coat (v) /koʊt/ "phủ, bọc" '=to cover something with a layer of a substance

The cookies were thickly [coated]with chocolate. Những chiếc bánh quy
được [phủ] một lớp sô cô la dày. "In passage: This process allows the
manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted
glass for vehicles."
coincidence (n) /koʊˈɪnsɪdəns/ sự trùng hợp "'=the fact of two things
happening at the same time by chance, in a surprising way" What a [coincidence]! I
wasn't expecting to see you here. Thật là [trùng hợp]! Tôi đã không mong đợi để
gặp bạn ở đây. "In passage: By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat
glass market at that time was for six- millimetre glass."
continuous (adj) /kənˈtɪnjuəs/ liên tục '=happening or existing for a
period of time without being interrupted The organization aims to create a culture
of [continuous] improvement . Tổ chức nhằm mục đích tạo ra một nền văn hóa cải tiến
[liên tục]. "In passage: Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat
glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of
continuous production."
convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/ thuyết phục '=to make somebody/yourself believe that
something is true I'd be very surprised if this argument [convinces] anybody.Tôi sẽ
rất ngạc nhiên nếu lập luận này [thuyết phục] bất kỳ ai. In passage: Pilkington
built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a
full-scale plant.
downstream (adv) /ˈdaʊnˈstrim/ chảy xuôi '=in the direction in which a river
flows There’s a village about a mile [downstream]. Có một ngôi làng khoảng một
dặm [về phía hạ lưu]. "In passage: Secondly, it enables computers downstream to
steer cutters around flaws."
dramatically (adv) /drəˈmætɪkəli/ một cách đột ngột '=in a very sudden or
noticeable way My life has changed [dramatically]. Cuộc sống của tôi đã thay đổi
[đáng kể]. "In passage: However, the product has changed dramatically, from a
single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon
frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection."
eliminate (v) /ɪˈlɪməˌneɪt/ xóa bỏ '=to remove or get rid of something Credit
cards [eliminate] the need to carry a lot of cash. Thẻ tín dụng [loại bỏ] nhu
cầu mang nhiều tiền mặt. "In passage: Pilkington had been experimenting with
improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten
metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within
the float bath."
experiment with (v) /ɪkˈspɛrəmənt wɪθ/ thử nghiệm "'=to try or test new ideas,
methods, etc. to find out what effect they have" I [experimented] until I got
the recipe just right. Tôi [thử nghiệm] cho đến khi tôi có được công thức phù hợp.
"In passage: Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting
process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the
flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath."
furnace (n) /ˈfərnəs/ "lò nấu kim loại, thủy tinh" "'=a container that is heated
to a very high temperature, so that substances that are put inside it, such as
metal, will melt or burn" People who work with [furnaces] in a steel factory
need to wear protective clothing. Những người làm việc với [lò nung] trong nhà
máy thép cần phải mặc quần áo bảo hộ. "In passage: Float plants today make
glass of near optical quality. Several processes – melting, refining, homogenising
– take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace."
gravity (n) /ˈgrævɪti/ lực hấp dẫn "'=the force that attracts objects in space
towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the
planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped" Newton’s law of
[gravity] Định luật [lực hấp dẫn] của Newton "In passage: The rest of the
concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal
was perfectly flat and horizontal."
guarantee (v) /ˌgɛrənˈti/ bảo đảm '=to make something certain to happen
Tonight's victory [guarantees] the team's place in the final. Chiến thắng
tối nay [đảm bảo] vị trí của đội trong trận chung kết. "In passage: The rest of
the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten
metal was perfectly flat and horizontal."
hardening (n) /ˈhɑrdənɪŋ/ quá trình làm cứng lại '=the act of becoming or
making something hard The skin disorder is characterized by a [hardening] of skin
around the hair follicles. Rối loạn da được đặc trưng bởi [cứng] da xung quanh
các nang lông. "In passage: The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the
hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could net boil at a temperature below
the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C)"
homogenise (v) đồng nhất hóa '=to change something so that all its parts or
features become the same or very similar TV has [homogenized] the culture and
language of large parts of the planet. TV đã [đồng nhất hóa] văn hóa và ngôn ngữ
của nhiều nơi trên hành tinh. "In passage: Float plants today make glass of near
optical quality. Several processes – melting, refining, homogenising – take place
simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace."
inclusion (n) /ˌɪnˈkluʒən/ tạp chất '=a body or particle of distinct
composition embedded in a rock or other material Magmatic [inclusions] in
silicic and intermediate volcanic rocks. Magma [bao hàm] trong đá núi lửa silic và
trung gian. "In passage: However, the product has changed dramatically, from a
single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon
frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection."
inspection (n) /ˌɪnˈspɛkʃən/ "Sự xem xét kỹ, sự kiểm tra, sự thanh tra" "'=the
act of looking at something carefully, or an official visit to a building or
organization to check that everything is correct and legal:" She arrived to
carry out/make a health and safety [inspection] of the building. Cô ấy đến để thực
hiện / kiểm tra sức khỏe và an toàn của tòa nhà. "In passage: To ensure the
highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage."
