CBSE MH Manual-Hindi

ekufld LokLF;
vkSj
dY;k.k
,d ifjçs{;
osaQæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 1

lcls cM+k migkj
lcls cM+k migkj nqdkuksa ;k ekWy esa ugha [kjhnk tk ldrk gS

lgh ek;us esa ckr lquh tkuk gh ,d [ktkuk gS
;g vk'kkvksa] vk'kadkvksa] LoIuksa] ihM+k dks lquus dk migkj gS
lquus dh {kerk LohÑfr] ns[kHkky vkSj vk'kk dks çnf'kZr djrh gS
lquus ds fy, le; fudkyus ls fo'okl c<+rk gS
vkSj vkidh mifLFkfr ds migkj dk lEeku gksrk gS
okLro esa lquus ls fj'rksa dks laokjus ds }kj [kqyrs gSa
;g lHkh ds fy, lcls cM+k migkj gSA

fo"k; oLrq
vkHkkj 5
ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k & ,d ifjçs{; 7
vè;k; 1 % ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dk egRo 8

1-1 Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF; ds izksRlkgu dh vko';drk 9
1-2 vklku ifjorZuksa ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djuk 10
vè;k; 2 % Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF; (ifjokj vkSj leqnk;)_ ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k 11
2-1 Ldwy dh Hkwfedk 12
2-2 ifjokj dh Hkwfedk 12
2-3 leqnk; dh Hkwfedk 13
vè;k; 3 % f'k{kd dk dY;k.k 14

3-1 vko';drk vkSj egRo 15
3-2 Ldwy dSls lgk;rk dj ldrs gSa 15
vè;k; 4 % lqfo/k&iznkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd 16
vè;k; 5 % fo|ky; esa dkmalyjksa dh Hkwfedk 18

5-1 ijke'kZ lsok,a 19
5-2 dkmalyj dh eq[; Hkwfedk,a vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka 20
vè;k; 6 % fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk 21
vè;k; 7 % Ekuks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs 23
fo"k; oLrq | 3
vè;k; 8 % ekufld LokLF; esa tksf[ke iSnk djus okys dkjd 26
8-1 tSfod dkjd 26
8-2 euksoSKkfud dkjd 27
8-3 i;kZoj.k laca/h dkjd 27
vè;k; 9 % çkjafHkd vkSj eè; ckY;koLFkk esa fof'k"V ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;k¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ 28
9-1 tqM+ko dh fpark,a 28
9-2 ofLr (ey vkSj ew=k) ij fu;a=k.k 29
9-3 lapkj eqís 29
9-4 vyx gksus dh fpark 30
9-5 Ldwy tkus ls badkj 31
9-6 vuo/ku vkSj vfrlfØ;rk 31
9-7 vkpj.k vkSj lacaf/r eqís 33
9-8 vkWfVTe (vkRe foeksg) LisDVªe 33
9-9 ckSf¼d fu%'kDrrk 34
9-10 vf/xe ck/k 35
vè;k; 10 % fd'kksjkoLFkk % vkd"kZ.k vkSj pqukSfr;ka 37

10-1 fd'kksjkoLFkk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk 37
10-2 fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku cnyko 38
10-3 fd'kksjksa ds çeq[k eqís vkSj fpark,a 39
10-4 volkn (fMçs'ku) 41
10-5 Mjkuk&/edkuk@cnek'kh 42
10-6 eknd inkFkksZa dk lsou 44
10-7 lkbcj laca/h eqís 45
10-8 euksxzflr ckè;rk fodkj 46
10-9 nqO;Zogkj vkSj vk?kkr 47
ifjf'k"V 48
xfrfof/;ka 49
lanHkZ 84

vkHkkj
laj{kd %
• Jh jes'k iks[kfj;ky ^fu'kad*] f'k{kk ea=kh] Hkkjr ljdkj
• Jh lat; /ks=ks] f'k{kk jkT; ea=kh] Hkkjr ljdkj
• Jherh vuhrk djoy] lfpo] Ldwy f'k{kk vkSj lk{kjrk foHkkx] f'k{kk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj
• Jh eukst vkgwtk] vè;{k lhch,lbZ] iwoZ fo'ks"k funs'kd yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh jk"Vªh; ç'kklfud vdkneh
lykg] laikndh; vkSj jpukRed fufof"V;ka %

• dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ vè;{k ds :Ik esa Jherh vuhrk djoy ds dk;Zdky ds nkSjku bl çdk'ku ds fy,
mudh vksj ls nh xbZ lykg] laikndh; vkSj jpukRed lg;ksx ds fy, vkHkkjA
ekxZn'kZu vkSj leFkZu %

• Jh vuqjkx f=kikBh] vkbZvkjih,l] lfpo] dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
• MkW- tkslsiQ beSuq,y] funs'kd ('kS{kf.kd)] dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
• MkW- fcLothr lkgk] funs'kd (dkS'ky f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k)] dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
• Jherh jek 'kekZ] çeq[k (ehfM;k ,oa tu laidZ)] dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
Ikzk:i vkSj laiknu Vhe %

• Jherh jek 'kekZ] çeq[k (ehfM;k vkSj tu laidZ)] dsaæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ
• MkW- ftrsaæ ukxiky] lykgdkj euksfpfdRld vkSj funs'kd] ,Dlçs'kUl bafM;k&us'kuy ykbiQ fLdYl ,aM Ldwy
osyusl çksxzke
• MkW- #fp lsB] iz/kukpk;Z] yksVl oSyh baVjus'kuy Ldwy] uks,Mk
• Jh eqds'k xqIrk] egklfpo] lkslk;Vh iQkWj fjlpZ ,aM MsoyiesaV vkWiQ ,tqds'ku
• lqJh vijkftrk nhf{kr] lykgdkj cky vkSj fd'kksj euksfoKkuh] ekufld LokLF; vkSj thou dkS'ky lao/Zu laLFkku]
ewypan esfMflVh] ubZ fnYyh
• Jherh nhfIr flag] foHkkxkè;{k (ijke'kZ)] yksVl oSyh baVjus'kuy Ldwy] uks,Mk
• Jherh ia[kqM+h lkek] Ldwy dkmalyj] yksVl oSyh baVjus'kuy Ldwy] uks,Mk
vkHkkj | 5
ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k &
,d ifjçs{;
Ldwy vkSj ifjokj egRoiw.kZ lkekftd bdkb;ka gSa tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa
ds LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSaA Ldwyksa dh çeq[k
ftEesnkjh gS fd os Nk=kksa ds 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj ekufld
LokLF; dks izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj bUgsa csgrj cuk,aA mHkjrh pqukSfr;ksa
ds dkj.k ;g t:jh gks x;k gS fd Ldwy Nk=kksa dh euksoSKkfud
vko';drkvksa ij è;ku dsafær djsa vkSj muds lexz dY;k.k dk è;ku
j[ksaA le; ij igpku vkSj jksdFkke vfuok;Z :i ls ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k
dks lqjf{kr cuk ldrs gSaA
ns'k esa 'kk;n ;g viuh rjg dk igyk çdk'ku gS] ftlesa Nk=kksa losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku%
ds fofHkUu fodklkRed pj.kksa esa mudh rRdky ns[kHkky ds fy, losZ lUrq fujke;k%
ekrk&firk] Ldwyksa] f'k{kdksa] dkmalyj] fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk lHkh lq[kh jgsa
vkSj egRo dks lajsf[kr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA iwjh vk'kk gS lHkh jksxeqDr jgsa
fd blls mfpr laosnhdj.k vkSj LoLFk fopkj foe'kZ gksxkA
bl eSuqvy dk mís'; gS % CARE (ds;j)
Nk=kksa esa ekufld LokLF; ds ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk

djuk (Create)
Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF; ds egRo dks lacksf/r
djuk (Address)
i.k/kjdksa dh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa dks
iquiZfjHkkf"kr djuk (Redifining)
ekufld LokLF; dks c<+kok nsus vkSj Nk=kksa ds
dY;k.k ds fy, uokpkj ds rjhdksa vkSj loksZÙke
çFkkvksa dks ykxw djukA (Elucidating)

1 ekufld LokLF; vkSj
dY;k.k dk egRo
gekjs ns'k esa ekufld LokLF; vkSj eukslkekftd dY;k.k ,d LoLFk O;fDr lexz :i ls ykHkdkjh xfrfof/;ksa
lcls misf{kr {ks=kksa esa ls ,d gSA jk"Vªh; ekufld LokLF; esa layXu gksrk gS] nwljksa ds lkFk laca/ksa dk [;ky
losZ{k.k (2016) n'kkZrk gS fd gekjs ns'k esa ,sls yxHkx j[krk gS] vkSj ifjorZu ds lkFk vuqdwyu djus vkSj
,d lkS ipkl fefy;u ukxfjd gSa ftUgsa ekufld LokLF; izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus dh {kerk çnf'kZr
dY;k.k ds fy, ns[kHkky vkSj lgk;rk dh vko';drk djrk gSA
gksrh gSA blds vfrfjDr] ;g irk pyk fd buesa ls lÙkj
ls uCcs çfr'kr yksx lgh le; ij xq.koÙkk ;qDr lgk;rk ekufld
çkIr ugha dj ldsA fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO) ds
vuqlkj fd'kksj vk;q lewg esa vkRe&{kfr nj oSf'od Lrj LokLF; ladsrd
ij lcls vf/d la[;k esa ikbZ tkrh gSA vfèkdka'k 'kkjhfjd ● euksoSKkfud] HkkoukRed] ckSf¼d vkSj
chekfj;ksa ds fy, HkkoukRed ruko vkSj vU; fpark,a ,d vkè;kfRed :i ls fodklA
çeq[k dkjd gSaA euksfpfdRld] uSnkfud euksoSKkfud] ● ikjLifjd :i ls larks"ktud laca/ksa dh
dkmalyj vkSj lac¼ is'ksojksa tSls ekufld LokLF; lsok 'kq:vkr] fodkl vkSj bUgsa cuk, j[kukA
çnkrk bl ckr ls lger gSa fd ge Bhd le; ij lgk;rk ● ,dkar vkSj bldk vkuan ysukA
nsdj Hkfo"; dh dbZ ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa dks jksd ● nwljksa ds çfr tkx:d cuuk vkSj lgkuqHkwfr
ldrs gSaA j[kukA
● [ksy&dwn esa Hkkx ysuk vkSj lh[kukA
'kks/ fu"d"kZ crkrs gSa fd 'kkjhfjd chekjh] lhfer cqfu;knh ● lgh vkSj xyr dh Hkkouk fodflr djukA
lalk/u] Lo;a vkSj ifjokj ds lkFk&lkFk thou esa vèkwjh ● leL;kvksa vkSj vliQyrkvksa dks gy djuk vkSj
bPNkvksa dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZrk çeq[k dkjd gSa tks buls lh[kukA
ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

ifjorZu ds fy, vuqdwy gksrs gSaA lexz ekufld LokLF;
1-1 LowQyksa esa ekufld LokLF; vf/xe dk fu/kZj.k djrk gSA ekufld LokLF; lgk;rk
ds izksRlkgu dh vko';drk çnku djds xfrfof/;ksa vkSj O;ogkj esa vkus okyh leL;k
dk lek/ku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1-1-2 c<+rh vko';drk dk dkj.k

'kks/ crkrs gSa fd ikap esa ls yxHkx ,d cPpk vkSj fd'kksj
ruko] fpark] /edkus] vf/xe fu%'kDrrk vkSj ;k 'kjkc
vkSj eknd æO;ksa ds lsou tSlh ekufld LokLF; fpark
dk lkeuk djrk gSA
ekufld chekfj;ksa ds izfr mis{kk Hkko vkSj xyr
voèkkj.kkvksa dh otg ls cM+h la[;k esa Nk=kksa ij è;ku
ugha fn;k tkrk vkSj mUgsa vko';d ns[kHkky ugha fey
ikrh gSA blfy,] Ldwyh Nk=kksa ds lkeus vkus okyh
ekufld LokLF; pqukSfr;ksa dk lekèkku djus ds fy,
gekjs cPpksa dh 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud lqj{kk lqfuf'pr O;kid tkx:drk gksuk t:jh gSA
djus ds fy,] Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF; lsok vkSj lgk;rk
dh miyC/rk igyk dne gSA ekufld LokLF; ds nk;js 1-1-3 çf'kf{kr O;kolkf;dksa dh vko';drk
esa cPps ds HkkoukRed] O;kogkfjd vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k Ldwy dkmalyjksa dh vko';drk dk ,d dkj.k gS fd]
dks 'kkfey fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekufld LokLF; dh bUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls cPpksa vkSj fd'kksjksa ds le{k vkus okyh
lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ^vuqdwyu'khyrk^] nSfud thou O;kogkfjd vkSj HkkoukRed pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy,
dh pqukSfr;ksa dk çHkkoh <ax ls lkeuk djus dh {kerk çf'kf{kr fd;k tkrk gSA bu f'k{kdksa esa Nk=kksa ds la?k"kZ ,oa
gSA blfy, Ldwyksa esa cPpksa dks lqjf{kr okrkoj.k nsuk cky fodkl dks le>us dh O;kogkfjd {kerk gksrh gSA
egRoiw.kZ gSA Ldwy esa ,d O;kid ç.kkyh fufeZr djus ds
fy, vklku igqap] dY;k.k vkSj vuqdwyu {kerk dks ,d 1-1-4 fu"d"kZ
lkFk lajsf[kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A Nk=kksa vkSj Ldwyksa dh 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud lqj{kk dks
csgrj cukus ds fy, Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF; lsokvksa
1-1-1 ldkjkRed ekufld LokLF; ¾ thou esa liQyrk
rd igqap egRoiw.kZ gSA Ldwyksa esa ,slk okrkoj.k cukuk
Ldwy vkSj thou esa cPpksa dh liQyrk lh/s muds egRoiw.kZ gS tks Nk=k dks viuh lqj{kk ds ckjs esa tkx:d
ekufld LokLF; ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA dqN 'kks/ fu"d"kZ crkrs djus esa leFkZ gksA Ldwy ds ekufld LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ
gSa fd tks cPps ekufld LokLF; lgk;rk çkIr djrs gSa Nk=kksa dh vf/d xgu ;k py jgh t:jrksa dh igpku
os f'k{k.k esa csgrj izn'kZu djrs gSa] dq'ky gksrs gSa vkSj djrs gSa vkSj bu ij lg;ksx iznku djrs gSaA
ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dk egRo | 9

vf/dka'k le; ge bls ,d leL;k ds :i esa ugha ns[krs
1-2 vklku ifjorZuksa ds fy, gSa vkSj ekurs gSa fd cPpk bu ifjorZuksa dks lgtrk ls
ekxZ iz'kLr djuk viuk ysxkA T;knkrj ekeyksa esa] ?kj ls Ldwy rd dk ;g
ifjorZu cPps ds fy, lgt gks ldrk gS] ysfdu ;fn
cnyko dks Lohdkj djuk vkSj lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk
ns[kHkky u dh tk, rks dqN ekeyksa esa ;g mUgsa ijs'kku
lcls egRoiw.kZ pqukSfr;ksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj ,d cPps ls
dj ldrk gSA
vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa dks Lohdkjs]
ftUgsa og vius fodkl ds nkSjku vuqHko djrk gSA gesa ;gh çkjafHkd fodkl ds o"kksaZ ds nkSjku] cPps esa 'kkjhfjd]
fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd thou esa fLFkj jgus okyh ,dek=k ?kVuk xfrd] lkekftd] HkkoukRed] Hkk"kkbZ vkSj laKkukRed
îfjorZu* gSA ,d voLFkk ls nwljh voLFkk esa tkuk gekjs dkS'kyksa esa ifjorZu gksrs gSaA Ldwy ds fy, rS;kjh djus
thou dk ,d vfuok;Z fgLlk gS vkSj ;g gekjh ckY;koLFkk ds fy, ifjokj vkSj ekrk&firk dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
ls 'kq: gksus okyh fofHkUu thou fLFkfr;ksa esa gksrk gh jgrk ifjokjksa ds leFkZu ds lkFk f'k{kd muds Ldwy esa gksus
gSA blfy,] cPps ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fLFkfr ifjorZu cgqr okys ifjorZu dks lqfuf'pr djrs gSaA fuEu rkfydk esa
pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] çh&çkbejh xzsM egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu fcanqLFky vkSj lq>ko fn, x, gaS &
ij dqN cPps ml le; vlqjf{kr eglwl djrs gSa tc
mudh çkFkfed Ldwy esa fnup;kZ cny tkrh gSA
çh&çkbejh ls çkbejh & cPpksa dks fnup;kZ esa cnyko ds fy, rS;kj djuk pkfg;s
'kk[kk & cSBus dh O;oLFkk cnyus dh ckr djuh pkfg;s
& lewg dk;Z ls tqM+h xfrfof/;ksa dks lqxe cukuk pkfg;s
& cPpksa dk ubZ d{kkvksa ;k u, CykWd ls ifjp; djkuk pkfg;s
êka ds :i esa f'k{kd* & f'k{kd cPps dks ;g le>us esa enn dj ldrs gSa fd ifjorZu ds nkSjku fpafrr gksuk
ls ^fo"k; f'k{kd dh LokHkkfod gS
ladYiuk* (enj Vhpj & l=k 'kq: gksus ls igys gh ifjp; djkus dh ,d ;kstuk cukuh pkfg;s
dkWUlsIV Vw lCtsDV & cPpksa dks mu lHkh f'k{kdksa ls feyokuk csgrj gksrk gS] tks mUgsa i<+k;saxsA
Vhpj dkWUlsIV)
isafly ls isu esa cnyko & cPps dh rS;kfj;ksa dks bu ckrksa ds lanHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,
& 9 lky dh mez ,d vPNk le; gS
& O;kolkf;d fpfdRld lq>ko nsrs gSa fd cPpksa dks cf<+;k iQkmaVsu isu ls fy[kus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
& ckjhd xfrd vkSj vka[k&gkFk leUo; xfrfof/;ksa dk vH;kl djokuk pkfg;s
izkbejh ls fefMy & ;kSoukjaHk vkSj 'kkjhfjd ifjorZuksa ds ckjs esa dk;Z'kkykvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tk ldrk gS
& /edkus vkSj blds cqjs izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa d{kkvksa esa NksVh&NksVh ckrphr dh ;kstuk cukbZ
tk ldrh gS
& ikB~;p;kZ esa u, cnykoksa (mnkgj.k ds fy, bfrgkl] ukxfjd 'kkL=k] jktuhfr foKku]
Hkwxksy] vFkZ'kkL=k esa foHkkftr lkekftd foKku) ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk;k tkuk pkfg,A
& ftuds izfr 'kS{kf.kd vkSj O;ogkj laca/h fpark,a gSa] mu cPpksa ds fy, lkFkh ç.kkyh 'kq:
dh tk ldrh gSA
& fd'kksjksa dh fparkvksa ls lacaf/r dqN dk;Z'kkyk,a (tSls & y{; fu/kkZj.k] lhek fu/kkZj.k]
vkRe&lEeku) Hkh vk;ksftr dh tk ldrh gSA
xzsM XI - XII & dSfj;j ekxZn'kZu dk;Z'kkykvksa dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk ldrh gS
& lHkh cPpksa ds fy, çR;sd LVªhe dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, vkSj laxr dSfj;j ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh Hkh lk>k dh tk ldrh gS
& bl vk;q lewg esa lkbcj nqfu;k esa vkus okys [krjksa ij ppkZ djus dh vR;ar vko';drk gSA

2 Ldwyksa esa ekufld LokLF;
(ifjokj vkSj leqnk;)_
,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k
ifjokj og igyh lekthdj.k lajpuk gS ftlesa cPps dks

nqfu;k ls ifjfpr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g cPps ds fy, ,d la{ksi esa] blesa fofHkUu LFkku] O;fDRk 'kkfey gSa] ftuls
egRoiw.kZ vk/kjf'kyk gS D;ksafd yxko] Hkkouk,a] O;fDrRo cPps lac¼rk eglwl djrs gSa vkSj viusiu dh Hkkouk
y{k.k] O;ogkj ifjokj ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA Hkkstu dh j[krs gSaA
çkFkfedrk ls ysdj #fp vkSj lkekftd laidZ rd lHkh
bl ,d bdkbZ ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA cPpksa dk fj'rk ifjokj ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj fiQj cPpk
/hjs&/hjs ckgj ds yksxksa dks 'kkfey djrk gSA f'k{kd
lekthdj.k dh vxyh lajpuk Ldwy gSA ;g lexz fodkl bl fj'rs dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk gSaA
ds fy, vf/dkf/d volj vkSj euksoSKkfud nk;jk çnku
djrk gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] ifjokj] Ldwy vkSj leqnk; feydj
cPps ds ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ds fy, dke
fodklkRed n`f"Vdks.k ls leqnk; dk ,d O;kid vFkZ gSA djrs gaS vkSj mlds ikyu&iks"k.k esa cjkcj ds fgLlsnkj
blesa ifjokjksa vkSj vkl&iM+ksl }kjk nh xbZ eukslkekftd gksrs gSaA
lgk;rk Hkh gks ldrh gSA bl leqnk; esa f'k{kd Hkh 'kkfey
gksrs gSaA
LowQyksa esa ekufld LokLF; (ifjokj vkSj leqnk;) ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k | 11

2-2 ifjokj dh Hkwfedk
;fn ge vius ns'k dh le`¼ lkewfgd laLÑfr ij xkSj djsa
rks ifjokj cPpksa ds lg;ksx ds fy, lcls ewY;oku lzksr
gSA blesa ekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cgu] nknk&nknh] djhch fj'rsnkj
'kkfey gSaA thou ds lHkh pj.kksa esa] ifjokj dk leFkZu
xfr'khy ifjorZu fn[kykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] LoLFk
2-1 Ldwy dh Hkwfedk

yxHkx lHkh cPps Ldwy tkrs gSa vkSj ml ifjos'k esa os gj
fnu 6&7 ?kaVs dk le; lh[kus esa fcrkrs gSaA blfy, Ldwyh
ikB~;p;kZ esa ekufld LokLF; dks 'kkfey djus ls Nk=kksa
ds dY;k.k ij dkiQh çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA og Ldwy tks
yxkrkj vius cPpksa ds ekufld LokLF; dks c<+kok nsus
vkSj muds dY;k.k ds fy, tkx:d ç;kl djrk gS] og
thou thus vkSj lh[kus ds fy, ,d LoLFk O;oLFkk vkSj
viuh {kerk dks etcwr djrk gSA Ldwy esa cnek'kh vkSj
fgalk dh fjiksVksaZ esa o`f¼] ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks tYnh igpkuus
vkSj funku ds egRo ij cy nsrh gSA fiNys n'kd esa] vkSj dk;kZRed ifjokjksa esa] cpiu ds nkSjku] cPps iwjh rjg
Ldwyksa esa fgalk] cnek'kh] eknd æO;ksa ds lsou] HksnHkko ls ifjokj ij viuh lHkh t:jrksa ds fy, fuHkZj gksrs gSaA
ls fuiVus vkSj LoLFk vuq'kklu cuk, j[kus ds fy, Ldwy tSls&tSls cPpk cM+k gksrk gS] ;g fuHkZjrk cnyrh tkrh gSA
ekufld LokLF; dk nk;jk c<+k gSA
nknk&nknh dk muds iksrs&iksrh ds fodkl ij vkSj
Ldwyksa esa eq[; :i ls O;fDrxr vkSj ç.kkyhxr Lrj ij ifj.kkeLo:i] muds ekufld LokLF; ij ldkjkRed çHkko
çkjafHkd igpku ds ckjs esa çkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,A gksus ds ckjs esa lgefr c<+ jgh gSA cgq&ih<+h ifjokjksa dk
;gka nks eq[; y{; gSa& cPpksa ds O;ogkj esa ldkjkRed ifjn`'; Hkkjr ds lkekftd rkus&ckus dk ,d egRoiw.kZ
cnyko ykuk vkSj 'kS{kf.kd :i ls mudh {kerk dks fgLlk gSA c<+rh mez esa mudks vDlj ûkuh dh dgkuh*
vuqdwfyr djuk rkfd cPpksa ij udkjkRed izHkko jksds vkSj ^nknh ds uqL[ks* ls tksM+k tkrk gSA nknk&nknh I;kj]
tk ldsaA blfy,] Ldwy ijke'kZ dk;ZØe vkSj uhfr Ldwy ekxZn'kZu vkSj Kku çnku djrs gSaA 'kks/ ls irk pyrk gS]
O;oLFkk] ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa] ç'kklu vkSj çca/u esa Nk=kksa ^îfjokj ds cnyrs iSVuZ] thou çR;k'kk esa o`f¼] ekrk vkSj
vkSj muds dbZ i.kèkkjdksa ds fy, ykHkdkjh ç;kl gSaA firk ds dkedkth ifjokjksa dh c<+rh la[;k vkSj ifjokj

VwVus dh mPp nj ds lkFk] nknk&nknh dh Hkwfedk vc 2-3 leqnk; dh Hkwfedk
iksrs&iksrh ds thou esa c<+ jgh gSa**A blfy,] cgq&ih<+h
ifjokjksa dh vo/kj.kk I;kj] lk>k ftEesnkfj;ksa] cpko vkSj igys dqN mnkgj.kksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k Fkk fd ^leqnk;*
lqj{kk ij tksj nsrh gSA 'kCn dk nk;jk fo'kky gS] 'kCn dk lkj cuk,a j[krs gq,]
leqnk; og gS ftlesa cPps dks lqj{kk vkSj leFkZu dh
vfHkHkkod&cPps ds fj'rs tfVy gks ldrs gSaA ;fn cPpk Hkkouk eglwl gksrh gSA leFkZu vkSj lqj{kk dh Hkkouk
HkkoukRed vkSj O;ogkj laca/h dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk dj mUgsa [ksyus] [kkstus vkSj lh[kus dk vkRefo'okl nsrh
jgk gS rks dbZ ckj ekrk&firk ds fy, ns[kHkky djuk gSA blfy,] leqnk; ls laca/ tqM+us ls ,d laosnu'khy]
eqf'dy gks ldrk gSA ekrk&firk dks è;ku vkSj èkS;Z j[kuk lqjf{kr vkSj fLFkj okrkoj.k curk gSA leqnk; cPpksa]
pkfg,] fu;fer :i ls cPps ds lkFk xq.kkRed le; lkfFk;ksa vkSj o;Ldksa ds chp ldkjkRed ckrphr vkSj
fcrkuk pkfg, vkSj laHkkfor gLr{ksiksa ds ckjs esa dkmalyjksa laca/ksa dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA dqy feykdj ;gk¡ mís'; ,d
vkSj vU; ekufld LokLF; O;kolkf;dksa ls ijke'kZ djuk ,slh ç.kkyh cukuk gS tks vkuaniw.kZ] jpukRed] vUos"kh
pkfg,A vkSj thoar vuqHko çnku djrh gksA
LowQyksa esa ekufld LokLF; (ifjokj vkSj leqnk;) ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k | 13

3 f'k{kd dk dY;k.k
f'k{kdksa ds fy,
ldkjkRed vkRe&iqf"V
eq>ls iQdZ iM+rk gSA
eSa dqN vyx djrk gwaA
f'k{k.k esjh dyk gSA
eSa ifjorZu dks viukus ds fy, rS;kj gwaA
eSa tks dke djrk gwa] og eq>s ilan gSA
eSa l{ke gwa vkSj vkRefo'okl ls ifjiw.kZ gwaA
,d ,sls ;qx esa tgka cPpksa ds ekufld LokLF; vkSj

muds vf/dkjksa ds laj{k.k ds ckjs esa laokn vkSj ppkZvksa
esa o`f¼ gks jgh gSa] gekjs fy, ;g vko';d gks tkrk gS tc ge dgrs gSa fd ,d f'k{kd ^dbZ&gSV~l igurk
fd ge f'k{kdksa ds ekufld LokLF; ds ckjs esa ckr djsaA gS]* rks gekjs fy, ;g egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd ge
blfy,] Ldwy ldkjkRed ekufld LokLF; ds fy, ,d f'k{kdksa dh bu ftEesnkfj;ksa ds otu dks Hkh Lohdkj
egRoiw.kZ dk;Z{ks=k cu tkrs gSaA djsaA f'k{kd ,d laj{kd] dkmalyj] dksp] ulZ] çsjd]
,d ;kstukdkj dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks Hkh fuHkkrk gS vkSj
f'k{kdksa dk dk;Z dsoy f'k{k.k rd gh lhfer ugha gS] ;g lwph varghu gSA
cfYd blds lkj esa lsok Hkh gSA de ru[okg] cgqr de
çksRlkgu] dfFkr Bgjko vkSj c<+rh ekaxksa ds dkj.k mudh ^^[kkyh ykyVsu çdk'k ugha djrhA viuh ns[kHkky
ukSdfj;ksa esa ruko dk Lrj c<+ x;k gSA uksVcqd ls Hkjs og b±/u gS ftlls vkidh vkHkk&izHkk c<+rh gSA**
cSxksa] iwjh rjg ls tkaph xbZ 'khVksa dks le; lhek esa (vKkr)A
tek djus ds vykok f'k{kdksa dk dY;k.k dHkh ppkZ dk
fo"k; ugha jgkA

3-1 vko';drk vkSj egRo 3-2 Ldwy dSls lgk;rk dj ldrs gSa
f'k{kdksa ds fy, ,d ldkjkRed vkSj le`¼ okrkoj.k dh  ldkjkRed dk;Z i¼fr dks NksVs lewg dh vkuannk;d
vko';drk vkSj egRo gS] D;ksafdµ xfrfof/;ksa }kjk c<+kok nsdj
 viuh ns[kHkky ds volj lqfuf'pr dj (mnkgj.k
• f'k{kd Lo;a dh Hkkoukvksa dks csgrj <ax ls uhps xzkfiQd esa fn, x, gSa)
le>rk gS& vkSj blds dkj.k Nk=k ,oa f'k{kd  f'k{kdksa dks iqjLÑr dj] muds ç;klksa dh ç'kalk dj
osQ laca/ksa dks le>rk gS  muds ç;klksa dks ekU;rk nsdj
 êkbaMiqQyusl* dh i¼fr cukdj
• cPpksa ds lkFk lapkj esa enn djrk gS
cgqr lkjs yksx ekbaMiqQyusl (lpsr jgus) dks ,d eqf'dy
• mu Nk=kksa dh enn djrk gS ftUgsa i<+kuk dke ekurs gSaA gkykafd] ;g ,] ch] lh ftruk gh ljy
pqukSrhiw.kZ gks ldrk gS gS &
• lh[kus ds ldkjkRed ekgkSy dks LFkkfir djus , & Alert ;kfu ltx @ lpsr gksuk
esa enn djrk gS Ckh & Breath Out ;kfu lkal ysuk
lh & Calm down ;kfu 'kkar jguk
• cPpksa ds lkFk laca/ fodflr djus esa enn
djrk gS bl rjg dh xfrfof/;ksa ls f'k{kd dks lpsr jgus esa enn
feyrh gS] vkSj mls d{kk esa Nk=kksa dh t:jrksa ij iqu%
• ruko de djus esa enn djrk gS è;ku nsus esa lqfo/k gksrh gSA
viuh ns[kHkky f'k{kdksa ds fy, ekbaMQqy

f'k{k.k f'k{kdksa ds fy, lq>ko f'k{kd ,d le; jgus dk le;A
esa ,d cPps dks
fny cnyrs gq, nqfu;k
dk dke gS jkst u, fljs ls 'kq#vkr djsaA cnyrs gSaA eSa D;k lqu ldrk gw¡\
vius fnekx dks vkjke nsus ds eSa D;k igpku ldrk gwa\
fy, ,d vPNh fdrkc i<+saA
eSa D;k ns[k ldrk gw¡\
izsjd lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk tqM+saA
eSa D;k eglwl dj ldrk gwa\
çÑfr ls tqM+sa] dqN le;
fcrk,aA ,d feuV #dsa] è;ku dsafær djsa vkSj lkspsa
fd vHkh D;k gks jgk gSA
vius vki ls ldkjkRed ckrsa
djsaA vkidh lkjh fpark,a nwj gks tk,axhA
vki 'kkar vkSj rukoeqDr eglwl djsaxsA
f'k{kd dk dY;k.k | 15
4 lqfo/k&iznkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd
ij laokn ls mudh dkiQh enn gks ldrh gSA dbZ

fLFkfr;ksa esa] f'k{kd vkSj Nk=k ds chp ,d LoLFk vkSj
laokniw.kZ laca/ O;ogkj fopyu vkSj HkkoukRed la?k"kksaZ
dh igpku djus esa enn djrk gS] ftlls vusd
egRoiw.kZ fparkvksa dh jksdFkke gksrh gSA
Nk=k dh leL;k dks le>us ds ckn] f'k{kd dh
Hkwfedk Nk=kksa dks Lora=k :i ls leL;k dks gy djus
esa l{ke cukus dh gSA bldk vFkZ gS fd O;fDr dks
;fn Bhd ls funsZf'kr fd;k tk, rks mlesa eqdkcyk
djus ds csgrj dkS'ky fodflr gks ldrs gSaA lekuqHkwfr
,d f'k{kd dk lcls egRoiw.kZ dkS'ky ekuk tkrk gSA
Ldwy Nk=kksa ds fy, lh[kus ds volj vkSj mudks HkkSfrd] dbZ ckj f'k{kd Ldwy ls ijs vkSj Ldwy ls lacaf/r
HkkoukRed] euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, leL;kvksa dk Hkh lek/ku djrk gSA
,d O;kid :ijs[kk çnku djrs gSaA Nk=kksa ds ldkjkRed ,d f'k{kd dkmalyj dh fo'ks"kKrk dks çfrLFkkfir
ekufld LokLF; ds fy, f'k{kd lcls egRoiw.kZ dM+h ugha dj ldrk gS] ysfdu ,d çf'kf{kr dkmalyj
gSaA os ,d Nk=k ds thou esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs dh vuqifLFkfr esa] ,d lgk;d dh Hkwfedk vnk dj
gSaA os Kku] uSfrd leFkZu] çksRlkgu vkSj çse ds izfr:i ldrk gSA ;fn f'k{kd fdlh Hkh vLoLFk Hkkouk ;k
gSaA Nk=k ds Hkfo"; dks vkdkj nsus esa f'k{kdksa dh O;ogkj laca/h vfHkO;fDr;ksa dks uksfVl djrk gS rks
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gS_ os Nk=kksa dks Lokoyach cukrs gSaA lcls igys psrkouh nsus vkSj dkmalyj ;k Ldwy ls
,d f'k{kd vfuok;Z :i ls f'k{k.k lgk;rk çnku djrk tqM+s fdlh Hkh ekufld LokLF; dehZ rd bls izsf"kr
gS] f'k{k.k esa uoizorZu dj ;FkklaHko ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSa
d{kk Lrj ij] f'k{kd Nk=kksa dh O;fDrxr] HkkoukRed bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa f'k{kd& dkmalyj Vhe cPps dh
;k ifjokj lacaèkh leL;kvksa ds fy, ijkuqHkwfr fn[kk dj enn djus ds fy, lg;ksx vkSj dke djus esa l{ke
ekxZn'kZu vkSj lgk;rk dj ldrs gSaA f'k{kd mu dkj. gks ldrh gSA
kksa dks le>us dh dksf'k'k dj ldrk gS tks Nk=kksa ds
HkkoukRed fodkjksa vkSj muds xyr O;ogkjksa dk vk/kj
curs gSaA Nk=kksa ds lkFk xSj&vkykspukRed vkSj [kqys rkSj

ldrh gS vkSj lk>k dh xbZ ckrksa dh lgh O;k[;k cPpksa
f'k{kd Nk=k dh lgk;rk dSls dks Lo;a dks csgrj le>us esa enn dj ldrh gSA
lqfuf'pr dj ldrk gS &
xSj&vkykspukRed :i ls lquuk vkSj çfrfØ;k nsuk %
?kfu"Brk cukuk % f'k{kd }kjk Nk=k dks lgt gksus dh Nk=kksa ds çfr lekuqHkwfr vkSj d#.kk fn[kkukA
NwV nsuh pkfg,A ekSf[kd (ldkjkRed çfrfØ;k nsdj)
vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd (yxkrkj vka[kksa ds laidZ dh rjg b'kkjksa iw.kZ xksiuh;rk % izk;% ^^vki tks Hkh eq>ls dgsaxs og
}kjk) vk'oklu lcls vPNk dke djrs gSaA dsoy eq> rd jgsxk tc rd fd vki [krjs esa ugha gSa
;k vki nwljksa dks [krjs esa ugha Mkyrs gSaA** dgdj f'k{kd
Hkkoukvksa dh mUeqDr vfHkO;fDr dks çksRlkfgr djuk% dks vkxs laokn 'kq: djuk pkfg,A
[kqydj ckrphr gksus ij cPps ds eu dh ckr ckgj fudy
Nk=k dh enn djuk

,d lqjf{kr] lajf{kr vkSj iksf"kr ifjos'k çnku djuk
ftlesa cPpk LoLFk izca/u dkS'ky fodflr dj lds
1- leL;k dks igpkusa
2- cPps dh leL;k dks lqusa
3- ldkjkRed cnyko ykus ds fy, y{; cuk,a
4- fodYiksa ij ,d lkFk fopkj eaFku djsa
5- cPps dks ldkjkRed cnyko fn[kkus ds fy, çsfjr djsa
lqfo/k iznkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd | 17

5 fo|ky; esa dkmalyjksa
dh Hkwfedk
'kSf{kd usr`Ro dh Vhe ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ds :i esa

Ldwy dkmalyj dk egRo c<+ jgk gS D;ksafd os Nk=kksa dks
cgqewY; lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA cPps dk vf/dre le;
Ldwy esa chrrk gS] ftlls Nk=kksa ds ekufld LokLF; ds
fy, dke djus okys çf'kf{kr vkSj lefiZr dkmalyj dk laf{kIr O;k[;k
djuk
gksuk egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
ijke'kZ }kjk dbZ rjhdksa ls Nk=kksa dh enn gksrh gSA tSls& è;ku dsafær
djuk
 nqHkkZoukiw.kZ vkSj gkfudkjd O;ogkj dh vfHkO;fDr;ksa
dks vuqdwy vkSj LoLFk fopkjksa esa cnyus esaA xSj
vkykspukRed
 le; çca/u vkSj laxBukRed dkS'ky ds fuekZ.k esa gksuk
 Li"V 'kS{kf.kd y{; LFkkfir djus esa
lekuqHkwfr
 ikjLifjd leL;kvksa ds lek/ku vkSj ldkjkRed
lewg O;ogkj dks c<+kok nsus esa
 la?k"kZ ds lek/ku esa laizs"k.k
fodflr djuk
 vkRelEeku dks c<+kus esa
 O;fDrxr leL;kvksa ds lek/ku esa tks HkkoukRed fopkj djuk
ladV dk dkj.k curh gaS
Ldwy le; esa vkSj ckn esa dkmalyj dh Hkwfedk dks
le>uk vkSj O;kid cukuk ,d c<+rh gqbZ ldkjkRed
izo`fÙk gSA c<+rh gqbZ tkx:drk bls vkSj etcwr cukrh
gS vkSj tc Ldwy ds dkmalyj cPps dh HkkoukRed
vkSj euksoSKkfud vko';drkvksa dks çcaf/r djrs gSa rks
ekrk&firk Hkh mu ij fuHkZj gksus yxrs gSaA ,sls le;
esa] Ldwy dkmalyj dh Hkwfedk ,d fo'ks"k&vko';drk
dh iwfrZ djus okys f'k{kd] ,d mipkjkRed f'k{kd] cqfu;knh ijke'kZ
,d tkapdrkZ] vkSj cPps ds ldkjkRed ekufld vkSj
HkkoukRed dY;k.k ds fy, ,d lykgdkj ds :i esa
dkS'ky
mHkjrh gSA

euks&lkekftd leL;k,a % Ldwy esa ,d dkmalyj dk
5-1 ijke'kZ lsok,a dke cPpksa esa leL;k iSnk djus okys O;ogkj dh igpku
'kS{kf.kd vkSj dSfj;j % dHkh&dHkh] Nk=k viuh djuk vkSj blls igys fd ;s ,d çeq[k fpark dk fo"k;
'kS{kf.kd {kerk dks okLrfod :i nsus ds fy, ?kj ;k cu tk,a] blesa lq/kj ykuk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa] dkmalyj
ckgj ekxZn'kZu ds vHkko esa fn'kkghu eglwl djrs gSaA ekrk&firk dh lgk;rk Hkh ys ldrs gS rkfd cPps dks
Ldwy dkmalyj Nk=k ds fy, ,d laj{kd ds :i esa dk;Z viuh leL;kvksa dks gy djus esa l{ke cuk;k tk ldsA
dj ldrk gS vkSj mls mPprj vè;;u fodYiksa dks csgrj ekrk&firk ds lkFk lg;ksx % Ldwy ds O;ogkj ds ckn
<ax ls le>us esa enn dj ldrk gSA vkt dkmalyjksa ls cPps dh fuxjkuh djus vkSj lq>kbZ xbZ dk;Zuhfr;ksa dks
vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os bl mís'; ds fy, dSfj;j ds çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx djus ds fy, dkmalyj ekrk&firk
uohure #>kuksa vkSj fodkl ds ckjs esa voxr jgsaA dh enn ys ldrs gSA
lgikBh ls tqM+s eqís % vDlj Ldwyksa esa cnek'kh] f'k{kdksa ds lkFk dke djuk % ns[kHkky dh is'kd'k djus
^lewgokn^] lks'ky ehfM;k ij vLokLF;dj lkexzh tSls vkSj tc Hkh vko';drk gks] Nk=k dks Ldwy dkmalyj
xaHkhj eqís ns[ks tkrs gSaA dkmalyjksa ls tkx:d gksus dh ds ikl Hkstus esa f'k{kdksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh
mEehn gksrh gS] vkSj ;fn vko';d gks] rks ,slh fLFkfr;ksa gSA f'k{kd cPps dks HkkoukRed vkSj ekufld :i ls
dk vkdyu dj Ldwy vfèkdkfj;ksa dks fjiksVZ dj] fLFkfr d"VeqDr djus esa dkmalyj dh lgk;rk dj ldrs gSa vkSj
dks lq/kjus ds fy, Ldwy vkSj ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gSa fd cPpk fo"kerk dk lkeuk
dke djuk visf{kr gksrk gSA djus esa l{ke cusA
dkmalyjksa dh Hkwfedk
f'k{kd
ekrk&firk 1- d{kk ekxZn'kZu dh xfrfof/;ka
1- ekrk&firk dh f'k{kk 2- Nk=kksa dks 'kS{kf.kd :i ls liQy gksus esa
2- usVofdaZx @ lapkj enn ,oa lh[kus dh 'kSyh dk ewY;kadu vkSj
3- 'kS{kf.kd ;kstuk 'kS{kf.kd leFkZuA
4- dSfj;j tkx:drk dk;ZØe 3- tksf[ke esa gksus okys Nk=kksa dh igpku djuk
vkSj 'kS{kf.kd liQyrk c<+kus ds fy, enn
djuk
vU; i.k/kjdksa ds lkFk

dkmalyj dh Hkwfedk
fo'ks"k f'k{kd ç'kklu
1- fo'ks"k f'k{kd ds lkFk lg;ksx dj ,d n{k 1- O;ogkj çca/u ;kstuk
f'k{kk dk;ZØe dks fodflr djuk 2- Ldwy esa vko';drk ewY;kadu
2- cPpksa dh O;fDrxr f'k{kk ;kstuk ds vkèkkj 3- Nk=k MsVk vkSj ifj.kke
ij çHkkoh mipkjkRed ;kstuk cukus ds fy, 4- Ô;ogkj* dh uhfr
leUo; djuk 5- cnek'kh jksdus ds mik;
3- Nk=kksa dh t:jrksa dks le>us vkSj ,dhdj.k
dh lqfo/k ds fy, vkWD;wis'kuy FksjsfiLV ds
lkFk leUo;
fo|ky; esa dkmalyjksa dh Hkwfedk | 19

gSA ldkjkRed ekufld LokLF; dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,]
5-2 dkmalyj dh eq[; Hkwfedk,a cPpksa dks mudh pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fo'ks"k :i
vkSj ftEesnkfj;ka ls çHkkoh O;ogkj çca/u ;kstuk rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA
lhch,lbZ lac¼rk mi&fof/ [k.M la- 2-4-12 esa dgk ,d Ldwy dkmalyj ds lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;ksaZ esa ls ,d
x;k gS % çR;sd ekè;fed vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed fo|ky; cPps ds çkjafHkd o"kksaZ esa mldk O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd
dkmalyj vkSj osyusl f'k{kd ds drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fodkl lqfuf'pr djuk gSA blds fy,] çHkkoh O;ogkj
fy, iw.kZdkfyd vk/kj ij ,d O;fDr dh fu;qfDr djsxkA çca/u ;kstukvksa dks fefMy vkSj lhfu;j o"kksaZ lfgr
dkmalyj vkSj osyusl f'k{kd ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;k lHkh pj.kksa ds fy, rS;kj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy,
O;fDr ;k rks euksfoKku esa Lukrd @ LukrdksÙkj ;k cky lkekftd] HkkokRed] O;kogkfjd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fparkvksa
fodkl esa LukrdksÙkj ;k dSfj;j ekxZn'kZu vkSj ijke'kZ esa dh igpku vkSj çca/u cgqr vf/d egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk
fMIyksek ds lkFk Lukrd @ LukrdksÙkj gks ldrk gSA 9 gSA fd'kksj f'k{kk vkSj lgikBh lgk;rk ij dsafær dk;ZØe
ls 12 rd dh d{kkvksa esa 300 ls de Nk=kksa ds ukekadu ekSfyd gks tkrs gSaA vf'k"V O;ogkj fn[kkus okys cPpksa ds
okys Ldwy va'kdkfyd vk/kj ij dkmalyj vkSj osyusl fy,] O;fDrxr O;ogkj çca/u ;kstuk rS;kj dh tkrh gSA
f'k{kd fu;qDr dj ldrs gSaA dkmalyj dk dk;Z{ks=k vkSj
le> gj vk;q lewg ds lkFk cnyrh gSA ekrk&firk vkSj f'k{kdksa ds ijke'kZ ls cPpksa ds fy,
ldkjkRed vkSj lqfo/ktud okrkoj.k lqfuf'pr djus
çkFkfed o"kksaZ ds nkSjku] leL;k dh çkjafHkd igpku esa enn feyrh gSA nloha d{kk dh cksMZ ijh{kk ds ckn
vkSj lgk;rk ds fy, f'k{kd vkSj ekrk&firk ds lkFk fo"k; ds p;u ij ekè;fed d{kkvksa esa Nk=kksa ds fy,]
lg;ksx djuk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA dkmalyj dks cPps dh O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k vkSj dSfj;j ijke'kZ egRoiw.kZ gks
ckèkkvksa dks igpku dj mUgsa nwj djus esa enn djuh tkrs gSaA dkmalyj dh Hkwfedk ,d LFkkukiUu f'k{kd ls
pkfg,A cPps dh Ldwyh ;k=kk ds çkjafHkd o"kksaZ esa Ldwy cnydj vc Nk=kksa ds lexz ekufld LokLF; dks c<+kok
dkmalyj ds fy, lcls egRoiw.kZ dk;ksaZ esa ls ,d mlds nsus ds fy, ,d O;kolkf;d ftEesnkjh gSA
'kSf{kd] O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk

6 fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa
dh Hkwfedk
lhch,lbZ lac¼rk mi&fof/ dh [kaM la[;k 2-4-11

O;fDrxr 'kSf{kd dk;ZØe fof'k"V vkSj fo'ks"k ikB~;p;kZ
çR;sd ekè;fed vkSj ofj"B ekè;fed fo|ky; dks fo'ks"k mís'; ds lkFk gksrs gSa] tks vyx vyx Nk=k dh
f'k{kd ds drZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, iw.kZdkfyd t:jrksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, cuk, tkrs gSaA
vkèkkj ij ,d O;fDr dh fu;qfDr djuh pkfg,A fo'ks"k
f'k{kd dh fu;qfDr vkSj ;ksX;rk cksMZ }kjk fu/kZfjr fn'kk fo'ks"k f'k{kd eq[; :i ls d{kk ds f'k{kd dks fof'k"V
funsZ'kksa vkSj bl laca/ esa Rehabilitation Council of India Nk=kksa] mudh vko';drkvksa] fu%'kDrrk] fpfdRlk
(RCI) }kjk fuèkkZfjr U;wure vko';drk ds vuqlkj gksxhA laca/h fparkvksa] midj.k lapkyu ds ckjs esa vko';d
tkudkjh çnku djrs gSaA os vfuok;Z :i ls ikB~;p;kZ
fo'ks"k f'k{kd vfuok;Z :i ls çca/d @ fo'ks"kK gksrs dks vuqdwfyr djus] mfpr vk'kks/u djus] dk;kZUo;u
gSa vkSj Nk=kksa ds O;fDrxr 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ds fodkl] lqfuf'pr djus vkSj fo'ks"k Nk=kksa dh lexz çxfr dk
dk;kZUo;u vkSj ewY;kadu ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA vkdyu djus esa f'k{kdksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djrs gSaA
fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk | 21

,d fo'ks"k f'k{kd ds drZO;ksa vkSj ftEesnkfj;ksa esa ;g dk;Z
'kkfey gks ldrs gSa %
1- fof'k"V Nk=kksa dh ns[kjs[k vkSj leFkZu ds rgr lHkh
Nk=kksa ds fjdkWMZ cuk, j[kukA
2- fof'k"V Nk=kksa dh ns[kjs[k esa Nk=k ds fy, ,d foLr`r fdlh fo'ks"k@[kkl
O;fDrxr f'k{kk ,oa O;ogkj çca/u ;kstuk cukukA
dks fl[kkus ds
3- Nk=kksa vkSj vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk laidZ esa jguk]
uohure çxfr vkSj fodkl ds ckjs esa ppkZ djukA fy,
4- eq[;/kjk ds f'k{kdksa ds lkFk ,d Vhe ds :i esa
dke djukA
5- f'k{k.k dh fofHkUu dfBukb;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk
iSnk djukA
6- fofHkUu {kerkvksa okys cPpksa ds fy, vko';d fdlh
lajpukRed vkSj 'kS{kf.kd ifjorZuksa dk lq>ko nsukA
fo'ks"k@[kkl
fo'ks"k izf'k{kdksa] f'k{kdksa vkSj Ldwy dkmalyjksa ds chp dh t:jr
lg;ksx] çHkkoh leUo; vkSj VheodZ] ,d lekos'kh Ldwy
LFkkfir djus esa lcls egRoiw.kZ gSA gksrh gS

7
dksfoM&19 nqfu;k Hkj esa lHkh ds fy, ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ
Ekuks&lkekftd lgk;rk %
dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs
bu fnuksa lHkh dh lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj VsDuksykWth

le; gSA ;g oSf'od egkekjh u dsoy xaHkhj fpfdRlk rd vklku igqap gS vkSj blds dkj.k [kkl rkSj ij
vkSj fpark dk fo"k; gS] cfYd lHkh ds fy, fefJr mu yksxksa dks ?kcjkgV gksrh gS] tks fpark] volkn ls
Hkkouk,a vkSj ruko Hkh iSnk djrh gSA lacaf/r eqíksa dk igys ls lkeuk dj jgs gSaA
laiw.kZ ykWdMkmu fLFkfr;ksa] fu;fer d{kkvksa ds fuyacu lekpkjksa dh vfr dks lhfer djuk % yksxksa dks
vkSj ckf/r fnup;kZ us ;qok vkSj cqtqxZ lHkh dks leku :i yxkrkj lekpkj ns[kus] i<+us ;k lekpkj lquus ls cpuk
ls çHkkfor fd;k gSA ns'k Hkj esa Nk=kksa] ifjokjksa vkSj f'k{kdksa pkfg,A ladV ds ckjs esa lquuk d"Vizn gks ldrk gSA
ds eukslkekftd dY;k.k ls lacaf/r ekufld LokLF;
laca/h fpark,a gSaA bl egkekjh us f'k{kdksa lfgr ifjokjksa] Mj] fpark vkSj vfuf'prrk ls fuiVuk % ladV dh
ekrk&firk] ns[kHkky djus okyksa esa u, :Ik esa ruko iSnk fLFkfr esa bu Hkkoukvksa dk vuqHko djuk lkekU; gSA
fd;k gSA vfuf'prrk vLi"Vrk] ruko] vk'kadk vkSj fpark  lHkh yksxksa dks ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd gtkjksa
dk dkj.k curh gSA bl le; fpfdRlk] euksoSKkfud] yksx ,d leku fLFkfr dk lkeuk dj jgs gSa vkSj
HkkoukRed] lkekftd vkSj foÙkh; pqukSfr;ka vkbZ gSa vkSj gtkjksa yksx gSa tks fLFkfr dks vPNh rjg ls laHkky
,sls esa ruko vkSj fpark eglwl djuk LokHkkfod gSA jgs gSaA
çfrdwyrkvksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, O;fDr dks vuqdwfyr
djus dh vko';drk gS] vkSj euksoSKkfud l'kDrrk dk  ns'k esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ,slh ,tsafl;ksa ij fo'okl
fuekZ.k visf{kr gSA djuk pkfg, tks yksxksa dh lqj{kk vkSj LokLF; ds
fy, vFkd vkSj fuLokFkZ :i ls dke dj jgh gSaA
euks&lkekftd lgk;rk vkSj çca/u ds
Lohdkjuk % ;fn ifjokj esa fdlh dks ok;jl ds laidZ
fy, O;kogkfjd fVIl vkSj lq>ko % esa vkus dk [krjk gS rks vf/dkfj;ksa dks lwfpr djuk
egkekjh ds ckjs esa çkekf.kd Kku dsoy fo'oluh; lzksrksa egRoiw.kZ gSA blls mfpr le; ij fpfdRlk lgk;rk
ls çkIr djsa] gekjh vf/dka'k fpark dk lzksr ^vfuf'pr lqfuf'pr dh tk ldrh gSA ;k=kk bfrgkl ;k fdlh
ls Mj* vkSj ^tkudkjh dh deh* gS tks gesa vfuf'pr laØfer O;fDr ds laidZ esa vkus tSls rF; Nqikus ls
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa fpafrr djrs gSaA blfy,] O;fDr;ksa thou [krjs esa iM+rk gSA
dks ljdkjh osclkbVksa] iksVZy vkSj çsl foKfIr tSls vk'kk] ldkjkRedrk vkSj vk'kkokn dks fodflr
fo'oluh; lzksrksa ls çkekf.kd tkudkjh ysuh pkfg,A djuk % çfrj{kk dks c<+kus ds loksZÙke rjhdksa esa ls
,d ldkjkRed euksn'kk vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk gksuk gSA
blds vfrfjDr] dqN O;fDr;ksa }kjk iQSykbZ tkus okyh
vè;;uksa ls ladsr feyk gS fd tks O;fDr [kq'kh]
viQokgksa ds dkj.k ruko dk Lrj c<+ tkrk gSA
vk'kkokn] vk'kk] ÑrKrk tSlh ldkjkRed Hkkoukvksa
euks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs | 23

dk vuqHko djrs gSa] muesa csgrj çfrj{kk ç.kkyh gksrh ekeys**] ^îhfM+r** ^^dksfoM&19 ifjokj** ;k ^^jksxxzLr**
gSA blfy, ruko ds ckotwn] O;fDr dks fo'ks"k :i ls ds :i esa ugha tkuk pkfg,A cfYd mUgsa ^^yksx ftudks
DokjsafVu ;k ykWdMkmu pj.kksa ds nkSjku bu Hkkoukvksa dks dksfoM&19 gS**] ^^yksx ftudk dksfoM&19 ds fy, bykt
Lo;a vkSj nwljksa esa fodflr djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg, fd;k tk jgk gS**] ;k ^ôs yksx tks dksfoM&19 ls Bhd
tgka euksoSKkfud vkSj HkkoukRed fLFkfr Bhd j[kus vkSj gks jgs gSa** ds :i esa lacksf/r fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
le; dk ldkjkRed mi;ksx djus dh vko';drk gksrh • ;kn j[ksa] fd Stigma ls vf/d egRoiw.kZ] LokLF;
gSA ,sls dbZ rjhds gSa ftuds }kjk bls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk vkSj thou gSA dgha Hkh rF;ksa dks Nqik;k ugha
gSA tSls% tkuk pkfg,A
• 'kkafrnk;d laxhr lqukuk • ;g lc vLFkk;h gS vkSj vU; yksx Hkh bl pqukSrh
dk lkeuk dj jgs gSaA
• fdlh ilanhnk dke dks djuk ftlls vkuan feyrk gS
lkekftd leFkZu cukuk vkSj çnku djuk % fo'ks"k
• dqN u;k lh[kdj fLdy lsV c<+kuk] mnkgj.k ds :i ls ladV dh fLFkfr esa euq";] lkekftd laca/ksa ls
fy, dksbZ vkWuykbu ikB~;Øe ;k u;k dkS'ky lh[kuk cgqr ykHkkfUor gksrs gSaA lkekftd leFkZu u dsoy vf/d
vkSj i<+uk çHkkoh <ax ls dk;Z vkSj vf/d lalk/uksa dks iSnk djus esa
• ekbaMiQqy] foJke vkSj è;ku tSlh p;kZ dk vH;kl enn djrk gS] cfYd ,d HkkoukRed vkSj uSfrd izksRlkgu
djuk ds fy, ,d euksoSKkfud ciQj (Buffer) Hkh cukrk gSA
blfy, nksLrksa] fj'rsnkjksa] lgdfeZ;ksa] ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds
;g lq>ko nsus ds fy, Bksl 'kks/ çek.k gSa fd ;s lkFk tqM+uk vkSj muds lkFk Hkkoukvksa] fopkjksa vkSj fparkvksa
xfrfof/;ka O;fDr;ksa dks ldkjkRed Hkkoukvksa ds mPp dks lk>k djuk vPNk jgrk gSA
Lrj dk vuqHko djus ds fy, çsfjr djrh gSa vkSj • Hkkoukvksa dks lk>k djus] djhch yksxksa ls ldkjkRed
ifj.kkeLo:i çfrj{kk] jpukRedrk] vf/d ruko ckrphr vkSj ekxZn'kZu djus ls Hkkoukvksa dks 'kkar djus
dks csgrj rjhds ls lqy>kus dh {kerk dks c<+krh gSaA vkSj phtksa dks ifjçs{; esa ns[kus esa enn feyrh gSA
'Stigma' fpg~fur djuk % ;g dksfoM&19 ls çHkkfor • bl ladV ds nkSjku fdlh ls nqckjk tqM+uk] esytksy
ifjokjksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ,d fpark dk fo"k; gSA j[kuk vkSj mldh ns[kHkky vkSj fpark djuk ,d
,sls O;fDRk tks ok;jl ds laHkkfor ;k fuf'pr ekeyksa okys ykHkizn dne gSA
gSa] os lkekftd Hk; ls xzflr gksrs gSa] ;gka rd fd muds Lo;a dh ns[kHkky djuk % rukoiw.kZ vkSj vfuf'prrk dh
ifjokj ds lnL; Hkh vius fy, fpafrr jgrs gSaA yach vofèk ds nkSjku fdlh Hkh ladV dh fLFkfr esa] viuh
yksxksa dks laosnu'khy cukus vkSj dksfoM ls çHkkfor yksxksa 'kfDr;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk vkSj fdlh dh HkkoukRed]
dks Stigma ls cpkus ds fy,] vkSj ,d fuf'pr {ks=k] ns'k 'kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud LokLF; dh ns[kHkky djuk
ls lacaf/r çHkkfor yksxksa ds fy, ^MCY;w,pvks us Li"V egRoiw.kZ gSA LoLFk vkSj dk;kZRed gksuk egRoiw.kZ gS rkfd
fd;k gS fd ,sls yksxksa dks chekjh ds lkFk ^^dksfoM&19 vU; yksxksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj lgk;rk dj ldsaA
• i;kZIr uhan vkSj vkjkenk;d xfrfof/;ksa esa #fp ysuk
ges'kk csgrj gksrk gSA
ldkjkRed • vPNs 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ds fy, fu;fer O;k;ke]
lksp ruko o fpark dks de djus] Hkkoukvksa dks 'kkar j[kus
vkSj larqyu c<+kus ds fy, è;ku] ekbaMiQqyusl ;k
;ksx djuk pkfg,A
• fnup;kZ ls thou esa Hkkoh ckrksa dk csgrj vuqeku
µ ldkjkRedrk ij è;ku nsaA yxkus dh rkdr] lqO;oLFkk vkSj vuq'kklu vkrk gS
µ ldkjkRed lekpkjksa dks c<+k;sa D;ksafd euq"; mu fLFkfr;ksa esa vf/d lgt eglwl
µ ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks leFkZu nsa tks leL;k dks
djrk gS tks iwokZuqekfur] tkuh igpkuh gSa vkSj
lqO;ofLFkr ,oa lajfpr gSaA
Bhd djus ds fy, dM+h esgur djrs gSa
µ nksLrksa vkSj fj'rsnkjksa ds lkFk tqM+s jgsaA • ;kn j[ksa] gesa Lo;a vkSj nwljksa ds vPNs LokLF;]
µ iQksu ;k baVjusV ij lkekftd laidZ esa O;Lr jgsaA LoPNrk] ns[kHkky vkSj lko/kfu;ksa dks lqfuf'pr
djus ds fy, yach ;k=kk dh rS;kjh djuh gksxhA

ifjokj dh ns[kHkky djuk % ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk ldrs gaS vkSj blls jksxh vkSj ifjokj nksuksa vk'oLr
fd fdlh ladV ds nkSjku lcls vf/d çHkkfor gksus okys Hkh gks tkrs gSaA
O;fDr os gksrs gSa ftuds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks ok;jl ds • ldkjkRedrk ij è;ku vkSj fopkj foe'kZ % ,sls
fy, ;k rks lansg gksrk gS ;k tkap ikWftfVo vkrh gS] os O;fDr;ksa dh ldkjkRed Nfo;ksa ds lkFk mudh
vkblksys'ku @ vLirky esa HkrhZ gksrs gSa ;k DokjsafVu gksrs gSaA liQy] mEehn Hkjh dgkfu;ksa dks lk>k djuk
• fLFkfr dks Lohdkj djsa % bl fLFkfr esa] igyk egRoiw.kZ gS] ftUgsa dksfoM&19 ;k fdlh vU; ladV
vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ dne okLrfodrk vkSj ^^D;k dk leku vuqHko gqvk gS vkSj os fjdoj gks x, gSaA
djsa vkSj D;k ugha djsa** ds en~nsutj thou dh ubZ ldkjkRedrk lk>k djuk vkSj bl ij è;ku dsafær
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks Lohdkj djuk gSA djuk vk'kk vkSj vk'kkokn dk ,d ifjçs{; fufeZr
 vius vklikl nwljksa dh] fo'ks"k :i ls dksfoM ls djrk gSA
çHkkfor O;fDr dh Hkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djsaA • ftEesnkfj;ka lk>k djuk % dksfoM ls çHkkfor
 ifjokj esa nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk è;ku] muds izfr fdlh fç;tu dh ns[kHkky djuk pqukSrhiw.kZ vkSj
laosnu'khy vkSj izHkkoh gksuk pkfg, vkSj vko';d d"Vnk;h nksuksa gks ldrk gSA blfy, bl fLFkfr dk
HkkoukRed leFkZu çnku djuk pkfg,A lkeuk dj jgs ifjokj dks dk;Z&Hkkj vkSj drZO;
feydj ckaV ysus pkfg, vkSj çHkkfor O;fDr dh
 Øks/] grk'kk] vlgk; gksus vkSj Hk; ls cpsaA
ns[kHkky ds fy, ,d O;fDr ij fuHkZj ugha gksuk
• tqM+s jguk % lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj lapkj tSls iQksu pkfg, D;ksafd ;g ,d O;fDr ds fy, HkkoukRed]
dkWy] ohfM;ks ;k vkWfM;ks lans'k dk mi;ksx djuk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA eq[;
tqM+s jgus ds fy, vko';d gS tks vkblksys'ku ;k ckr lnL;ksa dks vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls O;Lr j[kuk gS rkfd
DokjsafVu ds dkj.k ifjokj ls vyx gksus ds nkSjku chekj dh lgk;rk ds lkFk vU; lnL;ksa dh enn
vko';d HkkoukRed leFkZu çnku djrk gSA ;g djus ls O;Lr jg ldsaA ,slk djuk lHkh dks ,d
nksuksa rjhdksa ls enn djrk gS D;ksafd ifjokj fç;tu mís'; nsxk vkSj muesa lkFkZdrk dh Hkkouk çnku
dh gkyr esa lq/kj vkSj LoLFkrk ds ckjs esa tku djsxkA
vius 'kjhj fnup;kZ cuk,a
dh ckr lquks
nSfud dk;ksaZ esa O;Lr
jgsa
& è;ku yxk,a
& lqjf{kr [kku&iku djsa fu;fer fojke ysa
& iwjh uhan ysa viuk fnu dk dke
& çfrfnu O;k;ke djsa (blesa varjky ysdj djsaA
buMksj O;k;ke] [ksy] LVªsfpax
fLFkfr ds vuq:i cusa
'kkfey gks ldrs gSa)
& vius cPps dks lkiQ&liQkbZ vkSj cnyko dks Lohdkj
djsa
LoPNrk ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr djsaA
euks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs | 25

8 ekufld LokLF; esas tksf[ke
iSnk djus okys dkjd
ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA dqN tSfod

dkjd gSa tks ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa dks c<+kus esa
'kkfey gks ldrs gSa %
1- vkuqoaf'kdh (vkuqoaf'kdrk) % dbZ ekufld

LokLF; fLFkfr;k¡ ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h
rd thu ds ekè;e ls LFkkukarfjr gks ldrh
gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd ,slh dbZ fLFkfr;ka
nks"kiw.kZ thu ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA ;g Hkh egRoiw.kZ
gS fd thu i;kZoj.k ds lkFk dSls fØ;k djrs gSaA
ruko] vk?kkr ;k nqO;Zogkj Hkh çHkkfor ;k tksf[ke
dks lfØ; djus okyk gks ldrk gSA
2- laØe.k % efLr"d {kfr vkSj ekufld LokLF;
fLFkfr;ksa dk c<+uk dqN laØe.kksa ds dkj.k Hkh gks
ldrk gSA
gj cPpk vf}rh; gSA cPpksa esa O;fDrxr varj ds vkuqoaf'kd] 3- efLr"d nks"k ;k pksV % 'kkjhfjd {kfr ds dkj.k
ifjos'k&vk/kfjr vkSj lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd dkj.k gksrs gSaA efLr"d dks pksV yxus dks Hkh dqN ekufld
cPpksa dks Hkkoukvksa] O;ogkj vkSj laca/ksa esa dfBukb;ka gks LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
ldrh gSa tks mudh lkekftd dk;Z'khyrk dks fcxkM+ ldrk
gSA fdlh O;fDr ds ekufld LokLF; ij fdlh Hkh pqukSrh 4- tUeiwoZ {kfr % tUe ds le; Hkzw.k ds fodkl
;k la?k"kZ dh le> ds fy, tSo&euksoSKkfud&lkekftd ds 'kq#vkrh pj.kksa esa O;o/ku ;k vk?kkr Hkh
ekWMy dh ,d etcwr oS/rk gSA vkWfVTe LisDVªe tSlh ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa
ds laHkkfor dkj.k gSaA
5- vU; dkjdksa tSls [kjkc iks"k.k ;k ySM (lhlk)
8-1 tSfod dkjd fo"kkDr inkFkksaZ dks ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa ds
ekufld LokLF; raf=kdk dksf'kdkvksa ;k raf=kdk ekxksaZ ds çeq[k dkj.kksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa ekuk tk ldrk
fu"iknu ls tqM+k gqvk gS tks efLr"d ds fofHkUu fgLlksa gSA
dks tksM+rs gSaA efLr"d ds dqN {ks=kksa esa nks"k ;k pksV dbZ

8-2 euksoSKkfud dkjd 8-3 i;kZoj.k laca/h dkjd
ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa esa tksf[ke iSnk djus okys dqN ruko cPpksa esa [kjkc ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr ds
euksoSKkfud dkjdksa esa gSa % y{k.k gks ldrs gSaA bu rukoksa esa fdlh fç;tu dh ekSr]
• cpiu dh nnZukd ?kVukvksa esa fdlh Hkh :i esa ekrk&firk dk rykd @ vyxko] ikfjokfjd thou] fuokl
nqO;Zogkj LFkku esa cnyko] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vis{kk,a] ehfM;k
}kjk fu/kZfjr vis{kk,a] eknd æO;ksa ds lsou tSlh ?kVuk,a
• ekrk&firk ;k ns[kHkky djus okys dh ekSr
'kkfey gSaA
• ns[kHkky djus okys }kjk mis{kk
• cPps vkSj ekrk&firk ds chp vlqjf{kr tqM+ko] tc lkjka'k esa] fuEufyf[kr tSo&euks&lkekftd dkjd gSa %
ekrk&firk ds çfr Hk; gksrk gS] rks bls çkFkfed
fodkl ds o"kksaZ esa vlqjf{kr tqM+ko dgk tkrk gSA
euksoSKkfud
tSfod vf/xe
vkuqoaf'kd xM+cM+h Hkkouk,a
U;wjksdSfeLVªh fopkj/kjk
nok ds çHkko vfHko`fÙk] utfj;k
çfrj{kk çfrfØ;k Le`fr
iQkbV ,aM ÝykbV çfrfØ;k /kj.kk,a
tSo izfrfØ;k fo'okl
lkekftd
lkekftd leFkZu
ikfjokfjd i`"BHkwfe
ikjLifjd laca/
lkaLÑfrd ijaijk,a
lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr
lgdehZ] lgikBh
ekufld LokLF; esa tksf[ke iSnk djus okys dkjd | 27

9
çkjafHkd vkSj eè;
ckY;koLFkk esa fof'k"V
ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ka
vkSj pqukSfr;ka
9-1 tqM+ko dh fpark,a

psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)
tqM+ko dks cPpksa vkSj muds ekrk&firk ;k ns[kHkky djus  vka[kksa ds laidZ ls cpuk
okyksa ds chp ,d ca/u ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gS tks  Li'kZ djus ;k fdlh Hkh 'kkjhfjd Lusg dk fojks/
cPps ds fodkl vkSj thou esa lkFkZd laca/ksa ds fuekZ.k djuk
dh mudh {kerk dks çHkkfor djrk gSA tUe ds igys o"kZ  LokHkkfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh u eqLdqjkuk
ls gh cPps esa ns[kHkky djus okys ;k ekrk&firk ds izfr  vuqfpr O;ogkj djus ds ckotwn vijk/cks/]
HkkoukRed tqM+ko dh leL;k ns[kh tk ldrh gSA gkykafd] iNrkok ;k Ik'pkrki u gksuk ;k O;Dr u djuk
ns[kHkky vkSj /S;Z ds lkFk] tqM+ko dh bu pqukSfr;ksa ls ikj  vdsys jgus ij dksbZ HkkoukRed çfrfØ;k u gksuk
ikuk laHko gSA
 okLrfod ns[kHkky ;k Lusg O;Dr djus esa vleFkZ
gksuk
 u[kjs ;k fuf"Ø;&vkØked O;ogkj ls xqLlk
O;Dr djuk
 xse [ksyus ;k f[kykSuksa ds lkFk [ksyus esa #fp
de gksuk
laHkkfor dkj.k
● ,d cPpk tks ,d vukFkky;] ikyu x`g ;k
fdlh Hkh çdkj dh laLFkkxr ns[kHkky esa jgk
gS] mlesa ,slh leL;kvksa ds c<+us dk [krjk gks
ldrk gSA
● dHkh&dHkh ns[kHkky djus okyksa }kjk fn[kkbZ xbZ
vR;f/d mis{kk] cPpksa dks yxko ds la?k"kZ dh
vksj /dsy ldrh gSA
● tks ekrk&firk ;k ns[kHkky djus okys [kqn gh
ekufld LokLF; laca/h fparkvksa ls tw>rs gSa ;k
u'khyh nokvksa ds mi;ksx ;k Øks/ dh leL;kvksa
ls xzLr gSa] os bldk dkj.k cu ldrs gSaA

● ukSdjh esa LFkkukarj.k] Hkkxhnkjksa esa ifjorZu] nknk&nknh cPps dks blh rjg dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
;k vU; fj'rsnkjksa ds vLFkk;h ns[kHkky ds dkj.k iM+ ldrk gSA
ekrk&firk ls vyxkoA  ew=kk'k; Hkjk gks rks ew=k dk yxkrkj fjlko gks ldrk
● fdlh Hkh :i ;k fMxzh esa 'kkjhfjd] ;kSu ;k ekSf[kd gSA
nqO;Zogkj cPps dks bl rjg dh fparkvksa ls xzLr dj  'kkjhfjd detksjh ;k vU; ekufld LokLF; la?k"kZ Hkh
ldrk gSA dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA
● ,d cPpk tks ,d nqO;Zogkjiw.kZ ?kjsyw okrkoj.k ls
laHkkfor dkj.k
nwj dj fn;k tkrk gS] og ,sls la?k"kksaZ ds izfr
● dksbZ Hkh 'kkjhfjd ;k fpfdRlh; fLFkfr bldk ,d
vfrlaosnu'khy gks ldrk gSA
dkj.k gks ldrh gSA ;g dbZ ckj laØe.k ;k e/qesg
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS\ dk ladsr gks ldrk gSA
 cPps dh enn djsa % cPps dks vkRe&tkx:d cuus ● dqN cPps vius vki 'kkSpky; tkus dk vkxzg ugha
esa enn djsaA Lohdkj djsa fd lHkh Hkkouk,a ^Bhd* gSa djrs gSaA os vius ewyk/kj dks tdM+ ysrs gSaA izk;%
vkSj mudh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, LoLFk tc cPps cM+s gks tkrs gSa rks ;g eqík gy gks tkrk gSA
rjhds ryk'kus esa mudh enn djsaA
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS
 Ldwy le; esa <hy cPpksa esa ruko dks de djus
esa lgk;d gksrh gSaA  cPps dks iSfYod Ýyksj vH;kl djuk fl[kk,a &
 cPpk ,d ikS/s ;k f[kykSus dks viuk, % pwafd cPps dks dqN lsdaM ds fy, Jksf.k dh ekalisf'k;ksa
cPps dks nwljksa ds lkFk laca/ cukus esa dfBukbZ gks dks fldksM+us ds fy, funsZf'kr djsa] fiQj dqN lsdaM
ldrh gS] blfy, ,d ljy vkSj jkspd dk;Zuhfr ds fy, <hyk NksM+us ds fy, dgsaA os bUgsa çR;sd ds
dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ldkjkRed lg;ksx nl nksgjko ds lkFk rhu ckj dj ldrs gSaA
vkSj ftEesnkjh dh Hkkouk fodflr djus ds fy,  dkmalyj dh enn ls] O;ogkj rduhdksa dks viuk;k
cPpk ,d NksVk ikS/k ;k f[kykSuk Ldwy ifjlj ds tk ldrk gS] tSls fd ew=kk'k; çf'k{k.kA is'kkc esa nsjh
vanj viuk ldrk gSA Ldwy esa fe=k ç.kkyh Hkh ds fy, dkmalyj cPps dks çf'kf{kr dj ldrk gSA
lgk;d gks ldrh gSA  vfHkHkkodksa dks lq>ko nsdj lg;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
 cPps dks ;ksx vkSj è;ku ds fy, çksRlkfgr djsa % gSA
;g cPps dks vR;f/d rhoz Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr  blds fy, ,d fpfdRld ls laidZ djuk lcls
djus esa l{ke cukrk gSA vPNk gSA
 /S;Z j[ksaA ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks ;g le>uk pkfg,
fd lq/kj çfØ;k mruh tYnh ugha gks ldrh gSA 9-3 lapkj eqís
blfy,] èkS;Z vkSj NksVs lq/kjksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A cPpksa dks Ldwy vkSj ?kj nksuksa txg nwljksa ls laokn djus esa
ijs'kkuh gks ldrh gSA d{kk esa mUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls dfBukbZ
9-2 ofLr (ey vkSj ew=k) ij fu;a=k.k gks ldrh gS] [kkl rkSj ij tc os mez esa cM+s gks tkrs gSaA
bldk dkj.k gS fd mPp xzsM esa csgrj ys[ku dkS'ky vkSj
,d LoLFk cPps esa va=k vkSj ew=kk'k; ij fu;a=k.k [kksuk mUur lapkj dkS'ky (tSls] vuqu; djuk] ckrphr djuk)
euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd nqcZyrk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lapkj esa dfBukbZ ds dkj.k
xgu 'kfeaZnxh] vyxko] mnklh] vkRe&lEeku dh gkfu vkRelEeku esa gkfu] 'kS{kf.kd vkSj lkekftd liQyrk esa
vkSj vkRefo'okl ij xaHkhj HkkoukRed çHkko Mky ldrk deh vkSj mPp MªkWivkmV nj gks ldrh gSA
gSA bl dkj.k cPps ij udkjkRed HkkoukRed çHkko vkSj
lkekftd vyxko dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) v nwljksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus ls cpukA
 vke rkSj ij] ,slk cPpk 6 lky dh mez ds ckn v mUgsa Hksts x, lans'k dks le>us esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA
fu;a=k.kghurk dk vuqHko djrk gSA v 'kCnkoyh lhfer gksukA
 ;kSu nqO;Zogkj ds laHkkfor ladsr ;k fpark,a tksf[ke v Li"Vhdj.k ekaxus esa dfBukbZ gksukA
c<+k ldrh gSaA v fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks O;DRk djus esa la?k"kZ djukA
 çn'kZu ds ncko vkSj ijh{kk dh fpark ds dkj.k Hkh
izkjafHkd vkSj eè; ckY;koLFkk esa fof'k"V ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ka vkSj pqukSfr;ka | 29
v lwpuk dks O;ofLFkr djus esa dfBukbZA tkrk gSA gkykafd] ;fn 3 ;k 4 lky dh mez ls ijs ns[kk
v dgkfu;ksa dks crkus esa dfBukbZA tk, rks ;g cPps dh nSfud xfrfof/;ksa vkSj Ldwy ;k
v Li"V :i ls lans'k le>us esa dfBukbZ gksukA lgikBh ls ckrphr tSlh fØ;kvksa dks çHkkfor dj ldrk
v ckrphr cuk, j[kus ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk gSA ,sls esa vR;f/d fpark ;k ?kcjkgV ds nkSjs iM+uk ,d
v eqgkojksa] igsfy;ksa] pqVdqyksa] dVk{k dks le>us esa cPps dh dk;Z{kerk dks iwjh rjg ls ckf/r djrk gSA
ijs'kkuhA psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)
laHkkfor dkj.k ---
v ekrk&firk ;k çkFkfed ns[kHkky ls nwj gksus ij vR;ar
lapkj leL;kvksa ds dqN dkj.kksa esa gSa %& nq[kh ;k vlgt eglwl djukA
● 'kkjhfjd detksjh tSls fd dVk gqvk gksaB] rkyq ;k v ekrk&firk dks chekjh ;k e`R;q ls [kksus dh vrkfdZd
Jo.k 'kfDr dh deh fpark,a gksukA
● efLr"d ;k Loj ;a=k esa pksV v vyxko ds Mj ls ?kj ls nwj jgus ls euk djuk
● vkWfVTe ls ihfM+r cPps esa lapkj leL;k gks ldrh gS
v ekrk&firk ds fcuk ?kj ls nwj lksus ds fy, vfuPNk
● de ckSf¼d dk;kZRedrk fn[kkuk
● HkkoukRed eqís ;k vk?kkr
v ekrk&firk ls vyxko gksus ij fljnnZ] isV esa nnZ dh
● Okk.kh vkSj Hkk"kk fodkl esa nsjh
f'kdk;r djukA
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
 lapkj eqís dk mipkj] jksdFkke vkSj çkjafHkd lgk;rk laHkkfor dkj.k ---
gSA ● cPps dks chekjh] fdlh djhch O;fDr dh e`R;q ;k
 cPps dks ,d xSj&vkykspukRed okrkoj.k çnku fdlh fiz; ikyrw tkuoj dh e`R;q tSlh d"Vçn
fd;k tk ldrk gS tgka og viuh ckr dks O;Dr thou ?kVuk ds dkj.k vR;f/d fpark dk vuqHko gks
djus ds fy, lqjf{kr eglwl djrk gS ldrk gSA
 f'k{kd dks vU; cPpksa vkSj f'k{kdksa ds lkeus cPps ● O;fDrxr varj % dqN cPpksa esa vU; dh rqyuk esa
dh 'kCnkoyh dks Bhd djus ls cpuk pkfg,_ blls vf/d fpark ns[kh tkrh gSA
cPps ds vkRe&lEeku esa deh vk ldrh gS ● jksy ekWMy ls lh[kh xbZ çfrfØ;k Hkh fpark gks ldrh
 cPps dks vU; Nk=kksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus dk gSA
volj nsa& tSls [ksy [ksyuk ● thou esa nnZukd vyxko tSlh dksbZ vkinkA
 cPps dks Lohdkj djus ds fy, d{kk dks laosnu'khy
cukuk pkfg,A ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
 cPps dks tokc nsus ds fy, dbZ volj fn, tkus  lqcg] cPps dks Ldwy ds xsV ij ,d f'k{kd ;k ,d
pkfg, vkSj ckr djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr fd;k tkuk nksLr }kjk feyk tk ldrk gSA
pkfg,] Hkys gh mldh ckr ij è;ku nsuk eqf'dy  cPps ds Ldwy esa vkus ij ,d etsnkj xfrfof/ ls
gksA 'kq:vkr djsa] tSls fd ,d ikS/s dks ikuh nsuk] [ksy
 ;fn fdlh nsjh ;k nqcZyrk ij è;ku tkrk gS] rks blds ds eSnku esa ikap feuV fcrkuk] ;k ,slk dqN Hkh tks
ckjs esa ok.kh ;k Hkk"kk fpfdRld ls laidZ fd;k tk cPpk viuh fnypLih ds lkFk djuk pkgsA
ldrk gSA
 Ldwy esa ,d txg dh igpku djsa tgka cPpk fdlh
 vkilh ckrphr (baVj,fDVo) vkSj lapkj&vk/kfjr
Hk; ds fcuk lgt eglwl djrk gSA ;g ml f'k{kd
xfrfof/;k¡ cPps ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSaA
;k dkmalyj ls feyus dh txg gks ldrh gS] ftlds
lkFk cPpk lgt gSSA
9-4 vyx gksus dh fpark  vR;f/d fpark gksus ij cPps dks ?kj ij iQksu djus
cPps vke rkSj ij 3 lky dh mez rd vyxko gksus ij dh vuqefr nh tk ldrh gSA
fpark fn[kkrs gSa] ftls LoLFk fodkl dk ,d fgLlk ekuk  lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk ckrphr dks lqxe cukukA f'k{kd]

dkmalyj dh enn cPps vkSj mu vU; cPpksa ds fy, ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
iQk;nsean gks ldrh gS ftuds lkFk os ckrphr djrs
gSaA  ,slh fLFkfr ls fuiVus dk lgh rjhdk f'k{kdksa]
 cPps dks nsj ls vkus dh vuqefr nh tk ldrh gS dkmalyj] ekrk&firk] Ldwy vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj cPps
ysfdu /hjs&/hjs mls çf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ds chp vkilh Vhe&dk;Z djuk gSA
 cPps dh ç'kalk djus esa mnkjrk cjruh pkfg,A  Ldwy ls budkj dk laHkkfor dkj.k f'k{kd vkSj
 cPps dks xgjh lkal ysus vkSj foJke rduhdksa dk dkmalyj }kjk vo'; gh le>k tkuk pkfg,A ;gka
vH;kl djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekrk&firk dk lg;ksx Hkh egRoiw.kZ gSA
 lgikBh fe=k% cPps dks vodk'k ;k nksigj ds Hkkstu
9-5 Ldwy tkus ls badkj esa enn djus ds fy, ,d lgikBh fe=k ds lkFk j[ksaA
 Ldwy dh xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysus ls Ldwy vkus esa
bu fnuksa lHkh mez ds cPpksa esa Ldwy tkus ls badkj djuk vkRefo'okl vkSj #fp c<+sxhA
,d cM+k eqík gSA blls muds 'kS{kf.kd] euksoSKkfud vkSj
lkekftd fodkl ij xaHkhj çHkko iM+ ldrs gSaA Ldwy  lkekftd dkS'ky çf'k{k.k % dHkh&dHkh] fo'ks"k :i
ls budkj djrs le; u[kjs] fpYykgV vkSj vR;f/d ls 'kq#vkrh fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku] ,d cPpk Ldwy
'kkjhfjd cy dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA tcfd 'kkjhfjd :i esa vyx&Fkyx eglwl dj ldrk gSA ,sls ekeyksa esa]
ls çdV gksus okys vkSj O;ogkj laca/h y{k.kksa esa fljnnZ] Ldwy dkmalyj cPps dk ekxZn'kZu djus esa enn dj
isV esa nnZ] cq[kkj] pDdj vkuk] lkal dh rdyhiQ gks ;g lqfuf'pr dj ldrs gaS fd og Ldwy ds cM+s
ldrs gSaA nk;jksa esa tkus esa lgt eglwl djsA
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) 9-6 vuo/ku vkSj vfrlfØ;rk

dbZ Nk=k LoHkko ls u[kjs fn[kkrs gSa ;k vfr'k; O;ogkj cPps LokHkkfod :i ls ÅtkZoku gksrs gSa vkSj pkjksa vksj
djrs gSa tSls Ldwy ls Hkkxuk ;k fNiuk] tcfd dbZ ?kweuk ilan djrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ekrk&firk ;k f'k{kdksa
vU; vf/d tfVy O;ogkj djrs gSaA buds O;ogkj esa ds fy, mUgsa O;Lr j[kuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS D;ksafd ,sls
fuEufyf[kr y{k.k ik;s tkrs gSa % cPps ,d ds ckn nwljh xfrfof/ yxkrkj djrs jgrs gSaA
v flj ;k Nkrh esa 'kkjhfjd nnZ dh f'kdk;r djukA ,sls la?k"kksaZ dk vuqHko djus okys cPps vke rkSj ij LFkku
vkSj èofu;ksa ls fopfyr gksrs gSaA os fooj.kksa ij è;ku
v ckj&ckj fcuk dkj.k ds Ldwy ds esfMdy :e esa
dsafær djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA os vius fyf[kr dk;Z
tkus ds fy, dgukA
esa fuf'pr :i ls cgqr lkjh xyfr;ka djrs gSa D;ksafd
v VsLV ds fnuksa esa chekjh dh ckr djukA os dHkh Hkh fn, x, funsZ'kksa dks le>us esa l{ke ugha
v ?kj ij dkWy djus ds fy, yxkrkj vuqjks/ djukA gksrsA bl leL;k ij è;ku u nsus ls] vfr lfØ;rk vkSj
v lkfFk;ksa ls nwjh ;k lkekftd xfrfof/;ksa esa Hkkx ysus vkosx'khyrk vkrh gaSA
ls badkj djuk
v vius dke dks iwjk djus ds fy, vfuPNk fn[kkuk
laHkkfor dkj.k ---
● /edkuk & Mjkuk] fp<+kuk tSlh ?kVuk;saA
● ckWMh 'ksfeax] xkyh xykSt ;k lkbcj ekeysA
● ekrk&firk osQ chp oSokfgd dyg (rykd ;k
dgk&lquh)
● ifjokj osQ lnL; dk vçR;kf'kr fu/u
● HkkbZ cgu ds lkFk çfr}af}rk ;k bZ";kZ] fo'ks"k :i ls
NksVs HkkbZ&cgu ds lkFk
● cgqr vf/d fpark djus okys ekrk&firk
vuo/ku vfr lfØ;rk vkosx'khyrk

• fooj.kksa ij iwjk è;ku nsus esa • papy gksuk • loky iwjk gksus ls igys gh
vliQy gksuk • ,d LFkku ij cSBus esa vleFkZrk tokc nsuk
• è;ku cuk, j[kus esa dfBukbZ • pqipki [ksyus esa dfBukbZ • viuh ckjh vkus dh çrh{kk u
• u lquuk djuk
• ges'kk ^vkWu n xks^ ;k êksVj
• vklkuh ls fopfyr gksuk }kjk lapkfyr* • nwljksa ds chp esa n[ky nsuk
• Hkwy tkuk • vR;f/d ckr djuk
laHkkfor dkj.k
f'k{kdksa ds fy, dqN dk;Zuhfr;ka
● tcfd vfrlfØ;rk dk lVhd dkj.k Li"V ugha
gS] vfrlfØ;rk ds fy, ftEesnkj dqN dkjdksa  d{kk ds okrkoj.k vkSj cPps dh fnup;kZ dh lajpukA
esa vkuqoaf'kdh ;k dsaæh; raf=kdk ra=k esa leL;k,a  cPps dk f'k{kd dh est ds ikl cSBuk vkSj yxkrkj
'kkfey gSaA vk¡[kksa ls laidZ cuk, j[kukA
● ,d vU; dkj.k 'kk;n bldk ifjokj esa fo|eku
 CySdcksMZ dks lkiQ djus] dkxt ;k dkWih dks ckaVus
gksuk tSls ekrk firk ;k HkkbZ&cgu esa vfr lfØ;rkA
tSls varjorhZ dk;Z fn, tk ldrs gSaA
● dHkh&dHkh ;g xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku nokvksa] 'kjkc ;k
 vo/kj.kkvksa dks fl[kk,a] Le`fr cks> dks de djsaA
/weziku dk mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA
 cPpksa dks nh tkus okyh lVhd fn'kkA
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS  dke dks NksVs VqdM+ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,
 ,d:irk ls cgqr enn feyrh gS D;ksafd ,sls Nk=k vkSj yxkrkj czsd fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
cnyko ls la?k"kZ djrs gSa] Hkys gh ;g vPNs ds fy,  cPps dks nks"k nsus ls cpsa
gh D;ksa u gks vkSj ,d lajfpr okrkoj.k esa csgrj
dke djrs gSaA  cPps dks ,d NksVh LVªsl ckWy j[kus dh vuqefr nsa
ftls og nck ldrk gSA
 mUgsa O;ofLFkr djus esa enn djus ds fy, jaxksa vkSj
vkÑfr;ksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA  cPps ds xq.kksa dks c<+kok nsa vkSj mlds vkRefo'okl
dh ç'kalk djsaA
 ,d 'kkar vè;;u {ks=k lqfuf'pr djuk tgka è;ku u
caVsA
 cPps dks mldh è;ku] ,dkxzrk vof/ ds vanj dke
djus esa enn djsaA
 cPps n`'; ladsrksa ds izfr csgrj çfrfØ;k nsrs gSa]
blfy, phtksa dks vf/d n`';] Li'kZ mUeq[kh cuk;k
tk ldrk gS] tks mUgsa csgrj le> esa enn dj
ldrk gSA mUgsa ,sls dk;ksaZ ls cpuk pkfg, ftuesa
'kCnksa dks ;kn j[kus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
 ns[kHkky djus okys dks izk;% fojke ysus dh t:jr
gksrh gS vkSj ,sls gh cPpksa dks HkhA

inkFkksaZ ds iz;ksx dh fpark vkSj ;gka rd fd dqN ekeyksa esa
9-7 vkpj.k vkSj lacaf/r eqís Lo;a dks uqdlku igqapkus okys O;ogkj dks Hkh n'kkZ ldrh
gSA mUgsa vDlj ^vijk/h* ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ,sls yscy
lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z rjhds ls O;ogkj vkSj fu;eksa
fd;k tkrk gS] tks cPps dks vR;ar detksj cuk ldrh gaSA
dk vuqlj.k djus ls tw>us okys cPpksa esa ,slh fparkvksa
ds çeq[k y{k.k gaSA vkØkedrk ;k diViw.kZ O;ogkj tSlh psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)
ço`fÙk;ka vke rkSj ij vkpj.k laca/h fo"k;ksa esa bu cPpksa ,slh fparkvksa ds y{k.k vke rkSj ij izh&Ldwy o"kksaZ ds
esa ns[kh tkrh gSa tks nwljksa ds vf/dkjksa dk mYya?ku dj nkSjku 'kq: gksrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;g ckn esa Hkh fodflr gks
ldrh gSaA ldrs gSa] ysfdu yxHkx ges'kk fd'kksjkoLFkk ds 'kq#vkrh
,slh fLFkfr cPps ds Ldwy vkSj dke esa [kjkc çn'kZu] o"kksaZ ls igysA ;s O;ogkj ifjokj] lkekftd xfrfof/;ksa]
vlkekftd O;ogkj] vkosx fu;a=k.k dh leL;kvksa] u'khys Ldwy vkSj dke esa cM+s ladV dk dkj.k curs gSaA
vge ladsr
• pksjh • gfFk;kj dk mi;ksx
• ?kj ;k Ldwy ls Hkkxuk • yM+kbZ >xM+s 'kq: djuk
• >wB cksyuk • yksxksa vkSj tkuojksa ds izfr 'kkjhfjd Øwjrk
• vkx yxk nsuk • nwljs dh laifÙk dks tkucw>dj u"V djuk
• fdlh ds ?kj] bekjr ;k dkj dks rksM+uk
laHkkfor dkj.k
dqN laHkkfor dkjd gSa %
9-8 vkWfVTe (vkRe foeksg) LisDVªe
● vkuqoaf'kdh vkWfVTe eq[; :i ls efLr"d ds fodkl ls tqM+h ,d
● ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k tgka fuxjkuh dk vHkko] vlaxr ,slh fLFkfr gS tks bl ckr ij vlj Mkyrh gS fd ,d
;k dBksj vuq'kklu] 'kkjhfjd nqO;Zogkj] u'khyh cPpk phtksa dks dSls le>rk gS vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk
nokvksa dk iz;ksx ;k mis{kk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA esytksy ;k laokn dSls djrk gSA pkfjf=kd :i ls bls
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS O;ogkj vkSj okD;] laokn ds nksgjko okys iSVuZ ds :i
 ifjokj dk lg;ksx vko';d gS_ ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ^^LisDVªe** ,d ,slk 'kCn gS ftldk
vkSj cPps dks leL;k ds ckjs esa ,d lkFk ckr djus mi;ksx vke rkSj ij y{k.kksa] ladsrksa] dk;Z{kerk ds Lrjksa
dh t:jr gSA dks fpf=kr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkWfVTe ds çHkko
 f'k{kd dks xSj&vkykspukRed gksuk pkfg, vkSj cPps thou&Ldwy] dke] lgdehZ laca/ksa ds yxHkx lHkh {ks=kksa
ds lkFk laca/ LFkkfir djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A esa la?k"kZ iSnk djrs gSaA
 leL;ktud O;ogkj dks cPps ls vyx djuk
egRoiw.kZ gSA ^^leL;k leL;k gS] cPpk leL;k ugha
gS*A v uke iqdkjus ij tokc nsus esa vleFkZ gS ;k ,slk
 cPps dh vkRe&çfr"Bk dks mldh rkdr vkSj yxrk gS fd mlus vkidh ckr ugha lquh gS
{kerkvksa dh [kkst }kjk iquZLFkkfir djsaA v xqnxqnh vkSj xksn esa mBkus dk fojks/ djrk gS vkSj
 yacs le; rd enn djuk vf/d iQk;nsean gS D;ksafd vdsys [ksyuk ilan djrk gS
cPps dks u, n`f"Vdks.k vkSj O;ogkj ds lkFk <yus dh v vka[kksa dk laidZ de djrk gS vkSj psgjs dh
vko';drk gksrh gS ftlesa cgqr le; yx ldrk gSA vfHkO;fDr esa deh gS
 okaNuh; O;ogkj dks çksRlkfgr djuk vkSj cPps vkSj v cksyrk ugha ;k cksyus esa nsjh djrk gS] ;k 'kCnksa
ekrk&firk ds fy, mi;qDr vkSj xSj&mi;qDr O;ogkj vFkok okD;ksa dks dgus dh {kerk [kks nsrk gS
ifj.kkeksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djukA dkmalyj dk leFkZu v ckrphr 'kq: djus ;k mls pkyw j[kus esa l{ke ugha
;gka egRoiw.kZ gSA
v vuqjks/ ds fy, dsoy ,d 'kCn dk mi;ksx djrk gS
 tYn lgk;rk ges'kk enn djrh gSA
;k laizs"k.k ds fy, fdlh oLrq dk è;ku djkrk gSA
v ,d vthcksxjhc ygts esa cksyrk gS tSls&xquxqukuk ;k  ÝyS'kdkMZ ds ekè;e ls vfHkoknu djus ds rjhds
jkscksV tSls cksyuk fl[kkukA
v 'kCnksa ;k okD;ka'kksa dks oSls gh nksgjkrk gS tSls mls  lkekftd dgkfu;ksa ds ekè;e ls d{kk esa mfpr
dgs tkrs gS] ysfdu mls le> esa ugha vkrk fd O;ogkj fl[kkukA
mudk mi;ksx dSls fd;k tk,  ohfM;ks ekWMfyax ds ekè;e ls Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr
v ljy ç'uksa ;k funsZ'kksa dks ugha le>rk gS djus dk rjhdk fl[kkukA
v Hkkoukvksa ;k Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djus esa vleFkZ vkSj  Hkwfedk&ukVdksa ds ekè;e ls f'k{k.k dkS'kyA
nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa ls vufHkK çrhr gksrk gS  fp=k fofue; lapkj dk;ZØe dk mi;ksx djds Ldwy
ds fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djukA
v fdlh #fp dh oLrqvksa dks lk>k djus ds fy, oLrq
 okW'k:e] [ksy ds eSnku ds ckjs esa crkus ds fy,
bafxr djus ;k ykus esa vleFkZ
fp=kA
v v'kkfCnd ladsrksa dks igpkuus esa la?k"kZ djuk] tSls
 Hkk"k.k vkSj Hkk"kk fpfdRlk cPpksa dks viuh
fd vU; yksxksa ds psgjs ds Hkko] 'kjhj dh eqækvksa ;k laçs"k.kh; {kerkvksa dks iw.kZ :i ls fodflr djus ds
Loj dh O;k[;k djuk fy, egRoiw.kZ gSA
O;ogkj ds iSVuZ  cgq&fo"k;d Vhe tSls vU; ekufld LokLF;
v xksy ?kweuk] jkWfdax ;k gkFk iQM+iQM+kuk (i{kh dh rjg) ns[kHkky çnkrkvksa] uSnkfud euksoSKkfud] O;kolkf;d
ckj&ckj nksgjkrk gSA fpfdRld] Lihp fpfdRld] fo'ks"k f'k{kd ls
v Lo;a dks uqdlku igqapkuk] dkVuk ;k flj ihVukA lgk;rk ysaA
v fdlh Hkh fu;fer ifjorZu dks Lohdkj djus esa  lgikBh fe=kksa dk leFkZu cPps dh HkkoukRed
vleFkZA FkksM+k lk Hkh cnyko mls ijs'kku djrk gSA dY;k.k dks c<+k ldrk gSA
 vf/ekur% ,d ;k nks&'kCn ladsr] vkns'k dk mi;ksx
v 'kjhj ds leUo; ds lkFk la?k"kZA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A lapkj vkSj funsZ'kksa dks ljy vkSj
'kjhj esa xfrfof/ ds vthc iSVuZ fn[kk ldrk gSa]
çR;{k j[kk tkuk pkfg,A vkns'kksa esa ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ds
vukM+hiu ls iSj dh maxfy;ksa ij pyuk] vthc] vR;f/d mi;ksx ls cpk tkuk pkfg,A
dBksj ;k vfrjaftr 'kkjhfjd gkoHkkoA  ,d ikB~;Øe fMtkbu fd;k tkuk pkfg, tks
v f[kykSuk dkj ds ?kwers gq, ifg, ;k fdlh oLrq ls O;fDrxr {kerk vkSj t:jrksa ds vuq:i gSA lh[kus
eksfgr gks ldrk gS] gkykafd og oLrq ds lexz mís'; dk dk;Z mfpr gksuk pkfg, vkSj NksVs pj.kksa esa
;k dk;Z dks ugha le>rk gSA foHkkftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
v çdk'k] èofu ;k Li'kZ ds çfr laosnu'khy gks ldrk  f'k{kd }kjk ekrk&firk dks cPps ds fy, çHkkoh
gS] fiQj Hkh nnZ ;k rkieku ds çfr mnklhu gks ldrk x`g&;kstuk vkSj lajfpr fnup;kZ rS;kj djus dk
gSA lq>ko fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
v cPps ds fy, dYiuk'khy gksuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA
v cPps dh fof'k"V Hkkstu çkFkfedrk,a gks ldrh gSa] 9-9 ckSf¼d fu%'kDrrk
tSls fd dsoy dqN [kkus ;k ,d fuf'pr izdkj ds ckSf¼d fu%'kDrrk raf=kdk&fodkl fodkj gSa tks cpiu
[kkuksa ls budkj djrk gSA esa 'kq: gksrs gSa vkSj ckSf¼d dfBukb;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
laHkkfor dkj.k oSpkfjd] lkekftd vkSj thou ds O;kogkfjd {ks=kksa esa
● dksbZ Hkh Kkr dkj.k ugha gSA dfBukb;ksa ds y{k.k gSA
● vkuqoaf'kdh ;k i;kZoj.kh; & nksuksa dks dkjd ds :i – vkbZ-D;w- Ldksj 70&84 ds chp (tula[;k dk yxHkx
esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA 14 izfr'kr)
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - - – vuqdwyuh; dkedkt ds lkFk leL;k,a
 çkjafHkd lgk;rk cgqr mi;ksxh gS D;ksafd ;g O;ogkj] – bl deh dh 'kq#vkr cpiu esa gksrh gSA
dkS'ky vkSj Hkk"kk ds fodkl esa lq/kj djrh gSA psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)---
 dkS'ky&fuekZ.k tSls lapkj dk;ZØe vkSj lkekftd lh[kus dh dfBukb;ksa ds dbZ ladsr vkSj y{k.k gSa tks
dkS'kyA cpiu ds nkSjku çdV gks ldrs gSaA tc rd cPpk Ldwy

ugha igqaprk rc rd ;s y{k.k Li"V :i ls ugha ns[ks tk
ldrsA gkykafd] xaHkhj ekeys vf/d è;ku esa vkrs gSaA 9-10 vf/xe ck/k
ckSf¼d fu%'kDrrk ds dqN lkekU; ladsr gSa% Lkh[kus esa dfBukbZ ,d fpark gS ftlls ,d Nk=k dh
v pyus] ØkWfyax tSlh 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/;ksa esa nsjh xf.krh; x.kuk djus] lquus] lkspus] le>us] la'ysf"kr
v nsj ls cksyuk (;k fcydqy ugha cksy ikuk) djus] cksyus] fy[kus] ;k izpkyu dh {kerk nqcZy gksrh gSA
v 'kkSpky; çf'k{k.k] rS;kj gksus ;k Hkkstu [kkus tSls Nk=k dks i<+us] fy[kus ;k xf.kr dh leL;k,a lqy>kus esa
fdlh Hkh rjg ds Lora=k dk;Z esa la?k"kZ la?k"kZ djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
v leL;k&lek/ku ;k rkfdZd lksp ls tqM+s tfVy dk;ksaZ
esa dfBukbZ ^vf/xe ck/k* ,d lewg 'kCn gS ftlesa dbZ vyx&vyx
v detksj Le`fr
çdkj ds eqíksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks 'kCn]
la[;k vkSj O;ofLFkr djus esa dfBukbZ ds :i esa ifjyf{kr
v ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk fØ;kvksa dks tksM+us esa vleFkZrk
gks ldrk gSA
laHkkfor dkj.k psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy)
ckSf¼d dfBukb;ksa ds lcls lkekU; dkj.k gSa %
lh[kus dh dfBukbZ esa 'kCnksa] la[;kvksa vkSj laxBukRed
● vkuqoaf'kd fLFkfr;ka % mnkgj.k ds fy,] de ckSf¼d
dkS'ky ds Mksesu esa la?k"kZ 'kkfey gSaA
dk;Zç.kkyh okyk ,d vfHkHkkod cPps dks vius
thu ns ldrk gSA laHkkfor dkj.k
● xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku leL;k,a % dqN ekeyksa esa] ;fn ● xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku] le; ls igys tUe ;k ek¡ dh
xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku eka us 'kjkc ;k u'khyh nok dk chekjhA
lsou fd;k gS] rks blls efLr"d ds fodkl esa ck/k ● tUe ds le; tfVyrk,a (tSls] efLr"d dks
vkrh gSA dqiks"k.k ;k dqN laØe.k Hkh ,d laHkkfor vkWDlhtu dh dehA)
dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA
● xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku 'kjkc ;k eknd inkFkZ dk lsou
● cPps ds tUe ds nkSjku leL;k,a % le; ls igys
cPps ds tUe ;k tUe ds nkSjku vkWDlhtu dh deh ● izkjafHkd ckY;koLFkk esa nq?kZVuk] chekjh] pksV efLr"d
● esfuUtkbfVl] [kkalh ;k [kljk tSlh 'kkjhfjd chekjh ds fodkl dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
ckSf¼d fu%'kDrrk dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA ● dqN ekeyksa esa] vfrfjDr 'kkjhfjd fu%'kDrrk vkSj
● flj ij pksV ;k yxHkx Mwcus ls (near-drowning) ;k laosnh gkfu okys yksxksa dks lh[kus esa dfBukbZ gks
● i;kZoj.kh; dkjd tSls xaHkhj vkSj vfr dqiks"k.k ;k ldrh gSA
efLr"d esa laØe.k] fo"kkDr inkFkksaZ tSls lhlk ;k ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
u'khys inkFkZ dk iz;ksx djukA
;kn j[ksa& cPps tSls lh[krs gSa] gesa ml rjg fl[kkuk
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - - vkuk pkfg,A
 Lihp fpfdRlk] O;kolkf;d fpfdRlk] fiQft;ksFksjsih]  pj.k&nj&pj.k lh[kus dk ,d O;ofLFkr n`f"Vdks.k
ifjokj ijke'kZ] fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa ds lkFk çf'k{k.k ds viuk,aA
lg;ksx lsA  O;fDrxr funsZ'k nsa vkSj lewg esa funsZ'k nsus ls cpsaA
 cPps dks Lora=k jgu&lgu dkS'ky çnku djuk  vo/kj.kkvksa dks vf/d Bksl] lkFkZd vkSj O;fDrxr
vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd cPpk i;Zos{k.k esa cuk,a
liQyrkiwoZd lh[k jgk gSA  fparu dkS'kyksa dks c<+kus ds fy, ^^dkj.k vkSj
 t:jr gksus ij ekxZn'kZu djuk çHkko** dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj ^^;fn --- rks** ds chp
 dqN vPNk ;k dqN u;k djus ij ldkjkRed dusD'ku cukus vkSj Nk=kksa dks fparu vkSj lanHkZ }kjk
çfrfØ;k nsukA egRoiw.kZ rdZ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, çf'kf{kr djsa
 ekrk&firk vkSj f'k{kd dks cPps dh t:jrksa dks
 Nk=kksa dks tksM+s j[kus ds fy, ,d cgq&laosnh n`f"Vdks.k
js[kkafdr dj ,d O;fDrxr f'k{kk dk;ZØe ;k
dk mi;ksx djsa
vkbZbZih cukus ds fy, ,d lkFk dke djuk pkfg,A
 lewg dh xfrfof/;ksa esa cPps dks 'kkfey djsa vkSj  f'k{k.k dks tkap vk/kfjr gksuk pkfg, rkfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
vU; cPpksa ds lkFk esy&tksy djk,aA dks Lo;a mÙkj tkuus vkSj mldh leh{kk djus esa
enn fey ldsA
 ,slh lkexzh pqusa tks Li"V :i ls eqfær gks
 n`'; lgk;rk lkexzh dk mi;ksx djus dk ç;kl djsa
 /hjs&/hjs cksysa vkSj ,d ckj esa ,d funsZ'k nsa
 lqfuf'pr djsa fd Nk=k lHkh funsZ'kksa dks iwjh rjg ls
le>rk gS
 cgqr ckj nksgjko djk,a vkSj leh{kk djsa
 ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd funsZ'k ;k enn nsus ls igys
Nk=k ltx gks
 eq[; fcanqvksa dks lkjkaf'kr djsa
 çfrfØ;k nsa
 è;ku ckaVus dh ckrksa dks de djsa vkSj dk;Z {ks=k dks
Li"V j[ksa
 dk;Z{ks=k O;ofLFkr djsa
 lqfuf'pr djsa fd Nk=k tkurk gS fd D;k djuk gS
 ,d ,tsaMk lsV djus esa Nk=k dh enn djsa
lko/ku %
■ psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) dsoy vko`fÙk]
vof/ vkSj xaHkhjrk ds vk/kj ij fopkj djus
;ksX; gksrs gSaA cPps dks yscy yxkus ls cpuk
pkfg,A
■ ;fn vko';d gks rks ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks
rRdky ekufld LokLF; O;kolkf;dksa dh enn
ysuh pkfg,A
uksV % fu%'kDr cPpksa ds fy, NwV ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy,] lhch,lbZ dh osclkbV www.cbse.nic.in ij fyad
http://cbse.nic.in/newsite/attach/CWSN%20April%202019.pdf ns[ksaA

10 fd'kksjkoLFkk % vkd"kZ.k
vkSj pqukSfr;ka
10-1 fd'kksjkoLFkk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk

• ifjiDork % 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj euksoSKkfud
fo'o LokLF; laxBu (MCY;w,pvks) dh ifjHkk"kk esa igyqvksa esa ifjiDork
fd'kksjkoLFkk dh vk;q (10 ls 19 o"kZ ds chp) vkSj
thou ds ,d pj.k ds lanHkZ esa fdlh O;fDr dh • O;fDrRo fodkl % o;Ld ekufld çfØ;kvksa
fo'ks"krkvksa esa xfr'khy ifjorZu 'kkfey gSaA bu fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj o;Ld igpku dk fodklA
esa 'kkfey gSa %
• Lora=krk % fuHkZjrk ls lkis{k Lora=krk rd voLFkk
• Ok`f¼ vkSj fodkl % 'kkjhfjd o`f¼ vkSj fodkl esa ifjorZuA
rsth
fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku ifjorZu
bl pj.k ds nkSjku ;qok vius Hkfo"; ds O;olk;

(dk;Z) ds fy, lkspuk vkSj ;kstuk cukuk 'kq: djrs
gSaA mUgsa o;Ldksa ls lykg] leFkZu vkSj le> dh
vko';drk gks ldrh gSA
izkjafHkd fd'kksjkoLFkk ds ;qok dh viuh igpku] vius lgikBh lewgksa ds
nkSjkuA cPpksa esa 'kkjhfjd {kerk vkSj laHkkouk dk lkFk ;qok u, laca/ksa dh
o`f¼ vkSj ifjiDork ds vUos"k.k vkSj [kkst laHkkouk ryk'kuk 'kq:
y{k.k fodflr gksrs gSa djrs gSa
euksoSKkfud :Ik ls ifjiDo gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ;qok
O;fDr fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku viuh igpku vkSj
vius egRo dh Hkkouk fodflr djrs gSa
fd'kksjkoLFkk % vkd"kZ.k vkSj pqukSfr;ka | 37

10-2 fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku cnyko
,d fd'kksj dk efLr"d
Hkkoukvksa ds vkosx dks fu;af=kr djus ds fy, fparu djrk gSA
HkkoukRed fLFkfr esa 'kkar jgus ds fy,] HkkoukRed fofu;eu fodflr

djuk lh[krk gSA
phtksa dks Øe esa j[kus ds fy,] O;ofLFkr djus dk dkS'ky fodflr

dj jgk gSA
rkfdZd fo'ys"k.k djuk lh[k jgk gSA
rdZ{kerk fodflr dj jgk gS & ftldk vFkZ gS Hkkoukvksa dk mi;ksx

djuk] rF;ksa dk ughaA
tksf[ke ysus dks rS;kj gSA

lgikBh ncko dks jksduk
10-3 fd'kksjksa ds çeq[k eqís vkSj
• lgikBh ds ncko dk fojks/ djuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA
fpark,a fd'kksj vkØked nqjkpkj] dHkh&dHkh xSj&ftEesnkj
thou esa igpku cukuk vkSj O;olk; fodflr djuk ;kSu O;ogkj vkSj eknd æO;ksa ds lsou ls izHkkfor
gks tkrs gaSA buesa 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld LokLF; ds
Lo&tkx:drk tSls dkS'ky gksus ls vDlj fd'kksjksa dks
laca/ esa vf/d tksf[ke c<+ tkrs gSaA
viuh O;fDrxr igpku dh ,d etcwr Hkkouk LFkkfir
djrs gq, [kqn dks le>us esa enn feyrh gSA og vkSj
vf/d miyfC/ vkSj [kkst dh {kerk j[krk gS ftlls
mlds vfLrRo dk foLrkj gks A
Hkkoukvksa dks le>uk
'kfDr dk vlarqyu
fd'kksjksa dks vDlj ewM ifjorZu dk vuqHko gksrk gSA os buke dh rdZ vkSj
Øks/] [kq'kh] mnklh] Hk;] vijk/cks/] 'keZ vkSj çse dh
bPNk lko/kuh
Hkkoukvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA os T;knkrj ml mFky&iqFky dks
le>us esa vleFkZ gSa tks os vuqHko djrs gSaA
fj'rs cukuk
• fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku] yksx vDlj vius lkfFk;ksa]
ekrk&firk vkSj foijhr fyax ds yksxksa ds lkFk
fj'rksa dks fiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA ekrk&firk
vDlj muls cgqr vf/d mEehnsa j[krs gSa vkSj muesa
efLr"d dk jksekapdkjh vkSj
HkkoukRed ;k oSpkfjd fojks/ gks ldrs gSaA
HkkoukRed fgLlk vR;f/kd
• bl mez ds nkSjku] foijhr fyax ds yksxksa lfgr nwljksa fØ;k'khy gS] tcfd rdZlaxr
ds lkFk ldkjkRed vkSj LoLFk laca/ j[kus ds fy, vkSj lrdZ i{k iwjh rjg ls
lkekftd dkS'ky dh vko';drk gksrh gSA fodflr ugh a gSA
fd'kksjksa ds fy, mi;ksxh lq>ko
xgjh lkal ysus dk ;ksx djsa çfrfØ;k ls igys 10

vH;kl djsa rd fxurh fxuus dh
dksf'k'k djsa
lqO;oLFkk vkSj ;kstuk cM+s fu.kZ; ysrs le; udkjkRed çHkkoksa

ij ohfM;ks ns[ksa o;Ldksa ls lykg ysa ls nwj jgsa

'kkjhfjd Nfo vkSj lacaf/r fpark,a ;s fopkj vkSj Hkkouk,a ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed nksuksa gks
ldrh gSaA bl /kj.kk dks çHkkfor djus okys çeq[k dkjdksa
'kkjhfjd Nfo 'kkjhfjd cukoV dh xzg.k dh xbZ Nfo esa ls ,d gS vkRe&lEeku vkSj ehfM;k lfgr fofHkUu
gSA ;g cks/ vke rkSj ij O;fDr ds ckjs esa cgqr lh i;kZoj.kh; dkjdA ;s fpark,a fd'kksjkoLFkk esa vf/d gksrh
Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa dks mtkxj djrk gSA dbZ ckj] ;g gSa] ftlls bl oxZ ds ckjs esa ckr djuk vko';d gks
xyr /kj.kkvksa vkSj LFkwy&lkekU;dj.k ds :i esa çdV tkrk gSA
gks ldrk gSA
fd'kksj }kjk 'kjhj dh Nfo ds fy, c<+rh fparkvksa dk ,d iSVuZ gks ldrk gS] tSlk fd uhps fn;k x;k gS
ns[kuk Ekglwl djuk lkspuk Uktj Mkyuk

'kkjhfjd :Ik dks ftl rjg fd'kksj 'kjhj ds ftl rjg ls 'kjhj dh Nfo ds 'kkjhfjd fn[kkoV ls
ns[kus dh xyr ckjs esa eglwl djrk gS og ckjs esa lksprk gS] mlesa og vlarq"V gS_ larqf"V dh
èkkj.kk 'kjhj dh Nfo dks çHkkfor otu vkSj 'kjhj dh cukoV ds deh O;ogkj dk igyw cu
djrk gS ds ckjs esa vf/d lksprk gS tkrh gSA
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) %  bl rjg dh fparkvksa ds fy, uohure 'kks/ ,d

 ;fn dksbZ cPpk niZ.k ds lkeus cgqr vf/d le; vkuqokaf'kd n`f"Vdks.k dh vksj ladsr djrs gSaA
fcrk jgk gSA
ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS\
 okLrfod vkÑfr vkSj cukoV dh rqyuk esa HkkSfrd
 fd'kksjksa ds chp vkRe LohÑfr dks izksRlkfgr djsaA
:i ds ckjs esa Li"V :i ls vyx lkspA
 mudh ^cgknqjh^ vkSj ^cqf¼erk^ tSlh vU; fo'ks"krkvksa
 vius 'kjhj dh rqyuk yxkrkj nksLr ;k ,d ehfM;k
ij è;ku dsafær djsaA
fiQxj ;k lsfyfczVh ds lkFk djrs gSaA
 bZekunkj vkSj xSj&vkykspukRed okrkZyki djus ls
laHkkfor dkj.k ges'kk enn feyrh gSA
 ehfM;k dh Hkwfedk 'kk;n ,d cM+k dkj.k gSA  vkRe&lEeku cukus ij è;ku nsaA
 de vkRe lEeku  fuxjkuh ds fcuk lks'ky ehfM;k dks grksRlkfgr djsaA
 ifjokj vkSj nksLrksa ds ncko ds dkj.k] os vius 'kjhj
dh Nfo vkSj otu ds ckjs esa T;knk lksprs gSaA

• nnZukd ?kVuk,a] ruko vkSj O;fDrxr vuqHko &
10-4 volkn (fMçs'ku) dqN ekeyksa esa ;g ifjokj ;k fiz; O;fDrxr lacaèkksa
dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa mnkl vkSj ijs'kku gksuk lkekU; gS] vkSj gj esa fdlh fiz;tu dh ekSr ;k foÙkh; leL;kvksa ds
dksbZ bl fLFkfr ls xqtjrk gSA Hkkouk,a ;fn xaHkhj gSa] yacs dkj.k 'kq: gks ldrk gSA volkn dk dkj.k dksbZ
le; rd] vizR;kf'kr] vlkekU; yxrh gSa] ;k dksbZ Li"V Hkh nnZukd ?kVuk gks ldrh gSA Ldwy ;k ?kj cnyus]
dkj.k ugha gS] rks ;g fpark dk ,d dkj.k gSA volkn ifjokj ds VwVus] mis{kk] nqO;Zogkj] cnek'kh vkSj
,d ,slh fLFkfr gS tks leL;kvksa vkSj vfuf'Pkrrkvksa ls 'kkjhfjd chekjh ds dkj.k thou esa vpkud cnyko
Hkjh gksrh gS vkSj volkn ds y{k.kksa ls funku vkSj mipkj ds ckn O;fDr mnkl gks ldrk gSA
ls ckn ds izHkkoksa rd gj igyw ls lacaf/r gSaA volkn • fujk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k & ftu cPpksa esa cgqr de
;k fMizs'ku ,d 'kCn gS ftldk mi;ksx cgqr vLi"V vkSj vkRelEeku vkSj lexz udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k gksrk gS]
vke rkSj ij lkekU; :i esa fd;k tkrk gS ftlds dkj.k mueas vke rkSj ij mnkl gksus dk vf/d tksf[ke
dHkh&dHkh O;fDr dh ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr dk o.kZu gksrk gSA
djus esa xyrh gks ldrh gS vkSj ifj.kke cgqr xaHkhj gks • 'kkjhfjd fLFkfr & ,pvkbZoh ;k dSalj tSlh xaHkhj
ldrs gSaA vkSj yEch fpfdRlh; fLFkfr volkn dk dkj.k cu
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) % ldrh gSA volkn LokLF; dks cnrj cuk ldrk gS]
 vf/dka'k xfrfof/;ksa esa #fp ;k [kq'kh [kks nsukA D;ksafd ;g izfrj{kk dks udkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor
 HkkoukRed :i ls uktqd] ckj&ckj jksuk] mnklh] djrk gS vkSj nnZ dks lgu djus ds fy, dfBu
csclh ;k fujk'kk dh Hkkouk,aA Hk;] ruko ;k fpark cuk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh] volknxzLrrk dh fLFkfr
dh ?kVuk,a gksus ij] dHkh&dHkh vkik [kks nsrs gSaA chekjh ds bykt esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh nokvksa ds
 nwljksa }kjk vLohÑfr dh Hkkouk] lkekftd esytksy dkj.k gks ldrh gSA
esa deh ;k nksLrksa ls nwjhA • vU; ekufld LokLF; leL;k;sa & fpark fodkj]
 ckj&ckj HkkoukRed HkM+kl] fpYykuk ;k f'kdk;r [kkus ds fodkj] eknd inkFkksZa ds lsou tSlh vU;
djuk vkSj dHkh&dHkh grksRlkfgr ;k csdkj eglwl fLFkfr ds dkj.k Hkh volkn ns[kk tkrk gSA
djukA ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS
 vfu;fer uhan vkSj [kkus dh vknrsa (jkr esa mBuk  cPpksa ds O;ogkj esa dkSu ls y{k.k fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSa]
vkSj fnu esa lksuk)A mUgsa ns[kuk vkSj uksV djukA
 Ldwy ds xzsM esa vpkud fxjkoVA  ;g fu/kZfjr djuk fd ;s y{k.k dc 'kq: gq, vkSj
 gj le; Fkdku vkSj ÅtkZ dh deh dk vuqHkoA D;k os igys Hkh gks pqds gSaA
 cspSuh dh Hkkouk gksuk] O;kdqy jguk  y{k.kksa ds izHkko dk irk yxkuk vkSj fd ;s y{k.k
 fujk'kk] fpM+fpM+kgV vkSj Hkkoqdrk ds vkosx esa jgukA cPps ds nSfud thou vkSj laca/ksa dks dSls izHkkfor
 vijk/cks/ vkSj ;k vuqfpr vkRe&nks"k dh vR;fèkd djrs gSaA
Hkkouk,a gksukA  rukoiw.kZ thou dh ?kVukvksa ;k fiz;tu dh ekSr ds
 fljnnZ] isV esa nnZ] gkFk ;k iSj esa nnZ dh ckj&ckj ckjs esa ckr djus ls y{k.k vf/d xgu gks ldrs gSaA
f'kdk;rsaA  ifjokj dh tkudkjh dks bdV~Bk djus dh dksf'k'k
 cgqr T;knk ;k cgqr de lksukA djsaA iwNsa fd D;k muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa esa fdlh Hkh
 dqN ekeyksa esa u'khys inkFkks± ds mi;ksx vkSj nq#i;ksx ekufld LokLF; dh fLFkfr tSls volkn] vkRegR;k]
djukA f}/zqoh fodkj ;k bldh vU; fLFkfr;ka jgh gSaA
 fdlh Hkh vU; ekufld LokLF; ;k fpfdRlk fparkvksa
laHkkfor dkj.k dks è;ku esa j[kuk (tSls fpark ;k u'khys inkFkZ ysus
• ifjokj vkSj iwoZ&izo`r tSfod dkjd & volkn dk fodkj) gks ldrk gSA
dk vkuqoaf'kd dkjdksa ls tqM+s gksus dk ,d etcwr  cPpksa }kjk yh tk jgh nokvksa dh [kkst djuk] mlds
izek.k jgk gSA vuqla/ku ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd yM+dksa y{k.kksa dh igpku djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSaA
dh rqyuk esa yM+fd;ksa esa ;g vf/d lkekU; gSA
;g efLr"d ds ml Hkkx esa gksus okys jklk;fud
ifjorZuksa ls tqM+s gSa tks euksn'kk dks fu;af=kr djrs gaSA

dks fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds vlqfo/k ;k pksV igqapkrk gSA
10-5 Mjkuk&/edkuk@cnek'kh cnek'kh dk O;ogkj gj fdlh dks ,d leku Lrj ij
cnek'kh ls vkRe&lEeku dks nh?kZdkfyd uqdlku gksrk izHkkfor djrk gS] u dsoy yf{kr cPps vfirq lHkh cPpksa
gS D;ksafd ;g cPps ds 'kkjhfjd ;k HkkoukRed LokLF; ds ekufld LokLF; ij bldk izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gS]
dks izHkkfor djrk gS vkSj] dqN ekeyksa esa] euksoSKkfud vkSj dbZ udkjkRed ifj.kke] ftlesa eknd inkFkksZa ds
dY;k.k ij Hkh izHkko Mkyrk gSA blesa 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd lsou] vkSj pje ekeyksa esa] vius vki dks gkfu igqapkus
vkSj HkkoukRed {kfr 'kkfey gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ds fopkj ;k Hkkouk,a Hkh vk ldrh gSaA
tks yksx Mjs gq, gksrs gSa muds fy, ekufld LokLF; /edkus ds eksVs rkSj ij nks rjhds gSa %
leL;kvksa] fljnnZ vkSj Ldwy esa lkeatL; LFkkfir djus • izR;{k % mu cPpksa ds chp gksrk gS tks fdlh nh xbZ
esa vfèkd [krjk gksrk gSA cPpksa ;k fd'kksjksa esa ns[ks tkus fLFkfr esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
okys lcls lkekU; eqn~nksa esa u'khys inkFkZ dk iz;ksx] • vizR;{k % cPps ds ckjs esa viekutud fVIif.k;ka
'kS{kf.kd dfBukb;ka] ;k Lo;a rFkk nwljksa dss uqdlku djus djus ;k cPps ds ckjs esa viQokg iQSykus] cPps dh
ds cM+s dkj.k gSaA lkekftd izfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapkus] lgikBh ds
cnek'kh fofHkUUk :iksa esa gks ldrh gS vkSj cPpksa dks lkFk laca/ksa rFkk cPps ds vkRelEeku ij geyk djus
xaHkhj :i ls izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA bls HkkSfrd] ekSf[kd] ds :i esa gksrk gSA
lkekftd] lkbcj :iksa ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) %
dHkh&dHkh fcuk fdlh dkj.k ds cnek'kh gks ldrh Mjkus /edkus dks fofHkUUk :iksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
gSA nwljk O;fDr tkucw>dj vkSj ckj&ckj fdlh O;fDRk
Pkqipki er jgks] eqdkcyk djksA
cnek'kh
ds izdkj
1- 'kkjhfjd
ekjuk] ykr ekjuk] pqVdh dkVuk] /Ddk nsuk] laifÙk dks uqdlku igqapkuk]
Fkwduk] FkIiM+ ekjukA
2- ekSf[kd :i ls /edkuk
fuank djuk] vieku djuk] fp<+kuk] /edkuk] gkseksiQksfcd ;k uLyoknh fVIi.kh]
ekSf[kd nqO;Zogkj] vuqfpr Hkk"kkA
3- lkekftd
cPps dk lkekftd vyxko] lkekftd izfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapkuk] vieku djuk]
>wB vkSj viQokgsa iQSykuk] udkjkRed ;k viekutud Hkk"kk] 'kkjhfjd b'kkjs] 'keZukd
vkSj viekfur djus gsrq O;aX; pqVdqys] csotg udy mrkjuk] lkekftd ckW;dkV]
fdlh dh lkekftd izfr"Bk dks uqdlku igqapkukA
4- lkbcj
lks'ky ehfM;k ij vuqfpr lkexzh iksLV djuk] viekfur djus okyk ;k uhpk fn[kkus okys VsDLV]
bZ&esy ;k iksLV] best ;k ohfM;ks] tkucw>dj vkWuykbu 'kkfey u djukA
5- ;kSu
v'yhy xkyh nsuk] vuqfpr ekSf[kd fVIif.k;ka] v'yhy gko&Hkko] vokafNr Li'kZ] ;kSu izLrkoA

laHkkfor dkj.k ds lkekftd vkSj leL;k fuokj.k dkS'ky esa lq/kj
• cPps dk 'kfDrghu eglwl djukA gksuk pkfg,A
• cPps dks tyu ;k fujk'kk gksukA  Mjkus&/edkus ;k cnek'kh ds fo#¼ iw.kZ vlfg".kqrk
dh uhfrA /edkus ds fdlh Hkh :i esa ik, tkus ij
• le> ;k lgkuqHkwfr dk vHkkoA
lHkh Nk=kksa dks iwoZfu/kZfjr ifj.kke lgh rjg laizsf"kr
• è;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy,A djukA Ldwy ds eSnku vkSj vU; {ks=kksa dk lw{e
• nwljs cPps dh cnek'kh utjankt gksukA i;Zos{k.kA
• Hkkoukvksa dks fofu;fer djus esa cPps dh v{kerkA fuEu izksxzke izHkkoh :i ls /edkus dks de djrs gSa%
– ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ds fy, fuokjd n`f"Vdks.kA
– ekrk&firk] Nk=kksa vkSj leqnk; ds fy, dk;Z'kkyk,aA
lexz fo|ky; ds ifjos'k esa lq/kj djus okys O;kid
dk;ZØeksa dks ykxw djds Mjkus&/edkus ;k cnek'kh dks – Øks/ izca/u dh dk;Z'kkyk,aA
de fd;k tk ldrk gSA Ldwyksa esa /edkus dh jksdFkke dh – d{kk esa fu;fer ckrA
dk;Zuhfr dks nks izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% – vè;kid lykg l=kA
 d{kk esa fu"ikfnr dqN dk;ZØeksa dk m¼s'; la?k"kZ ls – lgikBh f'k{kk ;k lgikBh ijke'kZ ;k fe=k flLVeA
fuiVus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks izcaf/r djus ds fy, Nk=kksa

10-6 eknd inkFkksZa dk lsou
fuEufyf[kr funsZ'kksa dks ykxw djus ls enn feysxhA igyh
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa eknd inkFkks± dk lsou ,d egRoiw.kZ vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd cPps dks lykgdkj ;k
lkekftd eqn~nk gS D;ksafd bldk iz;ksx vkSj ifj.kke lhèks izksisQ'kuy dh enn ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg;sA
'kS{kf.kd vliQyrk] fo|ky; NksM+us dh mPp nj] tYnh
;kSu voLFkk 'kq: gksus vkSj d"Vnk;d ikjLifjd lacaèkksa ds
:i esa fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
blls cPps dh HkkoukRedrk ij cgqr vf/d izHkko iM+rk
gSA
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) %
 [kjkc 'kS{kf.kd izn'kZu
 otu esa Hkkjh cnyko
 /u dh leL;k
 è;ku dsafær djus esa dfBukbZ Uk'khys inkFkZ ds lsou dh
 eu cnyuk jksdFkke ds fy, funsZ'k
 fgald izdksi
 fpM+fpM+kiu
 nnZukd vuqHkwfr;ka 1- euk djsaA dgsa ^ûks FkSaDl** A
2- lgh pquko djsaA dgsa ^êSaus r; fd;k gS] eSa
 ey&ew=k dh izfozQ;k esa cnyko
Uk'khyh nok,a ugha ywaxkA**
 vka[k dh iqryh iQSy tkuk 3- Uk'khyh nok,a ysus ds ckjs esa ^^dwy** dqN Hkh
 uhan esa ijs'kkuh ugha gS] T;knkrj yksx ,slk eglwl ugha djrs gSaA
 Hkw[k esa deh 4- xsVos MªXl tSls vYdksgy vkSj rEckdw ls cpsa]
 fe=kksa] ifjokj vkSj vkuannk;d xfrfof/;ksa ls nwjh ftlls vf/d Uk'khyh nok,a ysus dh vknr gks
ldrh gSA
laHkkfor dkj.k 5- vki dHkh ugha tkurs fd vki dc u'ks ds vknh
• ikfjokfjd laca/u esa dehA cPpk vdsyk gks ldrk gks tkrs gSa] blfy, iz;ksx u djsaA
gSA 6- tc vki deh eglwl djrs gSa rks vPNs yksxksa ds
lkFk dh ryk'k djsa] Uk'khyh nok dh ughaA
• ikyu iks"k.k dh [kjkc 'kSyhA ekrk&firk ;k rks cgqr
7- jksdFkke dh ,d vkmaQl bykt ds ,d ikmaM ls
l[r ;k cgqr <hy nsus okys gks ldrs gSaA csgrj gSA
• ifjokj esa lkeatL; u gksukA 8- u'ks dh yr ds ekeys esa] dsoy mfpr fpfdRlk
• ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; }kjk u'khyh nokvksa ;k 'kjkc vkSj eukslkekftd leFkZu ls enn feyrh gS]
dk lsou djukA dyad vkSj HksnHkko ls ughaA
• nksLrksa dh vksj ls ncko ds dkj.k u'khyh nokvksa dk 9- u'khyh nok ds ckjs esa ckr djsaA eqís dks <dus ls
mi;ksx djukA enn ugha feyrhA
10- ftruh tYnh gks lds lykgdkj@izksisQ'kuy dh
enn ysaA

laHkkfor dkj.k
10-7 lkbcj laca/h eqís
• ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd baVjusV dh yr vU; leL;kvksa
baVjusV dh yr] baVjusV dk vfuok;Z mi;ksx] daI;wVj dh tSls volkn] Øks/ vkSj vkRelEeku esa deh dk
yr] baVjusV ij fuHkZjrk vkSj baVjusV dk leL;ktud y{k.k Hkh gks ldrh gSA
mi;ksx tSls lkbcj eq¼s & ;s lHkh varj&ifjorZuh; 'kCn • ikfjokfjd foo`Qfr;ksa esa ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd cPps
gSa tks mu yksxksa ij ykxw fd, x, gSa tks vR;f/d ek=kk baVjusV ij vf/d le; fcrk jgs gSaA
esa vkWuykbu le; fcrkrs gSaA
• ckWMh best dks ysdj mnklhu cPps baVjusV ij cgqr
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) % le; fcrkrs gSaA
lkbcj eq¼ksa ds ladsr vkSj y{k.k 'kkjhfjd vkSj HkkoukRed • tks cPps vareqZ[kh gSa vkSj de lkekftd laidZ j[krs
nksuksa vfHkO;fDr;ksa esa fn[kkbZ ns ldrs gSaA dqN HkkoukRed gSa] mUgsa Hkh baVjusV dh yr gksus dk vfèkd [krjk gks
y{k.k vkSj 'kkjhfjd y{k.k 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa tSls fd % ldrk gSA
HkkoukRed ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
vijk/ dh Hkkouk] <yrh euksn'kk  cPps dh #fp dk vkdyu djsa vkSj mls ml fn'kk
fpark] daI;wVj dk mi;ksx djrs le; mUekn dh Hkkouk,a] esa viuh ÅtkZ [kpZ djus esa enn djsaA
le;lwph dks izkFkfedrk nsus ;k cuk, j[kus esa vleFkZrk]  cPps dks dke dks izkFkfedrk nsus esa enn djsaA
vyxko] le; dh dksbZ ikcanh u gksuk] j{kkRed O;ogkj]  lkbcj lqj{kk ds ckjs esa ifjokj dks tkudkjh nsa vkSj
dk;Z ls cpuk] O;kdqyrk] eu cnyuk] Hk;] vdsykiu] LØhu le; dh fuxjkuh ds fy, mUgsa 'kkfey djsaA
fu;fer dk;ks± ls Åc] VkyukA
 ;qokvksa esa baVjusV ds mi;ksx ds izHkko ij d{kk esa
'kkjhfjd okrkZ vk;ksftr djsaA
ihB nnZ] fljnnZ] vfuæk] de iks"k.k] O;fDrxr vLoPNrk  lkbcj lqj{kk dk;Z'kkyk,¡ djsaA
(tSls vkWuykbu jgus ds fy, Luku u djuk)] xnZu dk  cPps dks nSfud 'kkjhfjd xfrfof/;ksa esa dqN ?kaVksa ds
nnZ] lw[kh vka[ksa vkSj vU; n`f"V laca/h leL;k,a] otu esa fy, 'kkfey djsaA
deh ;k o`f¼A
Ik{k ysa & leFkZu ds fy, gkFk c<+k,a & /edkuk can djks
lkbcj /edh
jksdFkke ds lqÖkko
dHkh Hkh fdlh dks Hkh O;fDrxr tkudkjh ikloMZ u nsa
O;fDrxr tkudkjh esa uke] nksLrksa ;k ifjokj ds uke] irk] iQksu uacj] Ldwy dk uke]
ikloMZ] rLohjsa 'kkfey gSaA
baVjusV ij lkjh tkudkjh lR; ugha gS
baVjusV ij vf/dka'k tkudkjh izekf.kr ugha gksrh gSA blfy, baVjusV ij tks dqN Hkh i<+rs
gSa] og ges'kk lR; ugha gksrkA
cPpksa dks usfVdsV~l lh[kuk pkfg,
baVjusV dk mi;ksx djus ds Lohdk;Z rjhds dks usfVdsV~l dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
tc vki vkWuykbu gksrs gSa rks nwljksa ds lkFk fouez O;ogkj djrs gSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ vkids
lkFk vf'k"V O;ogkj djrk gS rks vkidks mÙkj ugha nsuk pkfg,A Vkbi djus ls igys lkspsaA
vKkr izs"kd ls izkIr lans'k u [kksysa
;fn lansg gS rks ekrk&firk dk ekxZn'kZu ysuk lcls vPNk gSA
;fn ;g **lgh rjhdk** ugha fn[krk gS] rks ;g laHkor% ugha gS
baVjusV ij lfiZaQx djrs le;] ;fn vkidks dksbZ ,slh pht+ fey tkrh gS tks vkidks ilan
ugha gS] ;k ;g vkidks vlgt eglwl djrh gS ;k vkidks Mjkrh gS] rks vkidks rqjar ,d
o;Ld dks crkuk pkfg,A
lkbcj /edh nsus okyksa ds lkFk laokn can djuk
Hkys gh vki okLro esa ,d Mjkus&/edkus okys }kjk Hksts x, fdlh Hkh xans lans'k dk tokc
vkSj mÙkj nsuk pkgs] ysfdu vkidks tokc ugha nsuk pkfg, vkSj fdlh Hkh :Ik esa lapkj
ugha djuk pkfg,A

10-8 euksxzflr ckè;rk fodkj  gkFk feykus ;k njokts ds ukWc dks Nwus ls drjkrk
gSA
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
 cPps dks dke djrs le; eu esa ;k tksj ls cksYkdj
ckè;rk fodkj esa dbZ vokafNr fopkj] Hkkouk,a ;k Hk; fxurh djus dh vknr gks ldrh gSA
'kkfey gksrs gSa] ftl ij fdlh dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk  vthcksxjhc rjhds ls [kkuk [kkrk gSA
gS] ftuls O;fDRk fpafrr gks tkrs gSaA tquwu vkSj fpark nwj  ckj&ckj dqN fopkjksa ;k 'kCnksa esa vVd tkrk gSA
djus ds fy,] cPps etcwju dqN O;ogkj djus ds fy,  dqN dk;ks± dks fof'k"V la[;kvksa ds lkFk djus dk
ckè; gks tkrs gSa (ftls vknr Hkh dgk tkrk gS)A ;g vkxzgA
vknr cPps ds nSfud dkedkt esa gLr{ksi djrh gSA  yxkrkj iyd >iduk] lkal ysuk ;k 'kjhj dh vU;
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) % laosnukvksa ds ckjs esa ltx gksrk gSA
 cPps dks fnu&izfrfnu ds dk;ks± esa lkekU; ls vf/d laHkkfor dkj.k
le; yx ldrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,] Luku djuk]
• oSKkfudksa dks vHkh rd ugha irk gS fd cPps ,slk
nkarksa dks cz'k djuk] diM+s iguuk] cSx iSd djuk]
O;ogkj D;ksa fn[kkrs gSa] ysfdu os tkurs gSa fd blesa
gkseodZ iwjk djukA
tSfod dkjd ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
 ;fn dk;Z iwjk ugha gqvk ;k dksbZ oLrq txg ij ugha
gS rks cPpk vlkekU; :i ls Øksf/r ;k ijs'kku gks • ,sls cPpksa esa efLr"d lajpukvksa vkSj efLr"d
ldrk gSA xfrfof/ esa dqN varj ,sls O;ogkjksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
 cPpk gj le; lVhd rjhds ls dk;Z djus ij ncko ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
Mkyrk gSA  cPps dks lqjf{kr vkSj lajf{kr eglwl djk,aA
 lkiQ&liQkbZ ;k LoPNrk ds izfr cPPkk cgqr vf/d  cPps dks vkadus vkSj mldh vkykspuk djus ls cpsaA
tquwuh gks ldrk gSaA  izksRlkfgr djds cPps dks l{ke eglwl djk,aA
 cPps dks xyrh djus dk cgqr Mj gks ldrk gSA
 Hkys gh cPpk ckj&ckj fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj ds O;ogkj
 /edkus ds ckjs esa cPpk cgqr vf/d fpark dj
dks nksgjk jgk gks] lgu'khy cusaA
ldrk gSA
 ,slk cPpk lkoZtfud :i ls vthc O;ogkj dj  viuh pje Hkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa [kqydj ckr djus
ldrk gSA ds fy, mUgsa lgt cuk,aA
euksxzflr ckè;rk fodkj dk nq"pozQ
vLFkkbZ tquwu Hkjs

jkgr fopkj
ckè;dj
O;ogkj fpark

 vdsys jgrk gS vkSj Hkkstu ls cprk gS] yxkrkj
10-9 nqO;Zogkj vkSj vk?kkr fljnnZ gksrk gSA
vk?kkr] xgjs lnes ;k nq[k dh fLFkfr dks dgk tk ldrk  jkr esa vkrafdr gks tkrk gS (ÝyS'kcSd)& vk?kkr ds
gSA ;g eq[; :i ls ,slh fLFkfr gS tks pkSadkus okyh] ÝyS'kcSd ds dkj.k vfuæk ;k v'kkar uhan tSlh uhan
xgu vkSj fparktud gSA bl rjg dh izfrfØ;k cPps laca/h leL;k,aA
dh eqdkcyk djus dh {kerk dks izHkkfor djrh gS ftls  eu cnyuk vkSj fpM+fpM+kiuA
vk?kkr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA  ,dkxzrk esa dehA
nqO;Zogkj ,d rjg dk vk?kkr gSA ;g  fcLrj xhyk djukA
vlgk;rk dh Hkkoukvksa dk dkj.k curk  ruko] vR;f/d fopkj vkSj csdkj gksus dh HkkoukA
gS vkSj Lo;a ds cks/ vkSj Hkkoukvksa rFkk  tc ladsr yacs le; rd jgsa vkSj cPps ds dk;Z
vuqHkoksa dks eglwl djus dh {kerk dks djus dh {kerk ij izfrdwy izHkko Mkyrs gSa rks ,d
de dj nsrk gSA dkj.k xaHkhj vk?kkr gks ldrk gS tks ckn esa nSfud
nqO;Zogkj dk izHkko thou dh xfrfof/;ksa dh {kerk dks izHkkfor dj
fiNys vk?kkr ds lkFk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, lgk;rk ldrk gSA
djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA laHkkfor dkj.k
fo'okl vkSj vkRelEeku & nqO;Zogkj ds vuqHko fdlh • 'kjhj] dbZ ckj] ^,Mªsusfyu* dk ,d mPp Lrj iSnk
ds bl fo'okl dks {kh.k dj ldrs gSa fd nqfu;k ,d djrk gS] tks fd iQkbV vkSj ÝykbV ls tqM+k gqvk
lqjf{kr txg gS rFkk blls nwljksa ij Hkjkslk djus dh {kerk gkeksZu gSA
u"V gks tkrh gSA ;g fo'ks"k :i ls eqf'dy gks ldrk gS • ^mÙkstuk Lrj*] vk?kkr dh izfrfØ;k gS] ,d
;fn nqO;Zogkj djus okys ds lkFk cPps dk ?kfu"B laca/ mÙkjthfork ra=k gS tks fofHkUUk cPpksa ds fy, fHkUUk
jgk gSA og [kqn dks nqO;Zogkj ds fy, nks"kh Bgjk ldrk gks ldrk gSA
gS] Hkys gh mldh xyrh u gksA • gkbij vjkm”ky (Hyperarousal) dh fLFkfr esa cPps
ruko vkSj Lo;a dks uqdlku igqapkus dh Hkkouk & vfèkd laosnu'khy gks ldrs gSaA
cPps esa cgqr lkjh udkjkRed Hkkouk,¡ gks ldrh gSa]
ftlls mls jkst+ejkZ ds ruko dk lkeuk djuk eqf'dy gks ge fdl rjg lgk;rk dj ldrs gS- - -
ldrk gSA ;gka rd fd og vius vki dks ?kk;y djus  vk?kkr ds ckjs esa ckr djus ds fy, cPps ij ncko
dk Hkh lksp ldrk gS tks dqN ekeyksa esa ?kkrd Hkh lkfcr Mkyus ls cpsaA nnZukd ckrsa okil ;kn djus ls cPps
gks ldrk gSA dks ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA
Øks/ vkSj vkosx & nqO;Zogkj ls ihfM+r cPps esa Øks/  mUgsa D;k djuk gS ;g crkdj mins'k u nsaA
dks fu;af=kr djus dh vleFkZrk ;k vf/d vkosx dh  /S;Z ls cPps dks vPNk eglwl djk;saA
vfHkO;fDr;ka fn[kkbZ iM+ ldrh gSa  mldh euksn'kkvksa dks le>saA
fo?kVu & ?kVuk dks Hkwydj cPpk vius vki dks ml  ,d vPNs Jksrk vkSj xSj&vkykspukRed cusa &
vk?kkr ls iwjh rjg ls vyx dj ldrk gS rkfd nnZ vkSj dHkh&dHkh] cPps ds vk?kkr ds ckjs esa lquuk
Hk; ls ^j{kk* gks ldsA eqf'dy gks ldrk gS] ysfdu mlds vuqHkoksa vkSj
psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) % Hkkoukvksa dk lEeku djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA
fdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk (vk?kkr) ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs le;  okLrfod cusa vkSj fo'okl iSnk djsa & cPps esa lPph
og cgqr nq[kh eglwl dj ldrk gSA fnypLih j[ksa vkSj fo'okl fn[kk,aA
 NksVh&NksVh ckrksa ij Øksf/r gks tkuk vkSj viuh  cPps ds lkeF;Z ds ckjs esa ckr djsa & cPps ds lHkh
Hkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djus ls budkj djukA ldkjkRed xq.kksa vkSj miyfC/;ksa ds ckjs esa è;ku
 Mj vkSj 'keZ ds dkj.k vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr ugha fnyk,aaA
dj ikrkA
 lksus esa ijs'kkuhA
Pksrkouh %
• psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) vko`fÙk] vof/ vkSj xaHkhjrk ds vk/kj ij fopkj djus ;ksX; gSaA cPps ij
yscy yxkus ls cpuk pkfg,A
• ;fn vko';d gks rks ns[kHkky djus okyksa dks rRdky ekufld LokLF; O;kolkf;dksa dh enn ysuh pkfg,A

ifjf'k"V
cPpksa ds fy, xfrfof/;k¡ (d{kk I ls V ds fy, izLrkfor)
 n;kyqrk dh ckYVh (Bucket of Kindness)
 vkidk 'kjhj vkidk gh gS
 ,d fnu ds fy, lqijghjks
 1] 2] 3& 'kkar jgks
 cnek'kh ;k /edkuk
 eSa eglwl djrk gwa] eSa lekuqHkwfr j[krk gwa
 ifjokj esa jguk vkSj fouez cuuk
fd'kksjksa ds fy, xfrfof/;k¡ (d{kk VI ls vkxs ds fy, izLrkfor)
 eq>s [kqn ls I;kj gS
 fd'kksjkoLFkk vkSj cM+s gksus ij fopkj djuk
 eSa vPNk laokn dSls dj ldrk gwa\
 Hkkoukvksa ij ppkZ
 Øks/ dks le>uk
 Øks/ fu;af=kr djuk
 gkfu vkSj mnklh le>uk ls fuiVuk
 laca/ lq/kjuk
 ûk* dguk lh[kuk
 lgikBh ncko dk lkeuk rFkk fu.kZ;

cPPkksa osQ fy,
xfrfof/;ka
ifjf'k"V | 49
xfrfof/ 1 % n;kyqrk dh ckYVh
dkS'ky % n;kyqrk] ikjLifjd dkS'ky vkSj lekuqHkwfr
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• NksVh ckYVh
• n;kyqrk ifpZ;ka
izfØ;k %
 cPpksa dks ,d ?ksjs esa cSBus nsaA d{kk esa ,d NksVh ckYVh ;k ckWDl j[ksa vkSj bls ^n;kyqrk dh ckYVh* uke nsaA
 cPps ,d&,d djds vk,axs vkSj ,d iphZ fudkyasaxsA
 cPps i<+saxs fd iphZ esa D;k fy[kk gSA ml fnu mudk cl ;gh dke gSA
 dkxt dh ifpZ;ksa dks eksM+ dj ckYVh esa MkysaA
 vxys fnu iwjh d{kk lqfo/k iznkrk ls ppkZ djrh gS vkSj n;k ds dk;ks± dks lk>k djrh gSA
n;kyqrk ds dk;ksZa ds fy, lq>ko tks iphZ ij fy[ks tk ldrs gSa %

 igys rhu yksxksa dk vfHkuanu djsa ftuls vki ckr djrs gSaA
 fdlh ,d vè;kid dks vius gkFk ls ,d uksV fy[ksaA
 Ldwy vkSj ?kj ij dke djus okyh lHkh efgykvksa vkSj lgk;dksa dks ^lqizHkkr* dgsaA
 dwM+k mBk,aA ikdZ ;k vius iM+ksl dh liQkbZ esa 10 feuV fcrk,aA
 vius ekrk&firk ds fy, FkSad ;w dkMZ cuk,aA
 vius nknk&nknh ds fy, FkSad ;w dkMZ cuk,aA
 ,d nksLr dks iQwy HkstsaA
 [kkuk [kkus ds ckn liQkbZ djsa vkSj ml O;fDr dks /U;okn dgsa ftlus Hkkstu fn;kA
 fdlh dks xys yxk,aA
 lM+d ij jgus okys dqÙks dks [kkuk f[kyk,aA
 fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls ckr djsa tks Ldwy ;k viuh d{kk esa u;k gksA
 jkr dk [kkuk cukus ds fy, ?kj ij enn djsaA
 ?kj ij ekStwn phtksa ls nksLr ds fy, ,d migkj cuk,aA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k %
 n;kyqrk fodflr djuk
 lk>k djus ds vkarfjd xq.k dks mtkxj djuk
 nwljksa ds lkFk ikjLifjd laidZ esa lq/kj djukA

xfrfof/ 2 % vkidk 'kjhj vkidk gh gS
dkS'ky % vkRe&tkx:drk] lapkj vkSj eq[kj dkS'ky
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• lqj{kk fu;eksa ds fy, dkMZ
• xfrfof/ 'khV & esjs lqjf{kr yksx
• uks&xks&;sy ,aM Vsy fu;e dkMZ
• fLoelwV fu;e dkMZ
izfØ;k %
1) xfrfof/ ds fy, cPpksa dks ,d ?ksjs esa cSBuk vko';d gSA
2) cPpksa dks lqj{kk fu;eksa ds fy, dkMZ fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
3) bu dkMks± ij ,d laf{kIr ppkZ gksrh gSA
4) cPpksa dks fiQj fLoelwV fu;e dkMZ fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
5) mu fLFkfr;ksa dk mnkgj.k nsdj ,d laf{kIr ppkZ dh tkrh gS tgk¡ dksbZ 'kjhj dh lqj{kk ds fu;eksa dks rksM+ ldrk
gSA
6) ûks&xks&;sy Vsy* dkMZ dks vxys pj.k ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gSA
7) fiQj cPpksa dks funsZ'k fn;k tkrk gS fd os vius ^lqjf{kr yksxksa* ds ckjs esa xfrfof/ 'khV HkjsaA
8) xfrfof/ ds var esa lqfo/k iznkrk ,d O;fDr ds thou esa ^lqjf{kr yksxksa* ds egRo ij ppkZ djrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k %
 cPpksa }kjk vius 'kjhj ds ckjs esa le>ukA
 Lo;a dh lqj{kk ds ckjs esa vkRe&tkx:drk fodflr djukA
 ^lqjf{kr yksxkas* ls ckrphr djus dh dyk lh[kukA
ifjf'k"V | 51
-------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------
uke % uke %
------------------------------ ------------------------------
d{kk ,oa vuqHkkx % d{kk ,oa vuqHkkx %
------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------
frfFk % frfFk %
esjs lqjf{kr yksx esjs lqjf{kr yksx

xfrfof/ 3 % ,d fnu ds fy, lqijghjks
dkS'ky % vkRelEeku vkSj Lo&tkx:drk
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa % xfrfof/ 'khV
izfØ;k %
1) bl xfrfof/ ds fy, Nk=kksa dks ,d ?ksjs esa cSBuk gksrk gSA
2) lqfo/k iznkrk vius ilanhnk lqij ghjks ds ckjs esa cPpksa ds lkFk ppkZ djds xfrfof/ 'kq: djrk gSA
3) xfrfof/ 'khVas forfjr dh tkrh gSaA
4) Nk=kksa ds lkFk muds vius lkeF;Z ds ckjs esa laf{kIr ppkZ dh tkrh gSA ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd tSls ^^lqijghjks ds
ikl 'kfDr;ka gksrh gSa] oSls gh gekjs ikl Hkh lkeF;Z vkSj ldkjkRed xq.k gksrs gSa**A
5) 'khV i<+h tkrh gS vkSj Nk=kksa ls iwNk tkrk gS fd ;fn os ,d fnu ds fy, lqijghjks cu x, rks os D;k djsaxsA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k %
 fopkj eaFku & viuh rkdr ij fparu djukA
 [kqn dks le>uk & lewg esa [kqn dks vkSj nwljksa dks tkuukA
 u, fopkj & viuh jpukRedrk dks ubZ Åapkb;ksa ij ys tkukA
 ;g le>uk fd gekjs ikl lkeF;Z vkSj ldkjkRed xq.k gSaA
eSa mRÑ"V gwa
esjs lkeF;Z
;fn ,d fnu ds fy, eSa lqij ghjks cu

tkÅa rks eSa D;k d#axk\@eSa D;k d:axh\
ifjf'k"V | 53
xfrfof/ 4 % 123&'kkar jgks
dkS'ky % Hkkoukvksa dk funsZ'ku] Hkkoukvksa dk lkeuk djuk] ikjLifjd dkS'ky
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• 'kkar gksus dk dkMZ
• ?kVuk dkMZ
izfØ;k %
1) xfrfof/ ds fy, cPpksa dks ,d ?ksjs esa cSBuk vko';d gSA
2) pkj ?kVuk dkMZ fn, x, gSaA lqfo/k iznkrk fLFkfr dks i<+rk gSA
3) cPps Hkkouk dh igpku djrs gSaA
4) l=k ds nkSjku Hkkouk dh igpku vkSj ppkZ dh tkrh gSA lqfo/k iznkrk cPpksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, muds lkFk
,fuesVsM fØ;kvksa dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
5) lqfo/k iznkrk 'kkar djus okys dkM~lZ esa fn, x, Ng fodYiksa dks ,d&,d djds izLrqr djrk gSA cPps nksgjkrs
gSaA
fLFkfr dkMZ %
fLFkfr 1
vki cktkj x, vkSj viuk ilanhnk [ksy f[kykSuk ns[kkA ysfdu eEeh us dgk ge bls ckn esa [kjhnsaxs] vHkh ughaA vkidks
dSlk yxrk gS\ vki D;k djrs gSa\
fLFkfr 2
vki Vh- oh- ns[kuk pkgrs gSa ysfdu MSMh vkidks viuk dke vHkh iwjk djus ds fy, dgrs gSaA vkidks dSlk yxrk
gS\ vki D;k djsaxs\
fLFkfr 3
vki vkblØhe [kk jgs gSa rFkk ,d vkSj [kkuk pkgrs gSaA vkids ekrk&firk dgrs gSa fd vki ugha [kk ldrs D;ksafd
blls vkids nkar [kjkc gks ldrs gaSA vkidks dSlk yxrk gS\ vki D;k djrs gSa\
fLFkfr 4
vkt ckfj'k gks jgh gS vkSj ekSle lqgkuk gSA vki ckfj'k esa ckgj tkuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu nknh dgrh gS fd ugha D;ksafd
dy vkidh ,d Jqrys[k ijh{kk gSA vkidks dSlk yxrk gS\ vki D;k djrs gSa\

'kkar djus okys dkMZ
viuh dqlhZ ij cSBsa
iQ'kZ ij iSj j[ksa
gkFk eksM+sa vkSj vk¡[ksa can djsa
rhu xgjh lk¡l ysa
10 rd fxusa
dgks % cgqr vPNk
izfØ;k %
 tkx:drk & bl xfrfof/ ls cPps viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj fopkjksa ls voxr gksaxsA
 n;kyqrk & bl xfrfof/ ls nwljksa ds fy, lekuqHkwfr vkSj n;kyqrk c<+sxh D;ksafd blesa Lo&dk;Z 'kkfey gSA
 tqM+ko & ;g xfrfof/ ,d lewg dk fgLlk cuus ds fy, Lo&fu;eu dkS'ky vkSj vkRefo'okl dks c<+k,xh D;ksafd
blesa lkekftd [ksy 'kkfey gSA
ifjf'k"V | 55
xfrfof/ 5 % cnek'kh ;k /edkuk
dkS'ky % lapkj] lekuqHkwfr] ruko dk lkeuk djuk] leL;k fuokj.k dkS'ky
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• dgkuh dk dkMZ
izfØ;k %
1- bl xfrfof/ ds fy, lHkh cPpksa dks ,d ?ksjs esa cSBuk vko';d gSA
2- Nk=kksa ds fy, dgkuh i<+sa vkSj d{kk esa dgkuh ds var esa fn, x, fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwNsa
i. D;k vki ,sls yksxksa ;k tkuojksa dks nq[k nsrs gSa tks vkils det+ksj gSa\
ii. D;k vkidks nwljs yksxksa dks fp<+kuk vkSj rkuk nsuk ilan gS\
iii. ;fn vki yksxksa dks fp<+krs gSa] rks D;k mUgsa ijs'kku gksrs ns[kdj vkidks etk vkrk gS\
iv. D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd tc vU; yksx xyrh djrs gSa rks mu ij g¡luk pkfg,\
3- fn, x, iz'uksa ds lkFk dgkuh ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lHkh Nk=kksa ds lkFk bl xfrfof/ esa 'kkfey thou dkS'ky dks
mtkxj djsaA
dgkuh
izkbejh Ldwy esa fc'uks (cnyk gqvk uke) uke dk ,d yM+dk Fkk tks Jherh okfy;k dh d{kk esa FkkA og
,d ncax yM+dk Fkk vkSj mlus viuh d{kk esa bruh ijs'kkuh iSnk dh fd mldks d{kk esa i<+kuk eqf'dy gks
x;kA og vU; cPpksa dks u dsoy d{kk esa] cfYd [ksy ds eSnku esa Hkh /Ddk nsrk] mudk yap Nhu ysrk
vkSj dHkh&dHkh mUgsa xkyh Hkh nsrkA
fc'uks dk dksbZ nksLr ugha FkkA ,d fnu jkfgy uke dk ,d u;k yM+dk mlh Ldwy esa vk;kA fc'uks us jkfgy
dks pkjksa vksj ls mdlkuk 'kq: fd;kA ysfdu] ftruk vf/d mlus jkfgy dks ijs'kku djus dh dksf'k'k dh]
mruk gh jkfgy mlls ckr djrk jgk vkSj mls crk;k fd og fliQZ mldk nksLr cuuk pkgrk FkkA mlus dgk
^^vki ges'kk nwljksa dks vius tSlk cukus dh dksf'k'k D;ksa djrs gks\ ge vPNs nksLr gks ldrs gSaA**
fc'uks lkspus yxkA mlus dgk ^^gks ldrk gS fd ge nksLr cu tk;saA Bhd gS] ns[krs gSaA ge nksigj dk Hkkstu
,d lkFk [kk ldrs gSaA** rks mUgksaus ;gh fd;kA Ldwy ds ckn os ,d lkFk ?kj tkus yxsA mUgsa ;g Hkh irk
pyk fd os ,d nwljs ds ?kj ds djhc jgrs FksA
rks] ml fnu ls fc'uks vkSj jkfgy lcls vPNs nksLr cu x;sA jkfgy ls nksLrh ds dkj.k fc'uks us vU; nksLr
Hkh cuk,A mlus eglwl fd;k fd mls fdlh dks /edkus ds ctk, ,d nksLr cukus ds dkj.k vf/d [kq'kh
feyhA

D;k vki lksp jgs gSa fd D;k vki ,d cnek'k ncax cPps gSa\ ;gk¡ crkus dk ,d vklku rjhdk gS] uhps nh xbZ lwph
ns[ksaA ;fn vki buesa ls fdlh Hkh nks ;k vf/d iz'uksa ds fy, ^^gk¡** dk tokc nsrs gSa] rks vki ,d cnek'k@cwyh gks
ldrs gSa vkSj vkidks vius O;ogkj dks cnyus dh vko';drk gSA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k %
 leL;k dks lqy>kuk & lg;ksx] lkeatL; vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ laca/ksa ds ckjs esa le>ukA
 nwljksa dh enn djuk & nwljksa dh t:jrksa ds fglkc ls rFkk viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj enn djukA
 lekuqHkwfriwoZd lquuk & nwljksa dks le>us ds mís'; ls lekuqHkwfr j[kukA
 dq'ky laokn & tks Lo;a vkSj nwljksa dks l'kDr cuk,A
ifjf'k"V | 57
xfrfof/ 6 % eSa eglwl djrk gwa] eSa lekuqHkwfr j[krk gwa
dkS'ky % lekuqHkwfr] Hkkoukvksa dk lkeuk djuk vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds dkS'ky
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• odZ'khV
izfØ;k %
1- lHkh Nk=kksa dks odZ'khV ckaVsaA
2- mUgsa funsZ'kksa dks è;ku ls i<+us ds fy, dgsaA
3- vius lkFkh ds lkFk izfrfØ;kvksa ij ppkZ djsaA
4- vc lqfo/k iznkrk lexz :i ls izfrfØ;kvksa dks la{ksi esa izLrqr djsaA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k %
 nwljksa dks le>ukA
 ldkjkRed Hkkoukvksa dk lao/ZuA
 Lo;a dh csgrj le>

odZ'khV
Ø- l- fLFkfr uhps fu'kku yxk,a
fLFkfr % eSa vius nksLrksa ds lkFk ,d fiQYe ns[kus ds fy, ckgj tkuk pkgrk gwa] esjs ekrk&firk dgrs gSa ûghaÂ
d eSa jksrk gw¡ vkSj fpYykrk gw¡A
[k eSa [kkus ds fy, euk dj nsrk gw¡ vkSj vius dejs dk njoktk can dj nsrk gw¡A
x eSa ;g le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gw¡ fd mUgksaus ûgha* D;ksa dgk gksxkA
fLFkfr % eSa pkgrk gw¡ fd esjh Vhe thrs] ysfdu os gkj x,A
eSa thrus okyh ikVhZ dks xkyh nsrk gw¡ ;k eSa 'kksj djrk gw¡ vkSj dgrk gw¡ fd mUgksaus
d
csbZekuh dh gS
[k eSa vius nksLrksa ds lkFk muds ckjs esa udkjkRed ckrsa djrk gw¡A
x eSa rdZ djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gw¡ vkSj le>rk gw¡ fd dksbZ ,d thrrk gS ;k gkjrk gSA
fLFkfr % esjk nksLr eq>ls Ldwy esa ckr ugha djrk@djrh gS vkSj dgrk@dgrh gS fd og vdsys jguk pkgrk@pkgrh gS]
blfy, csgrj gS fd eSa mlls nwj gks tkÅaA
d eq>s bruk xqLlk vkrk gS fd eSa mlds lkFk ckr ugha djuk pkgrkA
eSa viuh ihB eksM+rk gw¡ vkSj ;g dgrs gq, pyk tkrk gw¡ fd eSa mlls dHkh ckr ugha
[k
d:axkA
eSa fopkj djrk gw¡ fd 'kk;n og Bhd ugha Fkk @ Fkh] ;k mlds lkFk dqN gqvk gks
x
ldrk gSA eSa mls le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gw¡A
fLFkfr % Ldwy ds fy, nsj gks jgh gSA eq>s viuh vaxzsth ikB~; iqLrd ugha fey jgh gSA
d eSa ?kj esa lc ij fpYykrk gw¡A
[k eSa ?kj ds vklikl viuh phtsa b/j&m/j iQsad nsrk gw¡A
eSa nsjh dks Lohdkj djrk gw¡ vkSj blds fy, ftEesnkjh ysrk gw¡] ;g ladYi djrk gw¡
x
fd Hkfo"; esa eSa vf/d O;ofLFkr vkSj lko/ku jgwaxkA
ifjf'k"V | 59
xfrfof/ 7 % ifjokj esa jguk vkSj lh[kuk
dkS'ky % lapkj vkSj ikjLifjd dkS'ky
vof/ % 20 feuV
vko';d phtsa %
• iSu ;k isafly] vkSj dkxt
izfØ;k %
1- Nk=kksa ls muds thou esa ,sls yksxksa dh igpku djus dks dgsa ftuls ifjokj curk gSA dqN yksxksa ds fy, ,d ifjokj
Li"V gS (ek¡] firk] HkkbZ&cgu vkfn) ysfdu nwljksa ds fy, ;g dsoy fj'rsnkj tSls pkpk] nknk&nknh] nksLr ;k
iM+kslh ls feydj gks ldrk gSA
2- ,d ckj xzqi ifjokjksa ds ckjs esa fooj.k lk>k djrk gS] izR;sd Nk=k dks ,d dkxt dk VqdM+k nsa vkSj muls fopkj
eaFku djus ds fy, dgsa vkSj mu nl phtksa dh ,d lwph cuk,a ftUgsa muds ifjokj dks ,d lkFk djus esa vkuan
feyrk gSA (pk; ,d lkFk ihus ls
ckgj ?kweus tkus rd dqN Hkh)A
3- vkxs mUgsa viuh lwph dks ns[kus vkSj
izR;sd xfrfof/ ds izfr vyx&vyx
izrhdksa dks j[kus ds fy, dgsaA bls
,d isij ij fy[ksaA
4- vc Nk=kksa ls dgsa fd os viuh rhu
ilanhnk xfrfof/;ksa dks djsa vkSj lkspsa
fd ;s xfrfof/;k¡ ikfjokfjd thou
'kSyh vkSj ewY;ksa ds ckjs esa D;k dgrh
gSaA
5- cM+s xzqi dks 5 ls 7 Nk=kksa ds NksVs xzqi
esa ckaVsaA lewg esa ls ,d lewg izfrfuf/
pquus ds fy, dgsa ftlls uhps fn,
x, ppkZ ladsrksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
fopkj&foe'kZ ds ckn lewg ppkZ dks
la{ksi esa izLrqr djus esa enn feysA
6- lHkh lewg izfrfuf/;ksa ls iQhMcSd ysa
vkSj bls lh[k ds :i esa la{ksfir djsaA

izrhd xfrfof/
` ;fn xfrfof/ dh ykxr ` 1]000 ls vf/d gSA
» ;fn vkidks xfrfof/ ds fy, 100 fdyksehVj ls vf/d dh nwjh r; djuh vko';d gSA
O ;fn xfrfof/ vkids ifjokj dks djhc ykrh gSA
0 ;fn vkids ifjokj us fiNys rhu eghuksa esa ,slk fd;k gSA
ppkZ ds ladsr
• ;s xfrfof/;k¡ vkids ikfjokfjd ewY;ksa ;k thou 'kSyh ds ckjs esa D;k dgrh gSa\
• D;k vkidh xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, cgqr /u [kpZ djus dh vko';drk gS\
• D;k vkidks dbZ xfrfof/;ksa ds fy, nwj tkus dh vko';drk gS\
• ,slh dkSu lh phtsa gSa tks vki vius ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk djuk pkgrs gSa ysfdu vc rd ugha dh gSa\
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 ifjokj lapkj ds iSVuZ dks fodflr djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj lkekftd ewY;ksa vkSj ekunaMksa dks ykxw djus ds
ekè;e ls lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa dks Hkh c<+kok nsrk gSA
 ifjokjksa ds vanj lapkj dh vf/d vko';drk ij izdk'k Mkysa vkSj crk;sa fd ,d lkFk le; fcrkuk fj'rksa dks
dSls etcwr dj ldrk gSA
ifjf'k"V | 61
fd'kksjksa osQ fy,
xfrfof/;ka

xfrfof/ 1 % eqÖks [kqn ls I;kj gS
xfrfof/ ds mís'; le; % 45&60 feuV
Nk=k
• muesa ekStwn {kerk dks igpkusa vkSj vkRefo'okl c<+kus ds fy, bu {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djsaxsA
• fofHkUUk izfrHkkvksa dk vUos"k.k djsaxs tks muds ikl gSa tks muds vkRefo'okl dks c<+kus esa mudh enn djsaxhA
lqfo/k iznkrk gsrq tkudkjh
vkRe&lEeku dks fdlh O;fDr ds Lo;a ds ewY; fu.kZ;u ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g muds [kqn ds ckjs esa
vius fopkj vkSj jk; gSA ;g crkrk gS fd O;fDr vius ckjs esa D;k lksprk gSa tSls fd 'kkjhfjd fo'ks"krk,a] O;fDrRo
y{k.k] {kerk,a vkSj lkekftd nk;jsA dqy feykdj] ;g mudh ^vkRe&ifjHkk"kk^ ;k ^vkRe&Nfo;ksa^ dk ;ksx gSA
izfØ;k
1- fd'kksjksa ls vius ckjs esa dqN vPNh phtksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds fy, dgsa] ftu ij mUgsa xoZ gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
dksbZ Hkh 'kkjhfjd] O;ogkj laca/h ;k n`f"Vdks.k laca/h fo'ks"krk ;k dksbZ izfrHkkA
2- mUgsa lkns dkxt dh ,d 'khV ysus vkSj viuh vlk/kj.k fo'ks"krkvksa ds fy, bl ij nks xksYM LVkj fpidkus ds
fy, dgsa tks muds fy, xoZ eglwl djus dk dkj.k gks ldrs gSa vkSj ;g Hkh fy[ksas fd os D;k gSaA
3- fiQj fd'kksjksa ls nks lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa lkspus ds fy, dgsa ftuds gksus ij os xoZ eglwl djrs gSa vkSj
blds fy, nks Cyw LVkj fpidk,axs vkSj fy[ksaxs fd og D;k gS tks os bls bl Js.kh esa j[krs gSaA
4- fd'kksjksa ls Lo;a dks tksM+s esa foHkkftr djus vkSj vkil esa ;g lk>k djus ds fy, dgsa fd muds ikl os D;k
fo'ks"krk,a gSa tks mUgsa [kqn ij xoZ eglwl djkrh gSa vkSj ftlds fy, mUgksaus xksYM vkSj CYkw LVkj fn, gSaA
5- vc izR;sd fd'kksj dks iwjh d{kk ds lkFk viuh izfrHkk lk>k djus ds fy, dgsaA fd'kksjksa dks vkxs vkus vkSj mudh
dqN izfrHkkvksa dk izn'kZu djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA
6- izR;sd izn'kZu ds fy, vU; lHkh rkyh ctk,aA
laHkkfor izfrfØ;k,a
iz'u 2 ds fy, laHkkfor izfrfØ;k,a
 ^êq>s viuh vk¡[kksa ij cgqr xoZ gS**
 ^êsjh vkokt cgqr vPNh gS**
 ^êq>s bl rjg ds leFkZu vkSj ns[kHkky djus okys ekrk&firk ij xoZ gSA**
 ^êSa viuh d{kk esa vPNk gksus ij xoZ eglwl djrk gwaA**
ifjf'k"V | 63
 ^êSaus viuh vka[kksa dks ,d xksYM LVkj fn;k gS D;ksafd lHkh us mudh cgqr ljkguk dh gSA eq>s bl ij cgqr
xoZ eglwl gks jgk gSA**
 ^êSaus vius nknk nknh ds lkFk lekuqHkwfr j[kus dh esjh vn~Hkqr vknr gsrq Lo;a dks ,d xksYM LVkj fn;k gSA**
 ^^viuh d{kk esa lHkh ds }kjk ilan djus ds fy, Lo;a dks ,d Cyw LVkj fn;k gSA**
 ^êsjh fe=k 'khuk dks lqanj vk¡[ksa gksus ij xoZ eglwl gksrk gS D;ksafd gj dksbZ mls crkrk gS fd mldh vk¡[ksa
vnHkqr gSaA**
 ^êsjh nksLr 'kkyw us vius nknk&nknh ds lkFk le; fcrkus dh vknr ds fy, Lo;a dks ,d xksYM LVkj fn;k
gS] D;ksafd os ml ij xoZ eglwl djrs gSa rFkk og Hkh mu ij xoZ eglwl djrh gSA**
 ^^xkuk ;k Mkal djuk ilan gS**
 ^^,d pqVdqyk lqukus ds fy,**
 ^^cgl esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,**
 ^^MªkWbax esa vPNk gksus ds fy,**
xfrfof/ dk vkdyu
ewY;kadu djsa fd D;k fd'kksj vius ckjs esa nks vlk/kj.k fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj nks lkekU; fo'ks"krkvksa ds ckjs esa lksp ldrs
gSa] ftu ij os xoZ eglwl djrs gSa rFkk ;g Hkh irk yxk,a fd D;k izR;sd O;fDr viuh izfrHkk dks iwjh d{kk ds lkeus
lk>k dj ldrk gSA ;fn ,slk gS] rks vxyh xfrfof/ ij tk,aA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 ,d fd'kksj tks Lo;a ds ckjs esa vk'oLr eglwl djrk gS] mlds ikl Lo;a dh ,d LoLFk Nfo gksxhA
 os ;g Hkh eglwl djrs gSa fd os Lusg ds yk;d vkSj bZekunkj O;fDr gSaA
 os ,d etcwr fo'okl okys O;fDr cu tk,axsA
 viuh izfrHkk ds izHkkoh mi;ksx djus dh cqf¼eÙkk vkSj vkRefo'oklA

xfrfof/ 2 % fd'kksjkoLFkk vkSj
fodkl dh izfØ;k ij fopkj djuk
Nk=k
• fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku ifjorZuksa dks le>saxsA
• fodflr gksus ls tqM+h Hkkoukvksa dh ljkguk djsaxsA
lkefxz;ka
• pkVZ isij] isu] ekdZj] eSxthu] Xyw fLVd] cksMZ vkSj pkdA
• izn'kZu ds fy, izstsaVs'ku LykbM~l rS;kj dh tk,a ;k CySdcksMZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A
izfØ;k
1- lgNk=k f'k{kd ^^fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu rFkk muls fuiVus ds rjhds** ds ckjs esa izLrqfrdj.k rFkk
ppkZ djus ds lkFk 'kq:vkr djrs gSaA
2- fiQj lgdehZ f'k{kd Nk=kksa dks Ng lewgksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSa vkSj muls fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djus ds fy,
dgrs gSa %
• ^^fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku lkekftd ifjorZu**]
• ^^fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku HkkoukRed ifjorZu**]
• ^^fd'kksjksa dh fpark ds fo"k;**]
• ^^'kkjhfjd LokLF; ds eísutj fd'kksj**]
• ^^fd'kksjkoLFkk ds nkSjku LokLF; ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS**
• ^^fd'kksj bu 'kkjhfjd] lkekftd vkSj HkkoukRed ifjorZuksa ls dSls fuiV ldrs gSa**A
3- lgNk=k f'k{kd mUgsa viuh ppkZ izLrqr djus ds fy, ,d dksykt] MªkWbax] pkVZ isij ij fy[ks x, fcanqvksa vkfn
fdlh Hkh fof/ dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, dgsaA
4- lgNk=k f'k{kd izR;sd lewg dks vius dke dks izLrqr djus ds fy, vkeaf=kr djrs gSa rFkk os CySdcksMZ ij izR;sd
'kh"kZd ds rgr egRoiw.kZ fcanqvksa dks fy[krs gSaA
5- lgNk=k f'k{kd ;g lqfuf'Pkr djrs gSa fd vkxs fn, x, LykbM dk mi;ksx djrs gq, dqN egRoiw.kZ fcanqvksa dh
iqf"V dh tk, %
ifjf'k"V | 65
LokLF;
• fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj] LokLF; dks iw.kZ 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dh fLFkfr ds
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] u fd dsoy 'kkjhfjd LokLF; ds :i esaA
• 'kkjhfjd dY;k.k ,d O;fDr dh vk;q] fyax vkSj O;olk; esa 'kjhj vkSj 'kjhj ds vaxksa ds mfpr vkSj
LoLFk&dk;ks± dks lanfHZkr djrk gSA
• ekufld dY;k.k dsoy ekufld chekjh dh vuqifLFkfr dks gh ugha cfYd izfrHkkvksa] {kerkvksa] Hkkoukvksa]
l{kerkvksa vkSj detksfj;ksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk vkSj muds ;ksxnku dks Hkh lanfHZkr djrk gSA bl izdkj]
lekt ds fy, Hkh ykHkizn gks ldrk gSA
• lkekftd dY;k.k lekt ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lkFk ckrphr djus rFkk lkeaTkL; cSBkus dh {kerk dks lanfHkZr
djrk gSA bldk vFkZ Lo;a ds izfr] ifjokj] leqnk; vkSj ns'k ds izfr laiw.kZ :i ls ftEesnkj gksuk Hkh gSA
• ^^fd'kksjkoLFkk** thou dky ds fodkl dh ,d egRoiw.kZ vof/ gS tks cpiu vkSj o;Ldrk ds chp gksrh
gSA
• ;kSou og vof/ gS tks yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds cM+s gksus ij dbZ 'kkjhfjd] HkkoukRed] lkekftd vkSj
laKkukRed ifjorZuksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA
• fd'kksj vk;q lewg (yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ka) 10&19 o"kZ ds chp dk gSA
• ;qok yksxksa dh vk;q lewg 10 ls 24 o"kZ ds chp gSA
'kkjhfjd ifjorZu (yM+fd;ksa esa)

• fodkl esa rsth vkrh gS
• Lruksa dk c<+uk
• Ropk rSyh; gks tkrh gS
• dej iryh gks ldrh gS
• dka[k ds cky mx tkrs gSa
• I;wfcd gs;j Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa
• ckgjh tuukaxksa dk c<+uk
• v.MksRlxZ (gks ldrk gS @ ugha) gksrk gS
• ekfld pØ 'kq: gksrk gS
'kkjhfjd ifjorZu (yM+dksa esa)

• fodkl esa rsth vkrh gS
• ekalisf'k;ksa dk fodkl
• Ropk rSyh; gks tkrh gS
• da/s pkSM+s gks tkrs gSa

• vkokt xgjk tkrh gS
• psgjs ds ckyksa dk fn[kuk
• iztuu vaxksa dh o`f¼
• 'kqØk.kq cuus yxrs gSa
HkkoukRed vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu

• 'kjhj esa gksus okys cnykoksa dh vksj vf/d è;ku gksukA
• Bksl lksp ysfdu dbZ ckj my>u esaA
• dksjh dYiuk vkSj vkn'kZoknA
• euksn'kk esa cnykoA
• è;ku vkdf"kZr djus dk O;ogkjA
• foijhr fyax ds izfr vkd"kZ.kA
• viuh Lo;a dh igpku cukus dh vko';drkA
• ftKklk vkSj mRlqdrkA
• mPp ÅtkZ LrjA
• lTtk vkSj Mªsl dksM esa ifjorZuA
• Hkfo";&mUeq[k ('kS{kf.kd ;k dSfj;j)A
• Lo&vUos"k.k vkSj iz;ksxA
• ikfjokfjd fgr ds lkFk la?k"kZA
• lgNk=k lewg ds fy, yxko vko';drk ;k foijhr fyax ds izfr vkd"kZ.kA
• nwljksa ds lkFk u, fj'rs cukukA
• Lok;Ùkrk vkSj Lora=krk dh vko';drkA
• vius vkSj nwljksa ds fy, iQSlys ysukA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 fd'kksjkoLFkk ,d izkÑfrd vkSj lkekU; izfØ;k gSA
 fodkl dh ;g voLFkk le;] o"kZ vkfn ds lanHkZ esa fHkUUk gks ldrh gSA
 tSfod ;k 'kkjhfjd ifjorZu vius le; esa fHkUUk gks ldrs gSa] ysfdu os fodkl ds ,d fof'k"V iSVuZ dk ikyu
djrs gSaA
 iwNsa& ekrk&firk] f'k{kdksa ;k fdlh ,sls O;fDr ls loky iwNus ls u Mjsa] ftl ij vki Hkjkslk djrs gSaA
 vius 'kjhj dh ns[kHkky djsa & bldk vFkZ gS 'kkjhfjd vko';drkvksa (fiQVusl] iks"k.k) vkSj HkkoukRed
vko';drkvksa (fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa) laca/h LokLF; dh ns[kHkky djukA
ifjf'k"V | 67
xfrfof/ 3 % eSa vPNk laokn dSls dj ldrk gw¡\
Nk=k
• nksLrh cuk, j[kus ds fy, nwljksa dh ljkguk djus dk dkS'ky lh[ksaxsA
• ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd b'kkjksa ls ,d&nwljs dk vfHkoknu djuk lh[ksaxsA
fd'kksjksa dks crk,a fd gesa fj'rksa dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, igy djus vkSj dM+h esgur djus dh vko';drk gSA ,d
fj'rs dks {kfr u igqapkrs gq, mls cuk, j[kus ds fy, fujarj iz;kl djuk gksrk gS] vkSj ;fn {kfr gqbZ gS] rks bls lq/kjuk
gksrk gSA ge lHkh ds thou esa ,sls yksx gSa tks gekjs fy, lcls T;knk ek;us j[krs gSa vkSj ge leFkZu ds fy, nwljksa ij
fuHkZj gSaA ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd nksuksa rjg ds gko&Hkkoksa dks nksLrh dks vkjaHk djus rFkk cuk, j[kus ds fy, mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ekSf[kd lapkj esa Lo;a dk ifjp; nsuk] os D;k djrs gSa rFkk os dkSu gSa] vkfnA xSj&ekSf[kd nksuksa rjg ds
gko&Hkkoksa esa vka[kksa ls laidZ] gkFk idM+uk] gkFk feykuk] xys yxkuk vkfn 'kkfey gSaA
izfØ;k
1- fd'kksjksa dks nks lewgksa esa foHkkftr djsa] izR;sd lewg esa leku la[;k ds lkFkA nks xksykdkj lewgksa esa fd'kksj ,d
nwljs dk lkeuk djrs gksA nksuksa ds chp de ls de 6 iQhV dh nwjh cuk, j[ksaA
2- nksuksa lewgksa dks ,d nwljs ds foijhr [kM+k djsaA
3- vc mUgsa ,d dne vkxs c<+us vkSj ,d&nwljs dk vfHkuanu djus ds fy, dgsaA
4- vfHkoknu ds ckn mUgsa okil vius ewy LFkku ij tkus ds fy, dgsaA
5- vc fd'kksjksa dks nks lewgksa esa ,d ckj fiQj ls bdV~Bk gksus ds fy, dgsa vkSj ,d nwljs ds lkFk u dsoy ekSf[kd
b'kkjksa dks lk>k djsa] cfYd dqN 'kCn Hkh lk>k djsa fd os dkSu gSa vkSj os D;k djrs gSaA
6- vc muls iwjh d{kk ds lkFk ppkZ djus dks dgsa fd mUgsa ,d&nwljs ds lkFk bl rjg ds ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd
vfHkoknu lk>k djus dk dSlk vuqHko jgk gSA
xSj&ekSf[kd gko&Hkkoksa }kjk ,d&nwljs dk vfHkoknu
 >qduk vkSj gkFk tksM+uk
 gkFk feykuk vkSj eqLdqjkuk
 xys yxkuk vkSj ihB FkiFkikuk
 vka[kksa dk laidZ vkSj eqLdqjkukA

ekSf[kd Hkkoksa }kjk izfrfozQ;k
 ^^gs ns[kks] eSa lhek gw¡] eSa fnYyh esa jgrh gwaA**
 ^êSa ujsu gwaA rqEgkjk uke D;k gS\**
 ^êSa fgyVkWi Ldwy ls gwa] vkSj ,d vikVZesaV esa jgrk gwa] vki dSls gSa\**
;g lk>k djuk fd ,d nwljs ds vfHkoknu ds le; mUgksaus dSlk eglwl fd;k
 ^^;g mu yksxksa ds lkFk Hkh jksekapd vuqHko jgk ftuds lkFk eSa 'kk;n gh ckrphr djrk gwaA**
 ^êq>s blds ckjs esa vPNk yxkA**
 ^êSa mRlkfgr FkkA**
xfrfof/ dk vkdyu
vkdyu djsa fd D;k fd'kksjksa us vkilh ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd vfHkoknu esa xeZtks'kh dk vuqHko fd;k gS_ ;fn gka]
rks os vxyh xfrfof/ ds fy, vkxs c<+ ldrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 ;g xfrfof/ fd'kksjksa dks nwljksa ds lkFk ldkjkRed vkSj LoLFk laca/ cukus esa enn djsxh vkSj lkekftd lapkj
cuk, j[ksxhA
 os eS=khiw.kZ laca/ksa dks vkjaHk djus rFkk cuk, j[kus esa l{ke gksaxs] tks muds ekufld vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k ds
fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ gks ldrk gSA
 os viuh jk;] bPNkvksa] vko';drkvksa vkSj Hk; dks O;DRk djus esa Hkh l{ke gksaxsA
 ;g t:jr ds le; esa enn ds fy, ,d ekè;e cu ldrk gSA
ifjf'k"V | 69
xfrfof/ 4 % Hkkoukvksa ij ppkZ
Nk=k
• l=k ls igys ,d&nwljs vkSj izf'k{kd ds lkFk ikjLifjd dkS'ky fodflr djsaxsA
• viuh Hkkoukvksa vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dks O;Dr djuk vkSj nwljksa ds lkFk lk>k djuk lh[ksaxsA
fd'kksjksa dks crk,a] ^^vuqHkwfr;ksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa] ftldk ,d gh vFkZ gS] os izfrfØ;k,a gSa tks ge vuqHko djrs gSa tc ge
nqfu;k ds le{k izfrfØ;k nsrs gSaA**
muds thou ds bl pj.k ds nkSjku] dbZ izdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dk gksuk lkekU; gSA
izfØ;k
1- d{kk esa izos'k djrs le;] izR;sd fd'kksj ls iwNsa fd og dSlk eglwl dj jgk gSA
2- d{kk dks pkj fd'kksjksa ds lewgksa esa foHkkftr djsaA
3- mUgsa fdlh Hkh okafNr rjhds ls viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus ds fy, dgsa tks mUgksaus igys vuqHko dh gSa] pkgs
og rjhdk MªkWbax] xk;u] Mkaflax] Hkk"k.k gksA
[kq'k vkuafnr csodwiQ uk[kq'k bZ";kZ djus okyk
izlUUk 'kkunkj Øksf/r volkn xzLr ukjkt
galeq[k [kq'kuqek nq[kh 'kafdr [khtk gqvk
lgt mRlkgh vdsyk vfuf'Pkr vfr Øq¼
iziQqfYyr jksekap ls ifjiw.kZ vyx&Fkyx dM+ok viekfur
xfrfof/ dk vkdyu
ewY;kadu djsa fd D;k fd'kksj ,d nwljs ds lkFk lgt gSaA ;fn vkidks yxrk gS] rks ppkZ dks vkSj vkxs c<+k,¡A ;fn os
lgt gSa] rks vxyh xfrfof/ ij tk,aA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 fd'kksjksa ds fy, ;g eglwl djuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd muds eu dh tks Hkkouk,¡ gSa vkSj muesa tks rsth ls ifjorZu
gksrs gSa] os lkekU; gSaA
 blls os Mjus ;k fujk'k gksus ds ctk; viuh Hkkoukvksa dks Lohdkj djus vkSj muls fuiVus esa l{ke gksaxsA
 os viuh vkSj nwljksa dhs Hkkoukvksa dks igpkuus esa l{ke gksaxsA
 fd'kksj bl ckr ls voxr gks tk,axs fd Hkkouk,¡ O;ogkj dks dSls izHkkfor djrh gSa vkSj mu Hkkoukvksa ij mfpr
:i ls izfrfØ;k nsus esa l{ke gksaxsA

xfrfof/ 5 % Øks/ dks leÖkuk
xfrfof/ ds mís'; le; % 30 & 40 feuV
Nk=k
• xqLls ds nkSjku dh LoLFk vkSj vLokLF;dj izfrfØ;kvksa dh igpku djsaxsA
• xqLLks ds lkFk fuiVus ds LoLFk rjhdksa ij fopkjksa dk vknku&iznku djsaxsA
lkefxz;ka
• rkfydk dks ns[ksa ^tc vki xqLls esa gksa rks vki lcls vf/d ilan djrs gSa tSls---*A (lqfo/k iznkrk@lgdehZ f'k{kdksa
ds fy,)
• isu ;k isafly] ekdZj cksMZ] CySdcksMZ ;k pkWdA
izfØ;k
1- dejs ds nks foijhr fdukjksa ij iQ'kZ ij pkd ls ^^,** vkSj ^^ch**
fy[ksaA
2- lqfo/k iznkrk i<+rk gS ^tc vki xqLls esa gksrs gSa rks vki lcls
vfèkd ilan djrs gSa --- ---* vkSj Nk=kksa dks viuk pquko djus ds
fy, dgsaAs
3- vius&vius pquko ds vk/kj ij] Nk=k ^^,** ;k ^^ch** {ks=k esa
[kM+s gksaxsA
4- izR;sd pquko dks i<+us ds ckn Nk=k viuk fodYi crkrk gS]
lqfo/k iznkrk mUgsa ;g crkus ds fy, dgsa fd mUgksaus ml fo'ks"k
fodYi dks D;ksa pquk gSA
5- fiQj lewg dks ,d lkFk okil bdV~Bk djsa vkSj fodYiksa ds vxys
lsV ij tk,aA lqfo/k iznkrk uhps fn, x, ladsrksa dk mi;ksx djrs
gq, Nk=kksa ds chp ,d lewg ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krk gSA
ppkZ ds ladsr
1- vkidk ;g izfrfØ;k nsus dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\
2- fcYyh cuke ck?k dh rjg gksus ds i+Qk;ns crk,aA
3- ysd iQhy (Lake feel) tSlk crkZo dSlk yxrk gS\
4- vki vius pquko ds ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa\ D;k ;g okLro esa lcls vPNk fodYi gS\
ifjf'k"V | 71
6- ^^ppkZ ds ladsr** ds mÙkjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lqfo/k iznkrk bl ij jk; cuk,xk fd mudh izfrfØ;k LoLFk gS
;k vLoLFkA
7- uhps fn, x, eq[; lans'kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lqfo/k iznkrk l=k dks lkjkaf'kr djrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
• xqLlk ,d LokHkkfod Hkkouk gSA tcfd] ge xqLls esa dSlk O;ogkj djrs gSa] ;g gekjs fu;a=k.k esa gSA
• xqLls dks O;Dr djus ds LoLFk vkSj vLokLF;dj rjhds gSaA
• vius xqLls dks izcaf/r djus gsrq vki dqN ljy dne mBk ldrs gSa %
o xgjh lkal ysaA viuh lkal dks vius îsV* ls Åij dh vksj [khapsA
o /hjs ls ,d 'kkar 'kCn ;k okD;ka'kksa dks nksgjk,a tSls fd ^vkjke djsa]* ^'kkar jgsasA* xgjh lkal ysrs gq, bls
vius vki nksgjk,aA
o viuh Lej.k 'kfDr ;k viuh dYiuk ls] ,d lgt vuqHko dh dYiuk djsaA
o ;ksx tSlh xfrfof/;k¡ vkidh ekalisf'k;ksa dks vkjke ns ldrh gSa vkSj vkidks vf/d 'kkar eglwl djk ldrh
gSaA
lanHkZ rkfydk
tc vkidks xqLlk vkrk gS] rks vki vf/d ilan djrs gSa ------
d [k
rkykc unh
gFkkSM+k uk[kwu
rSjkd fØdsV f[kykM+h
fxVkj VªEisV
ck?k fcYyh
ykok ckfj'k

xfrfof/ 6 % Øks/ dks fu;af=kr djuk
xfrfof/ ds mís';
Nk=k
• fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa ds chp laca/ dks le>saxsA
• Øks/ ds izca/u ds fy, Lo&vuqns'ku izf'k{k.k lh[ksaxs vkSj vH;kl djsaxsA
lkefxz;ka
• Nk=kksa ds fy, *xqLls ij fu;a=k.k* ds fy, jksy&Iys ifjn`';A
• ^^xqLls ij fu;a=k.k** gSaM vkmV (dsoy f'k{kdksa @ lqfo/k iznkrk ds fy,) dh O;k[;k djsaA
• isu ;k isafly] ekdZj] cksMZ] pkdA
izfØ;k
1- lqfo/k iznkrk izfrHkkfx;ksa ls fo"k; dh lkFkZdrk dh ppkZ djrs gSaA os bl ckjs esa tkudkjh iznku dj ldrs gSa fd
gekjs fopkj gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks dSls izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA lqfo/k iznkrk fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k Hkh ns ldrs gSa %
• gekjh nksLr ge ij fpYykrh gSA ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd og gesa uhpk fn[kkuk pkgrh gS rks gesa xqLlk vk,xk
;k ;fn ge lksprs gSa fd ;g fliQZ ,d cqjk fnu gS rks ge xqLlk ugha dj ldrs gSa ;k de xqLlk dj ldrs
gSaA
• gekjs HkkbZ @ cgu gekjs Ldwy izkstsDV ij dqN fc[ksj nsrs gSaA ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd mlus gesa ijs'kku djus
ds fy, tkucw>dj ,slk fd;k] rks gesa xqLlk vk,xkA ;fn ge [kqn dks crkrs gSa fd ;g fliQZ ,d nq?kZVuk
Fkh] rks gesa xqLlk vkus dh laHkkouk de gSA
• ek¡ nsj ls ?kj vkrh gSA vki Ldwy ls okil vk x, gSa vkSj Hkw[ks gSa vkSj vki vius Hkkstu ds fy, mldk
bartkj dj jgs gSaA
d- ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd og [kjhnkjh dj jgh gS vkSj vkids fcuk eLrh dj jgh gS] rks gesa xqLlk vkus
okyk gSA
[k- ;k] ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd og fdlh egRoiw.kZ dke esa iQal xbZ gS] rks ge fpafrr gks ldrs gSaA
x- vkSj ;fn gesa yxrk gS fd mls cl nsj gks xbZ gS vkSj ge mlls iwNsaxs fd og dgk¡ gS] rks gesa cqjk
yxus dh laHkkouk de gSA
2- lqfo/k iznkrk d{kk ls nks Nk=kksa dks cqykrs gSaA os mUgsa jksy&Iys fLFkfr;ksa esa ls ,d nsrs gSaA tSls gh os fLFkfr dk
fp=k.k djrs gSa] os mUgsa #dus ds fy, dgrs gSaA os Nk=k Jksrkvksa ls iwNrs gSa fd dqN ,sls vkRe&dFku dkSu ls gks
ldrs gSa] tks jksy&Iys vfHkusrk xqLls dks fu;a=k.k esa j[kus ds fy, dg ldrs gSaA
ifjf'k"V | 73
Lo&vuqns'ku @ ckrphr ds mnkgj.k (jksy Iys&1) %
** Bhd gS]** ^^lc Bhd gSA 'kkafr cuk, j[kks** ^^'kkar jgksA**
^^mls eq> ij fpYykuk ugha pkfg, Fkk vkSj bl ckr ij bruk xqLlk ugha djuk pkfg, Fkk ysfdu okil fpYykus ls
blesa enn ugha feysxhA**
^^leL;k dks lqy>k,aa] ekiQh ek¡xsa vkSj ckn esa mlls fpYykus ds ckjs esa ckr djsaA**
nwljs jksy&Iys ds lkFk nksgjk,aA

Lo&vuqns'ku ckrphr ds mnkgj.k (jksy Iys 2) %
^^'kkar gks tkvksA**
^êSaus xyrh dhA**
xfrfof/ ds var esa eq[; lans'k ds lkFk lqfo/k iznkrk lkjka'k nsrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 gekjs fopkj gekjh Hkkoukvksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj lexz :i ls O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA
 ;fn ge mÙkstd fLFkfr ds nkSjku vius vki dks ldkjkRed dk;Z nsrs gSa] rks gekjh nwljksa dkss mfpr izfrfØ;k nsus
dh vf/d laHkkouk gksxhA

gSaM vkmV % Øks/ ij fu;a=k.k
pj.k 1 % mdlkus okyh fLFkfr ds fy, rS;kj gksa
;fn laHko gks rks vius vki dks ,d laHkkfor >xM+s ds fy, rS;kj djsaA bl rjg ds dFkuksa ds ckjs esa lkspsa %
^êSa bls laHkky ldrk gwaA eq>s irk gS fd eSa vius LoHkko dks dSls fu;af=kr dj ldrk gwaA ;g [kjkc gks ldrk gS]
ysfdu eSa tkurk gwa fd eq>s [kqn dks dSls laHkkyuk gSA eSa xgjh lkal ywaxkA ;fn ;g Bhd ugha gks jgk gS] rks eSa [kqn dks
'kkar j[kwaxk D;ksafd eSa blls ckn esa fuiV ldrk gwaA**
pj.k 2 % mdlkus okyh fLFkfr dk lkeuk djsa

tcfd leL;k okyh fLFkfr py jgh gS ;k tk pqdh gS vkSj vki bls fuiVus okys gSa] rks fuEu dFkuksa dk iz;ksx djsas %
^^'kkar jgksA ;g dksbZ cM+h ckr ugha gSA ;fn eSa fu;a=k.k esa jgwa rks eSa fLFkfr dks fu;af=kr dj ikÅaxkA fpYykus vkSj 'kksj
epkus ij dqN Hkh gy gksus okyk ugha gSA ;g O;fDr okLro esa [kjkc crkZo dj jgk gS] og okLro esa ijs'kku gksxkA ;fn
eSa 'kkar jgrk gwa rks eSa bl O;fDr dh enn dj ldrk gwaA eSa mlds dkj.k ijs'kku ugha gksm¡QxkA
pj.k 3 % mdlkus okyh fLFkfr vkSj ruko dk lkeuk djuk

tc vki vius 'kjhj dks rukoxzLr gksrs gq, ns[krs gSa vkSj vki viuk /S;Z [kks jgs gSa] rks fuEu dFkuksa dk iz;ksx djsa %
^êsjs fny dh /M+du rst gks jgh gSA eq>s flj nnZ gks jgk gS] ,d czsd ysdj ckn esa bl ckjs esa ckr djrk gwa esjs ikl
ukjkt gksus dk dkj.k gS] ysfdu eSa [kqn ij dkcw j[kwaxkA og 'kk;n ns[k ldrk gS fd eSa ijs'kku gks jgk gwa] ysfdu eSa
'kkafr j[kwaxkA Hkys gh eSa ukjkt gwa] eSa bl leL;k dks gy djus dh dksf'k'k djus tk jgk gwaA eSa vHkh cgqr ijs'kku gwa]
vkSj mlls ckn esa ckr d:axkA**
pj.k 4 % Lo&ewY;kadu
HkM+dkus okyk izdj.k [kRe gksus ds ckn] lkspsa vkSj crk,a tSls fd % ^^;g bruk cqjk ugha FkkA eq>s FkksM+k lk nq[k gqvk]
ysfdu eSa dkcw esa jgkA eSaus xgjh lkal yh ftlls eq>s ykHk gqvkA eSaus vPNk dke fd;kA eSa ns[k ldrk gw¡ fd 'kkafr
cuk, j[kus ls okLro esa eq>s ml fLFkfr esa enn feyhA**
ifjf'k"V | 75
xfrfof/ 7 % gkfu vkSj mnklh dks
leÖkuk vkSj fuiVuk
Nk=k
• O;fDrxr uqdlku dh igpku djsaxs vkSj mUgsa lewg ds lkFk lk>k djsaxsA
• uqdlku ds fy, izfrfØ;kvksa dks le>saxsA
• mnklh vkSj uqdlku ls fuiVus ds LoLFk rjhdksa dh le> izkIr djsaxsA
lkefxz;ka
• lgNk=k f'k{kdksa ds fy, ^^gkfu pØ ekWMy** dh izfrfyfiA
• isu ;k isafly] ekdZj] cksMZ vkSj pkdA
fVIi.kh
bl xfrfof/ esa lgNk=k f'k{kdksa dks f'k{kd lqfo/k iznkrk ds lkFk gksuk pkfg, vkSj mudh ppkZ esa lekuqHkwfr gksuh pkfg,
D;ksafd ;g ,d laosnu'khy fo"k; gSA
izfØ;k
1- lgNk=k f'k{kd d{kk dks 10&15 Nk=kksa ds NksVs lewg esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA os lewg ds lnL;ksa ls dqN izdj.k lk>k
djus dks dgrs gSa tc os okLro esa mnkl eglwl djrs gSaA
2- fiQj izR;sd lewg ls viuh izfrfØ;k,¡ lk>k djus rFkk mUgsa CySd cksMZ ij fy[kus dk vuqjks/ djsaA lkekU;
izfrfØ;kvksa esa fuEufyf[kr 'kkfey gSa %
• fdlh dk fu/u gks x;k • geus ?kj cny fn;kA
• ,d nksLr pyk tkrk gSA • ,d HkkbZ ;k cgu ?kj NksM+ nsrh gSA
• ,d ikyrw tkuoj ej tkrk gSA • eSa ,d fo"k; esa vliQy jgkA
3- lgNk=k f'k{kd crkrs gSa fd nq%[k uqdlku dh lkekU; izfrfØ;k gSA tc O;fDRk fdlh pht+ @ fdlh dks I;kj djrk
gS vkSj og nwj pyh tkrh gS rks ;g ,d HkkoukRed nq[k gSA
4- lgNk=k f'k{kd iwjs lewg ds lkFk fopkj&eaFku djds iwNsa fd ^^yksx nq[k dSls O;Dr djrs gSa\^^ os CySdcksMZ ds
,d rjiQ izfrfØ;kvksa dks uksV djsaA
5- os fiQj ^^gkfu pØ** dks cukrs @ iznf'Zkr djrs gSa vkSj mnklh dk lkeuk djus ds pj.kksa dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA
uqdlku ;k mnklh dh izfrfØ;k ds ikap pj.k
• budkj % ^^;g esjs fy, ugha gks ldrkA**
• xqLlk % ^^,slk D;ksa gks jgk gS\ fdls nks"k fn;k tk,a\**
• eksyHkko djuk % ^^;g er djks] vkSj cnys esa eSa ;g d:¡xkA**

• volkn % ^êSa bruk nq[kh gwa fd vHkh dqN ugh dj ikÅaxkA**
• LohÑfr % ^^tks gqvk lks gqvk] mls ysdj vc eSa 'kkar gwaA**
vc] lgNk=k f'k{kd lewg ls iwNrs gSa] ^^mnklh ls tqM+h dqN lkekU; xyr /kkj.kk,a D;k gSa** uhps fn, x, izR;sd
feFkd (;gka layXu) dks izLrqr djsa vkSj fiQj lgh rF; dks izLrqr djsaA
6- lgdehZ f'k{kd egRoiw.kZ lans'kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, l=k dks lkjkaf'kr djrs gSaA
mnklh ds ckjs esa feFkd vkSj rF;

feFkd % ;fn vki bls vuns[kk djrs gSa ;k bl ij
è;ku ugha nsrs gSa rks mnklh tYnh ls nwj gks tk,xhA
• rF; % viuh mnklh dks vuns[kk djus ;k mls
vfHkO;Dr u djus dh dksf'k'k dsoy bls Hkfo";
esa cnrj cuk ldrh gSA okLrfod mipkj ds fy,]
viuss nq[k dk lkeuk djuk vkSj lfØ; :i ls
blls fuiVuk vko';d gSA
feFkd % uqdlku ;k nnZ dk lkeuk djus ds fy,
^êtcwr** gksuk vfuok;Z gSA
• rF; % nq[kh gksuk uqdlku dh lkekU; izfrfØ;k
gSA jksus dk vFkZ ;g dHkh ugha gS fd vki detksj
gSaA viuh lPph vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa dks fn[kkus ls
vki viuh enn djus ds lkFk&lkFk nwljksa ls Hkh
lg;ksx fey ldrk gksA
feFkd % ;fn vki jksrs ugha gSa] rks bldk vFkZ gS fd
vkidks uqdlku ds ckjs esa [ksn ugha gSA
• rF; % mnklh ds dkj.k jksuk ,d lkekU; izfrfØ;k
gSA jksuk nnZ ;k gkfu O;Dr djus dk ,dek=k rjhdk
ugha gSA ;g vyx&vyx O;fDr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 mnklh ,d LokHkkfod izfrfØ;k vkSj ,d O;fDrxr vuqHko gSA
 nq%[k dbZ dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftlesa LoHkko] O;fDrRo] thou ds vuqHko] fo'okl] gkfu dh xaHkhjrk vkSj
fuiVus dh 'kSyh 'kkfey gSaA
 nq[k dh izfrfØ;k,¡ fofo/ gSa vkSj buls mHkjus esa le; yxrk gSA nq%[k dk dksbZ lgh ;k xyr rjhdk ugha gS &
ij nq[k ls fuiVus ds fy, LoLFk rjhds gks ldrs gSaA
 uqdlku ls mHkjus esa ifjokj vkSj nksLr gekjs izeq[k lg;ksxh gksrs gSaA
ifjf'k"V | 77
xfrfof/ 8 % laca/ lq/kjuk
Nk=k
• lquus ds dkS'ky dk fodkl vkSj vH;kl djsaxsA
• nwljksa ds lkFk izHkkoh lapkj ds fofHkUUk rjhdksa dks tkusaxsA
• izn'kZu ds ekè;e ls csgrj rjhds ls nwljs O;fDr ds ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd n`f"Vdks.k dks leÖksaxsA

lapkj nks&rjiQk izfØ;k gSA ;g dsoy ckr djuk vkSj lquuk ugha gSA ekSf[kd lapkj nks ;k nks ls vf/d yksxksa ds chp
lapkj dk dsoy ,d ekè;e gSA ekSf[kd ladsrksa dk mi;ksx fd, fcuk] ge vius psgjs dh vfHkO;fDr] gkoHkko rFkk 'kjhj
dh Hkk"kk }kjk laokn dj ldrs gSaA :i] eqnzk] pky vkSj vkokt gesa 'kCnksa ls T;knk yksxksa ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA ckrphr
ds bu rRoksa dks xSj&ekSf[kd lapkj dgk tkrk gSA
crk nsa fd D;ksafd gko&Hkko vkSj vU; xSj&ekSf[kd O;ogkj vDlj dbZ izdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrs gSa_
mUgsa le>us esa xyrh djuk vklku gSA
fd'kksjksa ds fy, ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd lewg dk fgLlk cuuk yksxksa dh ewy t:jrksa esa ls ,d gSA gj dksbZ
viuh fe=k eaMyh ls laca/ j[kuk pkgrk gS] nwljksa ds }kjk Hkh igpkuk vkSj ljkgk tkuk pkgrk gSA bZekunkj rkjhiQ ,d
nwljs dh enn djrh gSaA ,d migkj] ,d iz'kalk dh rjg] mUgsa vPNk eglwl djkrk gS vkSj mudk vkRefo'okl vkSj
vkRe&lEeku c<+krk gSA fd'kksjksa dks ;g le>us dh vko';drk gS fd os lHkh îh;lZ bu iSpsl* gSa] vFkkZr~ nksLr dqN
rjhdksa ls lger gks ldrs gSa vkSj nwljksa esa vlger gks ldrs gSaA vki bl ckr ij tksj ns ldrs gSa fd T;knkrj le;
ge xyr lapkj ds dkj.k nksLrksa dks [kks nsrs gSaA
izfØ;k
fuEufyf[kr vH;kl ds ekè;e ls lquus dh lfØ; izfØ;k ls ifjp; djk,aA
1- lHkh fd'kksjksa ls bu vH;klksa ds fy, ,d lkFkh pquus ds fy, dgsaA
2- mUgsa uhps crk, vuqlkj dqN eqnzkvksa esa cSBus ds fy, dgsa] vkSj muls Hkfo"; ds vuq:i fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ djus ds
fy, dgsaA
eqnzk ppkZ dk fo"k;
vkxs&ihNs cSBuk lcls vPNh fiQYe tks mUgksaus ns[kh gS
,d cSBk gqvk vkSj nwljk [kM+k gqvk lcls vPNs iy tks mUgksaus lkFk esa fcrk,a gSa
nksuksa vkeus&lkeus cSBdj ckrphr esa cjkcj #fp fn[kkrs gq, Hkfo"; dh ;kstuk,a
3- izR;sd izn'kZu ds ckn] vklu xzg.k djrs le; fd'kksjksa ds lkFk mudh Hkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djsa %
• vkidks bl eqnzk esa ckrphr djuk dSlk yxk\
• vius lkFkh dks lfØ; :i ls lquuk dSlk yxk\
• D;k ;g vkids vke rkSj ij lquus ds rjhds ls vyx Fkk\
• lfØ; :i ls lquuk dSlk yxk\
4- ,sls mnkgj.kksa ds ckjs esa iwNsa tc fd'kksjksa us vU; O;fDRk dh Hkkoukvksa dk xyr vuqeku yxk;k gks ;k vU; us
mudh Hkkoukvksa ds ckjs esa xyr vuqeku yxk;k gksA
5- os dkSu ls ladsrksa dks xyr le> jgs Fks\

vc
1- fd'kksjksa esa ls izR;sd dks de ls de ikap vU; fd'kksjksa ls laidZ djus vkSj mfpr rjhds ls iz'kalk djus ds fy,
dgsaA
2- fiQj mUgsa okil bdV~Bk gksus ds fy, dgsa] mUgsa fuEufyf[kr iz'u iwNdj muds Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa dks lk>k djus ds
fy, dgsa %
• mldh fdl ckjs esa iz'kalk dh xbZ vkSj ;g fdlus dh\
• tc mUgsa rkjhiQ feyh rks mUgsa dSlk yxk\ (lHkh fd'kksjksa ls iwNsa)
3- mUgsa dqN dkYifud migkj nsus ds fy, dgsa (ftls ,d nwljs dks êkufld migkj* dgk tk ldrk gSA ekufld
migkj fliQZ ,d dkYifud migkj gS] ftls vewrZ ekuk tk ldrk gS ysfdu le>k tkuk vkSj eglwl fd;k tkuk
pkfg,_ tgka iz'kalk ,d nwljs ds :i ;k dqN xq.kksa dh ljkguk djuk gSA ekufld migkj og gksrk gS tks fdlh
vU; O;fDRk dks nsus dk eu djrk gS & ,d ldkjkRedrk ls lfTtr xq.k tks nwljs O;fDr dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA)
4- fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ij iwjh d{kk ds lkFk ppkZ djsa fd mUgksaus D;k ^^migkj** fn;k vkSj D;k izkIr fd;kA
vfHkuanu
• ^^vki vPNs yx jgs gSaA**
• ^^/U;okn] vkius okLro esa vPNk fd;kA**
• ^^vkidh ijh{kk ds fy, 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A**
• ^^vkidh liQyrk ij 'kqHkdkeuk,aA**
nwljksa ls fHkUu&fHkUu iz'kalk izkIr djrs le; Hkkouk,a

• ^êSa iz'kalk ikdj jksekafpr gqvkA**
• ^êq>s vius fe=k dh 'kqHkdkeuk,a ik dj cgqr [kq'kh gqbZA**
• ^êSa c/kbZ izkIr djdss [kq'k vkSj mRlkfgr FkkA**
• ^êq>s ;g tkudj [kq'kh gqbZ fd mlus dgk] eSa vPNh yx jgh @ yx jgk gwa] D;k eSa ,slk yx jgk gw¡\**
ekufld migkj
• ^êSa vkidks vkRefo'okl dk migkj nsrk gwaA^^
• ^êSa vkidks ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh 'kfDr iznku djrk gwaA^^
• ^êSa izHkkoh <ax ls laokn djus ds fy, vkidks dkS'ky iznku djrk gwaA^^
xfrfof/ dk vkdyu
vkdyu djsa fd D;k fd'kksjksa us lapkj ds ekSf[kd vkSj xSj&ekSf[kd rjhdksa dk izn'kZu fd;k gS] vkSj lHkh dh b'kkjksa ds
ekè;e ls rkjhiQ Hkh dh gSA tks Hkh mUgksaus d{kk esa lh[kk gS] mUgsa vius ekrk&firk ds lkFk ?kj ij lk>k djus dks dgsaA
muls mu dkS'kyksa dk vH;kl djrs jgus dks dgsa tks mUgksaus lh[ksaA mUgsa crk,a fd os ,d Mk;jh cuk ldrs gSa] ftlesa
os mu rkjhiQksa vkSj migkjksa dks uksV dj ldrs gSa tks os yksxksa dks nsrs gSa vkSj tks nwljksa ls izkIr djrs gSaA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 yksxksa ds lkFk laokn djus ls mUgsa fe=kksa vkSj ifjokj ds egRo dks tkuus esa enn feyrh gSA
 fd'kksjksa dks vius laca/ksa dks cuk, j[kus esa mudh etcwrh vkSj mudh detksfj;ksa ds ckjs esa irk py tk,xkA
 fd'kksj ;ksX; vkSj v;ksX; fj'rksa ls tqM+us dk dkj.k tkuus esa l{ke gksaxsA
ifjf'k"V | 79
xfrfof/ 9 % ûk* dguk lh[kuk
Nk=k
• lgikBh ncko dks le>saxs vkSj ;g fd ncko esa dSls eq[kj gksuk gSA
lkefxz;ka
• euk djus dh rduhd dk gSaMvkmV (lgNk=k f'k{kd ds fy,)
izfØ;k
1- Nk=kksa ls iwNk tkrk gS fd os ^lgikBh ncko^ 'kCn ls D;k le>rs gSaA
2- bl rjg ds ncko dk vuqHko gksus ij mUgsa okLrfod thou fLFkfr;ksa dk
mnkgj.k nsus ds fy, dgsaA
3- Nk=kksa dks fdlh Øe ds fcuk mBus ds fy, dgsa vkSj mUgsa eq[kj izfrfØ;k dk vH;kl djus ds fy, fLFkfr;ka
C;ku djsaA
leL;k 1 ,d ppsjk HkkbZ vkidks ,d flxjsV iznku djrk gS
leL;k 2 vki Ldwy ds dqN cPpksa dks Ldwy fidfud ij /weziku djrs ns[krs gSaA
leL;k 3 vki ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSa vkSj dksbZ vkidh ,dkxzrk c<+kus ds fy, vkidks dqN nok,a nsrk gSA
leL;k 4 tc vki fdlh fe=k ds tUefnu dh ikVhZ esa tk jgs gksrs gSa] rks vkids lgikBh vkidks 'kjkc ihus
dks nsrs gSaA
leL;k 5 vkids isV esa nnZ gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ O;fDr vkidks vthc fn[kus okys iSdsV ls ,d nok nsrk gSA
leL;k 6 vki vius Ldwy ds dqN lhfu;lZ dks vius Ldwy esa fonkbZ ikVhZ esa VkW;ysV esa [kkyh dksd ds fMCcs
esa ch;j VªkaliQj djrs ns[krs gSaA
4- tc Hkh vki izfrHkkfx;ksa dks eq[kj lapkj dh fo'ks"krk,a fn[kkrs gSa rks gkbykbV djsaA
eq[kj lapkj ds eq[; fcanq (fo'ks"krk,¡)
• nwljksa dh Hkkoukvksa ds izfr ltx jgsa
• etcwr vkokt
• lVhd vkSj izR;{k dFku
• êS* ls 'kq: gksus okys dFku
• vkRefo'okl ls ifjiw.kZ vkSj bZekunkj
• vka[kksa ls laidZ cuk, j[ksa
• leL;k ds lek/ku ds izfr LohÑfr Hkko j[ksaA
5- fuEufyf[kr izeq[k lans'kksa dks izdV djrs gq, l=k dk lekiu djsaA
egRoiw.kZ lans'k
 lgikBh ncko yxHkx lHkh ds thou esa gksus dh laHkkouk gSA
 okaNuh; cnyko ykus ds fy, dqN Lrj rd ldkjkRed lgikBh ncko dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 eknd inkFkksZa ds lsou dh jksdFkke ds 10 funsZ'kksa dks iznf'Zkr djsaA (tSlk fd igys mYys[k fd;k x;k gS)

xfrfof/ 10 % lgikBh ncko dk
lkeuk rFkk fu.kZ;
Nk=k
• fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa vius Lo;a ds ewY;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks igpkusaxsA
• vius ewY;ksa esa laHkkfor cnyko djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr gksaxsA
lqfo/kk iznkrk gsrq tkudkjh
fd'kksjksa dks le>k,a fd ge lHkh dks dbZ fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSa] egRoiw.kZ vkSj lkFk gh vU; izdkj ds HkhA gekjs dqN
iQSlys gekjs iwjs thou dks izHkkfor djsaxs_ nwljksa dk izHkko de gksxkA gekjs fu.kZ; gekjs ewY;ksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA bl izdkj]
fu.kZ; ysuk] ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa Lo;a ds ewY;ksa vkSj ekU;rkvksa dk ewY;kadu 'kkfey gSA ;g xfrfof/ fd'kksjksa dks mu
fodYiksa }kjk muds Lo;a ds ewY;ksa dk irk yxkus esa l{ke cuk,xh ftldk pquko os dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa djrss gSaA
izfØ;k
1- bl xfrfof/ ds lkFk layXu fodYiksa vkSj fu.kZ; ysus ds vH;kl dk forj.k djsaA
2- mUgsa layXud esa izR;sd fLFkfr dks è;ku ls i<+us vkSj mudh ilan (,) ;k (ch) ds :i esa lwphc¼ djus ls igys
viuh izfrfØ;k ij fopkj djus ds fy, dgsaA ,d ckj tc fd'kksjksa us lHkh fLFkfr;ksa ij izfrfØ;k ns nh gS] rks gj
,d dh la[;k esa (,) vkSj (ch) izfrfØ;k,a fxuus dks dgsaA
3- vc d{kk dks NksVs lewgksa esa foHkkftr djsa vkSj mUgsa fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ds ckjs esa vius lewg ds
vanj ppkZ djus ds fy, dgsaA
4- izR;sd fodYi pquus ds fy, muds dkj.kksa ij ppkZ djus ds fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaA lewg ds vanj ppkZ ds fy,
15 feuV dk le; nsaA
5- d{kk ppkZ ds fy, lewgksa dks fiQj ls bdV~Bk djsaA fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ppkZ dks izksRlkfgr djsaA
o vkidks nh xbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dk dk;Z dSlk Fkk\ eqf'dy\ vklku\ vkSj D;ksa\
o D;k vki vius thou esa ,slh gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSa\
o vkidks D;ksa yxrk gS fd dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa n`<+ jguk eqf'dy gS\
o bu fLFkfr;ksa esa dkSu ls ewY; 'kkfey gSa\
ifjf'k"V | 81
fodYi vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dk vH;kl
la fLFkfr (,) (ch)

1 vki O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe ds fy, ijh{kk ns udy ds izyksHku dk gksf'k;kj Nk=k ds mÙkj dh
jgs gSaA vki mPp vad izkIr djus ds fy, cgqr fojks/ djrs gSaA ftruh gks lds udy djrs
mRlqd gSaA vpkud vkidks ,glkl gksrk gS fd gSaA
vkids ikl loZJs"B Nk=k ls udy djus dk
ekSdk gSA vki-----
2 vkids ekrk&firk vkids nksLrksa dks Lohdkj vius ekrk&firk dh vkKk vki bls tkjh j[krs gSaA
ugha djrs gSaA vki---- ekudj muds lkFk laca/ dgrs gSa] ^êSa vius [kqn
ugha j[krsA ds nksLrksa dks pquus ds fy,
ifjiDo gwaA**
3 vkids nksLr vkils Dykl fel djus vkSj muds lkFk tkus ls badkj lewg esa 'kkfey gksdj tkrs
muds lkFk ewoh ns[kus tkus ds fy, dgrs gSaA dj nsrs gSaA gaSA
vki----
4 vkids ekrk&firk vkils vf/d i<+us ds fy, mUkdh ckr ekurs gSa vkSj euk djrs vkSj dgrs gSa
dgrs gSaA vki---- ;g djrs gSaA ^^fcYoqQy ugha!**
5 vkids fe=k vkidks ihus ;k muds lkFk MªXl vki dgrs gSa] ^ûgha**A vki dgrs gSa] ^^Bhd gS**
ysus ds fy, vkeaf=kr djrs gSaA vki---- vkSj ikVhZ esa 'kkfey gks
tkrs gSaA
6 vki vius ekrk&firk dh vuqefr ds fcuk ekiQh ekaxrs gSa vkSj dgrs vki dgka Fks] blds ckjs esa
fdlh ikVhZ esa tkus ds ckn nsj ls ?kj ykSVsA gSa fd vki bls fiQj dHkh >wB cksyrs gSaA
vki---- ugha djsaxsA
7 vkids nksLr vkids NksVs HkkbZ @ cgu dh viuh vLohÑfr O;Dr djrs HkhM+ ds lkFk galrs gSaA
mifLFkfr esa xans pqVdqys lqukrs gSaA lc yksx gSa vkSj g¡lh esa 'kkfey gksus
g¡lrs gSaA vki--- ls budkj djrs gSaA
8 vkidk Vªsuj fpYykrk gS] ^^vki lc pqi jgks cSB tkrs gSa vkSj lqurs gSaA iQ+Crh dlrs gSaA
vkSj cSBks**A vki------
9 fdlh vkSj ij vkids }kjk fd, x, fdlh viuh xyrh ekurs gSa vkSj pqi jgrs gSa vkSj funksZ"k
dk;Z dk >wBk vkjksi yxk;k x;k gSA mls fu;r naM dks Lohdkj djrs O;fDr dks ltk gksus nsrs gSaA
vokaNuh; :i ls nafMr fd;k tk,xkA vki---- gSaA
10 vkidks ifjlj esa ,d ilZ feyrk gS ftlesa bls vf/dkfj;ksa dks lkSai iSls [kqn ys ysrs gSA
cgqr lkjs iSls gSaA vki---- nsrs gSaA
11 dqN Nk=k vkids lkeus dqN Nk=kksa ij xyr mu ds cpko esa cksyrs gSaA pqi jgrs gSaA
vkjksi yxkrs gSaA vki----
12 vkids dqN lgikBh Ldwy dk pquko thrrs gSa] mUgsa c/kbZ nsars gSaA mudh liQyrk ij ukjktxh
mPp jSad izkIr djrs gSa ;k iqjLdkj thrrs gSaA trkrs gSa vkSj mudh ihB
vki----- ihNs Hkíh fVIif.k;ka djrs gSaA

13 vki vius ,d Vªsuj ds ckjs esa pqxyh lqurs gSaA vki dfFkr Vªsuj ds leFkZu ckrphr esa 'kkfey gksdj
ds fy, [kM+s gks tkrs gSaA bldk fgLlk curs gSaA
14 vkidks irk pyrk gS fd dqN yksx vkids mu ij è;ku ugha nsrs gSaA vkx ccwyk gksrs gSa vkSj }s"k
ckjs esa >wBh ckrsa iQSyk jgs gSaA vki---- dh Hkkouk j[krs gSaA
15 vki nksLrksa ds lkFk gSaA vkids ekrk&firk ?kj 'kkfey gksus ls badkj dj cSB tkrs gSa vkSj fiQYe
ij ugha gSaA vkids nksLr ,d vHkæ ohfM;ks nsrs gSaA ns[krs gSaA
fiQYe dh LØhfuax djus dk izLrko j[krs gSaA
vki-----
16 vkidk ifjokj izkFkZuk esa gSA vki---- LosPNk ls Hkkx ysrs gSaA ijh{kk ds fy, vè;;u ds
cgkus izkFkZuk ls cprs gSaA
17 vkius ijh{kk ds fy, vè;;u ugha fd;k gSA oSls gh ijh{kk nsrs gSa vkSj chekj gksus dk ukVd djrs
vki---- ifj.kke Hkqxrrs gSaA gq, d{kk NksM+ nsrs gSaA
18 dqN fd'kksj vkidks fp<+krs gSa vkSj vkidk mu ij è;ku ugh nsrs gSaA mudk vieku djrs gSa vkSj
et+kd mM+krs gSaA vki---- /edh Hkh nsrs gSaA
19 vki ,d ifjokj dk nkSjk dj jgs gSa vkSj vki [kqn gh ekiQh ekax ysrs gSaA budkj djrs gSa fd vkius
xyrh ls ,d ewY;oku iQwynku rksM+ nsrs gSaA bls rksM+ fn;k vkSj nks"k
vki---- fdlh vkSj ij Mky nsrs gSaA
1&5 lokyksa ds tokcksa ds mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa %
1- dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa fu.kZ; ysuk eqf'dy Fkk D;ksafd eq>s vfuf'Pkrrk eglwl gqbZA
2- gka] ge vius thou esa ,slh gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gSaA
3- dHkh&dHkh ge nksLrksa dh otg ls fu.kZ; ys ysrs gSaA
4- ;g ewY; gesa vanj ls etcwr cukrs gSaA
5- gka] dqN ekeyksa esa eSaus viuh jk; cny nh D;ksafd eSaus ik;k fd esjs nksLr lgh FksA ;g ladsr djrk gS fd ge
nwljksa ls izHkkfor gks ldrs gSaA
xfrfof/ dk vkdyu %
vkdyu djsa fd D;k fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k esa fd'kksj vius Lo;a ds ewY;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks igpkuus esa l{ke gSaA blds
vykok] D;k os mfpr fopkj ds ckn fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke gSaA tksf[ke Hkjh fLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus esa] fuEufyf[kr
iz'u ennxkj gks ldrs gSa %
 muds fu.kZ; ds laHkkfor ifj.kke D;k gSa\
 vYidkfyd ykHk (lewg esa cus jguk) cuke laHko nh?kZdkfyd ifj.kke (gkfudkjd) D;k gSa\
 D;k lgikBh ncko vkids fu.kZ; ysus dh izfØ;k dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gS] ;fn gk¡] rks dSls\
 vko';drk iM+us ij vfrfjDr lgk;rk dgk¡ feysxhA
ifjf'k"V | 83
LkanHkZ
• vesfjdu lkbfd;kfVªd ,lksfl,'ku (2013)] Mk;XuksfLVd ,.M LVsfVfLVdy eSUkqvy vkWiQ esaVy fMLvkWMZj
(5oka la-)
• ,lksfl,'ku vkWiQ bafM;u Ldwy dkmalyj ,.M ,ykbM izksiQsls'kuYl (,vkbZ,llh,ih)
• dkWeu bekW'kuy ,.M fcgsfo;yZ izkWCyEl] ,Dlizs'kUl bafM;k] (www.expressionsindia.org) la'kksf/r 2019
• izsl baiQkWesZ'ku C;wjks vkWiQ bafM;k % https://pib.gov.in/indexd.aspx
• us'kuy cqd VªLV % https://www.nbtindia.gov.in/
• ,MksylsaV ih;j ,MqdsVlZ vksfj,aVs'ku dkslZ bu ykbiQ fLdYl] tsaMj ,.M osyfcbax] Vªsfuax eSuqvy iQkWj ih;j
,tqdsVlZ ,.M Vhpj iQsflfyVsVlZ] ,Dlizs'kUl bafM;k (la'kksf/r 2019)
• izsj.kk eksfgr] uferk HkV~V ^îzQkWe gkse Vw Ldwy % eSfiax fpYMªUl Vªkaft'ku bu n bafM;u dkWUVsDLV**] fjlpZ bu
dEisjsfVo ,.M baVjus'kuy ,tqds'ku] 2008
• oYMZ gsYFk vkWxZukbts'ku (1992)- baVjus'kuy LVsfVfLVdy DykflfiQds'ku vkWiQ fMtht ,.M fjysfVM gsYFk
izkWCYkEl (10oka la-)
• MCY;w,pvks osclkbV https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-
considerations.pdf?sfvrsn=6d3578af_2
• MCY;w,pvks @ ;wusLdks @ ;wfulsiQ % dEizsgsaflo Ldwy gsYFk ,tqds'ku_ ltsfLVM xkbMykbUl iQkWj ,D'ku- oYMZ
gsYFk vkWxZukbts'ku- ftusok- 1992

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ekufld LokLF;

osaQæh; ekè;fed f'k{kk cksMZ

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 1

lcls cM+k migkj nqdkuksa ;k ekWy esa ugha [kjhnk tk ldrk gS

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 2

vè;k; 1 % ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dk egRo 8

vè;k; 3 % f'k{kd dk dY;k.k 14

vè;k; 4 % lqfo/k&iznkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd 16

vè;k; 5 % fo|ky; esa dkmalyjksa dh Hkwfedk 18

vè;k; 6 % fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk 21

vè;k; 7 % Ekuks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs 23

vè;k; 10 % fd'kksjkoLFkk % vkd"kZ.k vkSj pqukSfr;ka 37

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 4

lykg] laikndh; vkSj jpukRed fufof"V;ka %

ekxZn'kZu vkSj leFkZu %

Ikzk:i vkSj laiknu Vhe %

bl eSuqvy dk mís'; gS % CARE (ds;j)

Nk=kksa esa ekufld LokLF; ds ckjs esa tkx:drk iSnk

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 7

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 8

1-1-2 c<+rh vko';drk dk dkj.k

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k dk egRo | 9

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 10

ifjokj og igyh lekthdj.k lajpuk gS ftlesa cPps dks

LowQyksa esa ekufld LokLF; (ifjokj vkSj leqnk;) ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k | 11

2-1 Ldwy dh Hkwfedk

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 12

LowQyksa esa ekufld LokLF; (ifjokj vkSj leqnk;) ,d lexz n`f"Vdks.k | 13

,d ,sls ;qx esa tgka cPpksa ds ekufld LokLF; vkSj

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 14

viuh ns[kHkky f'k{kdksa ds fy, ekbaMQqy

ij laokn ls mudh dkiQh enn gks ldrh gSA dbZ

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 16

Nk=k dh enn djuk

lqfo/k iznkrk ds :i esa f'k{kd | 17

'kSf{kd usr`Ro dh Vhe ds ,d egRoiw.kZ vax ds :i esa

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 18

vU; i.k/kjdksa ds lkFk

fo|ky; esa dkmalyjksa dh Hkwfedk | 19

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 20

lhch,lbZ lac¼rk mi&fof/ dh [kaM la[;k 2-4-11

fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk | 21

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 22

bu fnuksa lHkh dh lks'ky ehfM;k vkSj VsDuksykWth

euks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs | 23

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 24

vius 'kjhj fnup;kZ cuk,a

euks&lkekftd lgk;rk % dksfoM&19 vkSj vkxs | 25

ekufld LokLF; fLFkfr;ksa ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA dqN tSfod

1- vkuqoaf'kdh (vkuqoaf'kdrk) % dbZ ekufld

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 26

ekufld LokLF; esa tksf[ke iSnk djus okys dkjd | 27

9-1 tqM+ko dh fpark,a

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 28

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 30

psrkouh ds ladsr (vykeZ flXuy) 9-6 vuo/ku vkSj vfrlfØ;rk

vuo/ku vfr lfØ;rk vkosx'khyrk

ekufld LokLF; vkSj dY;k.kµ,d ifjizs{; | 32