Manual Opacimetro Sensor

USER-MANUAL
For
Sensors’ New Generation Opacity Transducer
LCS 2000….LCS 2300

With LCS EEPROM Version 1.40 and up
And
LCS 2400
With LCS Firmware Version 2.1x and up
December 15, 2015

Document Revision 2.9
Doc. 9510-072 Rev. E
User Manual for Sensors´ Opacimeter LCS
2 Sensors, Inc. • 6812 State Rd. • Saline, Michigan 48176 • PH:(734) 429-2100 • FX:(734) 429-4080 • www.sensors-inc.com
Sensors Europe GmbH • Feldheider Str. 60 • 40699 Erkrath • Germany • PH: +49 (0) 2104-14188-0 • FX: +49 (0) 2104-14188-14
1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 General 7
1.2 Service 7
1.3 Safety Instructions 8
1.4 Measurement principle & conformity 8
1.5 Unpacking and Inspection 9
1.6 Installation 9
1.7 Storage 9
1.8 Repackaging for Shipment 9
1.9 Interface 9
1.10 Operation and Probe Instruction 10
2 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 12
2.1 General Requirements 12
2.2 Specification 13
2.2.1 LCS styles 13
2.2.2 Mechanical Specifications 13
2.2.3 Performance Specifications 13
2.2.4 Electrical 14
2.2.5 Communications 15
2.2.6 Environmental 15
2.2.7 Optical 15
2.2.8 Pneumatics 15
2.2.9 Acoustic noise 15
2.2.10 Opacity N[%] 15
3 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 16
3.1 Electrical Interface 16

3.1.1 Communications Connector 16
3.1.2 230 / 115 VAC Connector (All LCS, except model 2300) 16
3.1.3 12 / 24 VDC Connector (LCS2300, only) 16
3.2 Mechanical Interface 16

3.2.1 Design 16
3.2.2 Markings 16
3.2.3 Hose Assembly 17
3.2.4 Attenuator Guide 17
3.3 Optical Bench 17
3.4 PNEUMATICS 17
3.4.1 Sample tube 17
3.4.2 Air-Knife-System 17
3.4.3 Fans 17
3.5 ELECTRONICS 18
3.5.1 Microcontroller PCB 18
3.5.2 Lamp Control 18
3.5.3 Detector Heater Control 18
3.5.4 Opacity Detector Gain Adjustment 18
3.5.5 AC Distribution P.C. Board - LCS 2000 - 2300 19
3.6 EXTERNALS 19
3.6.1 Cleaning Brush 19
3.6.2 Optional Power Cord 19
3.6.3 Optional Communication Harness 19
3.6.4 Optional LCS probes 19
3.6.5 Optional Glass-Attenuators 19
3.6.6 Optional Support 20
3.7 OPTIONS 21
3.7.1 OPTION: Internal Transformer (standard) – LCS 2000 21
3.7.2 OPTION: Internal Switching Power Supply – LCS 2100 - 2300 21
3.7.3 OPTION: Gas Temperature Measurement Device (standard) 21
3.7.4 OPTION: Solenoid 21
3.7.5 OPTION: Fan Current (standard) 21
3.7.6 OPTION: AC Switch 21
4 COMMUNICATION DESCRIPTION 21
4.1 Serial Communications 21
4.2 Communication Interface 22
5 COMMAND SET 23
5.1 Generic command format 23
5.2 Invalid commands 23
5.3 ‘a’ Arm for Trigger 23
5.4 ‘b’ Set Serial Baud Rate (LCS 2400 only) 24
5.5 ‘c’ Source Intensity 25
5.6 ‘d’ Get Sampling Unit Data 26
5.7 ‘e’ Opacity Data Filter Selection 27
5.8 ‘f’ Get Sampling Rate 28
5.9 ‘g’ Detector Gain (LCS 2400 only) 28
5.10 ‘h’ Gas Temperature Threshold 29
5.11 ‘j’ Send Device Class Code and ID-Number 29
5.12 ‘k’ Clean Window Factor 30
5.13 ‘l’ Calibrate (Linearize) 30
5.14 ‘m’ Read Data from EEPROM 31
5.15 ‘n’ Write Data to EEPROM 32
5.16 ‘o’ Get Opacity Array Data 32
5.17 ‘p’ Get Opacity ‘k’ Value (LCS 2400 only) 32
5.18 ‘q’ Quit (Disarm) Trigger 33
5.20 t’ Trigger Sampling Unit 33
5.21 ‘u’ Get LCS Status and Data 33
5.22 ‘v’ Version Number 35
5.23 ‘x’ Increase Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35
5.24 ‘y’ Decrease Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35
5.25 ‘z’ Report Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35
5.26 ‘w’ Get Triggered Data Length 36
5.27 0x8a Get Quasi Real-Time Data Points 36
5.28 0x8b Read Uncorrected Opacity 37
5.29 0x8c Read uncorrected Opacity and Status 37
5.30 ‘8N’ Get Opacity Array Data in Block Format 38
5.31 0x90 Close Solenoid (Not Supported) 38
5.32 0x91 Open Solenoid (Not Supported) 38
5.33 0x99 Initialize LCS 38
5.34 0xA0 Half Intensity Test (LCS 2400 only) 39
6 APPENDIX A LCS DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 40
7 APPENDIX B DOCUMENT-REVISION 41
7.1 Document-Revision 1.21 41
7.14 Document Revision 2.3 43
7.15 Document Revision 2.4/2.5 43
8 APPENDIX C SOFTWARE-REVISION 44
8.1 LCS Software V1.41 (October ´95) 44
8.2 LCS Software V1.42 (September ´96) 44
8.3 LCS Software V1.43 (November ´96) 44
8.4 LCS Software V1.44 (November ´96) 45
8.5 LCS software 1.47 (March ´98) 45
8.6 LCS software 1.48 (March ´98) 45
8.7 LCS software 1.49 (May ’03) 45
8.8 LCS software 2.1x (May ’04) – LCS 2400 only 45
1 Introduction
1.1 General
This manual describes all styles of Sensors´ smoke transducer LCS 2000 / 2100 / 2200 / 2300 / 2400
which are currently available. The newest offering - LCS 2400, is back-ward compatible with its
predecessors – the LCS 2000 / 2100 / 2200 / 2300, but offers additional features; updated design;
and improved performance.
The different styles differ in their power requirements:

• The LCS 2000 – 2200 are AC powered;
• The LCS 2300 allows to operate on 12/24 VDC (e.g. car battery);
• LCS 2200 & 2300 also provide +12 VDC to an external device (e.g. to power a hand held
control unit). For further details please see chapter 2 of this manual.
• The LCS 2400 is AC powered (available for 230V, 115V and 100V)
The explanations in this manual are valid for the above mentioned types with specific listings of
features applicable to the LCS 2400 ONLY. Therefore, the product´s name is just LCS. Specific
characteristics of the different LCS types are pointed out where it is necessary.
Please note that LCS units are offered with or without mounting brackets and probes.
1.2 Service
Service and Repairs are to be provided only by Sensors, Inc., Sensors Europe GmbH and Sensors
Certified Technicians.
1.3 Safety Instructions
Safety Label Symbols:
Warning Fuse
NOTE: This apparatus has been designed and tested as a:

• Class 1 device according to DIN 57 411 Pt.1/VDE 0411 Pt.1, Safety Requirements for
Electronic Measuring Apparatus, and has been supplied in a safe condition.
• EN 61010-1 Low Voltage Directives (GS label) (TÜV Safety).
• Amendment 1 to EN61000-3-3; Dated May 2004.
The present instruction manual contains information and warnings which shall be followed by the
user to ensure safe operation and to retain the apparatus in safe condition.
WARNING! Any interruption of the protective conductor inside or outside the apparatus
or disconnection of the protective earth terminal is likely to make the apparatus
dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
This device must be connected to another apparatus that has an on/off switch. Before switching
on the apparatus, make sure that it is set to the voltage of the power supply.
The mains plug shall only be inserted in a socket-outlet provided with a protective earth contact.
The protective action shall not be negated by the use of an extension cord without protective
conductor.
The opening of covers or removal of parts, except those to which access can be gained by hand,
is likely to expose live parts and high temperature components.
The apparatus shall be disconnected from all voltage sources before any adjustment, replacement
or maintenance and repair during which the apparatus shall be opened.
If afterwards any adjustment, maintenance or repair of the opened apparatus under voltage is
inevitable, it shall be carried out only by a skilled person who is aware of the hazard involved.
Make sure that only fuses with the required rated current and of the specified type are used for
replacement. The use of mended fuses and the short-circuiting of fuse holders shall be avoided.
Whenever it is likely that the protection has been impaired, the apparatus shall be made
inoperative and be secured against any unintended operation.
1.4 Measurement principle & conformity

