results with the experimental data (z-component of velocity at
different heights).
Figure .15.2: Z-Velocity Component at Z= -5mm
VMFL015
Figure .15.3: Z-Velocity Component at Z = +10mm
VMFL016: Turbulent Flow in a Transition Duct
Overview
Reference D.O. Davis, F.B. Gessner, “Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Flow
Through a Circular-to-Rectangular Transition Duct”. AIAA Journal, Vol 30,
pp. 367-375, 1992
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models 3–D Turbulent flow with separation, Reynolds stress model
Input Files tranduct-rsm-1.cas
Test Case
Turbulent flow through a circular-to-rectangular transition duct having the same inlet and outlet cross-
sectional areas is modeled. The curvature of the duct walls induces a strong pressure-driven cross-flow
that develops into a counter-rotating vortex pair near the short side walls of the duct. Due to symmetry
of the flow field, only one fourth of the duct is modeled (as shown in Figure .16.1: Flow Domain (p. 63)).
Station 5 is located 23 m downstream of the inlet.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Inlet radius = 1 m Inlet velocity: 1 m/s
Length of duct = 35 m
Viscosity: 5.13X10–6 kg/m-s

The flow is steady. Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used to model turbulence.
VMFL016

Figure .16.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient at Station 5
VMFL016
Figure .16.3: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along Centerline of the Duct
VMFL017: Transonic Flow over an RAE 2822 Airfoil
Overview
Reference P.H. Cook, M.A. McDonald, M.C.P. Firmin, “AEROFOIL RAE 2822
Pressure Distribution and Boundary Layer and Wake
Measurements”. AGARD Advisory Report. No. 138. 1979.
S.J. Kline, B.J. Cantwell, G.M. Lilley, “1980-81 AFOSR-HTTM-Stanford
Conference on Complex Turbulent Flows: Comparison of
Computation and Experiment”, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.,
1982.
Physics/Models Compressible, turbulent flow
Input File r2822.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL017.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Flow over an RAE 2822 airfoil at a free-stream Mach number of 0.73. The angle of attack is 2.79°. The
flow field is 2D, compressible (transonic), and turbulent. The geometry of the RAE 2822 airfoil is shown
in Figure .17.1: Geometry of the RAE 2822 Airfoil (p. 67). It is a thick airfoil with a chord length, c, of
1.00 m and a maximum thickness, d, of 0.121 m. The flow domain spans over 100 Chord lengths in both
streamwise and transverse directions, so that the presence of the airfoil is not felt at the outer boundary.
Figure .17.1: Geometry of the RAE 2822 Airfoil

Fluid: Air Chord length = 1 m The inlet conditions are:
• Density: Ideal Gas Maximum thickness Mach number = 0.73

= 0.121 m
• Viscosity: 1.983 x Re = 6.5 x 106
-5
10 kg/m-s
Static pressure = 43765 Pa
VMFL017

• Thermal conductivity: Inlet temperature = 300 K
0.0242 W/m-K
Turbulent intensity = 0.05 %
• Molecular Weight: 28.966
g/mol Turbulent viscosity ratio =
10
• Specific Heat: 1006.43
J/kg-K

The implicit formulation of the density-based solver is used. The SST k-ω turbulence model is used to
account for turbulence effects. The problem is solved in steady state mode. The experimental procedure
included uses a transition trip to fix the boundary layer transition.

Table .17.1: Comparison of Coefficients
Coefficients Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Drag 0.0168 0.016 0.952
Lift 0.803 0.78 0.971

Table .17.2: Comparison of Coefficients
Coefficients Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Drag 0.0168 0.0162 0.9662
Lift 0.803 0.7981 0.9339
VMFL018: Shock Reflection in Supersonic Flow
Overview
Reference H.B. Hopkins, W. Konopka, J. Leng, “Validation of scramjet exhaust
simulation technique at Mach 6”, NASA Contractor Report 3003, 1979.
Physics/Models Reflecting shocks in supersonic flow; Compressible turbulent flow
Input File scram-nozzle-flow.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL018_VV018.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Supersonic flow from a nozzle that represents the exhaust nozzle of a supersonic combustion ramjet
(SCRAMJET) is modeled. Jet from the nozzle is issued into a domain which is bounded on one side by
an afterbody wall which is parallel to the centerline of the nozzle. Shocks propagating from the nozzle
exit reflect from the afterbody. Measured values of (i) the distribution of wall pressure and (ii) heat
transfer rate along the afterbody are used to validate the CFD simulation.

Density: Ideal Gas D = 1.524 cm Inlet Total Pressure (gauge) =
551600 Pa
Molecular Weight: 113.2 Length of cowl = 3.5 D
Inlet Static Pressure (gauge) =
Viscosity: 1.7894 X 127100 Pa
10-5 kg/m-s
Inlet Total Temperature =
Thermal Conductivity: 477.8 K
0.0242 w/m-K
Inlet Turbulent Intensity = 2
Specific Heat: Temperature %
Dependent
Wall temperature = 328 K
Outlet Pressure (gauge) =

2780 Pa
VMFL018

The flow is steady. Specific heat is defined as a linear function of temperature. Density based solver is
used. Under the given pressure conditions, the inlet Mach number is about 1.66.

Figure .18.2: Comparison of Predicted Static Pressure Distribution on the Afterbody with
Experimental Data
VMFL018
Figure .18.3: Comparison of Predicted Total Heat Flux Along the Afterbody with Experimental
Data
VMFL018

Figure .18.4: Comparison of Predicted Static Pressure Distribution on the Afterbody with
Experimental Data
VMFL018
Figure .18.5: Comparison of Predicted Total Heat Flux Along the Afterbody with Experimental
Data
VMFL019: Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion
Overview
Reference H. Schlichting, K. Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory, 8th Edition, pp.
126-127, 2000
Physics/Models Unsteady flow, moving wall
Input File VMFL019_FLUENT.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
Flow near a wall suddenly set into motion is modeled. The start up flow is modeled as a transient
problem with a constant wall-velocity at t (time) > 0. The flow is highly viscous and the velocity is 0 at
t= 0.

Density = 1000 kg/m3 Dimensions of the Velocity of the moving wall =
domain: 0.75 m X 0.3 m 0.01 m/s
Viscosity = 1 kg/m-s
Gauge Pressure at Inlet =
0 N/m2
Gauge Pressure at Outlet =

0 N/m2

The pressure based solver is used in Ansys Fluent. Pressure boundaries are specified to model the
driving head in the direction of flow. The fluid is at rest initially (t = 0). The similarity parameter is defined
as:
Where ν is the kinematic viscosity.
VMFL019
Results Comparison using Ansys Fluent

Figure .19.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet
Results Comparison using Ansys CFX

Figure .19.3: Comparison of Velocity Profile Near the Wall at Outlet
VMFL020: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston
Overview
Reference L.D. Russell, G.A. Adebiyi, Classical Thermodynamics, Saunders College
Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 1993
Physics/Models Dynamic Mesh, Transient flow with ideal gas effects
Input File box2d_remesh.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
Air undergoes adiabatic compression due to the movement of a piston inside a rectangular box, repres-
enting a cylinder geometry in 2–D as shown in Figure .20.1: In-Cylinder Piston Description (p. 77). The
Top Dead Center (TDC) corresponds to a crank angle of 360°. The piston moves back after reaching
TDC.
Figure .20.1: In-Cylinder Piston Description
VMFL020

Ideal gas law for density Length of the block = Movement of the
10 m piston is modeled
Viscosity = 1.7894 X 10–5 kg/m-s using deforming mesh
Width of the block =
8m

The compression within the cylinder is assumed to be adiabatic. The spring-based smoothing method
with local remeshing is used for modeling the dynamic mesh motion.
Results Comparison Ansys Fluent

Figure .20.3: Comparison of Static Temperature Variation with Time
VMFL020
Figure .20.4: Comparison of Static Pressure Variation with Time
VMFL020
Results Comparison Ansys CFX

Figure .20.5: Comparison of Static Temperature Variation with Time
VMFL020
Figure .20.6: Comparison of Static Pressure Variation with Time
VMFL021: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case A: High Inlet Pressure
Overview
Reference W.H. Nurick, “Orifice Cavitation and Its Effects on Spray Mixing”. Journal of
Fluids Engineering, Vol.98, pp. 681-687, 1976
Physics/Models Turbulent multiphase flow with cavitation and phase change
Input File cav_orifice_HP.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL021B_VV021.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
A steady, axisymmetric, multiphase (water/steam) flow, with phase change taking place. Due to sudden
contraction a low pressure region occurs near the sharp edge which results in cavitation. Figure .21.1: Flow
Domain (p. 83) depicts the orifice geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.

Liquid: Water L1 = 1.60 cm P1 = 250,000,000 Pa
Density : 1000 kg/m3 L2 = 3.20 cm P2 = 95,000 Pa
Viscosity: 0.001 kg/m-s r1 = 1.15 cm T = 300 K
Gas: Water-Vapor r2 = 0.40 cm Pvapor = 3,540 Pa
Density: 0.02558 kg/m3
Viscosity: 1.26x10-6 kg/m-s

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. Fluent uses standard k-ε model
with standard wall functions for the turbulence model while CFX uses SST. The Zwart-Gerber-Belamri
cavitation model is applied together with mixture multiphase model.
VMFL021
For analysis of results, we calculate and compare the discharge coefficient with the experimental data.
The coefficient of discharge, , is the ratio of the mass flow rate through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum mass flow rate:
In the above equation, is the mass flow rate as calculated by the CFD solver.

Table .21.1: Comparison of Discharge Coefficient
Target Ansys Fluent Ratio

Coefficient of Discharge 0.620 0.631 1.018
Figure .21.2: Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction


VMFL022: Cavitation Over a Sharp-Edged Orifice Case B: Low Inlet Pressure
Overview
Reference W.H. Nurick, “Orifice Cavitation and Its Effects on Spray Mixing”, Journal of
Fluids Engineering, Vol 98, pp. 681-687, 1976
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent multiphase flow with cavitation and phase change
Input File cav_orifice_LP.cas
Test Case
A steady, axisymmetric, multiphase (water/steam) flow, with phase change taking place. Due to sudden
contraction a low pressure region occurs near the sharp edge which results in a weak cavitation. Fig-
ure .22.1: Flow Domain (p. 85) depicts the orifice geometry. Flow direction is from left to right.

Liquid: Water L1 = 1.60 cm P1 = 250,000 Pa
Density: 1000 kg/m3 L2 = 3.20 cm P2 = 95,000 Pa
Viscosity: 0.001 kg/m-s r1 = 1.15 cm T = 300 K
Gas: Water-Vapor r2 = 0.40 cm Pvapor = 3,540 Pa
Viscosity: 1.26x10-6 kg/m-s

The flow is steady and incompressible. Pressure based solver is used. Standard k-ε model with standard
wall functions is used for turbulence. The Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model is applied together
with mixture multiphase model.
VMFL022
For analysis of results, we calculate and compare the discharge coefficient with the experimental data.
The coefficient of discharge, , is the ratio of the mass flow rate through the nozzle to the theoretical
maximum mass flow rate:
In the above equation, is the mass flow rate as calculated by the CFD solver.


Figure .22.2: Contours of Liquid (Water) Volume Fraction
VMFL023: Oscillating Laminar Flow Around a Circular Cylinder
Overview
Reference F.M. White,Fluid Mechanics, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New
York, NY. 1994
S.J. Kim, C.M. Lee, “Numerical Investigation of Cross-Flow Around
a Circular Cylinder at a Low-Reynolds Number Flow Under an
Electromagnetic Force”. KSME International Journal. Vol 16, pp.
363-375, 2002
Physics/Models Laminar, transient flow
Input File cyl_2d.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL023B_osc_cyl.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
The purpose of this case is to validate the ability of Ansys Fluent and Ansys CFX to predict the flow
structure as well as the reattachment length and Strouhal number against experimental results. The
present calculations are confined to the low-Reynolds-number regime (Re = 100), which encompasses
unsteady asymmetric flow.
Table .23.1: Materials, Geometry, and Boundary Conditions
Material Properties Geometry Boundary

Conditions
Density: 1 kg/m3 Diameter of the cylinder = 2 U ∞ = 1 m/s
m

The flow is laminar, and unsteady. An FFT analysis of the lift coefficient on the cylinder wall is presented
to determine the frequency of oscillations. The Strouhal number corresponding to the maximum mag-
VMFL023
nitude of oscillations is presented in the Table below. The formula for the Strouhal number is S = (N *
D)/U∞, where N is the frequency, D is the diameter of the cylinder, and U∞ is the freestream velocity.
CFX time duration was chosen to accommodate FFT calculations. These were chosen based on
, where is the size of the frequency bins and is an even divisor of 720720, as described
in FFT documentation.

Table .23.2: Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Strouhal Number 0.165 0.178 1.1

Table .23.3: Predicted Strouhal Number for Re = 100

Strouhal Number 0.165 0.167 1.01
VMFL024: Interface of Two Immiscible Liquids in a Rotating Cylinder
Overview
Reference T. Sugimoto, M. Iguchi, “Behavior of Immiscible Two Liquid Layers Contained
in Cylindrical Vessel Suddenly Set in Rotation”. ISIJ International, Vol 42,
pp. 338-343, 2002
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Multiphase (Volume of Fluid), transient flow, body force
Input File rot-cyl_2liq_vof.cas
Test Case
Laminar interface between two immiscible liquids, water and silicon oil, inside a vertical cylinder which
is set in rotation starting from a state of rest. The silicone oil layer rests on top of the water due to its
lower density. The cylinder is sealed at the top. The vessel is set to rotate with a constant angular velocity.

Water : Diameter of the All walls are set up at
cylinder = 46 mm rotational speed of
Density: 1030 kg/m3 2.39577 rad/s
Height of the
Viscosity: 0.00103 kg/m-s cylinder = 120 mm
Silicon Oil:
Density: 935 kg/m3
VMFL024


The flow is laminar, unsteady and axisymmetric. Non-dimensionalized swirl velocity, defined as Swirl
velocity / (Rotational speed X Cylinder radius) is used to validate the results.

Table .24.2: Comparison of the Non-Dimensional Swirl Velocity at Various Radial Locations (for a
Given Axial Location, X = 20mm) at Time t = 80 s
Radial locations (at x = 20 mm) Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
4.83 mm 0.21 0.2093 0.997
9.43 mm 0.41 0.4109 1.002
14.26 mm 0.62 0.6221 1.003
VMFL025: Turbulent Non-Premixed Methane Combustion with Swirling Air
Overview
Reference P.A.M. Kalt, Y.M. Al-Abdeli, A.R. Masri, R.S. Barlow, “Swirling
turbulent non-premixed flames of methane: Flow field and
compositional structure”. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,
Vol 29, pp. 1913-1919, 2002
Y.M. Al-Abdeli, A.R. Masri, “Stability Characteristics and Flow Fields
of Turbulent Swirling Jet Flows”. Combustion Theory and Modeling,
Vol 7, pp. 731-766, 2003
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent swirling flow with reaction, non-premixed combustion model,
Radiation heat transfer, Discrete ordinates method
Input File non-premix_17k-final.cas
Test Case
Air and Methane enter as separate streams into an annular chamber. Air issues as a swirling jet and
also as a separate co-flowing stream with axial velocity. Both the air streams are free of methane. Species
mixing and combustion take place in the axisymmetric chamber. Radiative heat transfer is taken into
account.

Species mixture properties The fuel (methane Methane inlet velocity:
specified through PDF file only) inlet has a 32.7 m/s
diameter of 3.6 mm.
Viscosity: 1.72 x 10-05 kg/m-s Axial velocity of swirling air:
The air inlet for the 38.2 m/s
Refractive Index = 1 annular shroud has
an inner diameter of Swirl velocity of air: 19.1 m/s
50mm and an outer
diameter of 60 mm. Co-flowing air velocity:
20 m/s
VMFL025

Co-flowing air inlet Walls are adiabatic
has an outer
diameter of 310 mm.

The flow is steady. Realizable k-ε is used to model turbulence. Discrete ordinates method used to
model radiation. The walls are treated as adiabatic. Non-premixed combustion model is used to model
reactions.

Figure .25.2: Comparison of Axial Velocity at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure .25.3: Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure .25.4: Comparison of Temperature at X = 40mm
VMFL025
Figure .25.5: Comparison of Mass Fraction of CO at X = 40mm
VMFL026: Supersonic Flow with Real Gas Effects inside a Shock Tube
Overview
Reference K. Mohamed, M. Paraschivoiu, “Real Gas Numerical Simulation of Hydrogen
Flow”. 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,
Providence, Rhode Island, Aug. 16-19, 2004
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Transient Compressible flow, Real Gas effects, Shock
Input File realgas_shock-tube.cas
Test Case
Transient flow inside a hydrogen filled shock tube is modeled. A diaphragm separating regions of high
and low pressures ruptures at t = 0 thereby creating a shock wave in the tube.

Density is specified Length of the tube = 1 m Cell zone conditions are
using the specified with high
Aungier-Redlich-Kwong Area of cross section = 0.01 m2 pressure and low
real gas model pressure properties of
hydrogen

The flow is compressible and unsteady by nature. Real gas effects are significant in the pressure range
considered here.
VMFL026

Figure .26.2: Comparison of Static Temperature Along Centerline of the Tube
VMFL026
Figure .26.3: Comparison of Static Pressure Along Centerline of the Tube
VMFL027: Turbulent Flow Over a Backward-Facing Step
Overview
Reference D.M. Driver, H.L. Seegmiller, "Features of a Reattaching Turbulent Shear
Layer in Divergent Channel Flow". AIAA Journal,Vol 23, pp. 163-171, 1985
Physics/Models 2-D turbulent flow with separation and reattachment, realizable k-ε model
Input File drivseeg-rke-neqwf.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
Turbulent flow over a backward facing step is modeled. The flow separates at the step and reattaches
on the wall downstream, enclosing a region of recirculation. The inlet is at 4 H upstream and the outlet
at 30 H downstream from the location of the step, where H is the step height. Reynolds number based
on the step-height is about 37,400.

Density : 1 kg/m3 Step height = 1 m Inlet velocity specified
as fully developed
Viscosity: 0.0001 kg/m-s Total length of the channel = turbulent velocity
34 m profile
Height of the channel = 9 m

The flow is steady. Realizable k-ε model was used to model turbulence.
VMFL027

Figure .27.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL027

Figure .27.3: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL028: Turbulent Heat Transfer in a Pipe Expansion
Overview
Reference J.W. Baughn, B.E. Launder, M.A. Hoffman, R.K. Takahashi, “Local Heat Transfer
Downstream of an Abrupt Expansion in a Circular Channel With Constant
Wall Heat Flux”, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol 106, pp. 789-796, 1984
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Heat transfer, turbulent flow with recirculation and reattachment
Input File bghnexp.cas
Test Case
Fully developed turbulent flow through an axisymmetric pipe expansion is modeled. The flow reattaches
to the pipe wall downstream of the expansion, enclosing a zone of recirculation. The pipe wall down-
stream of the expansion is heated at a constant rate. Inlet to the computational domain is placed at 1
step height upstream of the expansion and the outlet at 40 step-heights downstream.

Density: 1.225 kg/m3 Pipe radius before Inlet velocity: Specified
expansion = by fully developed
Viscosity: 1.68318e-5kg/m-s 0.667 m turbulent velocity
profile
Specific Heat: 1006.43 J/kg-K Pipe radius after
expansion = Inlet temperature =
Thermal Conductivity: 0.0242 1.6667 m 273 K
W/m-K
Heat flux across the
wall after expansion =
0.3 W/m2

Steady flow in axisymmetric domain. The wall upstream of expansion is adiabatic.
VMFL028

Figure .28.2: Nusselts Number Variation along the Heated Wall
VMFL029: Anisotropic Conduction Heat Transfer
Overview
Reference
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Heat conduction, anisotropic conductivity
Input File aniso.cas
Test Case
Heat conduction in a solid with anisotropic thermal conductivity is modeled. A square domain is con-
sidered. Two opposite walls are maintained at uniform temperatures. Conductivity of the solid material
is specified using matrix components to account for the anisotropy. The simulation results are compared
with analytical solution for temperature distribution.
Figure .29.1: Domain

Density of solid = 2719 kg/m3 Dimensions of the Fixed wall temperatures =
domain: 1 m x 1 m 100 K and 200 K
Specific heat = 871 J/kg-K respectively
Thermal conductivity: User-defined profile for

Anisotropic temperature distribution
on the other two walls

Steady state conduction. Anisotropic conductivity modeled by specified matrix components for the
solid conductivity.
VMFL029
Results Comparison
Figure .29.2: Comparison of Normalized Temperature Distribution at X = 0.5 m
VMFL030: Turbulent Flow in a 90° Pipe-Bend
Overview
Reference M.M. Enayet, M.M. Gibson, A.M.K.P. Taylor, M. Yianneskis, “Laser-Doppler
Measurements of Laminar and Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Bend”. Znt. J.
Heat & Fluid Flow, Vol 3. pp. 213-219, 1982
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models 3-D Turbulent flow with separation, RNG k-ε model with non-equilibrium
wall functions
Input File pipebnd-rng-noneq.cas
Test Case
Turbulent flow through a 90° circular pipe bend is modeled. The flow separates and reattaches around
the bend. Due to symmetry of the flow field only half of the domain is modeled. Velocity profile at an
angle of 75° (as measured from the inlet) is used to validate the simulation.

3 Radius of the Inlet velocity: Fully developed
Density: 1 kg/m
pipe = 0.5 m turbulent profile for z-velocity.
Viscosity: 2.3256 x 10-05 kg/m-s
Non components in other
directions

The flow is steady. RNG k-ε is used to model turbulence along with non-equilibrium wall functions.
VMFL030

Figure .30.2: Comparison of Velocity Magnitude (m/s) at 75° Along the Bend
VMFL031: Turbulent Flow Behind an Open-Slit V Gutter
Overview
Reference J.T. Yang, G.L. Tsai, “Near-wake flow of a v-gutter with slit bleed”.
Journal of Fluid Engineering. Vol 115. pp. 13-20, 1993
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow
Input File spltvee.cas
Test Case
The near-wake flow structure behind an open-slit V gutter at airflow speed of 20 m/s is modeled. The
interaction between the flow penetrating through the open slit and the shear layer results in an asym-
metric wake flow structure. The size of the entire recirculation zone shifts toward one of the two wings
due to the Coand effect.

Density: 1 kg/m3 L = 40 cm uinlet = 20 m/s
H = 10 cm kinlet = 0.04335 m2/s2

Viscosity: 1.8333 X 10-05 kg/m-s
a = 2 mm
εinlet = 0.2119 m2/s3
b = 22 mm
ø= 45°

Steady, turbulent, incompressible flow. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence.
VMFL031

The x-velocity at x = 22 mm downstream of the split-V-gutter, is compared with experimental data.
Figure .31.2: X-Velocity at x = 22 mm Downstream of the V-Gutter
Figure .31.3: The Coand Effect
VMFL032: Turbulent Flow with Separation Along an Axisymmetric Afterbody
Overview
Reference T.T. Huang, N.C. Groves, “Propeller/stern boundary layer interaction
on axisymmetric bodies: Theory and experiment”. David W. Taylor
Naval Ship Research and Development Center Report. 76-0113. 1976.
Physics/Models Turbulent flow
Input File axiaft.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL032B_afterbody.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Flow past an axisymmetric afterbody, representing the hull of ship. The flow separates on the rear face
of the body.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Length of the Fully developed turbulent
afterbody = 1.0 m velocity profile on the inlet
Viscosity: 1 X 10–6 kg/m-s normal to axis
Maximum radius of the
afterbody = 0.04556 m Axial velocity = 5.9 m/s on the
inlet parallel to axis

The far-field boundary of the domain is set parallel to the axis and is modeled as velocity inlet. Fully
developed profile is specified at the transverse velocity inlet.
VMFL032

Figure .32.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
Figure .32.3: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
VMFL032

Figure .32.4: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
Figure .32.5: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient Along the Afterbody Wall
VMFL033: Viscous Heating in an Annulus
Overview
Reference R.B. Bird, W.E. Stewart, E.N. Lightfoot, Transport phenomena, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1960
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Viscous flow and heating driven by a moving wall
Input File plate_polar.cas
Test Case
In this problem, we model the viscous heating and mass flow in a 2-D annulus induced by the rotation
of one of the two walls (Figure .33.1: Geometry (p. 117)). This problem can be solved analytically.
Figure .33.1: Geometry

Density: 1 kg/m3 r1= 1 m Ω1 = 0.0 rad/s
Specific heat: 1 J/kg-K r2 = 2 m Ω2 = 0.5 rad/s
Thermal conductivity: 1 W/m-K T1 = 273 K
Viscosity: 300 kg/m-s T2 = 274 K

The flow is laminar and steady. Pressure based solver is used. A 2-D mesh with quadrilateral cells is
used to discretize the domain.

Normalized velocity and temperature profiles are compared with the analytical solution provided by
Bird et al (1960).
VMFL033
Figure .33.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile
Figure .33.3: Comparison of Temperature Profile
VMFL034: Particle Aggregation inside a Turbulent Stirred Tank
Overview
Reference B. Wan, T.A. Ring, K. Dhanasekharan, J. Sanyal, "Comparison of Analytical
Solutions for CMSMPR Crystallizer with QMOM Population Balance Modeling
in Ansys Fluent". China Particuology, Vol. 3, pp. 213-218, 2005
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Multi-phase, Population balance model, turbulent flow
Input File agglomeration.cas
Test Case
A 2-D approximation of a stirred tank is simulated in order to verify the population balance model that
operates in conjunction with its multiphase calculations to predict the particle size distribution within
the flow field. The flow rate at the inlet is equal to that at the outlet, allowing the mean residence time
to be calculated from the inlet flow rate (velocity x inlet area) and the "volume" (box area x unit depth)
of the box. To simulate the agitation in the tank the top and bottom walls are assumed to move in the
direction of the outlet. The flow is turbulent, steady, and incompressible. Multi-phase, with QMOM
population balance model is used for particle aggregation. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence.
Moments are solved on a frozen flow field.

Density: 998.2 kg/m3 Square box side = 0.1 m Top wall velocity: 101 m/s
Viscosity: 0.00103 Inlet/Outlet openings = 0.02 Bottom wall velocity: 100

kg/m-s m m/s
Inlet velocity = 0.005 m/s
VMFL034

Outlet gauge pressure = 0
Pa

The results of the Ansys Fluent simulation are compared to steady a state analytical solution for the
population balance in a stirred tank where aggregation takes place.
To optimize the calculations, the operations shown in the journal file below were performed. These
steps must be followed to replicate the test case results.
rc VMFL034_aggregation.cas
solve set equations mixture flow yes ke yes mp no
solve set equations phase-2 moment-0 no moment-1 no moment-2 no moment-3 no moment-4 no moment-5 no
solve initialize initialize-flow
solve iterate 700
solve set equations mixture flow no ke no mp no
solve set equations phase-2 moment-0 yes moment-1 yes moment-2 yes moment-3 yes moment-4 yes moment-5 yes
solve patch phase-2 fluid () mp 1e-06
solve set under-relaxation phase-2 moment-0 0.9 moment-1 0.9 moment-2 0.9 moment-3 0.9 moment-4 0.9 moment-5 0.9
solve iterate 200
solve set under-relaxation phase-2 moment-0 1.0 moment-1 1.0 moment-2 1.0 moment-3 1.0 moment-4 1.0 moment-5 1.0
solve iterate 2000
report population-balance moments outlet () () 6 no
Results Comparison
In this table, moment of PBE for Ansys Fluent turbulent simulations is compared with analytical solution
for aggregation alone at the outlet of the tank.
Table .34.1: Comparison of Moment of PBE
Moment Target Ansys Fluent Ratio

m0 0.132 0.132 1.000
m1 0.225 0.226 1.004
m2 0.547 0.548 1.002
m3 1.910 1.910 1.000
m4 9.073 9.133 1.007
m5 53.797 53.816 1.000
VMFL035: 3-Dimensional Single-Stage Axial Compressor
Overview
Reference Density-based solver (Ansys Fluent)
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible (transonic), turbulent flow, moving reference frame
Input File axial-compressor.cas
Test Case
A 3-D model of a single-stage axial compressor is simulated. The flow through the rotor blades is
computed in a rotating reference frame, while the flow in the stator blades in a stationary frame. The
purpose of this case is to validate the performance of the pressure-based coupled solver for a compress-
ible turbomachinery problem with a mixing plane. The flow is compressible, turbulent and steady.
Material Properties (for Air) Geometry Boundary Conditions

Density = Ideal – Gas Geometry is as shown Rotational speed = 37,500
in in Figure .34.1: Flow rpm
Molecular weight = 28.966 Domain (p. 119)
For Inlet:
Specific heat = 1006.43 J/kg-K Number of rotor blades
= 16 • Ptotal = 1 atm
Viscosity - Sutherland’s law
Number of stator • Ttotal = 288 K
Conductivity - Kinetic theory blades = 40
VMFL035

Steady, turbulent, compressible flow. Ideal-gas law is used for density calculations and kinetic theory
for fluid viscosity and thermal conductivity. The standard k-ε model is used for turbulence. Pressure-
based coupled solver with a mixing plane at the rotor-outlet/stator-inlet interface.

The results of the pressure-based Ansys Fluent simulation are compared to the steady state solution
from the density-based solver.
Table .35.1: Comparison of Pressure and Mass Flow Rate
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Pressure at Stator-Outlet (atm) 1.4725 1.48 1.005
Mass-Flow Rate at Stator-Outlet (kg/s) 0.1049 0.1076 1.026
VMFL036: Laminar Flow Past Sphere
Overview
Reference Mittal, R. (1999). A Fourier-Chebyshev spectral collocation method for
simulating flow past spheres and spheroids. International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Fluids, 30 (7).
Tabata, M. & Itakura, K. (1998). A precise computation of drag coefficients

of a sphere. International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, 9
(3-4).
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar Flow
Input File VMFL036_FLUENT.cas.h5
Test Case
To verify that FLUENT can capture the flow regime in wake and flow separation where a sphere is im-
mersed in the flow. The forces computed on the sphere wall surface are compared with the literature.

Density: 1 kg/m3 A section of the spherical Inlet Velocity = 1 m/s
geometry is modeled in 2D with
Viscosity: 0.02 kg/m-s axisymmetric boundary
conditions. The sphere diameter
is 1 m, and the circular fluid
domain around the sphere has
a radius of 50 D.
VMFL036

Flow is laminar and steady.

Table .36.1: Comparison of Drag Coefficient
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Drag Coefficient 1.0895 1.0875 0.998
VMFL037: Turbulent Flow Over a Forward Facing Step
Overview
Reference S. Baker. “Regions of Recirculating Flow Associated with Two-Dimensional
Steps”. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Surrey.
UK. 1977.
Physics/Models SST model, turbulent flow with separation and reattachment
Input File VMFL037_ffstep.cas for Ansys Fluent
ffstep.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Turbulent flow over a forward facing step is modeled. The flow undergoes separation and reattachment.

Density = 1.02 kg/m3 Step height H = 0.0758 Inlet Velocity = 9.7 m/s
m
Outer boundary (in
Viscosity = 1.5 X 10-5 kg/m-s
transverse direction) is
modeled as slip wall

The flow is steady. Pressure coefficient, Cp on the wall is calculated with reference to the pressure at
point upstream of the step at coordinates as indicated in Figure .37.1: Flow Domain (p. 125).
VMFL037

Figure .37.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL037

Figure .37.3: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient Along the Wall
VMFL038: Falling Film Over an Inclined Plane
Overview
Reference R.B. Bird, W.E. Steward, E.N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena. John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, pg. 45, 2005
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar Flow, Coupled solver
Input File VMFL038_FLUENT.cas
Test Case
Laminar flow of a fluid over an inclined plane, driven by the pressure difference due to gravity head is
modeled. The flow channel is inclined at an angle β = 30° with the horizontal direction.

Density = 800 Dimensions of the domain: Gauge Pressure at Inlet =
3
kg/m 0 N/m2
1 m X 18 m
Viscosity = 1 Angle with X-axis = 30° Gauge Pressure at Outlet =
kg/m-s -706.32 N/m2

The density based solver is used in Ansys Fluent. Pressure boundaries are specified to model the driving
head in the direction of flow.
VMFL038

Figure .38.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile at Outlet
VMFL039: Boiling in a Pipe with Heated Wall
Overview
Reference G.G. Bartolomej, V.G. Brantov, Y.S. Molochnikov, Y.V. Kharitonov, V.A.
Solodkii, G.N. Batashova, V.N. Mikhailov. "An experimental investigation of
the true volumetric vapour content with subcooled boiling tubes". Thermal
Engineering. Vol. 29, pp. 20-22, 1982.
Physics/Models Multiphase flow, phase change, RPI Wall boiling Model
Input File wall-boiling.def for Ansys Fluent
VMFL039___wall-boiling.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Bubble formation and boiling near the heated wall of a vertical pipe are modeled. Outer wall of the
pipe is heated with a constant heat flux.

Steam-Water 2-phase Radius of the pipe = Mass flux at inlet =
Flow: 7.7 mm 900 kg/m2/s
• Water: continuous Height of the pipe = 2 m Inlet pressure = 4.5 X
phase
106 N/m2
• Water Steam:
Heat transfer at the wall =
dispersed bubbles
570000 W/m2
VMFL039

Bubble diameter
dependent on fluid
temperature

The flow is steady. SST model is used for turbulence. RPI model for wall boiling is used with a value of
0.8 for the wall area fraction affected by vapor.

Figure .39.2: Comparison of Temperature Along the Pipe Wall
VMFL039
Results Comparison Ansys CFX

Figure .39.3: Comparison of Temperature Along the Pipe Wall
VMFL040: Separated Turbulent Flow in a Diffuser
Overview
Reference D.M. Driver. "Reynolds shear stress measurements in a separated boundary
layer flow". AIAA-91-1787. 1991.
Solver Ansys CFX, Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, Adverse pressure gradient, flow separation
Input Files diffuser-sep.def for Ansys CFX
VMFL040A_diffuser-sep.cas for Ansys Fluent
Test Case
The test case geometry is shown in Figure .40.1: Sketch of Flow Domain (p. 135). It consists of an
axisymmetric diffuser with an internally mounted cylinder along the centre line. The curvature of the
diffuser wall results in an adverse pressure gradient. A relatively short separation region was detected
in the experiment.
Figure .40.1: Sketch of Flow Domain
This figure is not to scale.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Diameter of the Velocity profile at inlet
cylinder = 140 mm with average velocity =
Viscosity: 1.5 X 10-5 kg/m-s 29 m/s
Length of the domain
= 1100 mm Outer wall modeled as a
slip (inviscid) wall

The flow is steady. SST model is used for turbulence.
VMFL040

Figure .40.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall
VMFL040

Figure .40.3: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Cylinder Wall
VMFL041: Transonic Flow Over an Airfoil
Overview
Reference P.H. Cook, M.A. McDonald, M.C.P. Firmin. “AEROFOIL RAE 2822 - PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTIONS, AND BOUNDARY LAYER AND WAKE MEASUREMENTS.”
AGARD Advisory Report No. 138.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Transonic flow, shock, SST model
Input File VMFL041_transonic.cas
Test Case
Transonic flow over air foil RAE 2822 is modeled for an angle of attack of 3.19°. The flow domain spans
over 100 Chord lengths in both stream-wise and transverse directions.

Density: Ideal gas law for Air Chord length of Velocity profile at inlet
the airfoil = 1 m with an average velocity
Viscosity: 1.831 X 10-5 kg/m-s of 218 m/s
VMFL041

The flow is steady. The inlet flow Mach number is close to transonic range. Walls are assumed to be
adiabatic.

Figure .41.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient on the Airfoil
VMFL042: Turbulent Mixing of Two Streams with Different Densities
Overview
Reference R.E. Uittenbogaard. “Stably Stratified Mixing Layer”. Data Report
for the 14th meeting of the IAHR Working Group on Refined Flow
Modeling. 1989.
R.E. Uittenbogaard. “The Importance of Internal Waves for Mixing
in a Stratified Estaurine Tidal Flow”. Manuscript, Delft University
of Technology, 1995.
Physics/Models SST model, mixing layer, density difference, buoyancy
Input File VMFL042_mixing.cas for Ansys Fluent
saline-mixing_layer.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Mixing of two turbulent streams of fresh water and saline water is modeled. The two streams are parallel
at the inlet and mixing proceeds downstream.

Density of fresh water: 1015 kg/m3 Length of the Fresh water inlet velocity
mixing duct = = 0.52 m/s
Density of saline water: 1030 kg/m3 40 m
Salt water inlet velocity
Mixture kinematic diffusivity: = 0.32 m/s
1 X 10-9 m2/s

The flow is steady. SST model is used. Buoyancy turbulence production option is used.
VMFL042

Figure .42.2: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m
VMFL042

Figure .42.3: Comparison of Mass Fraction of Salt Water Across the Mixing Layer at x = 10m
VMFL043: Laminar to Turbulent Transition of Boundary Layer over a Flat Plate
Overview
Reference A. M. Savill. “Some recent progress in the turbulence modeling of
bypass transition”. Near-Wall Turbulent Flows. Elsevier Science
Publishers, pp. 829-848,1993.
P.E. Roach, D.H. Brierley. “The influence of a turbulent free stream
on zero pressure gradient transitional boundary layer development.
Part I: Test Cases T3A and T3B”. Simulation of Unsteady and
Transition to Turbulence. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge,
pp. 319-347, 1992.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, transitional flow
Input File VMFL043_transition.cas
Test Case
Laminar to turbulent transition of a boundary layer over a flat plate is modeled. The free stream turbu-
lence intensity is 3.3%.

Density: 1.2 kg/m3 Length of the Inlet Velocity = 5.3 m/s
flat plate =
2m Inlet eddy viscosity ratio = 9.7
Viscosity: 1.831 X 10-5 kg/m-s

The flow is steady. SST model with Gamma Theta model for transitional turbulence is used. Langry
Menter correlation was used for transition onset.
VMFL043

Figure .43.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient on the Plate
VMFL044: Supersonic Nozzle Flow
Overview
Reference L.H. Back, P.F. Massier, H.L. Gier. "Convective Heat Transfer in a
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle". Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, pp. 549-568,
1964
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, SST Model
Input File VMFL044_nozzleflow.cas for Ansys Fluent
VMFL044___supersonic_nozzle_flow_serial.def for
Ansys CFX
Test Case
Supersonic flow in a convergent-divergent nozzle is modeled. The flow is supersonic in the entire diver-
gent section of the nozzle.

Density: Ideal Gas Length of the Inlet Relative Pressure = 1 X
nozzle = 106 Pa
-5
Viscosity: 1.831 X 10 kg/m-s 0.1594 m
Inlet Total Temperature = 825 K
Exit-to-throat
area ratio = 2.68 Wall temperature = 413 K
Half angle of
divergence = 15°

The flow is steady. The walls are assumed to be at constant temperature. Only a 3° sector of the domain
is modeled due to symmetry.
VMFL044

Figure .44.2: Comparison of Pressure Ratio Along the Nozzle Wall with Experimental Data
VMFL044

Figure .44.3: Comparison of Pressure Ratio Along the Nozzle Wall with Experimental Data
VMFL045: Oblique Shock Over an Inclined Ramp
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
NY. 560-567. 1994.
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, Oblique shock
Input File VMFL045_obliqueshock.cas for Ansys Fluent
ramp_supersonic_tet.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
Supersonic flow over a 15° ramp is modeled. The ramp leads to the formation of an oblique shock. Inlet
Mach number is about 2.5. The flow is laminar. Inlet density is 1.22 kg/m3 and inlet temperature is 289
K. The simulation values are taken at a Point 1 (x=0.38 m, y=0.14 m).

Density: Ideal Gas Angle of the ramp = Inlet velocity = 852.68 m/s
15°
Viscosity: 1 X 10-8 kg/m-s Inlet temperature = 289 K
Length = 0.4572 m
MW: 0.02896 kg/mol Inlet pressure = 101226.4 Pa
Wall: Adiabatic

The flow is steady and laminar. The walls are assumed to be adiabatic.
VMFL045

Table .45.1: Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock

Mach Number 1.874 1.902 1.015
Temperature, K 382.0 377.6 0.9885
3
Density, kg/m 2.277 2.233 0.9807

Table .45.2: Comparison of Properties Downstream of the Oblique Shock

Mach Number 1.874 1.871 0.9984
Temperature, K 382.0 382.8 1.002
Density, kg/m3 2.277 2.278 1.000
VMFL046: Supersonic Flow with Normal Shock in a Converging Diverging Nozzle
Overview
Reference F. M. White. Fluid Mechanics. 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
NY. 518-531. 1994.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible flow in supersonic regime, Normal shock
Input File VMFL046_supersonic.cas
Test Case
Supersonic flow in a CD nozzle is modeled. The maximum Mach number is 2.2. A normal shock is formed
in the divergent section. Mach number distribution in the nozzle is compared with analytical solution
for nozzle flow.
Figure .46.1: Flow domain

Density: Ideal Gas Length of the nozzle = 2m Inlet Relative Pressure 200 kPa
Viscosity: 1.7894 x Exit-to-throat area ratio = Inlet Total Temperature = 500

-5 3 K
10 kg/m-s
Wall temperature = 328 K
Outlet Relative Pressure (gauge)

= 75 kPa

The flow is steady. The flow is modeled as laminar.
VMFL046

Figure .46.2: Comparison of Mach Number Along Center Line of the Nozzle With Analytical Solution
VMFL047: Turbulent Flow with Separation in an Asymmetric Diffuser
Overview
Reference C. U. Buice, J. K. Eaton. “Experimental Investigation of Flow Through
an Asymmetric Plane Diffuser”. Journal of Fluids Engineering. Vol. 122,
pp. 433-435, 2000
Physics/Models Turbulent separation, standard k-ω model
Test Case
Turbulent flow with gradual separation and reattachment is modeled in an asymmetric 2-D diffuser.
The lower wall of the diffuser is divergent with an angle of 10° and expands to about 4.7 times the inlet
height.

Conditions
Density: 1 kg/m3 Inlet height H = 2 M Fully developed
turbulent profile
Viscosity: 0.0001 kg/m-s Outlet height = 4.7 H for velocity at
inlet with an
Angle of the divergent section = average velocity
10° = 0.7041 m/s
Length of the straight section after
divergence = 21 H

Steady turbulent flow.
VMFL047

Figure .47.2: Comparison of X-Velocity at X = 24.4 m

Figure .47.3: Comparison of X-Velocity at X = 24.4 m
VMFL048: Turbulent flow in a 180° Pipe Bend
Overview
Reference T. Takamasa, A. Tomiyama. "Three-dimensional gas-liquid two-phase bubbly
flow in a C-shaped tube". NURETH-9. San Francisco, USA. pp. 1-17. 1999.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models SST model, turbulent flow with separation and reattachment
Input File VMFL048_pipebend.cas
Test Case
Flow in a 3-D pipe bend as shown in Figure .48.1: Flow Domain (p. 157).

Density: 997 kg/m3 Radius of the pipe = 14 mm Velocity profile at
inlet with an
Radius of the pipe bend = 125 mm average velocity of
Viscosity: 8.899 X 10-4
kg/m-s 1.42 m/s

The flow is steady. Symmetry condition is applied on one side of the pipe.
VMFL048

Figure .48.2: Comparison of Velocity in the Axial Direction at a Section 1.555 m upstream of the
Outlet (after the bend)
VMFL049: Combustion in an Axisymmetric Natural Gas Furnace
Overview
Reference K.C. Westbrook, L.F. Dryer, “Simplified reaction mechanism for the
oxidation of hydrocarbon fuels in flames”, Combustion Science and
Technology, Vol 27, pp. 31-43, 1981
T.P. Coffee, “A Lumped Parameter Code for Regenerative Liquid

Propellant Guns”, BRL-TR-2703, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory,
1985
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent non-premixed combustion, Eddy dissipation model, k-ε model
Target File VMFL049_combustion.cas
Test Case
Non-premixed combustion in a natural gas fired furnace is modeled. The axisymmetric flow field is
modeled by a 3° cylindrical domain. Fuel jet consists of natural gas modeled as 90% Methane and 10%
Nitrogen by mass.
Geometry Boundary Conditions

Inner diameter of air annulus = 60 mm Air velocity at inlet = 34 m/s
Outer diameter of air annulus = 100 mm Fuel velocity at inlet = 7.1 m/s
Diameter of combustion chamber = 500 mm Wall temperature = 120 °C
Length of chamber = 1700 mm CH4 Mass fraction at inlet = 0.90

The flow is steady. Reactions modeled using Eddy Dissipation Model. The domain is axisymmetric.
VMFL049

Figure .49.2: Comparison of the Mole Fraction of CH4 Along the Axis
Figure .49.3: Comparison of Temperature Along the Axis
VMFL050: Transient Heat Conduction in a Semi-Infinite Slab
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt, T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, Introduction to Heat
Transfer, 5th Edition, Wiley & Sons, p. 287, 2007
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Transient heat transfer, Conduction
Test Case
Unsteady heat conduction in a thick copper plate is modeled. Initially (at t = 0) the plate is at a uniform
temperature of 293 K. It is suddenly exposed to a heat transfer at one surface with a constant heat flux
of 3 X 105 W/m2. The temperature distribution after 2 minutes is considered for verification.

Density = 8995.67 kg/m3 Dimensions of the slab: Heat Flux = 3 x 105 W/m2
on one wall. The opposite
Specific Heat = 381 J/kg-K 750 mm X 300 mm wall is adiabatic.
Conductivity = 401 W/m-K Lateral boundaries are

modeled as planes of
symmetry.

The flow is transient. The dimensions considered here are adequate for the semi-infinite slab assumption.
The domain is initialized with a uniform temperature of 293 K corresponding to the condition at time
= 0 sec.
VMFL050

Table .50.1: Comparison of Temperature after 2 Minutes
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Temperature of the wall exposed to heat flux at t 393 392.95 0.9998
= 120 sec, K
Temperature at a point 150 mm from the heat 318.4 318.41 1.0000
flux wall at t = 120 sec, K
VMFL051: Isentropic Expansion of Supersonic Flow Over a Convex Corner
Overview
Reference John Anderson. Modern Compressible Flow: With Historical Perspective.
McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 2002
Physics/Models Compressible, inviscid flow
Test Case
Centered expansion of inviscid supersonic flow around a corner is modeled. The expansion results in a
change in direction of the flow, a drop in static pressure, and increase in Mach number. The approaching
flow is supersonic, with a Mach number of 2.5. The expansion process is reversible and adiabatic.

Density: Ideal Gas law Angle round Inlet:
the corner =
Specific Heat = 1006.43 J/kg-K 195° Pressure = 202636.9 Pa
Molecular weight = 28.966 Mach number = 2.5
Static temperature = 300 K (In
CFX, the corresponding
velocity is specified).
Wall is adiabatic.

The flow is steady, inviscid, and incompressible. Analytic expressions for isentropic expansion can be
used to calculate the Mach number downstream of the corner.
VMFL051

Table .51.1: Comparison of Mach Number Downstream of the Corner, after Expansion
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Mach number after 3.2370 3.2316 0.9980
expansion

Table .51.2: Comparison of Mach Number Downstream of the Corner, after Expansion
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Mach number after 3.237 3.2354 0.9995
expansion
VMFL052: Turbulent Natural Convection Inside a Tall Cavity
Overview
Reference P.L. Betts, I.H. Bokhari. "Experiments on turbulent natural convection
in an enclosed tall cavity". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,
Vol. 21, pp. 675-683, 2000
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, buoyancy effects, Boussinesq approximation
Test Case
Natural convection in the turbulent flow field of an enclosed cavity with a length-to-width ratio of 28.6
is modeled. The Rayleigh number is in the turbulent range. The two vertical walls are kept at different
temperatures, while the horizontal walls are adiabatic.
Figure .52.1: Flow Domain (not to scale)

Density : Boussinesq approximation Length of the Temperature of Cold
cavity = 2.18 m wall = 288.25 K
Specific Heat = 1005 J/kg-K
Width of the cavity Temperature of Hot
Viscosity = 1.81X 10-5 kg/m-sec = 0.0762 m wall = 307.85 K
Molecular weight = 28.966 Top and bottom walls

are adiabatic
VMFL052

The flow is steady and is induced by natural convective heat transfer.

Figure .52.2: Comparison of Vertical Velocity at Y/h = 0.05
VMFL052
Figure .52.3: Comparison of Temperature at Y/h = 0.05
VMFL053: Compressible Turbulent Mixing Layer
Overview
Reference S.G. Goebel, J.C. Dutton. “Experimental Study of Compressible
Turbulent Mixing Layers”. AIAA Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 538-546, 1991
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulence: RNG k-ε model, compressible, energy equation
Test Case
Two streams of air are mixed in a rectangular tunnel. The length of the computational domain is chosen
such that the local Reynolds number at the exit of the test section, which is based on the velocity dif-
ference between the streams and the mixing layer thickness, is greater than 100,000. This is the Reynolds
number needed for the complete development of the mixing layer.

Air: Dimensions of Primary Stream (1):
the domain:
Density: Ideal Gas Total Pressure = 487 kPa
300 mm X
Specific Heat: 72 mm Static Pressure = 36 kPa
1006.43 J/kg-K Total Temperature = 360 K
Thermal Mach Number = 2.35
Conductivity: 0.0242
W/m-K Turbulent Kinetic Energy =
Viscosity: 1.4399e-05 74 m2/s2

kg/m-s Turbulent Dissipation Rate
= 62,300 m2/s3
Secondary Stream (2):
Total Pressure = 37.6 kPa

Static Pressure = 36 kPa
VMFL053

Total Temperature = 290 K
Mach Number = 0.36
Turbulent Kinetic Energy =
226 m2/s2
Turbulent Dissipation Rate
= 332,000 m2/s3

The flow is steady, turbulent, and compressible. The RNG k-ε model is used for turbulence.
Results Comparison
The velocity profiles as the mixing layer evolves are compared with the experimental data.
Figure .53.2: X Velocity Profiles at x = 50 mm
VMFL054: Laminar flow in a Trapezoidal Cavity
Overview
Reference J.H. Darr, S.P. Vanka. “Separated Flow in a Driven Trapezoidal Cavity”.
Phys. Fluids A, Vol. 3, pp. 385-392, 1991.
Physics/Models Viscous flow, driven by a moving walls
Test Case
Laminar flow induced by the motion of the top wall of a trapezoidal cavity. The top and bottom walls
move but the side walls are stationary. The height of the cavity h is 1 m. The widths of the top and
bottom walls are 1 m and 2 m, respectively (Figure .38.1: Flow Domain (p. 171)).

3 Height of cavity = 1 m Velocity of the base walls
Density = 1 kg/m
= 400 m/s
Viscosity = 1 kg/m-s Width of the bottom base =
2m Other walls are stationary
Width of the top base = 1 m

The flow is steady. A pressure based solver is used. A triangular mesh of 4016 cells is used to discretize
the domain.
VMFL054

The u-velocity profile at the vertical centerline of the cavity and the ν-velocity profile at the horizontal
centerline of the cavity are compared to Darr and Vanka results. Velocity is normalized by velocity of
the moving wall.
Figure .38.2: Normalized u-Velocity at the Horizontal Centerline of the Cavity
Figure .38.3: Normalized v-Velocity at the Vertical Centerline of the Cavity

The u-velocity profile at the vertical centerline of the cavity and the ν-velocity profile at the horizontal
centerline of the cavity are compared to Darr and Vanka results. Velocity is normalized by velocity of
the moving wall.
VMFL054
Figure .38.4: Normalized u-Velocity at the Horizontal Centerline of the Cavity
VMFL054
Figure .38.5: Normalized v-Velocity at the Vertical Centerline of the Cavity
VMFL055: Transitional Recirculatory Flow inside a Ventilation Enclosure
Overview
Reference A. Restivo, Turbulent Flow in Ventilated Rooms, Ph.D. Thesis, University
of London, UK, 1979.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Transitional turbulence modeling (k-kl model)
Test Case
Flow inside an enclosure similar to a ventilated room is modeled. The flow field is transitional and
dominated by recirculation. Reynolds number is based on the inlet dimension and is around 5000.

Density : 1.225 kg/m3 Height of the enclosure (H) = 3 m Inlet velocity =
0.45 m/S
Viscosity = 1.7894 X Length of the enclosure = 9 m (3
-5 H)
10 kg/m-sec
Inlet : 0.056 H
Outlet : 0.16 H

The flow is modeled using transitional turbulence models.
VMFL055

Figure .55.2: Comparison of X Velocity at Y = 2.916 m
VMFL056: Combined Conduction and Radiation in a Square Cavity
Overview
Reference D.R. Rousse, G. Gautier, J.F. Sacadura. “Numerical predictions of
two-dimensional conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer.
II. Validation”, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, Vol 39, pp.
332-353, 2000
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling; discrete ordinate model
Test Case
Coupled conduction and radiation is modeled in a square enclosure. The material properties are set to
model a condition corresponding to the Conduction-Radiation parameter N = 1.0. Scattering coefficient
of the medium is 0. Steady state heat transfer is modeled. One wall of the square cavity is kept at a
higher temperature than the other 3 walls.

Thermal Conductivity = Dimensions of the Temperature of the hot wall
1 W/m-K domain: 1 m X 1 m = 100 K
Absorption Coefficient = Temperature of the cold

0.228/m walls = 50 K

The material properties are set to model the desired conduction-radiation fraction. Radiative heat flux
is only a small fraction of the total heat flux.
VMFL056

Figure .56.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensional Temperature at X = 0.5 m
VMFL057: Radiation and Conduction in Composite Solid Layers
Overview
Reference C.M. Spuckler, R. Siegel. “Two-Flux and Diffusion Methods for Radiative
Transfer in Composite Layers”. Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol 118, pp.
218-222, 1996
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling with DO model, participating medium with
gray-band absorption
Test Case
Heat transfer by conduction and radiation is modeled in a composite solid domain consisting of two
layers. Both the layers participate in radiation. The two layers are separated by a semi-transparent wall.
The upstream and downstream sides of the domain are subjected to convective as well as radiative
heat transfer.

Solid 1: Dimensions of the Left-most wall:
domain: 2 m X 1 m
(the two solid zones
Density = 2719 kg/m3 Convective
are of equal length)
Specific Heat = 871 J/kg-k Heat Transfer
Coefficient = 56.7
Thermal Conductivity =
5.67 W/m-K W/m2 K
Absorption Coefficient: free stream

gray-band temperature =
1000K
Refractive Index = 1.5
Semi-transparent
Solid 2:
Right-most wall:
VMFL057
Density = 2719 kg/m3 Convective

Specific Heat = 871 J/kg-k Heat Transfer
Coefficient = 56.7
Thermal Conductivity = 5.67
W/m-K W/m2 K
Absorption Coefficient: free stream

gray-band temperature = 250K
Refractive Index = 3 Semi-transparent

Transverse boundaries of the domain are modeled as planes of symmetry.

Figure .57.2: Comparison temperature distribution along Y = 0.5 m
VMFL058: Turbulent Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser
Overview
Reference R. S. Azad, S. Z. Kassab. “Turbulent Flow in a Conical Diffuser: Overview
and Implications”. Phys. Fluids A Vol 1, pg. 564, 1989
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow with adverse pressure gradient
Test Case
Fully developed turbulent flow is modeled in an axisymmetric diffuser. The flow is fully developed at
the inlet to the diffuser.

3 Included angle for the Fully developed
Density = 1 kg/m
0 turbulent profile at
divergent section = 8
Viscosity = 1.64 X inlet with an average
10-5 kg/m-s Length of Inlet section velocity = 1 m/s
(straight) = 6 m
Inlet radius = 1 m
Outlet radius = 2 m

Steady turbulent flow.
VMFL058

Figure .58.2: Comparison of Pressure Coefficient along the Divergent Diffuser Wall
VMFL059: Conduction in a Composite Solid Block
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. 5th
Edition, pg. 117, 2006.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Conduction with heat source
VMFL059_Serial.def for CFX-Solver
Test Case
Heat conduction in a plane wall formed as composite of two materials is modeled. One of the materials
has a uniform volumetric heat generation source while the other material has an outer surface exposed
to convective cooling.

Material 1: Dimensions of the Left-most wall:
domain: Adiabatic
Density =2702 kg/m3 Right-most wall:
0.07 m X
Specific Heat = 903 0.08 m Convective, with Heat
J/kg-k Transfer Coefficient =
Thickness of
Thermal Conductivity = slab 1 1000 W/m2 K and free
75 W/m-K (material 1) = stream temperature =
0.05 m 303 K
Material 2:
Other boundaries are
3 adiabatic walls.
Density = 8978 kg/m
VMFL059

Specific Heat = 381
J/kg-k
150 W/m-K

Contact resistance between the slabs is neglected.
Results Comparison
Table .59.1: Comparison Temperatures on the Side Walls
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Temperature of the cooled wall, K 378 378.14 1.0004
Temperature of the adiabatic wall on extreme left side, K 413 413.17 1.0004
VMFL060: Transitional Supersonic Flow Over a Rearward Facing Step
Overview
Reference H.E. Smith. “The Flow Field and Heat Transfer Downstream of a
Rearward Facing Step in Supersonic Flow”. ARL 67-0056, Aerospace
Research Laboratories. Ohio, USA.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Compressible Flow, Transitional turbulence modeling (Transition SST
model)
Test Case
Supersonic flow with an inlet Mach number 2.5 past a backward facing step is modeled. Key features
of the flow field include sudden expansion, free shear layer, recirculation zone, and oblique shock.
Reynolds number of the flow (based on step height) is in the transitional range.

Density: Ideal gas Step Height = 0.443 in Total pressure at inlet =
227527 Pa
Viscosity = Inlet: 4 in upstream of the
step Static Pressure at Inlet =
1.7894 X 10-5 kg/m-sec 13316.6
Outlet: 12 in downstream
of the step Total temperature at inlet =
344.44 K
Transverse (top) boundary:
6.25 in above the step. Transverse boundary
modeled as farfield
Walls are modeled as

adiabatic
VMFL060

The flow is modeled using transitional turbulence models.

Figure .60.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensionalized Static Pressure along the Stepped Wall
Downstream of the Corner
VMFL061: Surface to Surface Radiative Heat Transfer Between Two Concentric
Cylinders
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.
4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York City, New York, 1996.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation Modeling (S2S Model)
Test Case
Radiative heat transfer between two cylindrical surfaces forming a concentric annulus is modeled. There
is no participating medium. Due to symmetry only the shaded portion of the domain in Figure .61.1: Flow
Domain (p. 187) is modeled.
Geometry Boundary Conditions

Radius of outer wall = 0.04625 m Temperature of inner wall = 700 K
Radius of inner wall = 0.0178 m Temperature of outer wall = 300 K

Because there is no flow of mass, only the energy equation is solved. Radiation models are used for the
simulation. Heat transfer is purely due to radiation between the two surfaces.
VMFL061

Figure .61.2: Comparison of Temperature Variation along Radius
VMFL062: Fully Developed Turbulent Flow Over a “Hill”
Overview
Reference V. Baskaran, A.J. Smits, P.N. Joubert, "A turbulent flow over a curved hill
Part 1. Growth of an internal boundary layer". Journal of Fluid Mechanics,
Vol. 182, pp. 47-83, 1987
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Low Re k-e Model
Test Case
Flow over a “hill” geometry with separation and reattachment is modeled. Fully developed turbulent
profile is specified at the inlet.

Density : 1 kg/m3 Height of the hill Fully developed profiles are
= specified at the inlet for (i) Velocity,
Viscosity = (ii) Turbulent kinetic Energy, and (iii)
20.5 mm Eddy dissipation rate.
7.5188e-07 kg/m-s
Average velocity at inlet = 1 m/s
VMFL062

Figure .62.2: Comparison of Skin Friction along the Wall
VMFL063: Separated Laminar Flow Over a Blunt Plate
Overview
Reference J.C. Lane, R.I. Loehrke, “Leading Edge Separation from a Blunt Plate
at Low Reynolds Number”, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 102, pp. 494-496,
1980
Physics/Models Laminar flow, high resolution numerical models
VMFL063_Serial.def for Ansys CFX
Test Case
The flow separation over a blunt leading edge in laminar flow is modeled. The flow separates and
reattaches along the plate. The reattachment length predicted by the solvers is validated against exper-
imental results. Due to symmetry, only half of the domain shown in Figure .63.1: Flow Domain (p. 191)
is modeled. The Reynolds number based on plate thickness is 260.

Conditions
Density: 1 kg/m3 Thickness of the plate, 2t = 90 Velocity at
mm inlet =
Viscosity: 1.7894 X 10-5 kg/m-s 0.0517 m/s
Length of the plate = 1500 mm
VMFL063

Table .63.1: Comparison of Reattachment Length

Non-dimensionalized 4.0 4.16 1.04
Reattachment length (LR/2t)


Non-dimensionalized Reattachment 4.0 4.05 1.01
length (LR/2t)
VMFL064: Low Reynolds Number Flow in a Channel with Sudden Asymmetric
Expansion
Overview
Reference B. Armaly, F. Durst, J. Pereira, B. Schönung. “Experimental and
theoretical investigation of a backward-facing step”. Journal of Fluid
Mechanics, Vol 127, pg. 473, 1983
C.J. Freitas. “Perspective: Selected Benchmarks from Commercial CFD

Codes”. Journal of Fluids Engineering. Vol. 117, pg. 208, 1995
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar flow, Separation, and Reattachment
Test Case
Laminar flow in a channel with a backward facing step expansion is modeled. The channel section up-
stream of the expansion is long enough to ensure fully developed laminar profile. The reattachment
length predicted by the solvers is validated against experimental results. Reynolds number based on D
(equal to twice the channel height at inlet) is 200. The domain extends to about 40 times the step-
height upstream and over 20 times the step-height downstream.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Step height, s = 4.9 mm Velocity at inlet =
0.288462 m/s
Viscosity: Channel height at inlet = 5.2 mm
No-slip condition at the
-5 Length of inlet section = 200 mm walls
1.5 X 10 kg/m-s
Length downstream of the step
=
100 mm

The flow is fully developed before the step. Reattachment length is measured from the reversal of the
sign of the wall shear along the flow direction.
VMFL064

Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Non-dimensionalized Reattachment length (LR/Step-height) 5.0 4.91 0.982
VMFL065: Swirling Turbulent Flow Inside a Diffuser
Overview
Reference P.D. Clausen, S.G. Koh, D.H. Wood. “Measurements of a Swirling Turbulent
Boundary Layer Developing in a Conical Diffuser.” Experimental Thermal
and Fluid Science. Vol. 6, pg. 39-48, 1993
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent flow, swirl velocity, Reynolds stress model for turbulence
Test Case
Turbulent flow with a strong swirl component is modeled in an axisysmmetric diffuser. The swirl com-
ponent of the velocity has a dominant effect on the flow field inside the diffuser.

Density: 1 kg/m3 Length of the straight inlet section Fully developed
= 25 mm turbulent profile for
Viscosity: velocity, k and ε at inlet
Length of the diffuser (divergent (with average axial inlet
-6
1.293 X 10 kg/m-s section) = 510 mm velocity = 1 m/s)
Inlet Diameter = 260 mm No-slip condition at the

walls
Outlet Diameter = 440 mm

RS model is used for turbulence due to the strong swirl component.
VMFL065

Figure .65.2: Comparison of Swirl Velocity at X = 0.175 m
VMFL066: Radiative Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Enclosure with Participating
Medium
Overview
Reference G.D Raithby, E.H. Chui. “A Finite Volume Method for Predicting a
Radiant Heat Transfer in Enclosoures with Participating Media”. Journal
of Heat Transfer. Volume 112, pp. 415-423, 1990
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Radiation modeling, discrete ordinate model
Test Case
Two dimensional radiative heat transfer in an enclosure with one hot wall and three cold walls at equal
temperature is modeled. The enclosure is a rectangular cavity with a length-to-width ratio of 5. For the
problem being considered, σsLy = 1.0, where σs is the scattering coefficient and Ly is the normal distance
between the hot wall and the cold wall opposite to it.

Scattering coefficient = Dimensions of Temperature of the hot wall = 200 K
the domain:
0.5/m Temperature of the cold walls = 100 K
10 m x 2 m

Isotropic scattering and radiative equilibrium are assumed.
VMFL066

Figure .66.2: Comparison of Non-Dimensional Heat Flux along the Hot Wall
VMFL067: Boiling in a Pipe-Critical Heat Flux
Overview
Reference N. Hoyer, “Calculation of dryout and post-dryout heat transfer for tube
geometry”, International Journal of Multiphase Flow, Vol 24, pp. 319-334,
1998
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Multiphase, heat and mass transfer, boiling
Test Case
This test case considers boiling near a heated wall of a vertical pipe. The effects of critical heat flux and
post-dryout heat transfer are modeled in a vertical circular pipe. The outer wall of the pipe is heated
with a constant heat flux.

Steam-Water 2-phase Flow: Radius of the pipe = Mass flux at inlet =
5 mm
• Water: continuous 1495 kg/m2/s
phase Height of the pipe =
7m Heat transfer at the wall
=
VMFL067

• Water Steam: 797000 W/m2
dispersed bubbles

The flow is steady. RNG k-epsilon model is used for turbulence.

Figure .67.2: Comparison of Wall Temperature
VMFL068: Axial Flow in an Eccentric Annulus
Overview
Reference J.L.V. Neto, A.L. Martins, A.S. Neto, C.H. Ataide, M.A.S. Barrozo,
“Simulated Velocity Profiles for Eccentric Annular Flow with Inner
Rotation”, Manuscript, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Steady flow, periodic, turbulence, RSM
Test Case
This test case considers axial flow in an eccentric annulus without rotation of the inner cylinder. Eccent-
ricity of the channel is 0.5. The Reynolds number is 26,600.

Density = 896 kg/m3 Diameter, outer Periodic Boundary is
cylinder = 40.3 mm used with a Mass Flow
Viscosity = 0.00146048 kg/m-s Rate = 1.8368 kg/s.
Diameter, inner
cylinder = 20.1 mm
Eccentricity = 0.5
VMFL068

The flow is steady. The velocity profile at the inlet is fully developed.

Figure .68.2: Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 2
Figure .68.3: Comparison of Normalized Axial Velocity at Plane 3
VMFL069: Two Phase Poiseulle Flow
Overview
Reference E. Marchandise, J.F. Remacle, “A stabilized finite element method using
a discontinuous level set approach for solving two phase
incompressible flows”, Journal of Computational Physics, Vol 219, pp.
780-800, 2006
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Steady flow, laminar, two phase
Test Case
This test case considers the horizontal stratified Poiseulle flow of two fluids between parallel walls. The
interface between the two phases is located at half of the height of the channel.

The two fluids have the Dimensions of the Periodic Boundary is used
same density. domain: with a Pressure Gradient =
-0.5 Pa/m.
Kinematic Viscosity 2mX4m
Fluid-1 = 0.1
Fluid-2 = 0.02

The flow is steady. Deformation of the interface is not modeled.
VMFL069

Figure .69.2: Comparison of Velocity Profile for Two Phase Flow
VMFL070: Radiation Between Two Parallel Surfaces
Overview
Reference F.P. Incropera, D.P. Dewitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer.
4th Edition. New York City, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1996.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Heat Transfer, radiation
Test Case
This test case considers radiation heat transfer between two parallel surfaces. The surfaces are modeled
as a rectangle with a length-to-gap aspect ratio of 5 to minimize the edge effect near the mid span.
The gap thickness between the upper and lower surfaces is 0.5 m.

Material does not Dimensions of Top Wall Temperature = 400 K
participate in the energy the domain:
transfer. Bottom Wall Temperature = 300 K
2.5 m X 0.5 m

Because there is no flow of mass, only the energy equation is solved. Heat transfer is purely due to ra-
diation between the two surfaces.
VMFL070

Figure .70.2: Comparison of Normalized Temperature with Analytical Result
VMFL071: Mid-Span Flow Over a Goldman Stator Blade
Overview
Reference Goldman, L.G., & McLallin, K.L. (1977). Cold-Air Annular Cascade
Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance of Core-Engine-Cooled Turbine
Vanes: In Solid Vane Performance and Facility Description, NASA Technical
Memorandum X-3224.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbomachinery
Test Case
Airflow over a Goldman stator blade at the mid-span is considered. This 2D analysis provides insight
into Ansys Fluent's ability to predict the complicated flow features typical of turbomachinery applications.
The geometry of the domain under consideration is shown in the figure below. The inlet and the outlet
are located approximately 0.03 m away from the blade's leading and trailing edges, respectively. They
are located where their presence does not affect predictions near the blade.

Fluid: Air Dimensions of the domain: Inlet velocity: 71.75 m/s
Translational periodic boundary
Density: Ideal gas ~ 0.1 m x 0.12 m condition on the top and bottom
VMFL071

Viscosity: 1.78e-05 walls simulate the test section
mid-span.

The Reynolds number is based on the chord length of the blade, and the free-stream
velocity is 500,000. Therefore the flow is turbulent. The inlet Mach number is approximately 0.2 which
implies subsonic flow.

Figure .71.2: Comparison of Pressure Ratio with Experimental Result
VMFL072: Liquid Water Flow Over a Flat Plate Under the Influence of Gravity
Overview
Reference Roy, R.P. & Jain, S. (1989). A study of thin water film flow down an
inclined plate without and with countercurrent air flow. Experiments
in Fluids, (7) 318-328.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Eulerian Wall Film
Test Case
A water film Reynolds number of 417 and a plate inclination angle of 40° without counter current airflow
are selected for the present study. The film is introduced as a mass flux boundary on the wall patch
injection. Film thickness is calculated at a downstream location wall-monitor.
Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions.

Fluid domain is air Dimensions of the domain: Mass Flux of Water-liquid
while water-liquid is
injected at the wall 500 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm = 76.2 kg/m2-s
patch.
Injection width: 5 mm X-Gravitational Acceleration
Wall-monitor width: 50 mm = 6.305746 m/s2
VMFL072
Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions.

Y-Gravitational Acceleration
= 0 m/s2
Z-Gravitational Acceleration
= -7.514896 m/s2

Air flow is zero, and the film flow is laminar.

Table .72.1: Comparison of Film Thickness
Target Ansys Ratio

Fluent
Film Thickness (mm) 0.555 0.5497 0.99
VMFL073: Turbulent Separated Flow in an Axisymmetric Diffuser
Overview
Reference Nitsche, Wolfgang & Haberland, Christoph. (1993). On Turbulent
Separated Flows in Axisymmetric Diffusers.
10.1007/978-3-663-13986-7_17.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulence, Separation
Test Case
A fully developed turbulent flow is modeled in an axisymmetric diffuser. Half angle of 90° is selected
for the present study.

Density: 1.22478 kg/m3 Half angle = 90 degrees Fully developed
Viscosity: 1.7894e-05 kg/m-s turbulent profile at
Inlet radius = 0.025 m inlet with an average
velocity = 14.61 m/s
Outlet radius = 0.04 m

Steady turbulent flow is assumed. An SST k-w model is used for turbulence.
VMFL073

Figure .73.2: Comparison of Skin Friction Coefficient along the Diffuser Wall
VMFL074: Modeling of a Plug Flow Atomizer
Overview
Reference Bhamidipati, S., Panchagnula, M., Peddieson, J. (2008, January 3-5).
Discrete population balance modeling of a plug flow atomizer [Paper
presentation]. Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, Hyderabad, India.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Multi-phase, population balance model, turbulence
Test Case
A plug flow atomizer is modeled using a discrete population balance, multi-phase model. The Ramkrishna
method is used for the breakage kernel which is defined through a compiled udf.

Air Phase Inlet = 0.145 m Inlet Velocity = 0.01 m/s
Density: 1.225 kg/m3 Outlet = 0.145 m
Viscosity: 1.7894e-05 kg/m-s Domain Length =

2m
Water Phase

A steady turbulent flow is assumed. Ansys Fluent's simulation results are compared to an analytical
solution.
VMFL074

Figure .74.2: Comparison of Number Density of bin-2 Fraction
Figure .74.3: Comparison of Number Density of bin-5 Fraction
VMFL075: Supersonic Flow Over a Circular Arc Bump
Overview
Reference Yeng-Yung Tsui and Tian-Cherng Wu, (2008) A Pressure-Based
Unstructured-Grid Algorithm Using High-Resolution Schemes for All-Speed
Flows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Part B: Fundamentals, 53:1, 75 - 96
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Inviscid, Compressible, Supersonic
Test Case
Supersonic ideal gas enters a tube with a circular arc bump inside. The supersonic flow shows compres-
sion shockwaves before and after the bump, which reflect off the upper wall of the tube.

Air Rectangular domain Pressure Far Field with Mach
Number = 1.65 bar
Density: ideal gas Length = 3m
Width = 1m
Length of the circular

arc bump = 1m
VMFL075

Inviscid and steady flow. Coupled solver with pseudo-transient is used.

Figure .75.2: Comparison of Mach Number along the lower wall with published reference
VMFL076: Forced Convection Over a Flat Plate
Overview
Reference NASA Memorandum 02-27-1959, DETAILS OF EXACT LOW PRANDTL
NUMBER BOUNDARY-LAYER SOLUTIONS FOR FORCED AND FOR FREE
CONVECTION, By E. M. Sparrow and J. L. Gregg, Lewis Research Center,
Cleveland, Ohio
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar, Convection
Test Case
Analysis of forced convection heat transfer with very low Prandtl numbers, typically encountered in liquid
metal flows.

Density= 900 kg/m3 Flat Plate Length = Inlet Velocity = 1 m/s
1m
Viscosity: 0.01 kg/m-s Inlet temperature = 300 K
Specific Heat = 42.6 temperature of the plate = 350

J/kg-K K
142 W/m-K

Laminar steady flow. Pressure based coupled solver with pseudo-transient is used.
VMFL076

Figure .76.2: Comparison of Normalized Temperature with analytical results
VMFL077: Free Surface Flow Around a Ship
Overview
Reference Sarda, O. P. Turbulent Flows Past Ship Hulls – An Experimental and
Computational Study, PhD thesis, University of Iowa, 1986.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Turbulent, Free Surface Flow
Test Case
Free surface flow around a ship. In this multiphase open channel flow problem, the profile of free surface
at ship hull is compared with experimental results.

Water Density : 997 The hull geometry Pressure inlet and pressure
3 has a parabolic shape outlet with multiphase open
kg/m
VMFL077

Water Viscosity: with a hull length = channel boundary. Reynold’s
0.008899 kg/m-s 3.014 m. number=4900000 at inlet.

The flow is steady. SST k-w model is used for turbulence modeling. Polyhedral mesh of 921470 cells is
used to discretize the domain.

Figure .77.2: Comparison of water level on the hull surface with experimental data
VMFL078: Test Case Description
Overview
Reference Parallel Simulation of 3D Lid-driven Cubic Cavity Flows by Finite
Element Method, Jifei Wang and Decheng Wan. Proceedings of the
Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference, Maui, Hawaii, USA, June 19-24, 2011.
Solver Ansys Fluent
Physics/Models Laminar Flow, driven by a moving wall
Test Case
The laminar incompressible flow in 3D driven cavity is solved at Reynolds number = 1000. The study
demonstrates accuracy of polyhedral mesh.

Density: 1 kg/m3 A half domain is Moving boundary condition is at
modeled with height the top of the domain with a
Viscosity: 0.001 kg/m-s = 1 m, length = 1 m velocity= 1 m/s
and breadth = 0.5 m
All other walls are stationary
VMFL078

using symmetry
boundary condition.

The flow is steady. Polyhedral mesh of 279894 cells is used to discretize the domain.

Figure .78.2: Comparison of X-Velocity along the vertical centerline in the symmetry plane
Part 3: Ansys Forte Test Cases
VMFRT001: Large Eddy Simulation in Internal Combustion Engine Case
Overview
Reference Thobois, L., Rymer, G., Soulères, T., and Poinsot, T., "Large-Eddy Simulation in
IC Engine Geometries, SAE Paper 2004-01-1854," SAE Technical Paper Series,
2004-01-1854, 2004.
Solver Ansys Forte
Physics/Models Non-reacting flow, gas-phase only
Input Files VM_LES_initialization.ftsim
Test Case
This test case simulates a simplified IC engine geometry with a nonreacting steady-state flow. See Fig-
ure .01.1: Sketch of the geometry with the static volume refinement region (p. 226). The valve is fixed in
the open position and has a seat of 4 mm, the expansion ratio is 3.5 and there is no swirl. A static
volume refinement is present around the jet region to better capture the recirculation, while Solution
Adaptive Mesh refinements (SAM) are activated based on the velocity gradient (see the table below for
details). The turbulence model settings are the default for all parameters for both LES and Standard k-
while the LES simulation is initialized using the RANS solution. The resulting velocity profiles and their
fluctuations in Figure .01.2: Normalized axial velocity at z = 20 mm (p. 227), Figure .01.3: Normalized axial
velocity fluctuation at z = 20 mm (p. 227), and Figure .01.4: Normalized axial velocity at z = 70 mm (p. 228)
are compared to the laser doppler anemometry experimental measurements (Thobois 2004 (p. 225)).
VMFRT001
Figure .01.1: Sketch of the geometry with the static volume refinement region
Test case properties

Fluid Reynolds Qm Wbulk Poutlet Valve L Lu D Di De
lift
N2 30000 0.055 65 101.3 10 300 104 60 17 34 mm
kg/s m/s kPa mm mm mm mm mm
Simulation Settings
LES model RANS model SAM on ∇Vel Mesh sizeMAX Refinement Tot n.
level cells
Dynamic Std-k 0.5 mm 4 mm 0.5 mm 3.3 M
Smagorinsky
VMFRT001
Results Comparison
Figure .01.2: Normalized axial velocity at z = 20 mm
Figure .01.3: Normalized axial velocity fluctuation at z = 20 mm
VMFRT001
Figure .01.4: Normalized axial velocity at z = 70 mm
VMFRT002: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklraAL4
Overview
Reference Retrieved from Engine Combustion Network (ECN) data search utility: https://
ecn.sandia.gov/ecn-data-search/ Accessed on April 7, 2020.
Find relevant data and information by choosing the parameters highlighted in

gray below on the ECN data search utility.
Solver Ansys Forte

Physics/Models Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Nonreacting Flow Case bklraAL4
Input Files P_50MPa_NR.ftsim
Test Case
This test recreates the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray A target case characterized by high-
pressure liquid fuel injection in conditions relevant to diesel engines. In this case, the combustion
chamber has a cubical shape (length = 10.8 cm), the oxygen content is zero, and the difference between
the fuel injector pressure and ambient gas pressure is 50 MPa. The fuel entering the combustion
chamber through the spray injector is n-dodecane (nC12). The model includes two refined regions of
respectively 2 mm and 1 mm around the jet. The table below lists the setup parameters for the experi-
ment and simulation. Results are compared against the experimental data from the ECN data search
utility, 2019.
Additional test details can be found on the ECN web site. The experimental data for the vapor and liquid
penetration lengths can be found in the form of text files on the ECN site at the following links:
• Vapor: bklraAl4-pen.txt
(https://ecn.sandia.gov/cvdata/assets/datafiles/pen/bklraAL4-pen.txt)
• Liquid: bklraAL4-liq.txt
(https://ecn.sandia.gov/cvdata/assets/datafiles/liq/bklraAL4-liq.txt)
VMFRT002
The modeling predictions for vapor and liquid penetration lengths are compared with the experimental
results including error bars in Figure .02.1: Vapor and liquid penetration length (p. 230).

Pinj Minj Durationinj Vamb ρamb Compositionamb Pamb Tamb Tfuel Dnozzle
50 7.4 5.65 ms 20 22.8 N2 = 89.71% 6.07 MPa 900 K 373 K 0.084
MPa mg cm/s kg/m3 mm
CO2 = 6.52%
H2O = 3.77%
Simulation Settings
RTdist vinj Spray L/D R/D SAM on Turbulence Mesh dtinitial
profile initialization ∇T∇Vel∇Y*[a] model sizeMAX
model
2.2 Flat Nozzle 11.9 0.238 0.5 mm RANS 4 mm 1E-7 s
flow RNG-k
[a] Y*=Fuel Vapor Mass Fraction
Results Comparison
Figure .02.1: Vapor and liquid penetration length
VMFRT003: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklfaAL4
Overview
Reference Retrieved from Engine Combustion Network data search utility: https://

Solver Ansys Forte

Physics/Models Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bklfaAL4
Test Case
respectively 2 mm and 1 mm around the jet. The table below lists the setup parameters for the experi-
ment and simulation.
• Vapor: bklfaAl4-pen.txt
(https://ecn.sandia.gov/cvdata/assets/datafiles/pen/bklfaAL4-pen.txt)
• Liquid: bklfaAL4-liq.txt
()
VMFRT003

Pinj Minj Durationinj Vamb ρamb CompositionambPamb Tamb Tfuel Dnozzle
100 9.672 5.2 ms 20 22.8 N2 = 6.07 MPa 900 K 373 K 0.084 mm
MPa mg cm/s kg/m3 89.71%
CO2 =
6.52%
H2O =
3.77%
Simulation Settings
[a]
profile initialization ∇T∇Vel∇Y* model sizeMAX
model
flow RNG-k
Results Comparison
VMFRT004: Engine Combustion Network Nonreacting Flow Case - bkldaAL4
Overview

Solver Ansys Forte

Physics/Models Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Nonreacting Flow Case bkldaAL4
Test Case
respectively, 2 mm and 1 mm, around the jet. The table below lists the setup parameters for the exper-
iment and simulation.
• Vapor: bkldaAl4-pen.txt
(https://ecn.sandia.gov/cvdata/assets/datafiles/pen/bkldaAL4-pen.txt)
• Liquid: bkldaAL4-liq.txt
()
VMFRT004

150 13.77 6 ms 20 22.8 N2 = 6.05 MPa 900 K 373 K 0.084 mm
MPa mg cm/s kg/m3 89.71%
CO2 =
6.52%
H2O =
3.77%
Simulation Settings
[a]
profile initialization ∇T∇Vel∇Y* model sizeMAX
model
flow RNG-k
Results Comparison
VMFRT005: Engine Combustion Network Reacting Flow Case jkldaAL4
Overview

Solver Ansys Forte

Physics/Models Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Nonreacting Flow Case jkldaAL4
Input Files P_150MPa_R.ftsim
Test Case
chamber has a cubical shape (length = 10.8 cm), the oxygen content is 15%, and the difference between
chamber through the spray injector is n-dodecane (nC12).
The model includes two refined regions of respectively 2 mm and 1 mm around the jet. The table below
lists the setup parameters for the experiment and simulation. No liquid penetration length measurements
were found on the ECN repository for this case, but experimental data for the vapor penetration length
can be found on the ECN site in the form of a text file:
• Vapor: jkldaAl4-pen.txt
(https://ecn.sandia.gov/cvdata/assets/datafiles/pen/jkldaAL4-pen.txt)
The modeling prediction for vapor penetration length is compared with the experimental results including
error bars in Figure .05.1: Vapor and liquid penetration length (p. 236). Additional measurements on the
ECN data search utility report the lift-off length measurement and the ignition delay time. The slight
overprediction is likely due to imperfections in the low temperature chemical kinetics of the reacting
fuel and air mixture.
VMFRT005

150 14 mg 6 ms 20 22.8 N2 = 5.94 MPa 900 K 373 K 0.084 mm
MPa cm/s kg/m3 75.15%
CO2 =
6.22%
H2O =
3.62%
O2 =
15.00%
Simulation Settings
profile initialization ∇T∇Vel∇Y*[a] model sizeMAX
model
flow RNG-ke
Results Comparison for Ansys Forte

Target Predicted
Lift-off length
16.7 18.1
mm mm
VMFRT005
Target Predicted
Ignition delay
time
0.41 ms 0.69 ms
VMFRT006: Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston
Overview
Reference Russell, L.D., Adebiyi, G.A. Classical Thermodynamics, Saunders College Publishing,
Philadelphia, PA, 1993.
Solver Ansys Forte
Physics/Models Dynamic Mesh, Transient flow with ideal gas effects
Input Files VMFRT006.ftsim
Test Case
This test simulates air undergoing an adiabatic compression due to the upward movement of a piston
inside a cylinder. Initially the air inside the cylinder is at atmospheric conditions and the piston is located
at the Bottom Dead Center (BDC). The piston reaches the Top Dead Center (TDC) when at the 360°
crank angle. The compression is assumed to be adiabatic. Results in Figure .06.1: Pressure (p. 240) and
Figure .06.2: Temperature (p. 241) are compared against the 2-D analytical solution mentioned in the
Reference.

RPM Stroke Borediameter Compositionamb Pinitial Tinitial
10 8m 8m O2=21% N2=79% 1 atm 300
K
Simulation Settings
Initial Final Cycle Wall refinements Mesh dtMAX
CA CA type sizemax
180 540 4-stroke Head=0.5 m Liner=0.5 m Piston=0.25 1m 5
deg deg m ms
VMFRT006

Figure .06.1: Pressure
VMFRT006
Figure .06.2: Temperature
VMFRT007: Small-Bore Direct Injection Diesel Engine
Overview
Reference Retrieved from Engine Combustion Network website: https://ecn.sandia.gov/
Small-BoreDieselData/CFD/Engine_Geometry/SmallBore_Full_Engine_SL_Piston.stl
Solver Ansys Forte
Physics/Models Engine Combustion Network (ECN) - Light duty engine combustion
Input Files SmallBore.ftsim
Test Case
This test simulates the closed cycle combustion in a small-bore direct injection diesel engine. The engine
has a 7-hole injector and here it is modeled as a (360/7) sector with a stepped-lip piston bowl and no
valve cutouts as shown in Figure .07.1: Geometry sector and dimensions (p. 243).
Figure .07.1: Geometry sector and dimensions
The case is labeled on the ECN website as conventional diesel combustion at part load (9bar IMEPg),
CDC9_SL_SSEp17b. It operates with a pilot-main injection strategy applied with a single profile and
the spray targeting data, shown in Figure .07.2: Spray targeting data (p. 244), can be found on the ECN
site at this link:
• Spray Targeting
The file contains both the re-entrant and the stepped-lip piston bowl data.
VMFRT007
Figure .07.2: Spray targeting data
The table below lists the setup parameters, and results are compared against the experimental data.
Data for the pressure trace can be found in the form of a Microsoft Excel file on the ECN site at the
following link:
• Pressure
The file is named CDC9 InjRate Pcyl PIntake Fired and the worksheet it references is named
CDC9_SL_SSEp17b. Notice that the engine has a piston pin offset of 1.5875 mm and the minimum
volume occurs at -0.43 ATDC. Forte’s convention is to define piston TDC as crank angle= 0 , therefore
the experimental curve is shifted by +0.43 degrees forward for a consistent comparison (see Slider Crank
Motion in the Ansys Forte User's Guide). In addition, it is presented as the apparent heat release rate
with constant gamma ( =1.35) derived from the pressure trace (see Spatially averaged variables that
are always output to the .csv files in the Ansys Forte User's Guide) according to:

Pinitial Tinitial Tot Minj SOI Durationinj Compositionfuel CR RPM Dnozzle
1.74 440 24.24 -13.4 deg 23.5 hmn =58,7% 15.6 1500 0.139
bar K mg deg nc16h34 mm

=41,3%
Simulation Settings
Tdroplet Cd Spray angle SAM on ∇Vel IVC Mesh dtinitial
sizeMAX
VMFRT007

400 K 0.8 12 deg ∇T = 1 mm ∇Vel, -138 2 mm 5e-7
∇Y[a][a] = 0.5 mm deg sec
[a] Y=Fuel Vapor Mass Fraction

Figure .07.3: Pressure and apparent heat release rate

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ANSYS, Inc. Release 2022 R2

© 2022 ANSYS, Inc. Unauthorized use, distribution or duplication is prohibited.

U.S. Government Rights

Published in the U.S.A.

.38. VMFL038: Falling Film Over an Inclined Plane ................................................................................. 129

.38.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 129

.60.1. Flow Domain .................................................................................................................................... 185

Additional Topics Covered in this Introduction:

1.1. Using the Verification Manual and Test Cases

1.2. Expected Results

1.4. Verification and Validation

1.5. Quality Assurance Services

1.6. Downloading the Project Files

Project File Release Schedule

How to Download the Fluids Verification Case Files

• Download link: Current Release 2022 R2

• Download link: Previous Release 2022 R1

1.7. CFX Supported Test Cases

VMFL019 (p. 75) - Transient Flow Near a Wall Set in Motion

1.8. Index to the Ansys Fluent and CFX Test Cases

VMFL001 (p. 13) 2

VMFL018 (p. 69) 2 X X X

VMFL052 (p. 165) 2 X X

1.9. Index to the Ansys Forte Test Cases

• VMFRT006 (p. 239): Adiabatic Compression of Air in Cylinder by a Reciprocating Piston

• VMFRT007 (p. 243): Small-Bore Direct Injection Diesel Engine

rotating_cylinder.def for Ansys CFX

Figure .01.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for Ansys Fluent

Tangential Target, m/s Ansys Fluent, m/s Ratio

Results Comparison for Ansys CFX

Location Target, m/s Ansys CFX, Ratio

Figure .02.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Thermal Conductivity = 8.54

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for Ansys Fluent

Target Ansys Ratio

Results Comparison for Ansys CFX

Target Ansys CFX Ratio

Figure .03.1: Flow Domain

The figure is not to scale.

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for Ansys Fluent

Target Ansys Ratio

Results Comparison for Ansys CFX

Target Ansys CFX Ratio

Figure .04.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

For Ansys CFX, pressure

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

Results Comparison for Ansys Fluent

Results Comparison for Ansys CFX

Figure .05.1: Flow Domain

Material Properties Geometry Boundary Conditions

Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes