CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

(CvSU)
DON SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS CAMPUS
Indang, Cavite

College of Engineering and Information Technology

First semester, Academic Year 2021-2022

GROUP 6
LIGHTING DESIGN
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Architecture on
BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (ARCH 165A)

Submitted by:

Agustin, Erljohn M., 201817472

De Leon, Ron Mykelle S., 201817466
Jugo, Kevin B., 201815712
Legaspi, Mark Christian C., 201815893
Taniegra, Cruise Ford S., 201817470
Sadural, Leo Angelo M., 201816899
Bachelor of Science in Architecture 5–1

Submitted to:

ARCH. KATHLEEN BESCASER, uap

INSTRUCTOR • BUILDING UTILITIES 3

NOVEMBER 22, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIGHTING DESIGN
ILLUMINATION METHODS
TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
LIGHTING FIXTURES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

LUMINAIRE EFFICIENCY: COEFFICIENT UTILIZATION

LIGHTING DESIGN

WHAT IS A LIGHTING DESIGN?

Architectural lighting design is a field of work or study that is concerned with

the design of lighting systems within the built environment, both interior and exterior.
It can include manipulation and design of both daylight and electric light or both, to
serve human needs.
Lighting design is based in both science and the visual arts. The basic aim of
lighting within the built environment is to enable occupants to see clearly and without
discomfort. The objective of architectural lighting design is to balance the art and the
science of lighting to create mood, visual interest and enhance the experience of a
space or place whilst still meeting the technical and safety requirements.

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GOALS OF A LIGHTING DESIGN
The goal of lighting is to create an efficient and pleasing interior. These two
requirements, that is, the utilitarian· and aesthetic, are not antithetical as is
demonstrated by every good lighting design. Light can and should be used as an
adjunct architectural material.
a) Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the
particular task involved. Variations within acceptable brightness ratios in a
given field of view are desirable to avoid monotony .and to create perspective
effects.
b) Lighting equipment should be unobtrusive, but not necessarily
invisible. Fixtures can be chosen and arranged in various ways to
complement the architecture or to create dominant or minor architectural
features or patterns. Fixtures may also be decorative and thus enhance the
interior design.
c) Lighting must have the proper quality. Accent lighting directional
lighting and other highlighting techniques increase the utilitarian as well as
architectural quality of a space.
d) The entire lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in
terms of capital and energy resources; the former determined principally by
life-cycle costs and the latter by operating energy costs and resource-energy
usage. Both the capital and energy limitations are, to a large extent, outside
the control of the designer, who works within constraints in these areas.

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Lighting Design Procedure

Project Constraints
Refer to the flowchart figure. This flowchart represents the design procedure and its
interactions, should be referred to throughout the necessarily lengthy discussion that
follows, in order to maintain perspective. It is important that the reader be aware of
job constraints and of the interactions between the lighting designer and the
remainder of the design group. This: 'is deliberately emphasized to demonstrate the
inter-disciplinary nature of lighting design in general and its particular connection with
HVAC and daylighting (fenestration).

Owner-Designer - User group. The owner establishes the cost framework, both
initial and operating. As part of both of these may be a rent structure, which in turn
determines and is determined by the space usage. If the owner is also the occupant
the cost factors change somewhat but remain in force. The architect determines the
amount and quality of day lighting and the architectural nature of the space to be
lighted. Much of these data are detailed in the building program.

The Jurisdictional Authorities. The principal area of involvement is that of energy

budgets and lighting levels, both of which affect every aspect of lighting design
including source type, fixture selection, lighting system, fixture placement, and even
maintenance schedules. For this reason the first step in the lighting design
procedure is to establish the project lighting cost framework and the project energy
budget.
Task Analysis As shown in the chart, this step essentially determines. The needs of
the task. Factors to be considered in addition to the nature of the task are its
repetitiveness, variability, who is performing it (ex: condition of the occupant's eyes),
task duration, cost of errors, and special requirements.