labour-intensive (adj) cần nhiều nhân lực "'=if an industry, process, etc. is
labour-intensive, it needs a lot of workers" The service sector is more [labour-
intensive] and less productive than manufacturing. Khu vực dịch vụ [thâm dụng
lao động] và kém năng suất hơn so với lĩnh vực sản xuất. "In passage: However,
the process took a long time and was labour intensive."
mangle (n) /ˈmæŋgəl/ máy cán là '=a machine with two rollers used especially in
the past for pressing the water out of clothes that had been washed It is rather
like having a [mangle] in the house or any other such article. Nó giống như có
một [mangle] trong nhà hoặc bất kỳ bài báo nào khác như vậy. "In passage: The
first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot
rollers, similar to an old mangle"
mar (v) /mɑr/ làm hỏng "'=to spoil something, making it less good or less
enjoyable" "Sadly, the text is [marred] by careless errors." "Đáng buồn thay,
văn bản bị [hoen ố] do lỗi bất cẩn." "In passage: However, the product has
changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-
millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to
almost optical perfection."
marketable (adj) /ˈmɑrkətəbəl/ dễ tiêu thụ '=easily sold This is a highly
[marketable] product. Đây là một sản phẩm [có thể bán được trên thị trường].
"In passage: Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat
glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of
continuous production."
mesopotamian (n) /ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiən/ người Lưỡng Hà '=relating to or
characteristic of the ancient south-western Asian region of Mesopotamia or its
inhabitants Gambling was invented in 3948 BC by a [Mesopotamian] Cờ bạc được phát
minh vào năm 3948 trước Công nguyên bởi một [người Lưỡng Hà] "In passage:
Glass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is
little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime."
mixture (n) /ˈmɪksʧər/ hỗn hợp.... '=a combination of different things "She was a
curious [mixture], part grand lady, part wild child." "Cô là một [hỗn hợp] tò mò,
một phần là quý bà, một phần là đứa trẻ hoang dã." "In passage: Glass, which has
been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a
mixture of sand, soda ash and lime."
molten (adj) /ˈmoʊltən/ nóng chảy '=heated to a very high temperature so
that it becomes liquid a stream of [molten] lava một dòng dung nham [nóng
chảy] In passage: When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a
molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled.
optical (adj) /ˈɑptɪkəl/ thuộc thị giác/ quang học '=relating to light or
the ability to see The glowing cloud was an [optical] effect. Đám mây phát
sáng là một hiệu ứng [quang học]. "In passage: However, the product has changed
dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to
25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical
perfection."
parallel (adj) /ˈpɛrəˌlɛl/ song song '=very similar or taking place at the
same time "Though still a committed painter, in 1978 she launched a [parallel]
career as a photographer." "Mặc dù vẫn là một họa sĩ chuyên nghiệp, vào năm
1978, cô bắt đầu sự nghiệp [song song] với tư cách là một nhiếp ảnh gia." "In
passage: If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until
the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom
surface"
polish (v) /ˈpɑlɪʃ/ đánh bóng '=to make something smooth and shiny by rubbing
it The gemstones are cut and [polished] by master craftsmen. Những viên đá quý
được cắt và [đánh bóng] bởi những người thợ thủ công bậc thầy. "In passage: This
allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would
leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and
polished."
refine (v) /rɪˈfaɪn/ tinh chế '=to make a substance pure by taking other
substances out of it The process of [refining] oil produces several useful
chemicals. Quá trình [tinh luyện] dầu tạo ra một số hóa chất hữu ích. "In passage:
Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes – melting,
refining, homogenising – take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten
glass in the furnace."
relieve (v) /rɪˈliv/ xoa dịu/ giảm nhẹ "'=to make an unpleasant feeling, such as
pain or worry, less strong" She was given a shot of morphine to [relieve] the
pain. Cô được tiêm một mũi morphine để [giảm] đau. "In passage: It adds up to a
continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass
smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and
finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved."
rely on (v) /rɪˈlaɪ ɔn/ dựa vào/trông cậy vào '=to need or depend on
somebody/something They had to [rely entirely on] volunteer workers. Họ
phải [hoàn toàn dựa vào] các nhân viên tình nguyện. "In passage: The rest of the
concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal
was perfectly flat and horizontal."
ribbon (n) /ˈrɪbən/ dải ruy-băng "'=a long, narrow strip of fabric, used
for tying something or for decoration" Sandra often wears a [ribbon] in her
hair. Sandra thường đeo [ruy băng] trên tóc. "In passage: The first continuous
ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to
an old mangle"
ripple (n) /ˈrɪpəl/ đường gợn sóng '=a small wave or a slight movement of a
surface The stone hit the water and caused a ring of [ripples] to spread out.
Viên đá va vào mặt nước và khiến một vòng [gợn sóng] lan rộng ra. "In
passage: Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain
refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon."
rub (v) /rəb/ "Lau, lau bóng, đánh bóng" '=to press two surfaces against
each other and move them backwards and forwards; to be pressed together and move in
this way "In some cultures, people traditionally greet each other by [rubbing]
noses." "Trong một số nền văn hóa, mọi người chào nhau bằng cách [cọ] mũi theo
truyền thống." "In passage: This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per
cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive."
simultaneously (adv) /ˌsaɪməlˈteɪniəsli/ đồng thời '=in a way that is
simultaneous ('= happening or being done at exactly the same time) Two children
answered the teacher's question [simultaneously]. Hai đứa trẻ trả lời câu hỏi
của giáo viên [đồng thời]. "In passage: Float plants today make glass of near
optical quality. Several processes – melting, refining, homogenising – take place
simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace."
steer (v) /stɪr/ lái "'=to control the direction in which a boat, car, etc.
moves" You row and I'll [steer]. Bạn chèo và tôi sẽ [chỉ đạo]. "In passage:
Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws."
tin (n) /tɪn/ kim loại thiếc "'=a soft, silver metal that is often combined
with other metals or used as a layer to protect various metals" "In [tin] mining
today, workers excavate tunnels horizontally from a vertical shaft." "Trong khai
thác [thiếc] ngày nay, công nhân đào các đường hầm theo chiều ngang từ một trục
thẳng đứng." In passage: The best metal for the job was tin
tint (v) /tɪnt/ phủ màu '=to add a small amount of colour to something She’s
having her eyelashes [tinted]. Cô ấy đang có lông mi [nhuộm màu]. "In passage:
This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for
buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles."
translate something into ... (v) /trænzˈleɪt ˈsəmθɪŋ ˈɪntu / chuyển hóa....
'=to change something into a different form; to lead to a particular result
It's time to [translate words into action]. Đã đến lúc [chuyển lời nói
thành hành động]. "In passage: Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the
final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts
designed to minimise waste."
tremor (n) /ˈtrɛmər/ sự rung/ chấn động '=a small earthquake in which the
ground shakes slightly he scandal sent [tremors] through the political
establishment. vụ bê bối của ông đã gửi [chấn động] qua cơ sở chính trị. "In
passage: Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain
refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon."
unaided (adj) /əˈneɪdɪd/ thiếu sự trợ giúp '=without any help from anyone
else; independently "Since his accident, he hasn't been able to walk
[unaided]." "Kể từ khi bị tai nạn, anh ấy đã không thể đi lại [không có người trợ
giúp]." "In passage: Inspection technology allows more than 100 million
measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye
would be unable to see"
unblemished (adj) /ənˈblɛmɪʃt/ "sạch sẽ, không tì vết" "'=not spoiled, damaged
or marked in any way" He had an [unblemished] reputation. Anh ta có một danh tiếng
[không tỳ vết]. "In passage: This method was very effective as the glass had not
touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly
unblemished, with a ‘fire finish’."
underside (n) /ˈəndərˌsaɪd/ mặt dưới '=the bottom or lower side or surface of
something "The car had turned over in the ditch, and its [underside] was covered
in oil and mud." "Chiếc xe bị lật trên mương, và [mặt dưới] của nó dính đầy bùn và
dầu." "In passage: Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the
underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat."
upstream (adv) /ˈəpˈstrim/ "Ngược dòng, theo hướng ngược (của dòng sông..); chảy
ngược" "'=along a river, in the opposite direction to the way in which the
water flows" The nearest town is about ten miles [upstream]. Thị trấn gần nhất
cách khoảng mười dặm [ngược dòng]. "In passage: Firstly, it reveals process faults
upstream that can be corrected."
virtually (adv) /ˈvərʧuəli/ "gần như, hầu như" "'=almost or very nearly, so
that any slight difference is not important" He [virtually] admitted he was
guilty. Anh ta [hầu như] thừa nhận anh ta có tội. "In passage: This allowed
glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave
both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and
polished."

abruptly (adv) /əˈbrəptli/ bất ngờ/ đột ngột "'=in a sudden, unexpected and
often unpleasant way" The interview ended [abruptly]. Cuộc phỏng vấn kết thúc
[đột ngột]. "In passage: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and
easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer
rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light
northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves."
adapt to (v) /əˈdæpt tɪ/ thích nghi với '=to change your behaviour in order
to deal more successfully with a new situation The company was able to [adapt to]
the conditions and enhance its position. Công ty đã có thể [thích nghi với] các
điều kiện và nâng cao vị thế của mình. "In passage: Our ancestors adapted to the
universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age,
around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism."
altogether. (adv) /ˌɔltəˈgɛðər./ "hoàn toàn, mọi thứ" '=(used to emphasize
something) completely; in every way The train went slower and slower until it
stopped [altogether]. Con tàu càng lúc càng chậm cho đến khi nó dừng hẳn [hoàn
toàn]. "In passage: As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to
the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether."
amplify (v) /ˈæmpləˌfaɪ/ khuếch đại "'=to increase something in strength,
especially sound" to [amplify] a guitar/an electric current/a signal để [khuếch
đại] guitar / dòng điện / tín hiệu "In passage: We now have hundreds of tree-ring
records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the
equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores
drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations."