The LCS Opacity Transducer is designed to measure the smoke emissions of diesel cars and
trucks. The LCS uses the partial stream technique which provides for direct and continuous
measurement of the smoke sample. This technique measures the amount of light blocked by the
sample on a scale of zero opacity to black with zero obscurity indicating no smoke in the sample
cell and black indicating that the tube is completely blocked. Today, the design criteria conform to
every European national smoke meter requirement (e.g. French NF R 10-025, the German PTB
EO 18-09, ISO 11614 draft and ECE R24, Annex 8/9 specifications). Outside Europe it correlates
to USA/Canada standard SAE J1667.
1.5 Unpacking and Inspection

A shipping carton that appears damaged should be inspected and unpacked with the carrier's
agent present. Inspect the instrument for damage (scratches, dents, etc.).
If the instrument is found to be damaged upon receipt, notify the carrier and Sensors Europe
immediately. Retain the shipping carton and the padding material for the carrier's inspection, and
for return shipment.
1.6 Installation
The opacity unit is shipped with the probe detached. The probe is secured by a screw clamp located
on the silicone rubber hose. Also included is a 20 mm brush for cleaning.
Note: LCS2400 units are sold with or without probe.
1.7 Storage
It is strongly recommended that the LCS be packed as if for re-shipment. Environmental
conditions during storage and re-shipment should be as follows:
A) Maximum temperature: 55°C

B) Minimum temperature: -32°C
1.8 Repackaging for Shipment

If possible, use the original shipping container and packing materials. Otherwise:
a) Wrap the LCS in heavy paper or plastic before placing it in the shipping container.
b) Use plenty of packing material around the instrument, and protect the front panel with
cardboard or plastic bubble packing. Protect the instrument with two inch rubberised foam
pads placed along all surfaces of the instrument, or with a layer of excelsior about 150 mm
thick packed firmly against all surfaces of the instrument.
c) Use a strong, well-sealed shipping container.
d) Mark the container "FRAGILE - DELICATE INSTRUMENT".
1.9 Interface
Each LCS is equipped with two separate connectors located on the back panel plate of the unit:
1. The AC mains connector (LCS 2000-2200 / 2400) which supplies power to the fans,
heaters and a universal power supply, isolation transformer or the 12 VDC power connector
(LCS2300) feeding the DC/DC converter and the heaters.
2. The communication connector which is a circular plastic (CPC) 14-pin connector. This
connector also serves other features like +/-12 VDC input lines (LCS2000) or external 12
VDC output line (LCS2200/2300). For safe application this connector is to be screwed onto
the connecting socket of LCS back panel plate.
For electrical specifications see chapter 2.2 of this manual.
1.10 Operation and Probe Instruction

The LCS is operated in three different modes:
(a) The first two methods allow for to display the real time data on a Host unit in order to
visually observe exhaust opacity and other internal LCS measurements (see 5.21 ). On
LCS2400 also cmd 5.17.
(b) The third method is used for acceleration testing and records opacity for ten seconds prior
to or while (see 5.27 and 5.30) uploading the data to a host computer. Refer to Section 5
for software implementation of all three methods.
The following procedure insures that the LCS is operating properly.
A) Apply appropriate AC (and DC power if LCS 2000).

B) Determine that both fans are operating. Fans are disabled during warm up for
approximately 3 - 8 minutes. (See command 5.18/5.21 status bit2 = tube temperature).
C) Remove the probe from the tailpipe and, or make sure LCS gas intake is exposed to fresh
air.
D) Zero the LCS (see command 5.13 Calibrate-Linearize).
E) Select the real time mode (see command 5.21) and observe the opacity reading.
The displayed readings should be approximately 0% . If this result is not observed, repeat
the calibration step.
F) After Calibration was performed properly, connect the probe to the tailpipe. Therefore, the
probe should be inserted approximately 30 cm (~ 12 inch) into the tailpipe, unless the
design of the tailpipe does not allow this depth. In this case introduce the probe into the
tailpipe as far as possible being parallel to the exhaust gas stream. After inserting the
probe, fix the position of the probe with the clamp at the wall of the tailpipe.
See next page for further details
Note: To take a sample into the probe ensure that the probe and gas stream are in parallel.
Do not place the probe tip in an elbowed location of the tailpipe. See illustration below.
Make sure that measurement setup ensures that the probe is not kinked.
Probe Exhaust Gas Stream

Tailpipe
Probe Clamp
OK
NOT OK
2 System Requirements
2.1 General Requirements
Opacity type - Partial flow

Tests - Free Acceleration
Reliability - 20,000 hrs.
Ergonomics - Light Weight
- Small Size
Environment - Garage
Electrical Interface - Compatible with DOT/MDOT
Software Interface - Mostly Compatible with DOT/MDOT (LCS 2000 – 2300)
- Windows environment
Compliance - ISO 11614 (draft 4/10/92)
- IEC 801-1/-2/-3/-4
nd
- UK specification, MOT/07/24/Smoke 2 rev, Oct.´95
- German PTB EO 18-09
- French specification NF R 10-025 (UTAC)
- Dutch specification for Smoke Meters Version 10.1
- Italian specification, Gazetta Uffiziale Nr. 293, del 14/12/96
nd
- UK specification, MOT/07/24/Smoke 2 rev, Oct.´95
- Austrian requirements, approved by TU Vienna
- Swedish specification, approved by Svensk Bilprovnink
- Poland requirements as of March ´99
- Also: Hungary, Czech Republic, Greece
- Sensors Spec. 9510-034
USA:
- SAE J1667 correlation as of April 1996
- UL 201 / CSA compliance (Model 9130-017/-018)
Regulations - EN 61010-1 Low Voltage Directives (GS label) (TÜV Safety)
(except Model: 9130-014/-017/-018)
- EMC - EN 61326 (LCS 2400)
- Amendment 1 to EN61000-3-3; Dated May 2004 (LCS2400)
- EN 51081-1/ 51082-1 (EMI)
st
- IEC 60068-2-31, 1 edition1969, + Amendment 1982 (mech. Impact /
disturbances) (previously OIML A10-A15)
- CE label
- FCC (120V model)
Attenuators for ~ 0.7k (N ~ 21 %)
certification and annual
~ 1.9k (N ~ 50 %)
calibration
~ 2.7k (N ~ 63 %)
~ 3.2k (N ~ 68 %)
~ 4.0k (N ~ 75 %)
Existing Probes -10 mm inner diameter probe ( 0.75 m with 0.4 SS + 0.4 Silicone hose = standard/
2.5 m with 0.4 m SS + 2.15 m silicone)
- 27 mm inner diameter truck probe, applicable for Germany
Note: Probes might not be supplied in future
2.2 Specification
2.2.1 LCS styles
o LCS 2000 (for 230/115VAC) without internal power supply
o LCS 2100 (for 230/115VAC) with internal power supply included
o LCS 2200 (for 230/115VAC) same as LCS2100 & external +12Vdc
o LCS 2300 (for 12/24VDC) DC operating unit & external +12Vdc

o LCS 2400 (for 230/115/100VAC) with internal power supply included & external +12Vdc
2.2.2 Mechanical Specifications
Height .................................................................... 23.5 cm

Width ...................................................................... 38 cm
Depth ..................................................................... 9 cm
Weight .................................................................... 4.5 kg
2.2.3 Performance Specifications
Physical response time .......................................... <= 0.4 s (as per ISO11614)

Recovery time ........................................................ <10 ms
Smoke measuring range (N): ................................ 0% - 100% (+/- 1.5% abs.@ FS)
Resolution N [%] .................................................... 0.1%
Accuracy @ FS N[%]…………….………………… +/- 2%
-1
Density range (k) (LCS2400 only)………………… 0-32.000 m (max.)
............................................................................... based on regional / national settings
-1 -1
Resolution k [m ] ................................................... 0.001 m
Zero Drift: ............................................................... ∆k ≤ 0.02 m measured for 15 minutes
-1
after warm-up is finished. Typically 3

minutes @ 20° C / 8 min. @ -15° C
Detection level for negative opacity………………..< -2.5 %
Sample cell temperature ........................................ 75° C (+/- 1° C)
Exhaust gas temperature range ........................... 20 - 150° C @ inlet tube (continuous)
Accuracy of gas Temp. measurement at intake .... +/- 4° C
Resolution of gas temperature measurement ....... 1° C
Flow rate at tailpipe................................................ 10 - 80 m/s
Opacity measurement............................................ independant on gas flow, when in above
specified flow rate range
Span stability @ 50% Opacity ............................... +/- 2% opacity (absolute) / year, (After re-
zeroing)
∆P in sample tube .................................................. < 7.5 mbar (compl. w/ ISO11614)
-1 -1
Linearity accuracy with attenuator ......................... +/- 0.05 m for smoke objects up to 3 m
(standard in Europe)
-1 -1
+/- 0.07 m for smoke objects > 3 m
(UK, Italy)
Environmental operating conditions ...................... Dry conditions only
Maximum operating altitude ................................ 2000 Meters
Warm Up time (Sample Cell) ................................. ≤ 3 minutes @ 20° C ambient temp.

≤10 (8) minutes @ -15° C ambient temp.
2.2.4 Electrical
2.2.4.1 AC powered devices
Device style Input power Output

230 VAC + 10 %, - 15 %; 0.67 amps, 50/60 Hz
LCS 2000-230V + 12 VDC +/- 5 %; 0.5 amps None
- 12 VDC +/- 5 %; 0.2 amps
LCS 2100-230V 230 VAC +10 % -15 %; 0.78 Amps, 50/60 Hz None
LCS 2100-115V 115 VAC + 10 %, - 15 %; 1.4 amps, 50/60 Hz None
LCS 2100-24V 24 VAC, 5.8 Amps (peak during warmup), 50/60 Hz None
LCS 2200-230V 230 VAC +10 % -15 %; 0.88 amps, 50/60 Hz +12 VDC, 3 A (5A peak)
LCS 2200-115V 115 VAC +10 % -15 %; 1.60 amps, 50/60 Hz +12 VDC, 3 A (5A peak)
LCS2400-230V 230 VAC +10 % -15 %; 0.8 Amp, 50/60 Hz +12 VDC, 3 A (5A peak)
LCS2400-115 / 115 VAC +10 % / -15 %; 1.4 Amp, 50/60 Hz
+12 VDC, 3 A (5A peak)
100V 100 VAC +10 % / -15 %; 1.6 Amp, 50/60 Hz
2.2.4.2 DC powered devices
Device style Input power Output

+ 10...18 VDC ; max. 12 amps @ 12 VDC
LCS 2300-12/24V + 20...32VDC; max. 6 amps @ 24VDC +12 VDC, 2.3 A
(max. current value during warmup)
2.2.5 Communications
• Asynchronous EIA-232 (RS232)

• 9600 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit for all LCS
• 19,200 baud, 8 data bits, no parity, and 1 stop bit for LCS 2400, with a command
option
2.2.6 Environmental
Ambient working environment condition (standard):

Temperature 5º....40º C
Humidity 0....95 % RH
Pollution 2 % max.
Storage condition:
Storage temp. -32 ºC....+50 ºC
2.2.7 Optical
Physical path length............................................... 172 mm

Effective Optical Path Length (EOPL) ................... 364 mm
EOPL variation ...................................................... ≤ 2% (+/- 1 mm)
Inner ∅ of sample cell............................................ 20 mm
Collimation ............................................................. 3°
Source light ............................................................ Green LED 550 - 570 nm
Detector ................................................................. Gallium Arsenide
Electrical Response time ....................................... 1 mSec.
2.2.8 Pneumatics
Stability .................................................................. +/- 1.0 % Balanced vacuum

Tube Temperature ................................................. 75 ºC nominal
Probes:
Passenger Car Probe ............................. 0.8 m, 10 mm (ID) = standard, also
available w/ thread on its tip to allow for
connect additional probe adapters
Truck Probes .......................................... 2.5 m, 10 mm (ID), also w/ thread
available (see above)
4.0 m, 17 mm (intake ID) (use limited to
Tambient > 15° C, only)
2.2.9 Acoustic noise
53 dba
2.2.10 Opacity N[%]
Accuracy +/- 2 % absolute

Resolution 0.1 %
3 Functional Description
3.1 Electrical Interface

3.1.1 Communications Connector
The communication connector is an AMP CPC 14 pin. The host computer supplies the LCS with +/-
12 VDC (LCS2000, only!) and also the RS232 transmit and receive lines.
For LCS 2100, 2200 & 2400 which have an internal power supply (option 3.7.2), this connector does
not contain these power lines. LCS 2400 has these lines internally terminated with a 100 mA load to
improve noise immunity.
For details on AMP connector pinout please, see chapter “4.2 Communication Interface”
3.1.2 230 / 115 VAC Connector (All LCS, except model 2300)
This connector provides power for the sample tube heaters, the two fans and an isolation transformer.
The connector is an IEC 320 style plug which also contains a 5 x 20 mm slow-blow fuse internal to the
assembly.
A heater core which is attached to the optical bench to bring the bench temperature up to 75º C is
powered by this connector as well. The heaters are available in 230V and 115V versions and are
installed according to the intended application voltage of the unit.
3.1.3 12 / 24 VDC Connector (LCS2300, only)

This power input is a circular 3 pin Square Flange Receptable connector, located next to the
communication connector.
3.2 Mechanical Interface

3.2.1 Design
The unit is a true Smoke Bench design. It consists of a metal frame carrying all electrical and
mechanical components. The frame is designed to be incorporated into a customized housing. In
addition the entire PCB is shrouded with a metallic cover for EMI/ERI protection.
3.2.2 Markings
The serial number tag and logo are located on the bottom of the connector plate. The connector plate
is black anodized. The surrounding screws are zinc plated (clear).
3.2.3 Hose Assembly
The car probe consists of a stainless steel probe and silicone hose material. A handle and clamp
assembly is attached to the probe in order to affix the probe to the tailpipe.
3.2.4 Attenuator Guide

The Air-Knife-System includes a channel that allows entry of the attenuator. To perform a linearity
check the attenuator must be inserted and special commands are to be used for read out (see
chapter 5.28 or 5.29 in this manual). Besides mechanical attenuation the system allows for an
optional automatic 50 % calibration by electronically reducing the light emission of the source.
3.3 Optical Bench

The optics is based on a folded light path and consists of a green LED, detector, mirror, convex lens
and a beam splitter. With the source positioned 90° to the optical axis and the beam splitter at 45° the
light is reflected by the beam splitter and collimated by the plano lens. It travels through the sample
tube and is reflected at the mirror, located on the opposite side. From there it returns through the
sample cell, the lens and beamsplitter onto the detector.
Included in the optical housing is the detector heater that maintains the detector at 45° C.
The sample tube is heated to 75° C to avoid condensation, as well as to eliminate autozero errors
caused by a change in intensity due to refraction of light at different temperatures. Also this
guarantees a minimum temperature in all location of the sample cell of >70° C.
3.4 PNEUMATICS
3.4.1 Sample tube
The sample tube provides the means of containing the flow of gas in order to be optically measured
while heating the sample to prevent thermal phoretic deposition. The length of the tube and the
diameter geometrically determines the collimation of light to be measured. The tube is threaded to
further reduce surface reflections.
3.4.2 Air-Knife-System
The Air-Knife-System physically connects the sample tube to the optical housing assembly. Located
inside and immediately above the sample tube outlet is a 2.54 mm (0.1”) diameter pin. This pin
causes a venturi effect creating a slight vacuum for air flow without load. This process allows the
sample chamber to purge prior to a calibration. The air knife also provides a thermal barrier between
the sample tube (75° C) and the optical housing (45° C).
3.4.3 Fans
The two fans generate sufficient laminar air flow to overcome the horizontal momentum of the gas
particles. This prevents the optical parts (lens, mirror) from collecting dirt. The air flow also stabilizes
the internal case temperature and cools the optical housing.
3.5 ELECTRONICS
3.5.1 Microcontroller PCB
3.5.1.1 LCS 2000 - 2300

The MCU board employs the 80C198 is a 16 bit microcontroller operating at 12 MHz with many built-
in internal functions to the controller supplemented by functions on the PC board. The external
architecture is designed around an 8 bit data bus and a 16 bit address bus and interfaces to a 32k
RAM and 32k of ROM. A15 is used to decode the two memory devices.
3.5.1.2 LCS 2400

The main PCB incorporates most of the main functional components of the LCS2400. This includes
the AC power distribution, micro-controller, memory and analog processing functions. It is based on
the Motorola 9S12E64, a 16 bit micro-controller operating at 25MHz. which incorporates all memory,
A/D and communications functions as well as others. Very few additional external parts are needed.
3.5.2 Lamp Control
3.5.2.1 LCS 2000 - 2300
A constant current source provides 40 mA to a green LED. This circuit contains an enable line that is
controlled by the processor. An additional control line reduces the lamp current to approximately 20
mA. This function allows the LCS to perform the auto-attenuation feature (auto 50 % linearity check).
3.5.2.2 LCS 2400

A constant current source provides up to 100 mA to a green LED. This circuit is driven by the
microprocessor. The microprocessor can automatically select the optimum full drive level during
manufacturing setup (within the limits of the LED, currently set to 67mA) which maximizes the
detector signal without clipping. The microprocessor can also drive the LED with half of the full
current setting by selecting a different DAC value. This function allows the LCS to perform the auto-
attenuation feature (auto 50% linearity check).
3.5.3 Detector Heater Control
A linear current supply (200 mA) controlled by the pulse width modulator output is used to control the
temperature of the Gallium Arsenide detector temperature to 45º C.
3.5.4 Opacity Detector Gain Adjustment
3.5.4.1 LCS 2000 - 2300

Located on the Microprocessor P.C. Board is the detector gain potentiometer, which is factory
adjusted to ~ 4.2 V. The maximum tolerance range for the field is 2800 mV....4600 mV.
3.5.4.2 LCS 2400

The detector digital gain potentiometer is automatically factory adjusted to provide a span of
approximately 4.0 to 4.15 V to the A/D inputs of the microprocessor. This gain may be adjusted by
newer host software to keep the signal level and resolution high as the optics start to get dirty. On
each power-up, the gain is restored to the factory setting.
3.5.5 AC Distribution P.C. Board - LCS 2000 - 2300
This board contains the electrical interface between the processor and the sample tube heater for 230
VAC & 12 VDC. An optional transformer converts 230 VAC into 12 VDC to power the fans. An optional
ac/dc-converter provides the +/- 12 VDC for the electronics and fans when in external 230 VAC, only.
On LCS2400 this functionality is incorporated into the microboard.
3.6 EXTERNALS
3.6.1 Cleaning Brush
Use a stainless steel twisted wire brush with nylon bristles ONLY. It needs to be flexible enough to
enter the sample tube via the air knife opening (1.5" radius bend).
3.6.2 Optional Power Cord
External 230 or 115 VAC power cord with IEC320 plug and receptacle (20 feet in length) can be used.
WARNING: To prevent personal injury or damage to the equipment, only use

IEC320 power supply cords.
3.6.3 Optional Communication Harness

The external communication harness consists of an AMP CPC 14 Pin connector (male) that interfaces
to the LCS and a customer defined connector on the other side. The cable is shielded for
suppressing high frequency emissions and braided for durability.
3.6.4 Optional LCS probes
Besides the standard LCS probe (length 0.8 m, ID 10 mm) also a 2.5 m probe are available for the
LCS. Please, contact Sensors´ Product Manager for further information.
3.6.5 Optional Glass-Attenuators
High precision glass attenuators (Neutral Density Filter) e.g. for certification purpose or annual
linearity checks if required) are available upon request (Sensors´ Part Number 9279-024 /A/B/C/D).
Attenuator measurements require a special command (see chapter 5.28/5.29 in this manual)!
For accuracy reasons on Sensors´ attenuators please note:
Besides the calculation of the folded light path there are some additional Energy losses involved
which need to be taken into calculation to get the correct k-value for each particular attenuator. The
calculation of the attenuators k-value must be as follows:
²
 T[%] 
ILCS = 100% *   * cf, where : cf = 0,966 and T[%] : Transmittance of the glass body
 100% 
NLCS = 100% − ILCS
 NLCS 
kLCS = − ln 1 −  / 0,364m
 100% 
3.6.6 Optional Support

Lightweight supports are made of tubular steel and are easily secured to the sides of the LCS with 6
mm screws.
3.7 OPTIONS
3.7.1 OPTION: Internal Transformer (standard) – LCS 2000
This transformer replaces the electrical requirement:
• +12 VDC ± 5 %; 1.0 Amps.
3.7.2 OPTION: Internal Switching Power Supply – LCS 2100 - 2300
The Internal Switching Power Supply eliminates the external +/- 12 VDC power requirement.
Customer mayselect between two different styles:
• LCS 2100 to operate on external 230 VAC, only.

• The LCS 2200 power supply also provides additional 12 VDC / 3 amps for external devices.
3.7.3 OPTION: Gas Temperature Measurement Device (standard)
For proper diesel smoke measurements (avoid condensation) it is recommended to verify the exhaust
gas temperature has exceeded at least 40° C before it is measured in the sample tube.
• This option measures the temperature of the exhaust smoke just before entering the sample
cell.
3.7.4 OPTION: Solenoid
This option enables the user of the LCS to block the exhaust gas from entering the sample chamber
(currently not available).
3.7.5 OPTION: Fan Current (standard)
The fan current option detects abnormal fan operating conditions, such as a stall condition, and
indicates this with a status bit.
3.7.6 OPTION: AC Switch
For additional safety, the LCS can be separated from main power without removing the power cord by
an optional power switch.
4 Communication Description
4.1 Serial Communications

The serial communications is performed between the LCS and a host computer. The following
parameters define the serial communications settings between the host PC and the LCS:
RS232 Async
Baud 9,600
Data Bits 8
Stop Bits 1
Parity none
4.2 Communication Interface

The serial communication connector on the LCS is an AMP CPC 14 pin device with pin
assignments described below (separated for each style of LCS).
Note:
The shield cable MUST be connected to pin 14 (Chassis Ground) for proper operation.
DO NOT connect the shield to the metal connector housing (alternate construction for the plastic
type).
Pin LCS 2000 LCS 2100 LCS 2200 LCS 2300 LCS 2400
(230 V & 24 V)
2
Rx (into LCS)
3
Tx (from LCS)
8 +12 V (1.0 n.a. +12 VDC for +12 VDC for +12 VDC for
Amps) for fans external external external
(required, if no device device device
internal
transformer)
9 n.a. 24 VAC into LCS n.a. n.a. n.a.
(24 V version
only)
10 n.a. 24 VAC into LCS n.a. n.a. n.a.
(24 V version
only)
11 - 12 V for n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
electronic
P.C. Boards
12
Digital (Signal) Ground
13 + 12 V for n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

electronic
P.C. Boards
14
Chassis Ground (Braided Shield)
5 Command Set
This section describes the command interface between host computer and LCS. Commands are sent
and received through the host computer serial communications port as described in section 4. The
host computer acts as master, initiating all transactions. It is recommended that the host computer
accept received messages and data before issuing a new command (see: chapter 5.2 Invalid
commands).
5.1 Generic command format

Commands sent to the LCS conform to the following message passing format. Command characters
are in lower case unless otherwise indicated. Commands initiated by 0xnm are ASCII HEX where n
and m are actual hexadecimal values.
LCS responds appropriately for each command that is accepted. Commands are byte based. Two
byte words are sent high byte first, then low byte. The last byte sent is a calculated checksum byte.
transmit: <command character> <chksum>

bytes: 1 1
receive: <command character> [<data1>....<dataN>] <chksum>
 n −1 
chksum = − ∑ bi mod 256
 i =1 
5.2 Invalid commands

LCS will respond with NAK = 0x15 (Not Acknowledged).
receive: <NAK> <chksum> = <15> <EB>
A software handshake is recommended for reliable serial communication. Following each

command message, wait for its response (or its NAK) or wait a minimum of 50 msec (the
LCS communication timeout limit) before the next command is sent.
5.3 ‘a’ Arm for Trigger

Arms LCS for trigger and sets the status bit arm-trigger. The LCS resets its internal 10 second data
buffer (500 data point storage) and begins collecting opacity readings into its data buffer as pre-trigger
data. The LCS data buffer can store up to 1 second of pre-trigger data (=50 data points).
request
’a’ chksum
response
’a’ chksum
5.4 ‘b’ Set Serial Baud Rate (LCS 2400 only)

The LCS 2400 supports 9600 and 19200 baud rates and an optional inter-character one millisecond
idle state. This provides support both for older slower PC’s and faster PC’s with better serial port
hardware. The LCS 2400 power-up default character idle option is factory configured, and all LCS
2400 units start at 9600 baud. The host may then change the speed by sending this command after
power-up, but the unit will always return to factory defaults at each power-up.
The baud rate sent must be either 9600 or 19200, or the LCS will respond with a NAK.
request
’b’ Baud rate Baud rate Character chksum
high byte low byte spacing
response
’b’ chksum
Character Spacing (Boolean type)

0 = no delay
1 = means delay between data transmission in LCS commands is of 1 character
length (equals to 1ms @ 9600 baud rate), which is equal to what LCS2000-2300
is setup to. (Default)
5.5 ‘c’ Source Intensity

Sets the Source-(LED) to Full Intensity (100 %) or Half Intensity (~50 %). The command was
developed to replace the external mechanical attenuator with an electronic 50 % filter for checking the
linearity of LCS. (Also see the new LCS 2400 0xA0 Half Intensity test command description.)
Half Intensity (~50 %) values will vary among LCS units due to % tolerance of electronic, mechanical
and optical components in each unit. Therefore a units specific Half Intensity value will occur within a
range from 45.....57 %. This value is stored as an uncorrected Intensity value [%*10] into EEPROM
(address 29) at manufacturing. It can be read out with the command ‘m’ (see 5.13) and compared to
the current Half Intensity value. If there is a difference of more than +/- 5 % according to intensity
-1
value in k[m ] the unit needs to be serviced.
Performing half intensity is for linearity check only and not intended to be used during a
measurement. The LCS power-up default intensity is set to Full Intensity (100 %).
To implement the automatic 50 % linearity check in the control unit, the following procedure is
recommended:
1. Set Source to Full Intensity.

2. Calibrate unit (command `l`).
3. Set Source to Half Intensity.
4. Immediately after setting source to Half Intensity, send command `8b` ( e.g. 5 times to upload
5 distinct uncorrected opacity values).
5. After last value is read with command `8b`, set Source to Full Intensity and
calibrate (linearize) unit.
6. Convert values uploaded with command `8b` from Opacity (N[%]) to
Intensity (I = 100 % - N[%]) and average them. Convert this mean value to
-1
k[m ] and compare to the Half Intensity value stored in Eeprom after being
-1
converted to k[m ], too. [ k = -( 1 / 0.364 m) * ln( I / 100) ]
7. Verify whether difference between stored and measured k-value is < +/- 5 % .
NOTE: After setting Source to Half Intensity do not read out intensity values for more than
0.5 seconds!
Set value:
request
‘c’ 0xxxxxxx Intensity Chksum
where Intensity ≤ 50 for Half Intensity, or 50 < Intensity ≤ 100 for Full Intensity.
Intensity is of type unsigned character.
response
’c’ Chksum
Verify current setting:
request
‘c’ 1xxxxxxx Chksum
response
‘c’ 1xxxxxxx Intensity chksum
where Intensity = 50 for Half Intensity, or Intensity = 100 for Full Intensity.
Intensity is of type unsigned character.
Note: x = don’t care
5.6 ‘d’ Get Sampling Unit Data

Requests data from the LCS. This command allows the LCS to maintain some compatibility with
older host software. The status bit word being uploaded is the same as contained in the ‘u’
command. Data is updated every 20 ms.
request
’d’ Chksum
response
’d’ opacity opacity Pressure Tube u_status u_status chksum
high byte low byte temperature high byte low byte
where Opacity = % * 10, Pressure = 0, Tube temperature = °C. Only the following u_status
bits are compatible with older host software:
bit 0 - ambient temperature out-of-tolerance 5 to 40° C

bit 1 - detector temperature out-of-tolerance 40 to 50° C
bit 2 - tube temperature out-of-tolerance 75 to 130° C
bit 3 - line voltage out-of-tolerance 230 V +10 % / -15 %
bit 8 - calibration in progress
bit 9 - windows need cleaning
bit 10 - armed for 10 second data collection
bit 11 - triggered 10 second data collection
Other status bits are active, but undefined for older host software.
Note:
It is recommended to not apply this ‘d’-command on the LCS but use the ‘u’-command
instead, as explained later on in this document.
5.7 ‘e’ Opacity Data Filter Selection

The LCS can filter sampled data internally, thus relieving the host software from this task. It is highly
recommended to incorporate this command since it would allow for correlation ability for certification.
The user may select from among the following filter options:
- no filtering (power up default)

- filter in N (Opacity percentage).
-1
- filter in k (light absorption coefficient [m ]).
- filtering through IIR-filter
- filtering through FIR-filter, from 1 to 15 taps (FIR available on LCS 2400 only)
Select filter (Example for 1-pole low pass filter):
request
1 pole FIR or IIR filter
’e’ S Byte P0 P0 chksum
high byte low byte
where S Byte is defined as:
Bit 7 = 0 Write to LCS

=1 Read from LCS
Bit 6 = 0 Filter in N (% opacity)

-1
=1 Filter in k (m )
Bit 5 = 0 IIR filter

=1 FIR filter
Bit 4 = 0 Filter in both N and k

=1
Bits 3-0 = Number of filter coefficients (1-15 FIR taps, 1-2 IIR poles)
response
’e’ chksum
To verify current filter setting:
request
’e’ S Byte chksum
where S Byte bit 7 = 1.
response
FIR or IIR filter

’e’ S Byte P0 P0 chksum
high byte low byte
1 pole FIR filter (= unfiltered data)

’e’ S Byte P0 chksum
(1-Byte)
For specific information and further details on this command and its application please, contact
Sensors Europe.
5.8 ‘f’ Get Sampling Rate

Gets LCS sampling rate. Sampling rate matches European AC line frequency of 50 Hz (20 ms). LCS
2400 could be setup to report actual line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) through this command, upon
customer request. Please, contact Sensors if this should be required.
request
’f’ chksum
response
’f’ frequency chksum
5.9 ‘g’ Detector Gain (LCS 2400 only)

Sets, reads or optimizes the detector gain setting.
The LCS 2400 incorporates a digital gain control on the detector signal. Upon power-up, the LCS
2400 sets the gain control to the overall optimum with clean optics as configured in the factory.
However, as the optics accumulate soot the signal level will drop and eventually trigger the flag
indicating the need for cleaning. Before the optics are dirty enough to require cleaning, the signal
level may still have dropped enough to reduce the resolution of the readings. The host may use this
command to boost the gain and restore full resolution in between cleanings. Note that the gain setting
is always initialized to the factory settings at power-up.
Valid detector gain settings are in the range of 1 to 99. A requested gain setting of 0 tells the LCS to
restore the gain to the original factory setting. A requested gain of 255 tells the LCS to automatically
select the gain which optimizes the signal level.
Set value
request
’g’ 0xxxxxxx Gain Setting Chksum
where 0 <= Gain Setting <= 255. Gain Setting is of type unsigned character.
response
’g’ chksum
Verify current setting

request
’g’ 1xxxxxxx chksum
response
’g’ 1xxxxxxx Gain Setting chksum
Note: x = don’t care
5.10 ‘h’ Gas Temperature Threshold

Allows to set customized gas temperature threshold and writes value to EEPROM. During normal
operation, if the exhaust gas temperature is below this threshold, status bit 13 is set. A default value
of 50°C is set at manufacturing and stored in EEPROM.
Set value
request
’h’ 0xxxxxxx Threshold chksum
where 0 <= Threshold <= 255 °C. Threshold is of type unsigned character.
response
’h’ chksum

request
’h’ 1xxxxxxx chksum
response
’h’ 1xxxxxxx Threshold chksum
5.11 ‘j’ Send Device Class Code and ID-Number

Instructs the Sampling Unit to report Sensors, Inc. specific device class code and ID-Number.
request
’j’ chksum
response
’j’ class-code ID-number chksum
ID Cover Models
0 LCS2100,2200,2300, 2400 w/ int. P/S
1 LCS2000 w/o int. PS
Class Unit Power

Code
3 230 Vac
6 115 Vac
7 24 Vac
8 12 Vdc
9 100 Vac
5.12 ‘k’ Clean Window Factor

Sets minimum detector full span for linear operation in the field. Therefore, this clean window factor in
Intensity[%] refers to the maximum of intensity level which is available directly after manufacturing of
the unit. At time of manufacturing, this value is set to 10 % and stored in EEPROM. Due to possible
dirt build-up on the optics, the intensity of the LED at the detector may be attenuated. If attenuation
(on the optics or in the sample cell) makes the current intensity less than the clean window threshold,
status bit 9 is set, upon issuing the Zero (linearize) command. This should cause the Host to prompt
the operator to clean the unit. Otherwise, insufficient resolution will result.
Set value
request
’k’ 0xxxxxxx Factor chksum
where 10 <= Factor <= 70. Factor is of type unsigned character.
response
’k’ chksum
request
’k’ 1xxxxxxx Chksum
response
’k’ 1xxxxxxx Factor chksum
5.13 ‘l’ Calibrate (Linearize)

Instructs the LCS to calibrate (linearize). Sets 0 - 100 % detector intensity span.
request
’l’ chksum
response
’l’ chksum
Note:
During calibration, 32 opacity samples are read and averaged resulting in a precise
calibration intensity value. This process requires 640 milliseconds. The calibration status
bit is set during calibration and indicates that calibration is in progress. No opacity data
should be requested during this time.
User Read/Write commands
Allows user to store or retrieve information from LCS non-volatile EEPROM.
LCS EEPROM Parameters and corresponding addresses are defined below. All parameters for
EEPROM are in Hexadecimal.
CAUTION: The host program has responsibility to check that these addresses are not overwritten !
Base Description Length in C type

Address ASCII Bytes
0* User Data Space 25 Unsigned char

25* Gas Temperature Threshold in °C 1 Unsigned char
26 Clean Window Threshold in % of Full 1 Unsigned char
Intensity at manufacture time
27 Maximum Intensity Span in ADC counts 2 Unsigned int
29 Half Intensity value in %*10 (derived 2 Unsigned int
from Maximum Intensity Span)
31 AC Offset 2 Int
33 Right Fan Offset 2 Int
35 Left Fan Offset 2 Int
37 Serial Number 4 Unsigned long
41 Gas Thermistor Offset 1 Signed char
42 Ambient Thermistor Offset (LCS 2400) 1 Signed char
43* Date of Manufacture or Repair 3 Unsigned char
Month / Day / Year (=Year-1900)
46* Manufacture (Repair) Center 2 Unsigned char
48* Device Class 1 Unsigned char
49....126* Not Used Not Applicable
127* EEPROM Checksum 1
EEPROM addresses shown in bold format are written to internally by the LCS. Do not write to these
locations.
5.14 ‘m’ Read Data from EEPROM

Reads data from specified EEPROM location in LCS. Host can access entire EEPROM address
space.
request
’m’ m1 m2 chksum
where 0 ≤ m1 ≤ 127, m1 is EEPROM address of type unsigned character.

m2 ≤ (128-m1), m2 is number of bytes to read and of type unsigned character.
response
’m’ d1 d2 di chksum
where di is i-th byte of user requested data stream, (0 ≤ i ≤ m2)
5.15 ‘n’ Write Data to EEPROM

Writes byte data to specified EEROM memory address.
It is recommended that the host wait 50 milliseconds after EEPROM writes before sending another
command in order to allow the write operation time to complete.
CAUTION The host program has responsibility to check that addresses mentioned in section 5.14 are
not overwritten !
request
’n’ n1 n2 di chksum
where 0 ≤ n1 ≤ 127, n1 is EEPROM address of type unsigned character.

n2 ≤ (128-n1), n2 is number of bytes to write and of type unsigned character.
di: i-th byte of user requested data stream, (0 ≤ i ≤ n2)
response
’n’ chksum
5.16 ‘o’ Get Opacity Array Data

Instructs LCS to upload 10 second buffer of opacity data from an ARM & TRIGGER event. The
sampling rate of 50 samples/second results in 500 words of data (1000 bytes).
request
’o’ chksum
response
’o’ opacity array chksum
where opacity array data is sent as high byte first, followed by low byte.
The size of opacity array is 500*2 = 1000 bytes, which are sent in a packet. The
software receive buffer must be large enough to accept data packet.
We recommend not to use this command, since it has been kept for compatibility reasons with
older smoke units, only. Please, see command ‘8N’
5.17 ‘p’ Get Opacity ‘k’ Value (LCS 2400 only)

-1
Reads current opacity k value (light absorption coefficient [m ]) and the status word.
request
’p’ chksum
response
’p’ k value k value u_status u_status chksum
high byte low byte high byte low byte
-1
where k value is scaled up by 1000 (a value of 2.0 [m ] is returned as 2000)
5.18 ‘q’ Quit (Disarm) Trigger
Instructs LCS to disarm the TRIGGER and quits writing opacity data into the memory buffer. The LCS
aborts the armed state and resets trigger status bit.
Note
Disarm Trigger will terminate the trigger mode before ten seconds (500 data points)
of opacity data are acquired into the memory buffer. (1sec. pre-trigger and 9 sec. trigger
buffer). This allows the host operator to shorten the opacity data collection time.
request
’q’ chksum
response
’q’ chksum
5.20 t’ Trigger Sampling Unit

Instructs the LCS to TRIGGER, resets the status bit arm-trigger and sets status bit trigger. If the LCS
was armed for > 1 second, the data buffer retains the last one second of information. If the LCS was
armed for < 1 second, the data buffer will retain this information and begin storing triggered data into
data buffer. The data buffer can store up to 10 seconds of armed (pre-triggered) and trigger data.
request
’t’ checksum
response
’t’ checksum
5.21 ‘u’ Get LCS Status and Data

Requests data from the LCS. Opacity is filtered and corrected for standard optical pathlength 430
mm. Data is updated every 20 ms.
request
’u’ chksum
response
’u’ opacity opacity Gas Tube u_status u_status chksum
high byte low byte temperature temperature high byte low byte
where Opacity = % * 10.

0 ≤ Gas temperature ≤ 255 and is of type unsigned character.
0 ≤ Tube temperature ≤ 255 and is of type unsigned character
Status Bits Description (u_status)
Bit Name Description Bit is on if

Number
0 T ambient Check valid ambient temperature T < 5° C or T > 40° C
range for LCS.
Temperature is reported as 255° C
(OxFF) if thermistor malfunctions.
1 T detector Check valid detector temperature T < 40° C or T > 50° C
range.
2 T tube Checks if tube has warmed up At power up if T < 75° C
completely. After warmup if T < 72° C
3 V AC Line Check 230 V +10% / -15% V AC < 195 or V AC > 253
4 Solenoid Closed inactive for units without solenoid
5 Opacity Out of Range Indicates negative opacity Opacity < - 2.5 % or
readings and opacity > 100 % Opacity > 100 %
6 Real time data Requested number of sample Indicate that data requested
not ready points have not been sampled by ‘8a’-cmd. is not available
completely.
7 Processor Reset Indicate Processor was reset Reset signal detected at
because of power glitch. µ-Processor
Requires new calibration to reset.
8 Calibration Calibration in progress During calibration
9 Clean window Customer determines threshold Current intensity < Threshold
value between 10%.....70%. (this also could be caused
by a defect LED or Detector)
Checks during calibration.
Unit will be shipped with default of Unit needs cleaning
10 %.(V1.42 and higher)
10 LCS Armed LCS is armed Execute arm command
trigger command resets this bit
11 LCS Triggered Indicates current (trigger) sample Execute trigger command
process .
quit command resets this bit
12 Fan Imbalance Watch for good fan current (RPM) (Vfan > Vref + 20%) or
(Vfan < Vref - 20%)
13 Gas temperature Watch for minimum gas Tgas < T threshold
Threshold temperature at inlet tube.
Customer determines threshold

value between 0....100° C.
Unit will be shipped w/ default of

50° C.
14 EEPROM checksum Indicate EEPROM checksum is Bad checksum
invalid.
Unit needs to be serviced
15 Broken thermistor Indicates a broken thermistor. This bit combined with one
of the temperature status
bits indicates the thermistor
which is broken, shorted, or
reading above 255° C.
5.22 ‘v’ Version Number

A) LCS units with software version up to 1.42, or LCS 2400 units configured to emulate 1.42 ‘v’
response.
Request software revision (version) number.
request
'v' Chksum
response
‘v’ Version version filter const Filter const chksum
High byte low byte high byte low byte
Software version = version/100

filter const. = averaging window, sample size used to calculate opacity
B) The following command structure is available in software LCS software versions 1.43 and higher
or LCS2400 units configured to emulate 1.43 or higher versions.
Request software revision (version) number and its checksum.
request
'v' Chksum
response
‘v’ Version Version checksum Checksum chksum
High byte low byte high byte Low byte
Software version = version/100

Checksum = checksum of DSS-2 software
e.g.: Software V1.43 generates checksum 2DDFH
5.23 ‘x’ Increase Averaging Window (Not Supported)
5.24 ‘y’ Decrease Averaging Window (Not Supported)
5.25 ‘z’ Report Averaging Window (Not Supported)
5.26 ‘w’ Get Triggered Data Length

Reports number of acquired trigger data points. Can only be executed after sending the quit-trigger
(‘q’) command.
request
'w' Chksum
response
’w’ Number of data chksum

points
where Triggered data points is the number of triggered data points sampled and stored in
the trigger data buffer. (It returns the number of data from the pre-trigger + trigger buffer)
50 ≤ Triggered data points ≤ 500. (typical)
The Host can use this command to determine exactly which data were collected during the recent
trigger procedure, and use this number in the following 8A command.
5.27 0x8a Get Quasi Real-Time Data Points

Allows real time data upload during the trigger event. After issuing the trigger (‘t’) command, 0x8a can
be sequenced to upload one set of opacity data points from the trigger buffer. The command will
assure fast and complete data transmission without having to wait for the end of a trigger cycle.
request
8a N n m M chksum
high byte low byte high byte Low byte
response
8a Opacity chksum
Array
where n = starting index for triggered data, 0 ≤ n ≤ m.

m = last data of interest, n ≤ m ≤ min (499, nquit - 1).
opacity array is sent high byte first, then low byte, and is indexed by n
for its first data point.
When data is not ready, a NAK is returned by LCS. Host program can
monitor status bit 6 with ‘u’-command for readiness.
Example 1
1. Arm for Trigger (‘a’).
2. Trigger (‘t’).
3. Request the previous four opacity data points: 47 ... 50. (n = 47; m = 51).
4. 80 msec. later (4 x 20 msec): Request the previous four opacity

data points: 51 ... 54. (n = 51; m = 55).
5. 80 msec. later (4 x 20 msec): Request the next four opacity
data points: 55 ... 58 (n = 55; m = 59).
This can be continued until all opacity data of interest have been transmitted.
6.Disarm Trigger (‘q’).
Note
If the host requests data points from the LCS memory buffer which have not yet been
acquired (future opacity data points), the LCS will respond with a NAK and will set status bit
6 until the next 0x8a command is sent.
Example 2
If the host requires data points n = 40 and m = 240 (100 data points) directly after sending
the ‘t’ command and the trigger buffer contains fewer than the 100 requested points, the
LCS will respond with a NAK.
5.28 0x8b Read Uncorrected Opacity

Uploads raw opacity data which is:
- related to LCS EOPL of 0,364 m

- unfiltered
- not corrected for Gas temperature
Note: Use only this and the following command, to perform LCS Linearity check with
attenuators!
For accuracy reasons please also see chapter 3.6.5 (Optional Glass Attenuators)!
request
8b chksum
response
8b raw opacity raw opacity Chksum
high byte low byte
where raw opacity = % * 10.
5.29 0x8c Read uncorrected Opacity and Status

Uploads opacity as previous 8b command, with the format of ‘u’-command. This way the host can
also observe the status of the LCS (status-bits+Tgas+Ttube) when performing attenuator
measurements.
Note: Use this and the previous command only, to perform LCS Linearity check with
attenuators!
request
8c chksum
response
8c raw opacity raw opacity Gas Tube U_status u_status chksum
high byte low byte temperature temperature High byte low byte
where Raw opacity = % * 10.

0 ≤ Gas temperature ≤ 255 and is of type unsigned character.
0 ≤ Tube temperature ≤ 255 and is of type unsigned character
5.30 ‘8N’ Get Opacity Array Data in Block Format

Instructs the LCS to upload one packet (50 words) of opacity data from an ARM & TRIGGER event.
The sampling rate of 50 Hz results in 500 words of data (1000 bytes or 10 packets).
request
8N chksum
response
8N opacity array chksum
where opacity packet array data is sent as high byte first, followed by low byte. The size of opacity
array is (50 x 2 = 100 bytes) x N , which are sent in a packet. The software receive buffer must be
large enough to accept data packet. 0 ≤ N ≤ 9.
5.31 0x90 Close Solenoid (Not Supported)
5.32 0x91 Open Solenoid (Not Supported)
5.33 0x99 Initialize LCS

Initializes the LCS with the following system parameters. These parameters are either updated
(recalculated) or the default value given in [ ] are stored in EEPROM.
- Gas Temperature Threshold [50°C] -> Eeprom Address 25

- Clean Window Threshold [10%] -> Eeprom Address 26
- Maximum_Intensity_Span -> Eeprom Address 27
- Half_Intensity (%*10, Raw value) -> Eeprom Address 29
- Vline_Offset -> Eeprom Address 31
- Right_Fan_Offset -> Eeprom Address 33
- Left_Fan_Offset -> Eeprom Address 35
- Thermistor_Specification -> Eeprom Address 41
CAUTION:This command is intended for production or service purposes, only !
request
0x99 chksum
response
0x99 chksum
5.34 0xA0 Half Intensity Test (LCS 2400 only)

Performs an automatic half intensity linearity check and returns the results, as well as the factory
result stored in EEPROM for comparison. This provides standard timing of the source LED on and off
times so that the values will more closely match the values stored in EEPROM during factory
initialization.
-1
Convert the two returned intensity values to k[m ], where k = -( 1 / 0.364 m) * ln( Intensity % / 100). A
-1
difference of more than +/- 5 % in k[m ] indicates that the unit needs to be serviced.
request
0xA0 Chksum
response
0xA0 Tested half Tested half EEPROM EEPROM Chksum
intensity intensity Half intensity Half intensity
span %x10 span %x10 span %x10 span %x10
high byte low byte high byte low byte
6 APPENDIX A LCS Data Flow Diagram
Input: Led Intensity

in ADC counts
Ambient temperature
compensation
Output:
Relative Intensity -RI
Raw Data
8B and 8C
commands
(not corrected for
optical length )
customized filter
Output
Length
corrected,
filtered,
N[%*10]
Conversion opacity N[%] to k[m-1]
k=−
(
ln 1 − opacity
100
)
l
k := intensity
ln := natural logarithm
opacity := opacity
l := 430 mm
The readings in percent from the LCS to the host are optical path length corrected to match 430 mm
unless it is mentioned differently in this manual (e.g. command 0x8b and 0x8c).
7 APPENDIX B Document-Revision
7.1 Document-Revision 1.21

Document revision 1.21 is valid for LCS software version 1.30
• The range for fan balance status bit is Vref +/- 10 %.

Document revision 1.22 is valid for LCS software version 1.40
• This software was changed to a new range for the determination of setting the fan imbalance
status bit: New range is: Vref +/- 20 %
• The ‘8c’ command response is corrected.
Please note that the content of Eeprom location 29 is no longer the ‘half intensity span [counts]’ but
the absolute value ’half_intensity’ [% * 10].

Document revision 1.23 is valid for LCS software version 1.40.
• Some expressions were corrected in this version, e.g. see response of 8a-command (chap.
5.24), response of ‘f’-cmd (chap. 5.7), response of ‘e’-cmd (chap.5.6) when verifying filter
setting.
• Type-Correction: The format of the gas thermistor offset value, at Eeprom location 42, is a
signed int value (chapter 5.12).
• The explanation for performing ½ intensity linearity check is improved (chapter 5.4).

Document revision 1.25 is valid for software version 1.40 and higher.
• The attenuator measurement is described more detailed (chapter 5.25/5.26).

• Added instruction for correct use of sample probe (chapter 1.8).

Due to new LCS software version 1.42 the following changes are in place from now on:
• The software was improved for better correlation at high k-values.
• Default threshold value for the Clean_Window bit in the initialization command (0x99) is 10 %
(was 50%), now. I.e. all units being shipped with v1.42 will have this new threshold value
programmed.
• The input range for the Clean_Window_Threshold now is from 10 %.......70 % (was 30
%....70%).

Due to new LCS software version 1.43 the following changes are in place from now on:
• The command ´Get Version Number´ (v-cmd, chapter 5.19) now transmits the LCS´s software
checksum in addition to its version number.

• Please note that on page 28 the status bit 6 will be set, if the requested data by the 8a
command are not complete! Previous manuals mentioned bit´

Document revision 2.00 is valid for LCS software version 1.40 and higher.
• Added new LCS software versions 1.47 & 1.48.

• Modified Sensors company label.

• Manual updated for new Product LCS2300 (12 Vdc LCS) & new status of LCS compliences
This includes modifications in the following chapters, compared to previous manuals:
 1.8 Interface
 2.1 General requirements
 2.2 Specification
2.2.1 LCS styles (new !)
2.2.3 Electrical,
2.2.7 Pneumatic
 3.1 Electrical Interface
 4.2 Communication Interface

• Manual updated for extended LCS software information in chapter 8, “Appendix C: Software
Revision”
7.14 Document Revision 2.3

Document revision 2.3 is valid for LCS software version 1.40 and higher
• Entry of correction formula for attenuators k-value determination being processed outside
Sensors’
• Released new LCS sw version 1.49 (e.g. for Spain)
7.15 Document Revision 2.4/2.5
• Document revision 2.4 is valid for LCS software 2.1x and higher / LCS 2400 (unreleased
document version).
• Revision 2.5 is based on rev 2.4 and was modified with additional explanation to new
commands, text corrections and formatting issues.
• Document revision 2.6 is valid for LCS software 2.1x and higher / LCS 2400 and represents
th
the first released document version for LCS2400, by July 29 , 2004.
• Modified description to LCS command ‘g’, according to change in firmware (fixed sample rate
to 20 ms regardless the line frequency of 50 or 60 Hz) which is valid for all fw versions of
LCS2400)
• Document revision 2.7 is based on previous document revision 2.6

• Valid for software v1.40 and up (LCS2000-2300) & v2.1x and up (LCS2400)
• Corrected description in LCS command ‘p’ and added comments to LCS ‘e’- command
• Updated matrix for LCS2400 sw versions
• LCS photo added to chapter 1.1 General

• Modified Sensors company logo.
• Include both Sensors Inc & Sensors Europe address and phone information
• Declaration of Conformity added; page 2
• Service and repair instructions added; 1.2
• Defined safety labels; 1.3

• Clarified accessories statement on page 7
• Clarified installation note on page 9
8 APPENDIX C Software-Revision
8.1 LCS Software V1.41 (October ´95)

LCS software version 1.41, is based on V 1.40, and contains the following modifications:
- The parameters for setting the Vline status bit were updated for proper operation (set, if
VAC out of range: 230 V +10% / - 15%)
8.2 LCS Software V1.42 (September ´96)

- The software was improved for better correlation at high k-values. I.e. every raw opacity
-1 -1
value greater 99 % (~12m ) is increased to 32 m before LCS software performs first
filter stage on the smoke sample.
- Default value for the clean window bit in the initialisation command (0x99) is 10 %, now.
- Therefore the input range for the Clean_Window_Threshold now is from 10 %.......70
%
- Software V1.42 generates checksum A1AAH
8.3 LCS Software V1.43 (November ´96)

- The command ´Get Version Number´ (v-cmd, chapter 5.19) now transmits the LCS´s
software checksum in addition to its version number.
- Software V1.43 generates checksum 2DDFH
8.4 LCS Software V1.44 (November ´96)
- After the units sample cell has warmed up to 75° C and the fans turned on, the tube
temperature status bit is still set for another 10 minutes.
- Software V1.44 generates checksum 5D13H
NOTE: This version was to be applied in Germany until the release of v1.48 (see below) and is no
longer required today.
8.5 LCS software 1.47 (March ´98)

LCS software version 1.47, is based on V1.43, and contains the following modifications:
- The increase of opacity values above 99 % in the LCS internal opacity filter calculation
is removed. See also description of LCS sw 1.42!
- Software V1.47 generates checksum 2D38H
NOTE: Version 1.47 is released in the Netherlands!
8.6 LCS software 1.48 (March ´98)

- The raw opacity data calculation for high smoke level emitting vehicles, were improved
for better correlation with the German reference meter.
- Software V1.48 generates checksum 5D5BH
NOTE: Version 1.48 is now required to be applied in GERMANY!

Therefore, previous v1.44 is obsolete, now.
8.7 LCS software 1.49 (May ’03)

LCS software version 1.49 is based on V 1.47 and contains the following modifications:
- Released new LCS sw version 1.49, whith all (previously implemented) corrections for
specific correlation purposes being removed. This versions has been released in Spain.
- Software V1.49 generates checksum C180H
8.8 LCS software 2.1x (May ’04) – LCS 2400 only

LCS software version 2.1x, is based on the new hardware improvements implemented in the LCS
2400. The firmware is based on needing major changes to the low level routines used to access the
®
peripherals on the Motorola 9S12E64. These include the timer, ADC, and SCI interrupt routines.
In general, all firmware versions 2.1x keep the LCS command structure as being available in all
previous LCS units (2000-2300) for 100% backward compatibility and can be used with existing
certified Host units without modifications on the Host. However, all new features offered in here
require Host software adaptation accordingly if desired.
General Improvements:
For details please see Sensors’ Application Note: “Firmware LCS2x00-LCS2400 added features for
certification.doc“ or contact Sensors Europe Product Manager
Regional Versions:
LCS 2400 Equivalent LCS2000..2300 sw Checksum Possible application for

fw version version…
A 2.10 None, LCS2400 Generic version D88EH
B 2.11 1.48 118BH Germany, Romania, Poland
C 2.12 1.42 n.a. France
D 2.13 1.43 C040H Japan
E 2.1x 1.47 Under Netherlands, Belgium,Italy,
evaluation Austria
F 2.1x 1.49 (also identical w/ v2.10) Under Spain
evaluation
NOTE:
For Status of released software versions for specific countries/applications please, refer to Document
“LCS filter Command” which is available on request for all LCS customers through Sensors Europe.

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USER-MANUAL

Sensors’ New Generation Opacity Transducer

LCS 2000….LCS 2300

December 15, 2015

1.3 Safety Instructions 8

1.4 Measurement principle & conformity 8

1.5 Unpacking and Inspection 9

1.8 Repackaging for Shipment 9

1.10 Operation and Probe Instruction 10

2.1 General Requirements 12

3.1 Electrical Interface 16

3.2 Mechanical Interface 16

3.3 Optical Bench 17

4.1 Serial Communications 21

4.2 Communication Interface 22

5.1 Generic command format 23

5.2 Invalid commands 23

5.3 ‘a’ Arm for Trigger 23

5.4 ‘b’ Set Serial Baud Rate (LCS 2400 only) 24

5.5 ‘c’ Source Intensity 25

5.6 ‘d’ Get Sampling Unit Data 26

5.7 ‘e’ Opacity Data Filter Selection 27

5.8 ‘f’ Get Sampling Rate 28

5.9 ‘g’ Detector Gain (LCS 2400 only) 28

5.10 ‘h’ Gas Temperature Threshold 29

5.11 ‘j’ Send Device Class Code and ID-Number 29

5.13 ‘l’ Calibrate (Linearize) 30

5.14 ‘m’ Read Data from EEPROM 31

5.15 ‘n’ Write Data to EEPROM 32

5.16 ‘o’ Get Opacity Array Data 32

5.17 ‘p’ Get Opacity ‘k’ Value (LCS 2400 only) 32

5.18 ‘q’ Quit (Disarm) Trigger 33

5.20 t’ Trigger Sampling Unit 33

5.21 ‘u’ Get LCS Status and Data 33

5.22 ‘v’ Version Number 35

5.23 ‘x’ Increase Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35

5.24 ‘y’ Decrease Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35

5.25 ‘z’ Report Averaging Window (Not Supported) 35

5.26 ‘w’ Get Triggered Data Length 36

5.27 0x8a Get Quasi Real-Time Data Points 36

5.28 0x8b Read Uncorrected Opacity 37

5.29 0x8c Read uncorrected Opacity and Status 37

5.30 ‘8N’ Get Opacity Array Data in Block Format 38

5.31 0x90 Close Solenoid (Not Supported) 38

5.32 0x91 Open Solenoid (Not Supported) 38

5.33 0x99 Initialize LCS 38

5.34 0xA0 Half Intensity Test (LCS 2400 only) 39

6 APPENDIX A LCS DATA FLOW DIAGRAM 40

7.1 Document-Revision 1.21 41

7.2 Document-Revision 1.22 41

7.3 Document-Revision 1.23 41

7.4 Document-Revision 1.24 41

7.6 Document-Revision 1.26 41

7.7 Document-Revision 1.27 42

7.8 Document-Revision 1.30 42

7.9 Document-Revision 1.31 42

7.10 Document-Revision 2.00 42

7.11 Document-Revision 2.01 42

7.12 Document-Revision 2.1 42