Hydrology Phase 4

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PHASE 4
IMPORTANT PHASES OF
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
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HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY


School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
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Today's Objectives:
1 To solve the Evaporation
from Free Water Surface

2 To define Transpiration and


Evapotranspiration

3 To identify Depression Storage


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IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE


Evaporation from Free Water Surface
1. Water Balance Method
2. Energy Balance Method
3. Mass Transfer Method
4. Penman Equation
5. Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement

Transpiration and Evapotranspiration

Depression Storage
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IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

Evaporation from
Free Water Surface
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NOTE:
POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (mm/day)
quantity of water evaporated per unit area, per unit time from an idealized
extensive free water surface under existing atmospheric conditions.

FREE WATER SURFACES


are wetland systems where the water surface is exposed to the atmosphere.

BOGS SWAMP MARSH


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Water Balance Method

Water is almost always moving, and under the right circumstances,


where it can shift from a liquid to a solid or a vapor.

𝑃 = 𝑄 + 𝐸 ± ∆𝑆 Water Balance Analysis



- often useful to divide water
flows into ‘green’ and ‘blue’ water.

A Water Balance Analysis Can Be


Precipitation
Used to:
Runoff Assess the current status and trends in water
Evaporation resource availability
Strengthen water management decision-making
storage in the soil,
aquifers or reserviors 1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method
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Water Balance Method

Water Balance Some common problems that occur when


- often presented as water balance estimations are made:
- Temporal and spatial boundaries are not defined.
being precise
- The quality of input data is poor.

- Double counting of water flows when water flows


Uncertainly Analysis in
within an area added to water flow exiting area.
Water Balance - Inappropriate extrapolation of field level
Estimation information to a larger scale. Many hydrological
relationships are scale dependent
arising from inadequate data - Intuition is used rather than good quality
capture networks, information.
measurement errors and the - The storage term(s) of the water balance is
complex spatial and temporal omitted.
heterogeneity that characterizes - Political or other pressures result in unreliable
hydrological processes estimates that have been manipulated.

1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method


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Water Balance Method


MATERIALS AND RESOURCES
How to fully understand and interpret Water Balance Estimations?

We use different Materials and Resources to fully be aware of


them.
u es ra n g e d f ro m b a c k -
the techniq
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s t / S p e cia lis t A d v ice
2. Speciali
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1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method
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Water Balance Method


MATERIALS AND RESOURCES

WATER
WATER CYCLE
CYCLE REPORT
REPORT

Australia National
Water Balance

1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method


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Energy Balance Method


-application of Law of Conservation of Energy.

Given by:

NET
RADIATION

Rn
LATENT Er
HEAT
DENSITY
Pw Lv
OF WATER

where L = pwlv, Latent Heat Factor

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method


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Energy Balance Method

Table 1.0: Latent Heat Factor

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method


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Energy Balance Method FORMULA:

EXAMPLE 1:
GIVEN: From table 1.0 @17°c: From the problem:
On 24 January 2013, in the Upper
Brushy Creek watershed, the net
radiation averaged over the day
from the National Land Data
Assimilation System, is 52 W/m^2. SOLUTION:
The average air temperature By substituting,

through the day is 17°C. Compute


;
the corresponding potential
evaporation rate using the
energy balance method.

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method


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Mass Transfer Method


Given by Formulas:
Evaporation driven by:
Vapor Pressure Gradient
Wind Speed
Herbeck and Meyers Equation:

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method


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Mass Transfer Method


SAMPLE PROBLEM :
At a weather station near a lake the following
measurements have been reported to you: Calculate
the evaporation using Mass Transfer Method

Formula:

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method


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Mass Transfer Method


SOLUTION:

2 2

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method


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Penman Equation

FORMULA: ENERGY
BUDGET
H is calculated as H = (1-r)Rin – Ro where Rin (incoming
MASS radiation) in given by:
TRANSFER

For potential evaporation


Where /𝛾 is an empirical parameter
depending on temperature.

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Penman Equation

where ed is the actual vapor pressure, and σTa4 is the


theoretical black body radiation
The term n/N can also be estimated using the
cloudiness, e.g., a cloudiness of 60 %
gives an n/N of 40 % (= 100 - 60). Ro is calculated by:

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Penman Equation
Where,
FORMULA: Ha = incident solar radiation outside the atmosphere on a horizontal surface,
Slope of expressed in mm of evaporable water per day (it is a function of the latitude
saturation and period of the year as indicated in Table 7)
a = a constant depending upon the latitude Θ and is given by a = 0.29 cos Θ
b = a constant with an average value of 0.52
n = actual duration or bright sunshine in hours
N = maximum possible hours of bright sunshine ( it is a function of latitude as
net radiationindicated in Table 8)
r = reflection coefficient (albeldo). Usual ranges of values of r are given below.
For potential evapotranspiration in mm

Where,
PET = daily potential evapotranspiration in mm per day
A = slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs temperature curve at
the mean air temperature, in mm of mercury per Celcius (Table 6)
Hn = net radiation in mm of evaporate water per day
Ea = parameter including wind velocity and saturation deficit
y = psychrometric constant = 0.49 mm of mercury/ Celcius

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Penman Equation
Sample Problem

Where,
u2 = mean wind speed at 2 m above ground in km/day
ew = saturation vapor pressure at mean air temperature in mm of
mercury ( Table 6)
ea = actual vapor pressure, defined earlier

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Penman Equation Sample Problem


Table 6. Saturation Vapour Pressure of Water
Table 7. Mean Monthly Solar Radiation at Top of Atmosphere Ha in mm of Evaporable Water/ Day

Table 8. Mean Monthly Values of Possible Sunshine Hours, N

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Penman Equation
Solution

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation


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Empirical Methods & Direct Mesurement


Most of the available empirical equations for estimating lake evaporation are a Dalton
type equation of the general form

FORMULA:
Wind speed correction Actual vapour pressure of
Lake Evaporation
function the overlying air at a
(mm/day)
specified height (mm of
mercury)

Coefficient
Saturation vapour pressure
at the water surface
temperature (mm of
mercury)
1.5 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
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Meyer's formula

FORMULA:

Actual vapour pressure of


the overlying air at a Monthly mean wind
Lake Evaporation specified height (mm of velocity (kmph) at a
(mm/day) mercury) height of 9m above
the ground

Coefficient accounting for other


factors
Saturation vapour
(0.36 for large deep waters and
pressure at the water
0.50 for small shallow lakes)
surface temperature (mm
of mercury)
1.5 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
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Rohwer's formula
Accounts for the effect of pressure in addition to the wind speed effect
FORMULA:
Actual vapour pressure of
the overlying air at a
Mean wind velocity in specified height (mm of
Lake Evaporation kmph at the ground level mercury)
(mm/day) (taken as the wind velocity
at 0.

Mean barometric pressure Saturation vapour


(mm of mercury) pressure at the water
surface temperature (mm
of mercury)
1.5 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
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Sample Problem

Solution:

1.5 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
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IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

Transpiration &
Evapotranspiration
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Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of


water from plants. It occurs chiefly at
the leaves while their stomata are
open for the passage of CO2 and O2
during photosynthesis.

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration


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Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION

Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the "engine" that pulls
water up from the roots to:

supply photosynthesis;

bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf;

cool the leaf.

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration


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Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Environmental factors that


affect the rate of transpiration:

1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Wind
5. Soil Water

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration


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Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the
combination of evaporation and
transpiration. Evaporation
is water movement from wet soil
and leaf surfaces. Transpiration is
water movement through the
plant. This water movement helps
move vital nutrients through the
plant.
2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration
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IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

Depression Storage
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Depression Storage

refers to small low points in undulating


terrain that can store precipitation that
otherwise would become runoff. The
precipitation stored in these depressions is
then either removed through infiltration into
the ground or by evaporation.

It exists on pervious and impervious surfaces


alike; however, depression storage is much
greater on undisturbed, pervious surfaces.

Standard design and construction practices


remove these natural depressions in order to
promote drainage, which reduces depression
storage. 3.1 Depression Storage
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THANK YOU!
ALMARIO, Allyssa Marie
ALIDO, Jose Enrique
CAM, Marvin
JIMENEZ, Carlo
KAWAMURA, Christian
LIM, Lanz Joshua
OCAMPO, Christian
SERRANO, Alyza Kate
VILLAVICENCIO, Allen

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