at the mercy of (idiom) /æt ðə ˈmərsi əv/ chịu sự chi phối từ.... '=not able
to stop somebody/something harming you because they have power or control over you
I'm not going to put myself [at the mercy of] the bank. Tôi sẽ không đặt
mình [vào lòng] ngân hàng. "In passage: We tend to think of climate – as opposed
to weather – as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate
change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past
730,000 years"
bitterly (adv) /ˈbɪtərli/ cực kỳ '=to an extreme degree "Back in New York,
it's [bitterly] freezing." "Trở lại New York, trời [thật] lạnh một cách đáng
tiếc." "In passage: Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of
bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in
recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year."
blight (n) /blaɪt/ bệnh tàn rụi "'=any disease that kills plants,
especially crops" Many areas have been devastated by [blights] which destroyed
cereal crops and vines. Nhiều khu vực đã bị tàn phá bởi [bệnh cháy lá] đã phá hủy
cây ngũ cốc và cây nho. "In passage: There was a vast migration from Europe by
land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato
blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa."
clearance (n) /ˈklɪrəns/ sự dọn sạch '=the process of removing waste or things
you do not want from a place They specialize in house [clearances] after a
resident has died. Họ chuyên về [dọn dẹp] nhà sau khi một cư dân đã chết.
"In passage: The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused
global warming."
commodity (n) /kəˈmɑdəti/ hàng hóa "'=a substance or product that can be
traded, bought, or sold" The country's most valuable [commodities] include tin
and diamonds. [Hàng hóa] có giá trị nhất của đất nước bao gồm thiếc và kim
cương. "In passage: Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities,
where food supplies were a constant concern"
culminate (v) /ˈkəlmɪˌneɪt/ lên đến tột độ "'=to end with a particular result,
or at a particular point" Months of hard work [culminated] in success. Tháng
làm việc chăm chỉ [lên đến đỉnh điểm] thành công. "In passage: By 1400, the
weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts
and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth
century."
dazzling (adj) /ˈdæzəlɪŋ/ "sáng chói, làm kinh ngạc" "'=extremely impressive,
beautiful, or skilful" A [dazzling] smile flashed across his face. Một nụ cười
[chói lọi] thoáng qua trên khuôn mặt anh. "In passage: Our ancestors adapted to the
universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age,
around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism."
embark on (phrasal v) /ɪmˈbɑrk ɔn/ "bắt đầu, bắt tay vào, đi vào, dựa vào, phát
động" '=to start to do something new or difficult She is about to [embark on] a
diplomatic career. Cô ấy sắp [dấn thân vào] sự nghiệp ngoại giao. "In passage:
This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other
climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical
context."
famine (n) /ˈfæmən/ nạn đói '=a lack of food during a long period of time
in a region the threat of widespread [famine] in the area mối đe dọa của [nạn đói]
lan rộng trong khu vực "In passage: Colder, much wetter weather descended on
Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine."
fodder (n) /ˈfɑdər/ cỏ khô (cho gia súc ăn) "'=food that is given to cows,
horses, and other farm animals" But much more fertile land is required to grow
food and [fodder] for their livestock. Nhưng cần phải có nhiều đất đai màu mỡ
hơn để trồng thực phẩm và thức ăn gia súc cho gia súc của họ. In passage: The
revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder
on land not previously used for crops.
glacial (adj) /ˈgleɪʃəl/ vô cùng lạnh '=extremely cold a [glacial] period
thời kỳ [băng hà] "In passage: We tend to think of climate – as opposed to
weather – as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate
change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past
730,000 years"
glacier (n) /ˈgleɪʃər/ sông băng "'=a slow-moving mass or river of ice, formed
from snow on mountains or near the North Pole or South Pole" Nearly 50% of the
shoreline is dominated by the calving ice fronts of the large outlet [glaciers].
Gần 50% đường bờ biển bị chi phối bởi các mặt trước băng tan của cửa ra lớn
[sông băng]. "In passage: Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle
of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in
recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year."
go back (v) /goʊ bæk/ trở lại thời điểm trước đó '=to consider something that
happened or was said at an earlier time Can I [go back] to what you said at the
beginning of the meeting? Tôi có thể [quay lại] những gì bạn đã nói ở đầu cuộc
họp được không? In passage: We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and
winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600
years.
harsh (adj) /hɑrʃ/ khắc nghiệt "'=cruel, severe and unkind" He regretted his
[harsh] words. Anh hối hận vì những lời nói [khắc nghiệt] của mình. "In passage:
They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy
rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which
revolutionised human life; and founded the world’s first pre-industrial
civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas."
hemisphere (n) /ˈhɛmɪsˌfɪr/ bán cầu "'=one of two halves of the earth,
especially above or below the equator" The equator divides the earth into the
northern and southern [hemispheres]. Đường xích đạo chia trái đất thành [bán
cầu] bắc và nam. "In passage: We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from
throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too,
amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in
Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations."
intensely (adv) /ˌɪnˈtɛnsli/ vô cùng '=in a very great or very strong way
She disliked him [intensely]. Cô không thích anh [một cách mãnh liệt]. "In
passage: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds,
then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild
winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light
northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves."
migration (n) /maɪˈgreɪʃən/ sự di cư '=the movement every year of large
numbers of birds or animals from one place to another the seasonal [migration] of
blue whales [cuộc di cư] theo mùa của cá voi xanh "In passage: There was a vast
migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused
by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand,
and southern Africa."
narrative (adj) /ˈnɛrətɪv/ Dưới hình thức kể chuyện; có tính chất tường thuật
'=describing events or telling a story Discuss the role of time in the
[narrative] structure of the Iliad. Thảo luận về vai trò của thời gian trong cấu
trúc [tường thuật] của Iliad. "In passage: This book is a narrative history of
climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people
in Europe adapted to them."
northeasterly (adv) /ˌnɔrˈθistərli/ từ hướng đông bắc '=towards the northeast
The weather was ideal for the occasion with a light [northeasterly] breeze
Thời tiết lý tưởng cho dịp này với làn gió nhẹ [theo hướng đông bắc] "In
passage: The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds,
then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild
winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light
northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves."
opportunism (n) /ˌɑpərˈtuˌnɪzəm/ chủ nghĩa cơ hội '=behaviour in which you use
every situation to try to get power or an advantage He accused his opponent of
political [opportunism]. Ông buộc tội đối thủ của mình là [chủ nghĩa cơ hội]
chính trị. "In passage: Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular
global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago,
with dazzling opportunism."
perish (v) /ˈpɛrɪʃ/ "diệt vong, bỏ mạng" "'=to die, especially in an
accident or by being killed, or to be destroyed" Three hundred people
[perished] in the earthquake. Ba trăm người [đã bỏ mạng] trong trận động đất. "In
passage: Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319,
when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine."
proliferate (v) /proʊˈlɪfərˌeɪt/ "Sinh sôi nẩy nở, tăng lên nhiều, sản sinh ra
nhanh" '=to increase rapidly in number or amount Books and articles on the
subject have [proliferated] over the last year. Sách và bài báo về chủ đề này đã
[gia tăng] trong năm qua. In passage: Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the
twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels
continued to soar.
prolonged (adj) /prəˈlɔŋd/ kéo dài (về thời gian) '=continuing for a long time
[Prolonged] use of the drug is known to have harmful side-effects. [Kéo
dài] sử dụng thuốc được biết là có tác dụng phụ có hại. "In passage: The Little
Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady
warming."
reconstruct (v) /ˌrikənˈstrəkt/ tái hiện "'=to be able to describe or show
exactly how a past event happened, using the information you have gathered"
Investigators are trying to [reconstruct] the circumstances of the crash.
Các nhà điều tra đang cố gắng [dựng lại] hoàn cảnh của vụ tai nạn. "In
passage: Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult,
because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe
and North America."
regime (n) /rəˈʒim/ "chế độ, cách thức" "'=a method or system of
government, especially one that has not been elected in a fair way" "a
fascist/totalitarian/military, etc. [regime]" "phát xít / toàn trị / quân đội,
v.v. [chế độ]" "In passage: The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic
regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming."
reroute (v) /riˈrut/ chuyển hướng "'=to change the route that a road,
vehicle, phone call, etc. normally follows" The flight was [rerouted] through
Singapore. Chuyến bay đã được [định tuyến lại] qua Singapore. "In passage: As
the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into
the open Atlantic, then ended altogether."
revolutionise (v) cách mạng hóa '=to completely change something so that
it is much better Newton's discoveries [revolutionized] physics. Những khám phá của
Newton [đã cách mạng hóa] vật lý. "In passage: They developed strategies for
surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold;
adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded
the world’s first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the
Americas."
roughly (adv) /ˈrəfli/ xấp xỉ '=approximately but not exactly Sales are up
by [roughly] 10 per cent. Doanh số bán hàng đã tăng [khoảng] 10%. In passage:
The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth
century
seesaw (n) /ˈsiˌsɔ/ sự thay đổi liên tục "'=a situation characterized by
rapid, repeated changes from one state or condition to another" Few contests ever
have involved so much [seesaw] emotion. Ít có cuộc thi nào có nhiều cảm xúc [bập
bênh] đến vậy. "In passage: The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze,
however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than
a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions
between the atmosphere and the ocean"
staple (n) /ˈsteɪpəl/ sản phẩm chủ yếu '=a main product or part of something
Phosphate has been a [staple] of this area for many years. Phốt phát đã là
một [mặt hàng chủ lực] của khu vực này trong nhiều năm. "In passage: Dried cod
and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in
water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore."
steep (adj) /stip/ lớn và đột ngột '=(of a rise or fall in an amount) sudden
and very big Setting up a new business is risky and involves a [steep]
learning curve. Thiết lập một doanh nghiệp mới là rủi ro và liên quan đến một
đường cong học tập [dốc]. In passage: The rise has been even steeper since the
early 1980s.
storminess (n) /ˈstɔrminɪs/ sự bão tố '=the state of being stormy "This
controls the atmosphere's circulation and can alter rainfall, temperature, winds
and [storminess]" "Điều này kiểm soát hoàn lưu của khí quyển và có thể thay đổi
lượng mưa, nhiệt độ, gió và [bão]" In passage: Storminess increased in the North
Atlantic and North Sea
supplement (v) /ˌsəpləˈmɛnt/ bổ sung '=to add something to something in order
to improve it or make it more complete He [supplements] his income by giving
private lessons. Anh ấy [bổ sung] thu nhập của mình bằng cách dạy các bài học cá
nhân. "In passage: For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’
reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few
incomplete written accounts."
systematic (adj) /ˌsɪstəˈmætɪk/ có hệ thống "'=done according to a system or
plan, in a complete, efficient or determined way" The prisoner was subjected to
[systematic] torture. Tù nhân bị tra tấn [có hệ thống]. "In passage:
Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because
systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North
America."
trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgər/ "làm nổ ra, gây ra..." '=to cause something to start Some
people find that certain foods [trigger] their headaches. Một số người nhận thấy
rằng một số loại thực phẩm nhất định [kích hoạt] cơn đau đầu của họ. "In passage:
The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming."
unaccustomed (adj) /ˌənəˈkəstəmd/ "bất thường, không quen thuộc" "'=not
familiar with something, or not used to something" The Olympic and world
champion finished in the [unaccustomed] position of fourth.Nhà vô địch Olympic và
thế giới đã kết thúc ở vị trí thứ tư [không quen thuộc]. "In passage: They
developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall
or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised
human life; and founded the world’s first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt,
Mesopotamia and the Americas."
unprecedented (adj) /ənˈprɛsɪˌdɛntɪd/ chưa từng có tiền lệ '=never having
happened or existed in the past This century has witnessed environmental
destruction on an [unprecedented] scale. Thế kỷ này đã chứng kiến sự tàn phá môi
trường trên quy mô [chưa từng có]. In passage: They are the deeply important
context for the current unprecedented global warming
variation (n) /ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/ sự thay đổi "'=a change, especially in the amount or
level of something" Currency exchange rates are always subject to [variation].
Tỷ giá hối đoái luôn có thể [biến thiên]. In passage: We are close to a
knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the
northern hemisphere going back 600 years.
voyager (n) /ˈvɔɪɪʤər/ người du hành "'=a person who goes on a long journey,
especially by sea or in space to unknown parts of the world or universe" The
early [voyagers] thought they had landed on the Indian coast. [Những người đi du
hành] ban đầu nghĩ rằng họ đã đổ bộ vào bờ biển Ấn Độ. "In passage: During
these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas,
settled Greenland, and visited North America."

acute (adj) /əˈkjut/ "Sắc, sắc bén, sắc sảo; nhạy, tinh, thính" '=very
sensitive and well developed Dogs have an [acute] sense of smell. Chó có khứu
giác [cấp tính]. "In passage: While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans
are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still
remarkably acute."
a rush of something (n) /ə rəʃ əv ˈsəmθɪŋ/ một cảm xúc/ biểu hiện của cảm xúc
đến mạnh mẽ và bất ngờ '=a sudden strong emotion or sign of strong emotion [a
sudden rush of] excitement/fear/anger [một cơn đột ngột dồn dập] phấn khích /
sợ hãi / tức giận "In passage: A scent associated with a good experience can bring
a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us
grimace with disgust."
association (n) /əˌsoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/ sự liên tưởng '=a feeling or thought that
relates to someone or something The beach has positive [associations] for me as
I used to spend my holidays there Bãi biển có những [liên kết] tích cực đối với
tôi vì tôi đã từng trải qua kỳ nghỉ ở đó In passage: Respondents to the survey
noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional
associations.
attach to (v) /əˈtæʧ tɪ/ "đính kèm, dán cái gì vào" '=to fasten or join one
thing to another I [attach] a copy of my notes for your information. Tôi [đính
kèm] một bản sao các ghi chú của tôi cho thông tin của bạn.In passage: Different
smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the
value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society
in a deeply personal way.
base on (phrasal v) /beɪs ɔn/ căn cứ/ dựa vào "'=to use an idea, a fact, a
situation, etc. as the point from which something can be developed" The local
economy is largely [based on] tourism. Nền kinh tế địa phương chủ yếu [dựa vào]
du lịch. In passage: Respondents to the survey noted that many of their
olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations.
bonding (n) /ˈbɑndɪŋ/ sự gắn kết '=the process of forming a special relationship
with somebody or with a group of people mother-child [bonding] mẹ-con [liên kết]
In passage: Odours are also essential cues in social bonding.
comment on (v) /ˈkɑmɛnt ɔn/ bình luận về '=to express an opinion about
something I don't feel I can [comment on] their decision. Tôi không cảm thấy mình
có thể [bình luận] về quyết định của họ. In passage: A survey conducted by Anthony
Synott at Montreal’s Concordia University asked participants to comment on how
important smell was to them in their lives.
component (n) /kəmˈpoʊnənt/ thành phần/ yếu tố '=one of several parts of
which something is made the different organizations involved in the design of the
various [components] các tổ chức khác nhau tham gia vào việc thiết kế các [thành
phần] khác nhau "In passage: Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is
the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured
objectively given the nonphysical components."
consciously (adv) /ˈkɑnʃəsli/ có ý thức/ có chủ ý '=in a way that shows
that you are aware of something or noticing something Sound has more profound
effects on us than we [consciously] realize. Âm thanh có nhiều ảnh hưởng sâu sắc
đến chúng ta hơn những gì chúng ta [có ý thức] nhận ra. "In passage: Most of the
subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for
identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment
revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register."
consider (something) to be (adj) (phrasal v) /kənˈsɪdər (ˈsəmθɪŋ) tɪ bi (adj*)/
xem như là '=to make somebody/something seem to have a particular quality
She is widely [considered to be] the greatest player ever. Cô ấy được nhiều
người [coi là] cầu thủ vĩ đại nhất từ trước đến nay. In passage: Odours are
invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some
cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others.
cue (n) /kju/ ám hiệu '=a signal for someone to do something "They
started washing up, so that was our [cue] to leave the party." "Họ bắt đầu tắm
rửa, vì vậy đó là [dấu hiệu] của chúng tôi để rời khỏi bữa tiệc." In passage:
Odours are also essential cues in social bonding.
distinguish something from (v) /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ ˈsəmθɪŋ frəm/ phân biệt ai/ cái gì
'=to recognize the difference between two people or things It was hard to
[distinguish one twin from the other]. Thật khó để [phân biệt một cặp song sinh
với nhau]. "In passage: Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can
help distinguish us from other cultures."
elusive (adj) /ɪˈlusɪv/ khó giải thích "'=difficult to describe, find,
achieve, or remember" The answers to these questions remain as [elusive] as ever.
Câu trả lời cho những câu hỏi này vẫn [khó nắm bắt] hơn bao giờ hết. "In
passage: Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon"
essence (n) /ˈɛsəns/ tinh túy "'=the most important quality or feature of
something, that makes it what it is" His paintings capture the [essence] of
France. Những bức tranh của ông nắm bắt được [bản chất] của nước Pháp. "In
passage: The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real
sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture."
evoke (v) /ɪˈvoʊk/ "khơi, gợi" "'=to bring a feeling, a memory or an image
into your mind" The music [evoked] memories of her youth. Âm nhạc [gợi lên] những
kỷ niệm thời trẻ của cô. In passage: It became apparent that smell can evoke
strong emotional responses
feeble (adj) /ˈfibəl/ yếu đuối "'=weak and without energy, strength, or power"
"He was a [feeble], helpless old man" "Ông ấy là một ông già [yếu đuối],
bơ vơ" "In passage: The reason often given for the low regard in which smell
is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense
of smell is feeble and undeveloped."
foul (adj) /faʊl/ hôi thối '=extremely unpleasant Those toilets smell
[foul]! Những nhà vệ sinh có mùi [hôi]! "In passage: A scent associated
with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one
associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust."
fragrant (adj) /ˈfreɪgrənt/ thơm phức '=having a pleasant smell Swallows
swooped through the [fragrant] evening air. Những con én bay qua không khí buổi
tối [thơm]. "In passage: Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours
that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would
generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals."
grimace (v) /ˈgrɪməs/ nhăn mặt "'=to make an ugly expression with your face to
show pain, dislike, etc." He [grimaced] at the bitter taste. Anh [nhăn mặt] vì
vị đắng. "In passage: A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush
of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace
with disgust."
implication (n) /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/ ẩn ý/ ngụ ý '=something that is suggested or
indirectly stated ('= something that is implied) The [implication] in his
article is that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.
[Ngụ ý] trong bài báo của anh ấy là làm một bà nội trợ thua kém rất nhiều so
với mọi nghề nghiệp khác. In passage: This has implications for olfactory
research.
inevitably (adv) /ˌɪˈnɛvətəbli/ 1 cách không thể tránh khỏi '=certain to
happen and unable to be avoided or prevented [Inevitably] some details are
already out of date [Chắc chắn] một số chi tiết đã lỗi thời In passage:
Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably
set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.
infant (n) /ˈɪnfənt/ đứa trẻ sơ sinh '=a baby or a very young child Very
young children and newborn [infants] require a lower dose than older children.
Trẻ nhỏ và trẻ sơ sinh yêu cầu liều thấp hơn trẻ lớn hơn. "In passage: In
fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can
often identify their children or spouses by scent."
interact with (v) /ˌɪnərˈækt wɪθ/ tương tác với "'=if one thing interacts
with another, or if two things interact, the two things have an effect on each
other" Perfume [interacts with] the skin's natural chemicals. Nước hoa
[tương tác với] các hóa chất tự nhiên của da. "In passage: Therefore, our sense
of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world."
interiorise (v) tạo thành một phần trong bản thân con người mình "'=to accept
or absorb an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your character"
"The play, as Shakespeare [interiorized] it, was the thing." "Vở kịch,
như Shakespeare [nội dung hóa] nó, là một vấn đề." In passage: Different smells
can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that
we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a
deeply personal way.
intimate (adj) /ˈɪnɪmət/ rất gần gũi '=very close an [intimate] connection
between class and educational success một kết nối [mật thiết] giữa lớp học và
thành công trong giáo dục In passage: Different smells can provide us with
intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these
experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way.
investigation into (n) /ˌɪnˌvɛstəˈgeɪʃən ˈɪntu/ sự điều tra/ tìm hiểu sâu
về... "'=an official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc."
