Chicken Eggshells

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region I
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE I PANGASINAN
BOLINAO DISTRICT
SAMPALOC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Chicken Eggshells (Gallus domesticus)

as Potential Chalk
An
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
PROPOSAL
Presented to
Dr. Benmar L. Orteras
As Partial Requirements in Science 10
For the First Quarter
October 2022
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Introduction
An eggshell is a thin and hard outer layer of an egg. This is very fragile and
can break easily, like chalk.According to the research, the components of an
eggshell are almost entirely made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals.
It is a semipermeable membrane which means that air and moisture can pass
through its pores. The shell has a thin outermost coating called the bloom or cuticle
that helps keep out bacteria and dust. There’s a special property that’s unique to all
solid materials. This is the ability to be brittle. Brittleness is a property of solid
materials to break into pieces. More examples of this include glass and ceramics. An
eggshell is almost entirely made up of calcium (Ca), carbon (C) and oxygen (O)
combined, making a compound called calcium carbonate or CaCO₃.
Chalks have the same compound used to make it. This is why the
researchers think it may be possible to make chalk using eggshells. The researchers
want to make chalk to help schools, particularly public schools to provide an
ecofriendly and cheaper kind of chalk for the schools to use.

Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Statement of the Problem :

This research wants to find out if eggshells can be a good alternative for
making commercial chalk.
The research specifically wanted to test out these questions :
1) Can eggshells be an alternative ingredient for making the eggshalk?
2) Will the eggshalk be more effective than the commercial chalk?
Hypotheses :
Two hypotheses will be made by the researchers to address the question
whether eggshalk is more effective than the commercial chalk in the market. The
following are the hypotheses :
1) The researchers think eggshells may be an alternate material to make chalk
because it has calcium carbonate like what most chalks need.
2) The researchers also thinks that the eggshalk isn’t more effective than the
commercial chalk because of the simple method used against the commercial
production
Methodology
Materials :
7 shells of Eggs
1 tsp Very Hot Water from the tap
1 tsp Flour
Paste Food Color
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
Procedure :
1.Wash the eggshells well, so they don't have any egg left in them. Dry them and
grind them into a fine powder in a food processor. You'll need one tablespoonful of
this powder to make a stick of chalk
2.Measure the powder. When you have enough powder to make a stick of chalk, sift
or pick out any little bits of eggshell that are still not ground up and throw them away.
3.Stir the flour and hot water together in a small dish to make a paste. Put the
tablespoonful of eggshell powder into the paste and mix well. It may help to mash it
with the back of the spoon. Add a few drops of food coloring.
4.Shape this mixture into a small log like the chalk sticks you buy. Then roll it up in a
strip of paper towel and set aside to dry for one to three days. Then just peel the
paper off one end and you're ready for some sidewalk art.
5.For really big sticks of chalk, try making 3 times this recipe, and stuff the mixture
into an empty toilet paper tube. When it's dry, you can peel away the cardboard as
you use it
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Feasibility of Styrofoam mix with

Gasoline and Fragrance as an
Alternative Sealant
An
PROPOSAL
Presented to
October 2022
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Introduction
Nowadays, styrofoam has become such an accepted everyday product that
people rarely stop to realize that it is made from polystyrene, a petroleum-based
plastic. In fact, styrofoam is a trade name for expanded polystyrene (EPS). The most
produced polystyrene beads gained its popularity because it is lightweight; it's 95%
air. It offers good insulation properties that keep products cold or hot, and keeps
things safe during the shipping process without adding weight. The styrofoam has
many harmful effects in people’s health and environment. The two key ingredients of
styrofoam are polystyrene and styrene and Styrene is harmful both in the
environment and in a person’s health. This single element can cause various effects
like illness and harm to human body like leukemia, lymphoma cancer. The most
frustrating part of it is that the styrofoam is not biodegradable because it appears to
last forever as it is resistant to photolysis, or the breaking down of materials by
photons originating from a light source and it requires more than a million years to
decompose. According to Scientific American (2014), a total of 28,500 tons of
styrofoam was produced and 90% was used to make single-use cups, trays,
containers and packaging products. The amounts of styrofoam waste that
accumulates is huge, as only 1% of Styrofoam is recycled in California According to
Los Angeles Time (2016), while styrofoam can be recycled, the recycling market is
diminishing. In many communities, people are told that their recycling companies will
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
not accept polystyrene products. According to BCC (2015) report, ‘it is difficult to
recycle on a large scale due to its production process. With these ideas, the
researchers have come up with a study that will help to utilize styrofoam to mitigate
the problems induced by its bad effects both in human’s health and in the
environment and eliminate the smell in the sealant
Statement of the Problem
This science investigatory project primarily aimed to produce a sealant based
on recycled material which is styrofoam mix with gasoline with fragrance and that is
comparable to commercial sealant. Also, this research evaluated the effectiveness of
styrofoam mix with gasoline as sealant or adhesive while eliminating the smell of the
mixture and changing it with the fragrance of different product in the mixture.
Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:
1. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and
regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant in terms of viscosity,
stickiness, smell, and length of the drying time?
regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant on the different types of
roofs?
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant on the different types of foot
wear?
4. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of perfume, lotion, cologne
fragrance in terms of eliminating the smell of the mixture?
Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and
stickiness, smell, and length of the drying time
regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant on the different types of roofs
regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant on the different types of foot
wear
4. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of perfume, toilette, cologne
fragrance in terms of eliminating the smell of the mixture
Methodology
Materials
gasoline
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
Styrofoam
Fragrance(any kind)
1. Materials will be gathered
2. The gasoline will put in the can
3. The styrofoam will be mixed in the gasoline.
4. The mixture will be stirred in 3 minutes
5. A piece of roof will be drilled up to 0.5 cm in diameter
6. The hole will be covered by the created sealant
7. The roof will be heated under the sun in 1 hour to make it dry
8. It will be poured by waterand will be observed

Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
The Potential of Styrofoam and Oyster

Shells as Tiles
An
PROPOSAL
Presented to
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
October 2022
Introduction
With 7,641 islands, the Philippines is very rich in marine resources. In
several provinces of the country, oyster farming is one of the most important
production activities for their economy. In general, most of the oyster shells are
discarded with no further use once the flesh is stripped off, except that a small
amount is used for art creation. As result, shell piles are common in areas of oyster
production with no further utilization.
Meanwhile, styrofoams from fast food chains or even in houses and school
canteens are wastes that are hard to dispose, just like the shells of oysters seen in
seashores and wet markets. Both of these are non-biodegradable wastes that when
not disposed properly, can cause to increase pollution of the land or the bodies of
water. It takes months or even years to get rid of this so called styro. While the shells
take days or weeks. Using them as raw materials for concrete tiles could solve the
problem of disposal.
The feasibility of using oyster shells in tile making? Tiles should be made hard
and strong, which makes oyster shells very compatible with this project. These shells
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
are known as fossils capable of producing a great amount of calcium carbonate
(CaCo3) which is a good source of Calcium oxide that would help a lot in making the
tiles to be rigid and firm. And styrofoam can help in binding the substances of
powdered oyster shells with the help of gasoline.
Tiles, especially the decorative ones are expensive. That is why, by making
cheaper, useful and an eco-friendly product as a replacement for commercial tiles
will surely benefits the environment and the human beings. What we aim is to come
up with a product that helps to decrease wastes in our environment and at the same
time, a product that is useful, durable and affordable. We wanted to make useful
objects out of useless things.
Statement of the Problem :

The research shall deal with the determination of the feasibility of making tiles using
powdered oyster shells and styrofoam dissolved in gasoline as additive ingredients.
The characteristics of the produced tiles shall also be determined and compared.
Characteristics that shall be determined include the products’ color, density, texture,
durability and porosity. Commercial tile will be used as the controlled set-up while the
set-ups with oyster shells, styrofoam, dissolved in gasoline in different proportions
and the one with sand as additional binding element shall be the experimental
groups.
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
The following questions shall be answered at the end of the investigations.
1. What are the characteristics of the controlled group?
2. What are the characteristics of the experimental groups?
3. Is there a significant difference on the characteristics of all the groups?
Hypotheses :
There is no significant difference on the characteristics of all groups in terms of
color, density, texture, durability, and porosity.
Methodology
Materials :
Gasoline
Styrofoam
Oyster Shells(Talaba)
Mortar and Pestle
Molder
Strainer
Cloth
Weighing Scale
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Procedure :
Preparation of Materials
The shells will be wash and then sun-dried. The shells will be pulverized and stained
to separate to bigger particles. Styrofoams will be obtained from neighbourhood and
from restaurants were it was used as food packaging. The collective Styrofoam will
be wash and leave for drying. Three hundred grams of Styrofoam will be dissolved to
1L. of premium gas.
Preparation of Mixtures
The powdered oyster shells and dissolved Styrofoam will be mixed evenly to the
following ratios, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1.
Molding and Drying
The prepared mixtures will be poured into the corresponding molders made up of
aluminum having 4” X 4” dimensions. The molders will be kept in a cabinet and leave
for air drying. The average curing period of the tile is about two to three weeks.
Glazing
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
The dried mixture will be glazed by applying lacquer on the tiles. The applied lacquer
will leave for drying then second coating will be done and leave again for further
drying. Continuous application of the lacquer will be done until the desired glossiness
will be achieved.
Testing the Tiles

Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Feasibility of Acetone and Cigarette

Filter as Glue
An
PROPOSAL
Presented to
October 2022
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Introduction
A cigarette filter is use to strain the dangerous ingredients of the cigarette.
Most of the Filipinos are smokers or cigarette users, which is one of the reasons that
relieves their stress because it contains nicotine which helps us to calm down, but
unfortunately they just throw their waste anywhere and because of this habit we are
challenged to find a way to help our beloved country on its campaign against
improper disposal of garbage. The aim of this research is to find a cheaper and
easily made alternative for glue, because glue is useful product especially to the
students like us, teachers, office workers, and etc.
Most cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate. Cigarette filters contain
twelve thousand plastic-based fibers, and like many other forms of plastic are not
biodegradable.The raw material for the manufacture of cigarette filters is cellulose
(obtained from wood). The cellulose is acetylated (i.e. making it into a material called
cellulose acetate or simply "acetate" for short), dissolved, and spun as continuous
synthetic fibers arranged into a bundle called tow.
Cellulose was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen,
who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula. Cellulose was
used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt
Manufacturing Company in 1870.

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BOLINAO DISTRICT
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C 6H 10O 5)n, a
polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of
β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the
primary cell wall of green plants, many forms of algae and the oomycetes. Some
species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms. Cellulose is the most abundant organic
polymer on Earth. The cellulose content of cotton fiber is 90%, that of wood is 40–
50% and that of dried hemp is approximately 45%. Cellulose is mainly used to
produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety
of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon. Cellulose for industrial use is
mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.
Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the
formula (CH3)2CO. It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid, and is the simplest
ketone. Acetone is a good solvent for many plastics and some synthetic fibers. It is
used for thinning polyester resin, cleaning tools used with it, and dissolving two-part
epoxies and superglue before they harden.
This study is to investigate the feasibility of cigarette filter as the source of
adhesive.
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Specifically, this aims to:
1. Determine the level of feasibility of cigarette filter as glue in terms of the following
criteria:
a. Color
b. Odor
c. Appearance
d. State/form
e. Stickiness
2. Determine the effectiveness of the cigarette filter as glue compared to the
commercial glue.
3. Determine the binding capacity of the cigarette filter melted from the acetone.
Hypotheses
stickiness, smell, and length of the drying time
4. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of perfume, toilette, cologne
fragrance in terms of eliminating the smell of the mixture

Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Methodology
Materials
used cigarette filter
acetone
closed container/ bottle
with a cap
beakers
weighing scale
cylinders
stirring rod
papers
Procedure:
Preparation
15 sticks of used cigarette filters are prepared then washed with a clean water and
then dried under the sun for about 2 hours. Then cutted into small cubes.
An amount of 5 ml acetone will be prepared into a cylinder.
Experimental Procedure
The materials will be gathered.
The cigarette filter cubes will be gently put into the container.
Then the 5 ml acetone will be slowly poured into the container.
Then stirred gradually.

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BOLINAO DISTRICT
The container/ bottle will be covered with a tight cap and were shaken for about 30
seconds.
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BOLINAO DISTRICT
RICE HUSK (RH) – SAWDUST MIXTURE

AS COMPONENT FOR PARTICLEBOARD
An
PROPOSAL
Presented to
October 2022
Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Introduction
Furniture brings life to offices and houses it gives style comfort and elegance. It
is made from wood which is the main substance of a trunk or branches of a tree.
Woods are mostly formed into plywood for furnitures. Plywood is a thin wooden
board which is a product from thin layers of wood veneer that are glued and pressed
together to reach its exact texture. Sad to know that because of this, millions of trees
are being cut. A new type of wood product was developed as a substitute for
plywood known as particleboard. Plywood is thinner than particleboard so in terms of
the quality, the plywood can easily be damage than the particleboard (Torkaman,
2010). Particleboard saves people from having to bond two pieces of timber together
to get the same size. Particleboard is a good alternative option when buying furniture
to a budget because it gives the impression of solid timber and it usually lasts for
long periods of time if looked after and taken care of well, like all solid timber.
Particleboard uses waste materials such as planer shavings, off cuts or sawdust,
and hammer-milled into chips. These are later manufactured to produce furniture
design products and construction materials. This can also be attractive to the
consumers with the use of paint as outer covering. One advantage of this product is
it does not feather off in sheaves when extreme weight from hinges is attached to the
surface (Duller et al, 2014). The researchers now intend to produce this kind of
material through the combination of sawdust and rice husk. Rice husk is the outer
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cover of rice grains and are produce through milling process. It is usually abundant in
countries in Asia due to the agricultural occupation of citizens and their food needs.
On the other hand, sawdust is produce through grinding, cutting, sanding, drilling, or
pulverizing wood through any construction tool. These two components which are
consider wastes end up being burnt and add up as garbage to the surrounding.
Thus, the researchers want to help in protecting the environment by making the
waste materials into a usable one through production of particleboard from rice husk
and sawdust mixtures as a renewable material.
Generally, this study aims to produce particleboard from rice husk (RH) –
sawdust mixture.
Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions:
1. What is the quality of particleboard from rice husk - sawdust mixture in
terms of:
1.1 breaking strength;
1.2 ignition point; and
1.3 water absorption?

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BOLINAO DISTRICT
2. Is there a significant difference between particleboard from rice husk –
sawdust mixture and commercial particleboard in terms of:
2.3 water absorption?
Hypothesis
On the bases of the research problems stated, a hypothesis was hereby
formulated:
H0: There is no significant difference on making particleboard from rice husk -
sawdust mixture compared to commercial particleboard in terms:
1.3 water absorption
Methodology
Materials
1½ kilo of Rice Husk

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BOLINAO DISTRICT
Molder/ Container
1½ kilo of Sawdust
Grinder
80 mL Water Measuring Cups
1250 grams White Glue
Strainer
1000 grams Plastic Resin Glue

Region I
BOLINAO DISTRICT
Procedure

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Republic of the Philippines

Chicken Eggshells (Gallus domesticus)

can break easily, like chalk.According to the research, the components of an

eggshell are almost entirely made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals.

solid materials. This is the ability to be brittle. Brittleness is a property of solid

combined, making a compound called calcium carbonate or CaCO₃.

want to make chalk to help schools, particularly public schools to provide an

ecofriendly and cheaper kind of chalk for the schools to use.

Statement of the Problem :

this powder to make a stick of chalk

Feasibility of Styrofoam mix with

Nowadays, styrofoam has become such an accepted everyday product that

people rarely stop to realize that it is made from polystyrene, a petroleum-based

frustrating part of it is that the styrofoam is not biodegradable because it appears to

last forever as it is resistant to photolysis, or the breaking down of materials by

decompose. According to Scientific American (2014), a total of 28,500 tons of

containers and packaging products. The amounts of styrofoam waste that

accumulates is huge, as only 1% of Styrofoam is recycled in California According to

environment and eliminate the smell in the sealant

Statement of the Problem

This science investigatory project primarily aimed to produce a sealant based

comparable to commercial sealant. Also, this research evaluated the effectiveness of

Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant in terms of viscosity,

stickiness, smell, and length of the drying time?

2. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

3. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

4. Is there a significant difference on the effectiveness of perfume, lotion, cologne

fragrance in terms of eliminating the smell of the mixture?

1. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

regular gasoline in styrofoam mix with gasoline sealant in terms of viscosity,

stickiness, smell, and length of the drying time

2. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

3. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of unleaded, diesel, and

4. There is no significant difference on the effectiveness of perfume, toilette, cologne

fragrance in terms of eliminating the smell of the mixture

1. Materials will be gathered

2. The gasoline will put in the can

3. The styrofoam will be mixed in the gasoline.

4. The mixture will be stirred in 3 minutes

5. A piece of roof will be drilled up to 0.5 cm in diameter

6. The hole will be covered by the created sealant

8. It will be poured by waterand will be observed

The Potential of Styrofoam and Oyster

With 7,641 islands, the Philippines is very rich in marine resources. In

production with no further utilization.

are known as fossils capable of producing a great amount of calcium carbonate

powdered oyster shells with the help of gasoline.

cheaper, useful and an eco-friendly product as a replacement for commercial tiles

objects out of useless things.

Statement of the Problem :

powdered oyster shells and styrofoam dissolved in gasoline as additive ingredients.

set-ups with oyster shells, styrofoam, dissolved in gasoline in different proportions

The following questions shall be answered at the end of the investigations.

1. What are the characteristics of the controlled group?

2. What are the characteristics of the experimental groups?

3. Is there a significant difference on the characteristics of all the groups?

color, density, texture, durability, and porosity.