Design Stage. This is the active consideration stage during which detailed
suggestions will be raised, considered, modified, accepted, or rejected. This is also
the most interactive stage as is clearly seen in the chart. At its completion, a detailed,
workable design is in hand. The criticaL interactions here are with the architect in
daylighting and with the HVAC group in power loads. The former may result in

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relocating a space within the building; the latter in making a change in a lighting
system or HVAC system. In brief, this stage consist of the following steps:
 Select the lighting system Select types of light source, distribution
characteristic of fixtures or area source, consider effects of daylighting,
economics, and electric loads.
 Calculate the lighting requirements. Use the applicable calculation method
and establish the fixture pattern, considering the architectural effects.
 Design the supplemental lighting
 Review the resultant design. Check the design for quality, quantity, aesthetic
effect, and originality.
Evaluation Stage. With the design on paper, it can now be analyzed for
conformance to the principal constraints of cost and energy. If the design stage has
been carefully accomplished, with due attention to these factors, the result of the
final evaluation should be gratifying. The results of this stage are fed to the
architectural group to use in the final overall project evaluation.
Design Guidelines
Design lighting for expected activity
This point states that it is wasteful, of energy, to light any surface at a higher level
than it requires. Since most spaces contain varied seeing tasks, non-uniform lighting
is recommended. In order to accomplish this for areas where exact furniture layout is
not available, it may be necessary to furnish readily movable fixtures. A trade-off is
involved here between the additional first cost of movable fixtures and the lowered
operating cost.

Design with More Effective luminaires and Fenestration.

By effective is meant providing useful light with high ESI component and minimum
direct glare. In selecting fixture diffusers a trade-off is often encountered between
these two usually mutually incompatible factors. In cases where much of the viewer's
time is spent in a head-up position, as in schools, or where the viewer can
compensate for veiling reflections, the decision should lean toward high VCP.
Use efficient light Sources
 Between first cost and life-cycle costs

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  Between desired illuminant color and efficiency. For most indoor uses,
OFFwhite color, as from HPS lamps should be considered.
 Between light control and efficiency. Fluorescent sources, which are highly
efficient, do not lend themselves to good beam control and are principally
useful for area coverage
 Between architectural requirements and efficiency. Fluorescent sources are
efficient and have good color but require a large fixture, which tends to
dominate the space. A possible compromise is the U-shaped lamp in a
modular ceiling.

Use More Efficient Luminaires

Use Thermal-Controlled Luminaires
In other words, do not waste the heat generated by lighting and, conversely, avoid
placing additional load on the air-conditioning system with lighting heat.
Use lighter Finishes on Ceilings, Walls, Floors, and Furnishings.
A brief summary of recommendation ranges would be: ceilings- 80 to 92% walls· 40
to 60% furniture office machines and equipment· 25 to 45% floors - 20 to 40%

Control Window Brightness

Excessive brightness causes severe and even disabling glare, a corollary of
excessive brightness is excessive heat gain. Both are manageable with common
control devices, manual and automatic.
Utilize Day lighting as Practicable
Keep Lighting Equipment Clean and In Good Working Order.
Lighting equipment must be selected with life-cycle costs in mind, a large position of
which are maintenance and relamping costs. Fixtures in relatively inaccessible
locations such as high ceilings must be designed for low maintenance, and
maintenance should be on a fixed schedule. Trade-off here is between higher cost of
low-maintenance units and high maintenance costs. A corollary is the use of high-
lumen-maintenance sources.

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Post Instructions Covering Operation and Maintenance
Illumination Methods
Three Methods of Illumination
1) General
2) Local and Supplementary
3) Combined general and local
General lighting
This is a system designed to give uniform and generally, though not
necessarily, diffuse lighting throughout the area under consideration. The method of
accomplishing this result varies from the use of luminous ceiling to properly spaced
and chosen downlights, but the resultant lighting on the horizontal working plane
must be same, that is, reasonably uniform. It may be, but is not necessarily, task
lighting.

Local and Supplementary Lighting

These are two terms that are used interchangeably but have slightly different
meanings. By definition, local lighting provides a small, high-level area of lighting
without contributing to the general lighting, supplementary lighting also provides a
restricted area of high intensity, but supplements the general lighting. In actual
practice, it is difficult to differentiate between the two. A desk lamp, a high-intensity
down light on a merchandising display. And a track light illuminating wall displays, all
seem to answer both definitions, and in practice are referred to as .local.
Supplementary, or local-supplementary tights. See figures below.

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 Fluorescent

Reflector lamps

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Fluorescent asymmetric lens unit

Incandescent asymmetric lens unit

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Chalkboard lighting units

Angle reflector

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Louvered spotlight

Window floodlight

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Narrow beam downlight

Louvered trouogh

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 Parabolic trough

Combined General and Local Lighting

This illumination method is used in areas where the general visual task is low,
but· local high-intensity lighting is required. An excellent example is the department
store where circulation requires low-level lighting while merchandising areas and
showcases require up to 500 fc. The indicated solution to this problem is a general
lighting system that will provide 30 fc of uniform. diffuse lighting of the proper color
and supplementary local lighting in restricted areas. The quality of the local lighting
supplied depends on the particular item being displayed. A nonuniform lighting layout
thaf is arranged to localize lighting but does not have a uniform overall pa~tern is
difficult to classify. We would think of it as a combination of general lighting in some
areas and local in others, that is. a combined system.

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 These three methods of illumination can be accomplished in many ways by
the use of luminaires and luminous sources of different types, since the illumination
method is a function of both fixture placement and arrangement as well as the
inherent fixture lighting distribution. The term used to describe the effect of the
combination of a particular fixture type applied in a particular way is the lighting
system. Thus a reflector-type fixture when aimed down gives direct light. The same
fixture beamed up at the ceiling gives indirect light.

TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

1. Indirect Lighting - luminaires distribute 90 to 100 percent of the emitted light
upward. In a well-designed installation, the entire ceiling becomes the primary
source of illumination, and shadows will be virtually eliminated. In this lighting
scheme more than 90% of total luminous flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for
diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors. Since the indirect lighting, the
ceiling and upper walls must reflect light to the work plane, it is essential that these
surfaces have high reflectance.

The source must be suspended at least 18” (depending on the unit’s

brightness) in order to avoid excessive ceiling brightness, this system requires a
minimum ceiling height of 2.85 meters (9’6”).
This type is also known as “Luminous indirect” in contradistinction to metal
reflectors, which are totally indirect. Architectural coves / cove lightings are classified
as indirect lighting.

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 The spacing and suspension length
and cove dimensions must be carefully chosen to
avoid excessive ceiling brightness. The lack of
shadow, low source brightness, and highly diffuse
quality created by the indirect lighting system give a
very quiet cool ambience to this type of lighted
space, suitable for private offices, lounges, and
plush waiting areas. Areas having specular visual tasks use this system to
advantage. This gives an impression of height in a large room of low-ceiling.

2. Semi-indirect Lighting – luminaires distribute 60 to 90 percent of the emitted

light upward and the balance downward, similar to those of indirect lighting systems
with the exception that the downward component usually creates a luminaire
luminance that closely matches that of the ceiling. Semi-indirect lighting scheme is
primarily used for indoor light decoration purposes.

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 In both indirect and semi-indirect systems. It is often desirable to add accent
lighting or downlighting in order to break the monotony inherent in these systems,
and to establish a visual point of interest, or create required modeling shadows.

When using fixtures, the semi-indirect system has a

somewhat different quality than the indirect system (semi-
indirect cannot use architectural coves since the fixtures
have less contrast with the background ceiling brightness).
Using well-shielded luminaires with luminous sides can
help create the illusion of ceiling cavity depth.
Before reaching the horizontal working plane, light
in both indirect and semi-indirect lighting systems is
reflected from the ceiling and walls. If these surfaces are
colored, they can provide more illumination than if they are
grays with the same luminescent reflectance.

3. General Diffuse and Direct-Indirect Lighting - luminaires distribute 40 to 60

percent of the emitted light downward and the balance upward, in some cases with a
strong component at 90 degrees (horizontal). This type of light distribution integrates
the characteristics of direct lighting and those of indirect lighting. Although direct and
reflected glare can be problematic at high illumination levels (100 fc or light intensity
and above), brightness ratios in the upper viewing zone are usually not a concern.

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 The difference between general diffuse (Ex: an opal diffusing globe) and
direct-indirect
(Ex: an open top luminous side and bottom luminaire) lies in the fixture characteristic;
diffuse fixtures give light in all directions, whereas direct-indirect have little horizontal
component. Stems should be of sufficient length to avoid excessive ceiling
brightness. Generally, not less than 0.3 meters (12”).

Because the appearance of illumination is heavily influenced by the

brightness of the walls, which is the surface we see the most, a place with broad
diffuse illumination will appear lighter than one with direct-indirect illumination due to
the darker walls in the latter.

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 This lighting system can be well-applied in spaces requiring overall uniform
lighting at moderate levels such as classrooms, standard office work spaces, and
merchandising areas.

4. Semi-Direct Lighting – luminaires distribute 60 to 90 percent of the emitted light

downward and the balance upward. The shadows generated by semi-direct lighting
are diffused and do not cause discomfort. Semi-direct lighting is employed in
applications where strong light is not necessary e.g., stairways, corridors, and
storage areas.

If the ceiling has a high reflectance, this upward component will normally be sufficient to min
the floor. Shadowing should not be problem when upward components are at least
25% and ceiling reflectance not less than 70%.

The quality of the lighting gives a pleasant working atmosphere. It is applicable to offices, cla

5. Direct Lighting - luminaires distribute 90 to 100 percent of the emitted light in the
general direction of the surface to be illuminated. The term generally refers to light

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emitted in a downward direction. Troffers and downlights are two types of direct
lighting luminaires.

Since essentially all the light is directed downward, ceiling illumination is

entirely due to light reflected from the floor and room furnishings. This system then,
more than any other requires a light, high-reflectance, diffuse floor unless a dark
ceiling is desired from an architectural or decorative viewpoint.
Ceilings are occasionally painted a dark color and pendant direct lighting are
utilized to lower the apparent ceiling of a room or to conceal unsightly pipes, ducting,
and so on.
The direct lighting could have spread light or concentrated light.

• Spread-type Direct Lighting – some diffuses are evident. The most

common type of unit in this category is the direct fluorescent either surface mounted
or troffer type in hung ceiling.

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 This type of lighting which is most widely represented by the recessed
fluorescent troffer in a suspended ceiling, is standard for general office lighting. The
fixtures themselves form a ceiling surface of light and dark areas. and the quality of
the entire system is pleasant.
• Concentrating Direct Lighting – diffuseness is absent and walls are dark.
Incandescent downlights are of this type unless equipped with spread-type lenses.
These lights used alone are appropriate in restaurants and other areas where
the privacy type of atmosphere generated by limited-area horizontal illumination and
minimal vertical- surface illumination is desired.
In summary then, spread direct lighting is suitable and appropriate for general
lighting while concentrating direct lighting, which reduces vertical illumination, is
appropriate for highlights, local and supplementary lighting, and specialized or
casual viewing.

LIGHTING FIXTURES AND ITS DISTRIBUTION

LIghting Fixture is an electrical device containing an electric lamp that

provides illumination. All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or more lamps.
The lamps may be in sockets for easy replacement or, in the case of
some LED fixtures, hard-wired in place.

Although some types of fixtures are more commonly associated with a

particular layer of lighting—ambient, task or accent—most fixtures are versatile
enough to be used in a number of ways.

ARCHITECTURAL
The three most common forms of architectural lighting are cove, soffit and
valance; all three are integrated into the room's structure.

 Cove lighting is located in a ledge, toward the ceiling or upper wall.

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 Soffit lighting is located in a soffit or cornice near the ceiling, and the light
radiates downward, washing the wall with light.

 Valance lighting is located in a wood, metal or glass valance (horizontal shield)

mounted above a window or high on the wall, and the light bounces both upward
and downward.

RECESSED

Installed above the ceiling, this type of lighting has an opening that is flush
with the ceiling. A recessed light requires at least 6 inches of clearance above the
ceiling, and insulation is essential to ensure that condensation does not drip into the

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fixture. Recessed lighting sends a relatively narrow band of light in one direction; it
can be used to provide ambient, task or accent lighting.

TRACK
Mounted or suspended from the ceiling, track lighting consists of a linear
housing containing several heads that can be positioned anywhere along a track; the
direction of the heads is adjustable also.Track lighting is often used for task or
accent lighting.

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UNDERCABINET
Mounted under kitchen cabinets, this type of lighting can be linear or a single
puck-shaped fixture. Undercabinet lighting is extremely popular as task lighting in a
kitchen.

PENDANTS
Suspended from the ceiling, a pendant light directs its light down, typically
over a table or kitchen island. A pendant can enhance the decorative style of a room.
Pendants can provide ambient or task lighting.

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CHANDELIERS
Suspended from the ceiling, chandeliers direct their light upward, typically
over a table. They can enhance the decorative style of a room. Chandeliers provide
ambient lighting.

CEILING
This type of fixture is mounted directly to the ceiling and has a glass or plastic
shade concealing the light bulb. Ceiling fixtures have been common in homes for
nearly a hundred years, often providing all the ambient light in a room.

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WALL SCONCES
Surface-mounted to the wall, sconces can direct light upwards or downwards,
and their covers or shades can add a stylistic touch to a room. Wall sconces provide
ambient or task lighting.

DESK, FLOOR & TABLE LAMPS

Made in a wide range of sizes and styles, lamps are extremely versatile and
portable sources of light in a room. Most lamps direct light downward, with the
exception of a torchiere, which is a floor lamp that directs its light upward. Lamps are
often used as task lights, particularly for reading, but can also provide ambient light.

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Luminaire Efficiency
 A luminaire, variously called a fixture, lighting unit, or reflector, comprises a
device for physically supporting the light source and usually for directing or
controlling the light out-put of this source.
 Luminaires can be evaluated based on luminaire center beam candlepower
(candela), total input watts (W), efficiency (fraction of lamp lumens that exit
the luminaire), efficacy rating (lumens/W) and coefficient of utilization (CU)
 Efficiency is only part of the story of a lighting product and should be
considered along with how the luminaire distributes the light and at what
intensity.
 Luminaire efficiency is the ratio of light output emitted by the luminaire to the
light output emitted by its lamps.
 Luminaire efficiency is the percentage of light output produced by the lamps
that are in turn emitted by the luminaire.

 A coefficient of utilization (CU) is a measure of the efficiency of a luminaire in

transferring luminous energy to the working plane in a particular area. The CU
is the ratio of luminous flux from a luminaire incident upon a work plane to that
emitted by the lamps within the luminaire.

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 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS IN ELECTRICAL LIGHTING DESIGN:

1) UTILIZATION FACTOR:

Utilization Factor or Co-efficient of utilization. It may be defined as “the ratio of

total lumens received on the working plane to the total lumens emitted by the
light source”.i.e.

Utilization factor =Lumens received on the working plane/Lumens emitted by

the lamp

FACTOR EFFECTING UTILIZATION FACTOR:

Type of light, light fitting, Colour surface of walls and ceiling, mounting height of
lamps, Area to be illuminated
Its value lies between 0.4 and 0.6 for direct fittings it varies from 0.1 to 0.35 for
indirect fittings
2) Depreciation or Maintenance factor
It may be defined as “the ratio of illumination under normal working condition to the
illumination when everything is clean or new” i.e.
D.F = Illumination under normal working conditions / Illumination when everything is
clean.
The maintenance factor is based on how often the lights are cleaned and replaced. It
takes into account such factors as decreased efficiency with age, accumulation of
dust within the fitting itself and the depreciation of reflectance as walls and ceilings
age. For convenience, it is usually given as three options:
Good = 0.70
Medium = 0.65
Poor = 0.55
3) WASTE LIGHT FACTOR:
When a surface is illuminated by a number of lamps, there is certain amount of
wastage due to overlapping of light waves. Its value will be between 1.2 to 1.5
4) REFLECTION FACTOR:

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It may be defined as “the ratio of luminous flux leaving the surface to the luminous
flux incident on it”. It’s value will be always less than 1
5) ABSORPTION FACTOR:
When the atmosphere is full of snow or smoke fumes, it absorbs some light. Hence
absorption factor may be defined as “the ratio of net lumens available on the working
plane after absorption to the total lumens emitted by the lamp”. It’s value varies from
0.5 to 1
6) LUMINOUS EFFICIENCY OR SPECIFIC OUT PUT
It may be defined as “the ratio of number of lumens emitted to the electric power
intake of a source” it’s unit is lumen/watt (lm/W)
7) SPACING TO MOUNTING HEIGHT RATIO (SHR)
The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR) is the spacing between luminaires
divided by their height above the horizontal reference plane.
8) ROOM INDEX:
The room index is a ratio, describing how the room's height compares to its length
and width. It is given by:

Where L is the length of the room, W is its width, and Hm is the mounting height
above the work plane.

LUMEN METHOD STEPS:

1. Find required lux level
2. Select luminaire
3. Determine room index
4. Determine Number of Fixtures

N = number of lamps required.

E = illuminance level required (lux)
A = area at working plane height (m2)

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F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF= utilisation factor,
MF= maintenance factor,
5. Determine Minimum spacing between luminaire
Minimum spacing = SHR * Hm
Hm= Mounting height
SHR= Space to height ratio.
6. Determine Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room
Number of required rows= width of the room/ Minimum spacing
7. Determine Number of luminaire in each row
Number of luminaire in each row= Total luminaire / Number of rows
8. Axial spacing along luminaire
Axial spacing= Length of the room/ Number of luminaire in each row
9. Transverse spacing between luminaire
Transverse spacing = Width of the room/ Number of luminaire in each row

EXAMPLE 1:

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EXAMPLE 2:

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REFERENCES

Salvan, G. S., (1999). Architectural Utilities 3: Lighting and Acoustics.

JMC Press Inc., 388 Quezon Ave.,Q.C.

Lighting Manufacturer. (2016). Types of Light Distribution for Indoor Luminaires.

https://www.manufacturer.lighting/club/15/?fbclid=IwAR1F7ahM6_MN0dKHhiI

bdUFMKOSiSJlk4qE-kjDZcnl977-LLU9PyqLjpJ8

Connors, J., (N.D.). Types of Lighting Fixtures.

https://www.hgtv.com/design/remodel/mechanical-systems/types

-of-lighting-fixtures

RLSTG, (N.D). Lighting Fixtures.

http://www.rsltg.com/images/Fixtures.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2XvfAIT42YUyR793xuD

XhR_XbrV1y5fp-eSC2NJuC6mnpCDuT2UvwyY0M

Tariq, H. (2017). Lighting Design by Lumen Method (with examples).

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/lighting-design-lumen-method-examples-

hasan-tariq/?fbclid=IwAR2tuxLI5hAseqB-dxbkcnWaOE_7t

jcjclE4YpnrrfeA_gbNa2aEBziJLQ

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