The president has promised a full [investigation]. Tổng thống đã hứa sẽ có
một cuộc [điều tra] đầy đủ. "In passage: The study of the cultural history of
smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of
human culture."
invest with (v) /ˌɪnˈvɛst wɪθ/ "trao cho, mang lại cho" "'=to give
somebody power or authority, especially as part of their job" Being a model
[invests her with] a certain glamour. Là một người mẫu [đầu tư cho cô ấy] một
vẻ đẹp quyến rũ nhất định. In passage: Odours are invested with cultural values:
smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly
acceptable in others.
label (v) /ˈleɪbəl/ gán cho '=name that thing’s or person’s character "He
didn’t want to be [labeled] a complainer, so he didn’t raise any objection to the
extra work" "Anh ấy không muốn bị [dán nhãn] là người hay phàn nàn, vì vậy anh ấy
không phản đối việc làm thêm" "In passage: Such associations can be powerful enough
so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those
that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular
individuals."
objectively (adv) /ɑˈbʤɛktɪvli/ 1 cách khách quan '=in a way that is based on
facts and not influenced by personal beliefs or feelings Judges must weigh the
evidence logically and [objectively]. Các thẩm phán phải cân nhắc các bằng
chứng một cách logic và [khách quan]. "In passage: Other unanswered questions
are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how
smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components."
odour (n) /ˈoʊdər/ mùi "'=a smell, especially one that is unpleasant" the
[odour] of suspicion [mùi] của sự nghi ngờ "In passage: Such associations can
be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become
agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable
for particular individuals."
olfaction (n) khứu giác "'=the action of smelling, or the ability to smell"
"Like [olfaction], the sense of taste is a chemical sense.""Giống như [khứu
giác], khứu giác là một giác quan hóa học." "In passage: Significant advances
have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of
olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered"
olfactory (adj) /oʊlˈfæktəri/ thuộc khứu giác '=connected with the sense of
smell [olfactory] cells/nerves/organs [khứu giác] tế bào / dây thần kinh / cơ
quan In passage: Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory
likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations.
perception (n) /pərˈsɛpʃən/ "ý niệm, nhận thức" "'=an idea, a belief or an
image you have as a result of how you see or understand something" a campaign
to change public [perception] of the police một chiến dịch để thay đổi [nhận
thức] của công chúng về cảnh sát "In passage: The perception of smell,
therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the
experiences and emotions associated with them."
realm (n) /rɛlm/ lĩnh vực/ khía cạnh "'=an area of activity, interest or
knowledge" At the end of the speech he seemed to be moving into the [realms] of
fantasy. "Vào cuối bài phát biểu, anh ấy dường như đang đi vào [cảnh giới] của
sự tưởng tượng." "In passage: In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with
descriptions and recollections."
recollection (n) /ˌrɛkəˈlɛkʃən/ "Sự nhớ lại, hồi tưởng; ký ức, hồi ức" '=the
ability to remember something; the act of remembering something I have no
[recollection] of meeting her before. Tôi không có [hồi ức] về việc gặp cô ấy
trước đây. "In passage: In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with
descriptions and recollections."
register (v) /ˈrɛʤɪstər/ "ghi nhận; nhận ra, nhớ; để ý (về người)" '=to notice
something and remember it; to be noticed "I told her my name, but it obviously
didn't [register]" "Tôi đã nói với cô ấy tên của tôi, nhưng rõ ràng là nó
không [đăng ký]" In passage: Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one
sense or two – one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless
chemicals in the air.
respondent (n) /rɪˈspɑndənt/ người được hỏi '=a person who answers a request
for information "In a recent opinion poll, a majority of [respondents] were
against nuclear weapons." "Trong một cuộc thăm dò dư luận gần đây, đa số [người
được hỏi] chống lại vũ khí hạt nhân." In passage: Respondents to the survey
noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional
associations.
reveal (v) /rɪˈvil/ tiết lộ '=to make something known to somebody Her
expression [revealed] nothing. Biểu hiện của cô ấy [không tiết lộ] gì cả.
"In passage: Most of the subjects would probably never have given much
thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in
the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered,
smells register."
scent (n) /sɛnt/ "mùi hương, mùi thơm" '=the pleasant smell that something has
The air was filled with the [scent] of wild flowers. Không khí tràn ngập [mùi
hương] của hoa dại. "In passage: In fact, infants recognise the odours of their
mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by
scent."
sensation (n) /sɛnˈseɪʃən/ "sự cảm nhận, cảm giác" "'=the ability to feel
something physically, especially by touching, or a physical feeling that results
from this ability" I had no [sensation] of pain whatsoever. Tôi không có [cảm
giác] đau đớn nào. "In passage: The perception of smell, therefore, consists
not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and
emotions associated with them."
undervalue (v) /ˈəndərˌvælju/ đánh giá thấp "'=to not recognize how good,
valuable or important somebody/something really is" Education is currently
[undervalued] in this country. Giáo dục hiện đang bị đánh giá thấp ở quốc gia
này. "In passage: In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives,
smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures"