THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO

THE HISTORY OF RETAILING

Retail history is a rich, cross-disciplinary field that demonstrates the centrality of retailing to
many aspects of human experience, from the provisioning of everyday goods to the shaping of
urban environments; from earning a living to the construction of identity. Over the last few
decades, interest in the history of retail has increased greatly, spanning centuries, extending to all
areas of the globe and drawing on a range of disciplinary perspectives.
By offering an up-to-date, comprehensive thematic, spatial and chronological coverage of the
history of retailing, this Companion goes beyond traditional narratives that are too simplistic and
Euro-centric and offers a vibrant survey of this field.
It is divided into four broad sections: 1) Contexts, 2) Spaces and places, 3) People, processes
and practices and 4) Geographical variations. Chapters are written in an analytical and synthetic
manner, accessible to the general reader as well as challenging for specialists, and with an
international perspective.
This volume is an important resource to a wide range of readers, including marketing and
management specialists, historians, geographers, economists, sociologists and urban planners.

Jon Stobart is Professor of History at Manchester Metropolitan University. His research ranges
across a wide variety of topics relating to retailing and consumption in England during the long
eighteenth century.

Vicki Howard is a Lecturer at the University of Essex and author of From Main Street to Mall:
The Rise and Fall of the American Department Store, which won the Hagley Prize in Business
History.

They are co-editors of the Taylor & Francis journal, History of Retailing and Consumption.
ROUTLEDGE COMPANIONS IN BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT
AND ACCOUNTING

Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Accounting are prestige reference works pro-
viding an overview of a whole subject area or sub-discipline.These books survey the state of the dis-
cipline including emerging and cutting edge areas. Providing a comprehensive, up to date, definitive
work of reference, Routledge Companions can be cited as an authoritative source on the subject.
A key aspect of these Routledge Companions is their international scope and relevance.
Edited by an array of highly regarded scholars, these volumes also benefit from teams of con-
tributors which reflect an international range of perspectives.
Individually, Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Accounting provide an
impactful one-stop-shop resource for each theme covered. Collectively, they represent a compre-
hensive learning and research resource for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners.

Published titles in this series include:

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO MANAGEMENT BUYOUTS

Edited by Mike Wright, Kevin Amess, Nick Bacon and Donald Siegel

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO CO-OPETITION STRATEGIES

Edited by Anne-Sophie Fernandez, Paul Chiambaretto. Frédéric Le Roy and Wojciech Czakon

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO REWARD MANAGEMENT

Edited by Stephen J. Perkins

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO ACCOUNTING IN CHINA

Edited by Haiyan Zhou

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO CRITICAL MARKETING

Edited by Mark Tadajewski, Matthew Higgins, Janice Denegri Knott and Rohit Varman

THE ROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO THE HISTORY OF RETAILING

Edited by Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Comp

anions-in-Business-Management-and-Accounting/book-series/RCBMA
 THE ROUTLEDGE
COMPANION TO THE
HISTORY OF RETAILING
Edited by Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard
 First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard to be identified as the authors
of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters,
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Stobart, Jon, 1966– editor. | Howard,Vicki, 1965– editor.
Title: The Routledge companion to the history of retailing / edited by Jon
Stobart and Vicki Howard.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |
Series: Routledge companions in business, management and accounting |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018023990 (print) | LCCN 2018025760 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781315560854 | ISBN 9781138675087 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Retail trade—History.
Classification: LCC HF5429 (ebook) | LCC HF5429 .R68 2019 (print) |
DDC 381/.109—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023990
ISBN: 978-1-138-67508-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-56085-4 (ebk)

Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
 CONTENTS

List of figures viii

List of tables xi
List of contributors xii

  1 Introduction: Global perspectives on retailing 1

PART I
Contexts, trends and relationships 13

  2 Retailing in the medieval and early modern worlds 15

Christopher Dyer

  3 From consumer revolution to mass market 31

Bruno Blondé and Ilja Van Damme

  4 Retail development and urban form in the United States during the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries 50
Richard Longstreth

  5 The future of retailing: From physical to digital 67

Fiona Ellis-Chadwick

  6 Bargain hunt? Selling second-hand, c.1600 to the present 80

Sara Pennell

v
 Contents

PART II
Spaces and places 99

  7 Markets and market halls 101

Manel Guàrdia, José Luis Oyón and Sergi Garriga

  8 High Street/Main Street 119

Ian Mitchell

  9 History of the department store 136

Sarah Elvins

10 The supermarket as a global historical development: Structures, capital

and values 154
Patrick Hyder Patterson

11 Village shops and country stores 180

Douglas McCalla

12 Arcades, shopping centres and shopping malls 197

Vicki Howard and Jon Stobart

13 Big-box stores 216

Stephen Halebsky

PART III
People, processes and practices 227

14 Penny retailers and merchant princes 229

Susan Spellman

15 Retail workers and their unions, 1850–2016 245

Daniel Opler

16 Retail management 260

Martin Purvis

17 Multiple retailers 279

David Delbert Kruger

18 Co-operative retailing 301

Mary Hilson, Silke Neunsinger and Greg Patmore

vi
 Contents

19 By mail and rail: A history of mail order commerce 319

Howard R. Stanger

20 At the margins? Itinerants and pedlars 340

Laurence Fontaine

PART IV
Geographical variations 357

21 Retail history: United States and Canada 359

Bettina Liverant

22 Western Europe (including Scandinavia) 377

Ilja Van Damme

23 Retailing in Russia and Eastern Europe 396

Marjorie L. Hilton

24 Retailing in Australia and New Zealand: Historical perspectives

through the distinctive lens of innovation 413
Dale Miller

25 History of retailing in Latin America: From the corner store to the

supermarket429
Martín Monsalve Zanatti

26 Caravanserai to Carrefour: The retail history of the Middle East,

600–present444
Omar Foda

27 Modern retailing history in Japan: From the Meiji Restoration of

1868 to the beginning of the twenty-first century 460
Harada Masami

28 Western models and Eastern influences: Japanese department stores in

the early twentieth century 477
Rika Fujioka

29 Retailing in India: Strategic overview 495

Nitin Sanghavi

Index510

vii
 FIGURES

2.1 Early sixteenth-century shop, Lavenham in Suffolk, England 23

3.1 Exterior of La Maison Tietz, a grand department store in fin-de-siècle
Antwerp, Belgium 40
3.2 Interior of La Maison Tietz, Antwerp, Belgium 41
3.3 A typical narrow street near the centre of Antwerp, Belgium, c.1893 43
3.4 A traditional shop selling dried fish displayed on the shop front and on
trestles in the street; next door, a more modern looking tobacconist has neatly
arranged his merchandise behind a glazed window. Antwerp, Belgium, c.1893 44
4.1 Commercial buildings, 100 block of Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, mostly
late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries 51
4.2 Astor stores and other commercial buildings, Broadway, New York, ca. 1850s
and before 54
4.3 Marshall Field & Company department store, 1902–14, D. H. Burnham &
Company, architects (on left) and other commercial buildings, State Street,
Chicago55
4.4 Cross County Center, Central Park Avenue and Cross County Parkway,
Yonkers, New York, 1947–52, Sol G. Atlas, developer, Lathrop Douglass,
architect.View of pedestrian mall, looking south towards Gimbel Brothers
department store, added to complex 1953–55 61
5.1 Retail profitability: UK retail and e-retail sales values and store numbers,
2000–201871
5.2 The changing face of online retailing 75
5.3 The uptake of basic online functionalities 75
6.1 Osborne desk bookcase, c.1700–1720 81
6.2 Trade card of Thomas Denton of Abingdon, clockmaker [no date] 87
6.3 Thomas Mayhew, “Petticoat Lane” 89
7.1 Birds-eye view of Les Halles, París 103
7.2 Interior view of the market hall in Wroclaw (Breslau), Poland, with concrete
arches, 1906–1908 107
7.3 Clientele areas of Barcelona’s zonal municipal market halls, 2011 113
8.1 Northgate Street, Chester, c.1810 123

viii
 Figures

8.2 High Street, Chesterfield, England 125

8.3 Main Street, Buffalo, c.1905 129
9.1 Wanamaker’s department store bridal window display 139
9.2 Wanamaker’s New York store rotunda interior with Christmas decor 140
9.3 Line drawing of the centre of Wanamaker’s store 142
10.1 Interior of an Albertson supermarket 157
10.2 Montgomery, Alabama. Produce truck making deliveries at a supermarket,
March 1943 161
10.3 A department store from communist Czechoslovakia’s state-owned PRIOR
chain, now repurposed for use as a shopping mall, with a large ground floor
supermarket operated by the Austrian Billa chain, a subsidiary of Germany’s
REWE Group 162
10.4 SPAR hypermarket entrance, New South China Mall, Dongguan, China 169
10.5 Housewife shopping in supermarket, May 1957 172
11.1 Store at Lang Pioneer Village, Peterborough County, Ontario 183
11.2 Store at Lang Pioneer Village, Peterborough County, Ontario (Interior) 192
12. 1 The Arcade, downtown Cleveland, OH 200
12.2 Barton Arcade, Manchester, UK 202
12.3 Country Club Plaza, Kansas City 204
12.4 Suria KLCC, a shopping centre in Kuala Lumpur, located at the base of the
landmark Petronas Towers 210
15.1 Sales clerk and customer examining a dress at Saks Fifth Avenue store
following a fashion show presented by the Chrysler Girls’ Club of the
Chrysler Corporation in 1942 252
16.1 Mazur’s Organisational Plan for Department Store Management 269
17.1 J.C. Penney Store #3 (Cumberland, WY) 284
17.2 J.C. Penney Store #300. J.C. Penney exiting antique car at new (re)location
(Kansas City, KS) 285
17.3 E.C. Sams and J.C. Penney 286
17.4 J.C. Penney Store #113. Cortland prototype layout. (Williston, ND, 1941) 287
17.5 J.C. Penney Newspaper Ad, 1929 288
17.6 Jim Sinegal and Sol Price 295
18.1 Bakers Lennart Lindmark and Åke Granström with the ‘Derby’ baking
machine. Co-operative bakery, 17 July 1946 304
18.2 New co-operative convenience store in Årsta, 1948 310
18.3 An example of recent success: the Barossa Co-operative Mall in South
Australia, 2009 312
19.1 Larkin Company Catalog, 1917 323
19.2 Anti-mail order cartoon, 1914 330
21.1 Peddler E.H. Farrell with his cart 363
21.2 Interior view of Jenkins’ Groceteria, Calgary, Canada, c.1918 367
21.3 West Edmonton Mall 370
22.1 Market scene with sale of fowl, taking place on the Meir of sixteenth-
century Antwerp, Belgium 380
22.2 Exterior of the multiple retailer Le Lion Delhaize Frères & Cie,
Huidevettersstraat 49 Antwerp, Belgium, c.1905 387
22.3 Interior of Le Lion Delhaize Frères & Cie, Huidevettersstraat 49 Antwerp,
Belgium, c.1905 388

ix
 Figures

22.4 Front cover of the Grand Bazar supermarket annual report 1957–1958,
Antwerp, 1958 391
24.1 Interior of Finney Isles store, Brisbane, 1910 416
24.2 Electric trams, George Street, David Jones corner 417
24.3 Anthony Hordern & Sons Palace Emporium, Brickfield Hill, Sydney, 1935 418
25.1 Supermercado, Chile 432
25.2 Bodega E. Wong 433
25.3 Augusto Fernando Oechle 434
25.4 Almacenes, Peru 435
27.1 New building of Mitsukoshi’s main store, constructed in 1914 462
27.2 The first store of Daiei, Shufu no Mise Daiei, established in 1957 468
27.3 The first store of 7-Eleven Japan, Toyosu store, established in 1974 472
28.1 Central Hall at Mitsukoshi Nihombashi store in 1914 480
28.2 Western-style umbrella, shoes and hair accessories department at Mitsukoshi
Nihombashi store in 1914 481
28.3 New-built Seoul store in Korea in 1916 488
28.4 New-built Dalian store in China in 1937 489
29.1 Shoppers Stop, Andheri, Mumbai 1991 and 2017 500

x
 TABLES

5.1 The Adoption of E-commerce by Retail Category (in 1997) 76

5.2 The Adoption of the Internet by Retail Category (in 2005) 76
5.3 The Adoption of the Internet by Retail Category (in 2013) 77
27.1 Number of supermarkets in Japan, 1964–74 467
27.2 Expenditure by Japanese consumers by type of outlet, 1964–74 (%) 467
27.3 Sale of different categories of goods by type of supermarket (%) 467
27.4 The development of convenience stores in Japan 471

xi
 CONTRIBUTORS

Bruno Blondé is Professor at the History Department of the University of Antwerp, where in
2003 he founded the Centre for Urban History. His major research interests include the history
of transportation, economic growth sand social inequality, material culture, retail and consump-
tion in the Low Countries (fifteenth–nineteenth century). With Ilja Van Damme, he is writing
a new synthesis on the material culture of Antwerp.

Christopher Dyer is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Leicester, and he pre-
viously taught at the Universities of Edinburgh and Birmingham. He has been President of the
Society for Medieval Archaeology and Editor of the Economic History Review. His books include
Making a Living in the Middle Ages (Yale University Press), An Age of Transition? (Oxford Uni-
versity Press) and A Country Merchant. Trading and Farming at the End of the Middle Ages (Oxford
University Press).

Fiona Ellis-Chadwick is Senior Lecturer in Retail Management at Loughborough University.

She had a successful commercial career in retail management before becoming an academic.
She has worked on projects in digital marketing; online retail management and the digital high
street and is published in the Journal of Business Research, European Journal of Marketing, Interna-
tional Journal of Retail Distribution and Management, Internet Research and Journal of Retailing and
Consumer Services.

Sarah Elvins is Associate Professor of History at the University of Manitoba, where she teaches
courses in American history. She is the author of Sales and Celebrations: Retailing and Regional
Identity in Western New York State, 1920–1940 and articles about the history of Depression scrip
and cross-border shopping. Her research explores consumption, retailing, food and culture in
the modern United States.

Omar Foda is a historian of the modern Middle East. He has published in Arab Media and
Society, the International Journal of Middle East Studies, Social Sciences and Missions and in several
volumes, including The Birth of the Arab Citizen and the Changing of the Middle East. Currently
the Middle East and North Africa Librarian at George Washington University, he is working

xii
 Contributors

on his monograph Grand Plans in Glass Bottles: Making, Drinking, and Selling Beer in a Changing
Egypt 1880–Present.

Laurence Fontaine is Senior Researcher in the CNRS attached to the Center Maurice Halb­
wachs (CNRS-ENS-EHESS). She was professor at the History and Civilisation department
of the European University Institute (Florence-Italy) from 1995 to 2003. Her most recent
publications include Alternative Exchanges: Second-Hand Circulations from the Sixteenth Century
to The Present, L. Fontaine (ed.), Berghahn, Oxford, 2008; The Moral Economy. Poverty, Credit
and Thrust in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press 2014 [Gallimard: 2008] and Le
Marché. Histoire et usage d’une conquête sociale, Paris Gallimard, 2014.

Rika Fujioka is Professor of Macro-marketing at Kansai University. She was an associate of

the Oxford Institute of Retail Management and held visiting positions at University of Oxford
and Erasmus University. Her recent publications include: ‘European luxury big business and
emerging Asian markets, 1960–2010’, Business History (2015, edited with Pierre-Yves Donzé),
Comparative Responses to Globalization: Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises, (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013, edited with Maki Umemura) and Global Luxury: Organizational Change and
Emerging Markets since the 1970s, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, edited with Pierre-Yves Donze).

Sergi Garriga is an architect and researcher in the theory and history of architecture. He
has been awarded a scholarship to develop his doctoral thesis at the Polytechnic University of
Catalonia on the contemporary renovation of the Barcelona markets. His subjects of interest
have been developed around the changing relationships between architecture, the urban form
and its historical contexts.

Manel Guàrdia is Professor of Urban History at the Vallès Higher Technical School of Archi-
tecture of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. His most recent books include: M. Guàrdia,
J.L. Oyón, Memòria del mercat del Born, El Born CCM, Barcelona, 2017; M. Guàrdia, J.L. Oyón
(eds), Making Cities through Market Halls. Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries, MUHBA, Barcelona,
2015; and J.L. Oyón, La ciudad en el joven Reclus. Hacia la fusión naturaleza-ciudad, Ediciones del
Viaducto, Barcelona 2018.

Stephen Halebsky is Associate Professor in the department of Sociology and Anthropology

at State University of New York, Cortland. He is the author of Small Towns and Big Business:
Challenging Wal-Mart Superstores (Lexington Books, 2009) as well as articles on the politics of
retail development, the effect of chain stores on their local economies and the modern corpora-
tion. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin.

Mary Hilson is Professor of History at Aarhus University. Her publications include: The
International Co-operative Alliance and the Consumer Co-operative Movement in Northern Europe,
c. 1860–1940 (Manchester University Press, 2018); Co-operatives and the Social Question: The
Co-operative Movement in Northern and Eastern Europe 1880–1950, edited with Pirjo Markkola
and Ann-Catrin Östman (Welsh Academic Press, 2012) and A Global History of Consumer Co-
operation since 1850 with Silke Neunsinger and Greg Patmore (Brill, 2017).

Marjorie L. Hilton is Associate Professor of History at Murray State University in Murray,

Kentucky (USA). The author of Selling to the Masses: Retailing in Russia, 1880–1930 (2012), she

xiii
 Contributors

has also published articles on Soviet advertising and gendered cinematic representations of the
ideological rivalry between capitalism and communism in the 1930s. She is currently research-
ing the re-opening of the State Department Store (GUM), following Stalin’s death in 1953.

Vicki Howard is Visiting Fellow in the history department at the University of Essex. She is the
author of two monographs published by University of Pennsylvania Press: Brides, Inc. American
Weddings and the Business of Tradition (2006) and From Main Street to Mall: The Rise and Fall of the
American Department Store (2015), winner of the Hagley Prize in Business History. She is cur-
rently editing the Cultural History of Shopping, 1920–present forthcoming with Bloomsbury and
is co-editor of the Routledge journal, History of Retailing and Consumption.

David Delbert Kruger is Agricultural and Business Research Librarian at the University of
Wyoming in Laramie,Wyoming. He has published two award-winning articles on the history of
J. C. Penney stores in the United States as well as a recent book J. C. Penney: The Man, the Store,
and American Agriculture through the University of Oklahoma Press.

Bettina Liverant is Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of History at the Univer-
sity of Calgary, Canada. Liverant has a degree in architecture as well as a Ph.D. in Canadian
intellectual history. She has written extensively on Canadian consumer society, on corporate
philanthropy and on architecture for both academic and general audiences. Her most recent
publication is Buying Happiness:The Emergence of Consumer Consciousness in English Canada (Uni-
versity of British Columbia Press, 2018).

Richard Longstreth is Professor of American Studies, Emeritus, at George Washington Uni-

versity, where he taught from 1983 to 2018. He is author of many works, including Looking
Beyond the Icons: Midcentury Architecture, Landscape and Urbanism (University of Virginia Press,
2015) and The American Department Store Transformed, 1920–1960 (Yale Univesity Press, 2010).
His City Center to Regional Mall (1997) and The Drive-In, the Supermarket, and the Transformation
of Commercial Space (MIT Press, 1999) won four national awards in the fields of architectural
history, urban history and historic preservation.

Harada Masami completed the doctoral programme in commercial science from Doshisha
University, in 1988. He became an associate professor of the Faculty of Economics at Fukui
Prefectural University in 1992 and became a professor of the Faculty and the Graduate School at
Fukui Prefectural University in 1996. He took his doctorate in Economics at Kyoto University
in 1993. He has been a representative of the Market History Society (Sijo-shi Kenkyu-kai) and
a director of Socio-Economic History Society (Shakai-Keizashi Gakkai) since 2015.

Douglas McCalla is University Professor Emeritus, Department of History, the University

of Guelph, where he formerly held the Canada Research Chair in Rural History. His books
include Consumers in the Bush: Shopping in Rural Upper Canada (McGill-Queen’s University
Press, 2015) and Planting the Province:The Economic History of Upper Canada, 1784–1870 (Uni-
versity of Toronto Press, 1993). His articles include the memoir, ‘A World Through Commerce:
Explorations in Upper Canada (and Beyond)’ (Canadian Historical Review, 97: 2 [ June 2016],
244–71).

Dale Miller is Adjunct Senior Lecturer in the Department of Marketing, Griffith University.
Dr. Miller’s research on branding and retailing appears in the Journal of Historical Research in

xiv
 Contributors

Marketing, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, the International Journal of Retail & Distribu-
tion Management, Journal of Business Research, European Journal of Marketing and Journal of Brand
Management. She is joint winner of the 2013 Stanley Hollander Best Paper Award at the 2013
CHARM Conference, Copenhagen.

Ian Mitchell is Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Historical Research, University
of Wolverhampton, UK. After graduating from Oxford University, he worked for two govern-
ment departments, and then as a Church of England minister. On his retirement from full-time
ministry, he returned to his long-standing interest in the history of retailing and consumption
in England in the period 1700–1850. His book, Tradition and Innovation in English Retailing,
1700–1850: Narratives of Consumption was published by Ashgate in 2014.

Silke Neunsinger is Associate Professor in economic history and Director of Research at

the Labour Movement Archives and Library in Stockholm. She has recently edited a number
of volumes, amongst them together with Dirk Hoerder and Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk,
Towards a Global History of Domestic and Caregiving Workers (Brill, 2015); together with Mary
Hilson and Iben Vyff, Labour Unions and Politics under the North Star. The Nordic Countries 1700–
2000 (Berghahn, 2017) and together with Mary Hilson and Greg Patmore, A Global History of
Consumer Co-operation since 1850 (Brill, 2017).

Daniel Opler is Associate Professor and Chair of History at the College of Mount Saint
Vincent in the Bronx, New York. His primary research interests include the overlap of class,
gender and radical politics in twentieth-century New York City. His book, For All White-Collar
Workers: The Possibilities of Radicalism in New York City’s Department Store Unions, 1934–1953,
was published by Ohio State University Press in 2007. He is currently working on a study of
radicalism and American composers in 1930s America.

José Luis Oyón is Professor of Urban History at the Vallès Higher Technical School of Archi-
tecture of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia. His most recent books include: M. Guàrdia,
J.L. Oyón, Memòria del mercat del Born, El Born CCM, Barcelona, 2017; M. Guàrdia, J.L. Oyón
(eds), Making Cities through Market Halls. Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries, MUHBA, Barcelona,
2015; and J.L. Oyón, La ciudad en el joven Reclus. Hacia la fusión naturaleza-ciudad, Ediciones del
Viaducto, Barcelona 2018.

Greg Patmore is Professor Emeritus of Business and Labour History and Chair of the Busi-
ness and Labour History Group and the Co-operative Research Group in the University of
Sydney Business School. He is currently researching the history of Australian co-operatives, and
the history of the Berkeley Consumer Co-operative. His publications include: A Global History
of Co-operative Business (2018, with Nikola Balnave), Worker Voice: Employee Representation in the
Workplace in Australia, Canada, Germany, the UK, and the US, 1914–1939 (2016) and Australian
Labour History (1991).

Patrick Hyder Patterson is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the Univer-
sity of California, San Diego. His research centres on the history of twentieth-century Eastern
Europe and the Balkans, with major emphases on everyday life and consumer culture and on
the interplay of Islam, Christianity and secular society. He is author of Bought and Sold: Living and
Losing the Good Life in Socialist Yugoslavia (Cornell University Press, 2011) and numerous articles
on consumer society in Eastern Europe.

xv
 Contributors

Sara Pennell is Senior Lecturer in early modern British history and Programme Leader for
the undergraduate History programmes at the University of Greenwich. Her most recent book,
The Birth of the English Kitchen, 1600–1850 (Bloomsbury, 2016), combines these concerns. At the
moment, she is working on two very different projects: a biography of a seventeenth-century
woman writer of domestic manuals; and a cultural history of domestic mobility in England.

Martin Purvis is Senior Lecturer in Geography at the University of Leeds. He has a long-
standing interest in the history and geography of retailing in Britain and continental Europe.
Martin’s research initially explored the nineteenth-century origins and development of
consumers’ co-operation. More recently he has published on retailing in interwar Britain,
including aspects of the managerial practice of Marks and Spencer. Martin’s current research
focuses on retailing during the years of depression, war and austerity from the 1930s to the
1950s.

Nitin Sanghavi is Professor of Retail Marketing and Strategy at Manchester Business School.
He has held senior positions in major retail and retail-related organisations in the UK and
overseas and founded the MBS Retail Centre. His publications include: ‘Employing Social Net-
working Media as a Marketing Tool in Large Emerging Markets: The Case of India’, Proceedings
of 14th International Conference of the Society for Global Business & Economic Development
(2016).

Susan Spellman is Associate Professor of History at Miami University. Her research focuses
on American business and capitalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She is
the author of Cornering the Market: Independent Grocers and Innovation in American Small Business
(Oxford University Press, 2016). She received the 2005 Russel B. Nye Award for the Out-
standing Article published in the Journal of Popular Culture.

Howard R. Stanger is Professor in the Department of Management at Canisius College and

holds an affiliated appointment in History. His research has focused on marketing, employee
relations and corporate culture in the United States. He has written about employers’ associa-
tions in the commercial printing industry and labour relations in the newspaper and digital
media industries. Stanger holds degrees from Queens College (CUNY), Rutgers University and
Ohio State University.

Jon Stobart is Professor of History at Manchester Metropolitan University. His research

ranges across a wide variety of topics relating to retailing and consumption in England dur-
ing the long eighteenth century. These include the grocery trade, village shops, the sale of
second-hand goods, and country houses as sites of consumption. His most recent books are two
edited collections: A Taste for Luxury in Early Modern Europe (Bloomsbury, 2016 – with Johanna
Ilmakunnas) and Travel and the British Country House (Manchester University Press, 2016). He
is currently working on a project which explores comfort in the eighteenth-century country
house.

Ilja Van Damme is Professor in Urban History at the University of Antwerp. He is the current
academic director of the Centre for Urban History (CSG), and board member of the Urban
Studies Institute (USI) of the University of Antwerp. His research interests relate to the late
18th- and 19th-century city as lived and spatial environment. He recently co-edited Cities and
Creativity from the Renaissance to the Present (Routledge: London, 2017).

xvi
 Contributors

Martín Monsalve Zanatti is Associate Professor at Universidad del Pacífico and President of
the Universidad del Pacifico Press. His most recent publications include: Regional Elites in Peru
in a Context of Fiscal Boom: Arequipa, Cusco, Piura y San Martín, 2000–2013 (co-author with
Paula Muñoz et al.) and Evolution of the Peruvian large family business, 1896–2012 in Paloma
Fernández Pérez and Andrea Lluch (editors), Evolution of Family Business: Continuity and Change
in Latin America and Spain.

xvii
 1
INTRODUCTION
Global perspectives on retailing

I. Introduction
The digital age has severed retail’s historic ties to geography and place. Shoppers have turned to
their smart phones and computers to purchase everyday items like food and clothing as well as
luxury goods and personal services. Internet commerce is now a global challenge to the so-called
brick-and-mortar retailer. On both sides of the Atlantic, historic retail firms have gone under,
whilst many others are struggling to compete in the new environment. By many accounts, the
High Street is in crisis in the United Kingdom, indicated by declining footfall of shoppers in
central business districts and by store closures. Concerns over the displacement of the High
Street economy in the UK have spurred numerous studies and hopeful plans for redevelopment
(Portas, 2011; Wrigley, 2015). In the United States, a country with much more retail space per
person than Europe, “dead malls” have become a well-known phenomenon (Europe’s Retail
Market, 2017). Although a global trend, e-commerce has diffused across national markets in
varying degrees: in the United States, it hovered between 9% and 10% of total retail sales in
2017; Great Britain saw online sales hit 16.5% of total retail sales in January 2018, yet China
dwarfed this, accounting for 40% of total e-commerce spending globally. Every nation has
experienced growth and disruption in this sector, signalling another retail revolution is upon
us (Statistical Bulletin, 2018; Quarterly Retail, 2018). While the future is not foreseeable, it is
safe to say that recent trends are unprecedented in their global reach. Industry observers have
described a “retail apocalypse”, seeing the end of traditional face-to-face modes of selling in a
physical setting. The rise of e-commerce, which is less labour intensive by nature, has nega-
tively affected retail employment opportunities as well. Amazon might employ more than half a
million people, but these are lean numbers in relation to the firm’s value. Currently the world’s
third most valuable company, its market capitalisation stands at more than $702 billion at the
beginning of 2018 and its founder, Jeff Bezos, is the richest person in the world (Carr, 2018).
This revolutionary commercial landscape calls for a reconsideration of the general history of
retailing. Retail has never been static, as the chapters in this volume amply demonstrate, and
lessons for the present can be learned from the past. Just to take the United States as an example,
current concerns over retail monopoly and the effect of bigness on small business enterprise
can be seen to have a long history. Nineteenth-century American department stores were the
Walmarts of their era, posing a threat to single-line merchants who were unable to complete

1
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

with their low prices. Mail order firms like Sears and Montgomery Ward reached rural markets
as never before with their general merchandise catalogues and subsidised distribution, undercut-
ting small retailers in the same manner as Amazon. Chain stores undersold independents which
instigated a successful movement in the interwar period to tax and regulate away their econo-
mies of scale. After World War II, American branch department stores in the suburbs began
to undercut downtown sales, damaging urban centres. And, by the late twentieth century,
discounters and big-box stores overtook them all. In the past, such retail developments were
geographically confined: their effects limited to local, regional, and in some cases national mar-
kets. Place shaped the identity, practice and success of retail firms throughout most of its history.
In the computer era, however, this is less the case. But, although the Internet age has collapsed
time and space, allowing unprecedented market access for a diverse range of entrepreneurs and
firms, the chapters in this volume demonstrate how different national contexts continue to play
an important role in shaping retail traditions and practices.
Despite recent threats to the survival of traditional retailing, the industry is still a vital part of
the early twenty-first century economy. In the UK, the retail sector as a whole contributed just
over 11% of total economic output in 2016 and was the largest private sector employer (The
Retail Industry, 2017). Wholesaling and retail combined were the second largest employer
in the EU, after manufacturing, constituting 13% of the labour force (Retail and Wholesale,
2014). And across the Atlantic, retail employed roughly 16 million people in the United States
at the beginning of 2018 and contributed $2.6 trillion to the nation’s GDP (Current Employ-
ment, 2018; Economic Impact, 2018). Brick and mortar retailing remains a central feature of
the commercial landscape, the physical place where everyday business is conducted and the
ordinary experience of life goes on. Whether located on UK High Streets, American Main
Streets, in open-air street markets or in privately developed shopping complexes and malls, it
provides the public space that creates communities.
And it has done so for a long time. Indeed, we might argue that retail history tracks the evo-
lution of human societies and their economic activity, which makes it surprising that scholarship
has often been quite narrowly defined. Previous histories of retailing have followed national
lines or tracked the evolution of different retail formats, such as public markets, shopping
malls, or department stores. In this Companion to the History of Retailing, the authors draw on
their disciplinary specialties, but were tasked to bridge national divides wherever possible. As a
result, some key influences and processes are revealed. Western retailing practices, for instance,
shaped business enterprise and shopping experiences the world over, but local and regional
differences are also shown to have persisted or in some cases, created interesting hybrid forms.
A longer perspective has also shaped the picture of change over time, with strong continuities
being identified and new periodisations suggested. Previous scholarly works have focused on
the consumer revolution or the rise of modern mass retailing, but what comes from our longer
chronological view and global perspective is a messier, more interesting history.

II. Approaches
Retail history is a rich, cross-disciplinary field that demonstrates the centrality of retailing to
many aspects of human experience, from the provisioning of everyday goods to the shaping
of urban environments; from earning a living to the construction of identity. This diversity is
reflected in the broad range of disciplines that contribute to retail history, including economics,
business, labour, architectural and social and cultural history, historical geography, marketing
and management studies and urban planning. This diversity is a real strength, making the study

2
 Introduction

of retail history a vibrant and constantly changing field of enquiry: each discipline brings its
owns perspectives and concerns, asking a different set of questions, and each writes retail his-
tory in a different way. Diverse sources are drawn on to reconstruct the spaces, dynamics and
practices of retailing: architectural historians might use plans, designs and the extant fabric of
the city, whereas economists utilise statistics of sales, wages and the like, and business historians
draw on the records of individual companies. These different sources reflect different method-
ologies: the quantification and model building of economists, for example, or the case studies
and “thick descriptions” of social historians.
Such diversity is underscored by the different approaches and timeframes considered by his-
torians in different countries. To caricature: American scholars tend to focus on the emergence
of big business in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, whereas those in Europe also examine
medieval and early modern retailing, and are more concerned with a diversity of retail forms
(Strasser, 1989; Leach, 1993). More subtly, definitions of key institutions (such as department
stores) can vary, as can the relative importance of issues such as race or the role of central and
local government in retail regulation (Benson, 1986; Howard, 2015; Monod, 1996). This disci-
plinary and national diversity is readily apparent in this volume, bringing to it a range of voices
and perspectives that illustrate the varied ways in which retail history is studied and written. For
instance, the discussion of itinerant tradesmen, written by the French social historian, Laurence
Fontaine, is very different in style from Nitin Sanghavi’s account of the retail history of India,
which reflects the perspective and priorities of business management.Yet both, and all the other
contributions to this volume, offer rich and varied insights in the many facets of retail history.
Indeed, this diversity enriches our understanding of retail history in its many forms.
Uniting these different perspectives and approaches is a broad consensus around the overall
narrative of retail development, a consensus that has both temporal and spatial dimensions. Start-
ing from the ancient world, the focus is largely on markets and fairs, which were increasingly
formalised and regulated. Social and spatial gaps in provision were met by an array of itiner-
ant retailers who were especially significant in serving the needs of rural populations less able
to access urban markets (Holleran, 2012; Stabel, 2001; Fontaine, 1996; Calaresu and van den
Heuvel, 2016). Yet shops were always present alongside the market, often operated by crafts-
men who made as well as sold their wares; these fixed shops became increasingly important,
eventually dominating retail provision, especially for durable goods and non-perishable foods – a
process traced by Dyer in this volume (see also Keene, 1990; Welch, 2005; Carlin, 2007). In part
because of gild regulations in many European cities and in part because of the growing array of
goods available, retail provision diversified and specialised, a process that often involved the sep-
aration of production from retailing. In colonial America, import merchants sold goods through
several distribution chains, including their own stores located at their warehouses in port cities
and through networks of smaller merchants in the hinterland (Matson, 1998). Across Europe,
the eighteenth century witnessed a proliferation of shops that were much more geared towards
actively selling their wares, as Blondé and Van Damme outline in this volume. This process
continued into the nineteenth century with the emergence of ‘modern’ retailing in the form of
department stores and chain stores, which ushered in a new set of retail practices (Leach, 1993;
Levinson, 2011; Spellman, 2016). The spatial focus here switches to America, where the devel-
opment of mass retailing is seen as being most rapid and thorough (see the chapters by Elvins,
Kruger and Liverant). Through the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, retailing grew
further in scale and in its impact on both cities and citizens (Howard, 2015; Isenberg, 2004;
Longstreth, 1997) with US practices being copied across the world (see the chapters by Miller,
Howard and Stobart, and Purvis). As the twentieth century progressed, new forms of retailing

3
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

took hold, including self-service and supermarkets; growing personal mobility drove a process
of suburbanisation and a consequent decline in city centres – a trend first seen in the USA and
accelerated in recent years by the emergence and growth of online shopping, as discussed here
by Hyder, Halebsky, Stanger and Ellis-Chadwick.
Variations on this basic narrative reflect local differences in timing, emphasis and extent,
but there is broad agreement on the sequence of change. Whether this amounts to evolution
or revolution is, in part, a matter of perspective, although there is a growing scepticism about
notions of a single retail revolution, as we discuss below. What remains clear, however, is the
way in which retailing offers a window onto other key social, economic and cultural changes,
including the emergence of a consumer society, the vibrancy of the economy (ides of consumer
confidence and retail sales), the vitality of towns and urban institutions and relationships of
power, such as race, gender and class.

III. Key themes

Given the variety of disciplinary perspectives, it is unsurprising that there are many different
themes within retail history. Naturally, these have changed over the course of time, one of the
most notable shifts in the last few decades being a move away from supply side to demand-side
viewpoints, a move which reflects the emergence of the consumer as the key economic actor
in the 1980s era of Thatcherism and Reaganomics (Koehn, 2001; Jacobs, 2005). This not only
illustrates very clearly how retail history, like any aspect of history, is at least partly a product of
the time in which it is written. Trying to step back from the detail of myriad approaches can be
difficult, but doing so allows us to identify three broad groups of themes: economic, spatial and
socio-cultural.
The idea of modernity and the process of modernisation form a perennial focus, espe-
cially for economic and business historians (Hollander, 1960; Chandler, 1977; Benson and Shaw,
1992). At their worst, such approaches can be teleological: seeing all changes in retailing as part
of an inevitable and inexorable march to the present day, often in a series of stages which involve
new forms of retailing replacing more traditional formats. Thus, markets decline in the face of
fixed shops; traditional specialist retailers are replaced by department stores and multiples, and
suburban shopping malls replace the High Street/downtown. Conversely, other studies find har-
bingers of modernity in the early modern world: fixed prices, perhaps, or active marketing (e.g.
Walsh, 1999; Stobart, 2013). Despite a growing distrust of such approaches and the simple read-
ings of modernity on which they are often based (see Cox, 2000; Mitchell, 2014; Blonde and
Van Damme, 2010), there remains a focus on key transformative formats and practices – depart-
ment stores, advertising, “scientific” management and new technologies – and on measuring
shifts in productivity and profitability (Belisle, 2011; Elvins, 2004; Howard, 2015; Lichtenstein,
2009 Longstreth, 2010; Scott and Walker, 2012; Spellman, 2016). Whilst simple notions of retail
revolution have long since lost their traction, the key measures and building blocks of this trans-
formation remain important parts of retail history – see, for example, the chapters by Elvins and
Purvis. At the same time, the idea that any transformation was all encompassing has been largely
abandoned, not least because of growing evidence that ‘traditional’ retail formats thrived into the
‘modern’ era: open markets, itinerants, village shops and second-hand exchange, as seen in the
chapters by Guardia et al., Fontaine, McCalla and Pennell.
Running in parallel with ideas of modernisation is the question of the role of retailing in cre-
ating or nurturing a consumer society – an issue discussed in detail by Blondé and Van Damme.
The publication of McKendrick’s seminal analysis in 1982 created a tidal wave of studies that

4
 Introduction

attempted to discover how changes in retailing and consumption were connected, and deter-
mine the direction of causality (e.g. Blaszczyk, 2000; Coquery, 2011; Stobart, 2010). Some
have challenged the periodisation, finding evidence of a productive symbiosis in earlier times
(Peck, 2005; Welch, 2005) or arguing that both sets of changes belong more properly in the age
of mass retailing and mass consumption (Leach, 1993). Others have argued that consumer trans-
formation took place in an essentially traditional retail context (Blonde and Van Damme, 2010).
Retail credit is seen by some as being central to modern consumerism; store cards and credit
cards gave easy access to personal credit in the late twentieth century, building on the freedom
provided earlier in the century by hire purchase agreements which brought a wide range of
consumer durables within the reach of ordinary householders (Calder, 1999; Hyman, 2011)).
Yet credit has always been central to the selling and buying of goods and to the relationship
between retailers and consumers. It is apparent that the link between supply- and demand-side
changes remains a key focus for historical enquiry, with the conclusions reached often reflecting
the location and social group being examined, and the perspective of the researcher.
Debates about retail and consumer revolution often assume that both shopkeepers and their
customers were entirely free agents, able to determine the course of history through their
personal agency. Yet retailing has always been subject to government regulation (Cohen, 2003;
Esperdy, 2008; Jacobs, 2005; Monod, 1996). As Dyer demonstrates in his chapter, medieval mar-
kets were closely controlled by civic and manorial authorities concerned with open and fair
trading, and Guardia et al show that state involvement in markets has continued into the present
era. Gilds played a large role in shaping retailing in many European cities into the eighteenth
century and sometimes beyond, while civic authorities were increasingly active in asserting
planning control and devising improvement schemes that involved radically remodelling retail
streets – a process which reached its apogee in the comprehensive redevelopment schemes of
postwar Europe (Howell, 2010; Morrison, 2003; Gosseye, 2015). National, state and local gov-
ernments also stepped in, regulating prices, wages and hours of operation and sometimes using
retail as a political tool for social and economic modernisation – see the chapters by Harada
and Foda.
Globalisation is another thread that ties the various histories of retail together. One per-
spective on this focuses on the growing power of retailers to shape production. This is perhaps
most obviously seen in the influence of late twentieth-century supermarkets to influence price
and product specification of a wide range of agricultural products, but there is a long tradition
of retailers involving themselves directly in the supply chain – from co-operatives to depart-
ment stores (Lichtenstein, 2009; Spellman, 2016). A second perspective highlights the spread of
Western-style retailing throughout the world. However, as many of the chapters in section 4 of
this volume attest, this influence was not always monolithic or one-directional. Non-Western
and socialist societies developed department stores and shopping malls, for instance, but their
meaning and even the shopping practices they encouraged were somewhat distinct from their
American and European origins – see the chapters by Miller, Foda and Hilton. And Western
models might be hybridised and exported to other parts of the world, as Fujioka demonstrates
was the case with Japanese department stores.
The relationship between retailing and the city forms a second broad theme, linking retail
history to urban and architectural history, and historical geography – as highlighted in particu-
lar in Longstreth’s chapter. Despite the growing industrial specialisation of urban economies,
especially from the eighteenth century, retailing continued to dominate town and city centres;
understanding its geography and its impact has therefore been a key topic of enquiry. For his-
torians of ancient and medieval cities, this has often meant focusing on market buildings and

5
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

market squares; for more recent periods, attention switches to shops and the high street, and
subsequently to precincts, malls and shopping centres (Stabel, 2001; Coquery, 2011; Furnee and
Lesger, 2014; Howard, 2015; Longstreth, 1997, 2010). This sequence can be traced through the
chapters by Dyer, Mitchell and Howard and Stobart which draw out the shifting functional and
geographical locus of urban retailing over the longue durée. Mapping the changing location of
retail infrastructure or the concentrations of specialist retail trades provides a window onto a
range of broader processes and relationships, from business location strategies and the economics
of clustering, to the daily pathways of urban dwellers and the persistence of local and regional
identities (Hardwick, 2004; Elvins, 2004). Retail is seen as playing a key role in shaping the
layout of the city, and more especially its built environment: the style, scale and orientation of
buildings were determined in part by imperatives of selling. This is most obvious in department
stores and malls, but is also apparent in market halls and corner shops (Morrison, 2003; Long-
sreth, 1997, 2010; Guardia and Oyon, 2015). Buildings carry messages about the retail company,
for example through monumentalism and house architectural styles; together they help to define
the identity of the city, although a key concern in recent years has been with the growing same-
ness of high streets and city centres, as highlighted in Mitchell’s chapter.
The link between retailing and the city centre has been weakened by the progressive decen-
tralisation and suburbanisation of shops. Originally, retail location was determined by accessibil-
ity on foot; mass transport systems, especially trams and omnibuses, provided a strong impetus for
shops to locate along the route and particularly around terminals. All these meant that city centre
locations were favoured. However, this was first challenged and then broken, from the 1950s in
the USA and slightly later in Europe, by the rise of the motorcar and the personal mobility that
this offered. Residential decentralisation in the United States following World War II spurred
development of new shopping complexes outside of traditional city centres (Longstreth, 1997,
2010). American car culture increasingly dominated the commercial landscape with the appear-
ance of new competitors in the shape of discounters and big-box retailing, built on low-cost land
outside of city centres. These shifts have created fundamental changes in the urban fabric: down-
town in many American cities in particular now has little to do with retail. Restaurants, bars,
cafés, cinemas and other leisure-oriented businesses have populated downtowns, replacing the
types of businesses that serve everyday needs, such as grocery and hardware stores. While many
lament the death of downtown in America, historians have emphasised the continual evolution
of retail formats and their meaning (Howard, 2015; Isenberg, 2004; Spellman, 2016). Over the
last decade or so, focusing on grassroots movements and local efforts, some have emphasised
survival and transformation, rather than destruction and decline (Isenberg, 2004).
Historians are also interested in retail space at a finer scale, within malls, arcades and even
within shops themselves. Some of this concerns the ways in which store layout influenced
consumer behaviour, as seen in analyses of the infrastructure for display that increasingly char-
acterised eighteenth-century shops and the heightening of such practices in nineteenth-century
department stores (Walsh, 1999; Stobart et al., 2007; Whitaker, 2011; Howard, 2015). It is also
apparent in the construction and layout of supermarkets, malls and shopping centres – see the
chapters by Hyder, Halebsky and Howard and Stobart. In all these retail environments, space
was produced and manipulated by retailers to mould people’s interactions with goods and their
perceptions of the retailer, with the ultimate aim of increasing sales. However, more recently,
there has been growing interest in the ways in which retail space has been constructed and
sometimes subverted by the spatial practices of shoppers: high streets and arcades were used as
promenades and by flaneurs, department stores formed distinctly female spaces, and malls were
colonised by the young and old as places to hang out or stay warm and dry. Moreover, retail

6
 Introduction

venues, operating as a quasi-public privatised space, have been sites of political resistance. Soci-
ologists, for example, have examined the various ways that different groups, such as women and
the politically oppressed, have deployed such spaces for their own purposes (Srivastava, 2015).
As this suggests, retail history is increasingly being explored through a social or cultural lens.
This includes using traditional categories such as gender, class and race, and increasingly in terms
of identity construction and counter cultures. Class has often been examined in terms of labour
relations. On the one hand, this has involved juxtaposing powerful merchant princes and penny
capitalists, as Spellman does in her chapter (see also Benson, 1992). This can be seen as part of
a broader historical tradition that explores economic and social change through the actions of
great heroic figures, be they manufacturers, social reformers or retailers. It is most prominent in
histories of department stores, but also characterises the histories of chain stores and even super-
markets (Briggs, 1956; Moss and Turton, 1989; Mathias, 1967; Buenger, 1998). On the other
hand, there is the relationship between the shop owner and their workers, which could some-
times be highly antagonistic. The former often fought attempts at statutory control of working
hours, whilst also pushing for resale price maintenance, which meant that goods cost more to the
consumer (Scott and Walker, 2018).The latter, meanwhile, are often portrayed as being deskilled
as retailing ‘modernised’ through adopting new management practices, fixed prices, open dis-
play and self-service – a trend that continues through to today, with zero-hours contracts and
automated check-outs (see the chapters by Purvis and Opler). Class was also important in terms
of the status of customers, where they shopped, how they interacted with salespeople and what
they purchased sometimes being determined by and then serving to cement their social stand-
ing (Abelson, 1989; Benson, 1986; Miller, 1981). In this context, co-operative stores has been
portrayed as empowering the working classes by assuring good quality and fair prices, an aspect
developed by Hilson et al in their chapter. In contrast, second-hand was increasingly seen as the
recourse of the poor, but this was, as Pennell demonstrates, time and sector specific: before the
eighteenth century, second-hand was important for all sectors of society and recent years have
seen the growth of “vintage” shops (see also Stobart and Van Damme, 2010). Department stores,
meanwhile, are celebrated a democratising luxury, although different stores catered to different
social groups (especially when we look beyond the Western world (Whitaker, 2006).
In the USA, race was also important in shaping peoples experience of retailing. The Jim
Crow practices of Southern retailers and boycotts of segregated store facilities and discrimina-
tory labour practices have been well-documented by historians of the civil rights movement.
Business historians have evaluated the response of managers to boycotts and legislative pressure,
and have also documented the contributions of black-owned business to retail history (Cham-
bers, 2008; Dyer, 2013; Weems, 1998; Wright, 2013). The broader subject of racialised consump-
tion and racial discrimination in the commercial sector has recently attracted the attention of
scholars across a wide disciplinary spectrum (Bay and Fabian, 2015). Race has been less of an
issue in the history of European retailing, although the growing number and variety of small
shops owned by immigrants from former colonies and the more recent growth of shops selling
east European foods demand fuller attention – as Van Damme notes in his chapter.
A more general and widely shared concern in the more recent historiography is with gender
and especially women’s relationship with retailing and shopping. As with class, attention has
focused on issues of oppression and inequality versus empowerment and liberation. Shopkeepers
have long included women as well as men, and the shopkeeper’s wife was often crucial in run-
ning the family business (Van den Heuvel, 2013; Barker, 2017). However, there has always been
a tendency for women to trade in lower status and less remunerative retail trades, sometimes
at the margins of legality. The rise of big retail businesses is sometimes seen as offering greater

7
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

opportunities for female shop assistants, although their opportunities for advancement through
the tiers of management were restricted in Europe, at least before World War II (Lancaster, 1995).
In the United States, department stores provided more opportunities for women to rise up the
ladder as buyers and middle managers, though with the arrival of big discounters after World
War II a more male-dominated climate prevailed (Howard, 2015). Poor working conditions and
the danger of sexual exploitation were apparent in the early modern era and continued into the
twentieth century. As a key female occupation, retail work has attracted attention from women’s
and labour historians (Benson, 1986; Opler, 2007). Although the unionisation of retail workers
has also lagged behind that of industrial workers in the United States, women played key roles
in the history of union organising, a position that created sometimes antagonist relationships
with customers (Opler, 2007). Analyses of women as customers paint a more positive picture.
Shops and shopping formed an arena in which they could engage in the public sphere, although
the liberating spaces of department stores were balanced by the dangers of social heterogeneity
which it brought with it (Lancaster, 1995; Benson, 1986). Social historians have documented the
tensions within an emergent culture of consumption, visible within retail institutions such as
the department store. Concerns about gender and class in Victorian America, for example, came
together within the shoplifter-kleptomaniac identity given to middle-class white women (Abel-
son, 1989), although recent work has questioned this association – as discussed in the chapter by
Blondé and Van Damme.

IV. Volume overview

The world’s retail history is too rich and vast to receive full coverage within one volume, no
matter how broad its remit and ambition. Recognising that it is impossible to cover every con-
ceivable topic, retail format and location, we have sought wide-ranging coverage that is both
thematically and geographically inclusive. To this end, our Companion to the History of Retailing
is divided into four broad sections: [1] Contexts, trends and relationships, [2] Spaces and places,
[3] People, processes and practices and [4] Geographical variations. Thematic chapters in the
first three sections focus mostly on Europe/UK and North America, reflecting the strength of
scholarly literature in this area. The geographical scope of the chapters in section 4 provides an
opportunity to move beyond the European/UK/North American perspective of the volume
and much of the literature. Here, we get a clearer picture of variations in retail histories across
the globe although some notable global players are sadly absent. It is our hope that future studies
will address areas we were not able to investigate.
Spanning the medieval world to the present, the history of retail is marked by both change
and continuity. The distribution of goods and services might seem a universal activity, but as the
scholars here demonstrate, everyday market exchanges are the product of diverse historical con-
texts, trends and relationships. Thematic chapters in this section attempt to address the historical
contingency of retail phenomenon by placing such activity within its broader economic, politi-
cal, technological and environmental contexts. Examining the chronological breadth of retail
activity from the medieval and early modern periods and into the modern era allows the sub-
ject’s connection to broader trends to emerge. Globalisation, urbanisation, industrialisation, the
emergence of consumerism and the rise of bureaucratic and state controls shaped retail activity
in vastly different ways over time as our authors demonstrate. Chapters reveal social relationships
forged by economic exchange undergoing immense change in the modern era, first with the
consumer revolution and the rise of mass markets, then with the more recent upheavals of the
internet age. At the same time, several of our authors warn against seeing retail history as a suc-
cession of revolutions, with many values and practices continuing from one era into the next.

8
 Introduction

The chapters in section 2 also examine retail activity in all its diversity and distinctiveness, but
a focus on building and organisational typologies highlights many interesting similarities of retail
form across the globe. Architectural formats are shown to have evolved slowly over time, for
instance from open-air markets and market stalls to purpose-built market halls and from village
and high street shops to the large-scale enterprises that emerged in the late nineteenth century.
Chapters draw attention to the shared social and cultural experience of the spaces and places
where people shopped. As our authors show, retail spaces and places exerted tremendous cultural
and social power over more than simply shopping or consumer behaviour. Indeed, department
stores, shopping malls and big-box stores like Walmart helped constitute the very meaning of
consumer society, providing the spaces where modern identities took shape. Other retail modes
influenced the most fundamental of human activities – eating.The rise of supermarkets not only
transformed food provisioning and eating habits, but was also connected to new agricultural
and technological regimes. Retail change influenced the shape of cities and their commercial
districts. By detailing the evolution of retail spaces and places, these chapters contribute to an
understanding of these broader historical changes across national boundaries.
Section 3 turns to the human actors who comprise all retail enterprise. Here, chapters docu-
ment the wide variety of people, processes and practices behind the retail industry, from the level
of individual enterprise to big business. That retail history can be told from the bottom up or
the top down is reflected in this section, which includes contributions on itinerants and peddlers
and on shop workers, as well as managers and merchant princes. In addition, this section reflects
the variety of retail processes or organisational modes within the distribution chain. The focus
here is on large-scale organisational structures – multiples, mail order firms and co-operatives –
and the ways in which their economic practices were suffused with social and cultural implica-
tions, most overtly in the case of co-operative societies with their conscious social and political
agendas. Smaller-scale retailers receive perhaps less attention than they merit, which in part
reflects their relative neglect in the literature: obscured by the bright lights of the high street and
mall, and the growing dominance of big business. Overall, the section overviews the evolution
of business and labour practices within a consumer-oriented society.
National boundaries, shaped by law, custom and geography, determine economic practices.The
final section seeks to illuminate the shared structures and diverse practices of different regions and
nations across the world. Chapters cover the retail history of the USA and Canada,Western Europe,
Eastern Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Latin America, the Middle East, Japan and India. Addi-
tional chapters on individual countries would have helped clarify national differences, for example
between countries in Mediterranean and northern Europe or different states in India; but limits of
space and a desire to provide a coherent overview of geographical variations meant that we focus
on global regions rather than dig down into local specificities.The authors draw on their historical
specialties to situate retail practices within their national contexts, but also seek to highlight connec-
tions across borders. In many cases, different countries shared markets, language, and political cul-
tures and it made sense to treat them together.Two notable absences within the volume – China and
Africa – have extremely long and diverse retail histories and need to be addressed by further study.
Through its various sections and chapters, this volume aims to provide both an overview
of the history of retailing and an entrée to its many and varied elements. It is unlikely that the
reader will tackle the whole book or even read through an entire section, although both would,
we feel, be rewarding exercises. Each chapter is thus written in a way that allows it to be read
on its own, to provide an overview of the history of itinerants or supermarkets, for example, or
the development of retailing in the Middle East or Japan. In whatever way the reader chooses to
approach this volume, it offers rich insights into retail history and its links to wider economic,
social, cultural and urban histories.

9
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

References
Abelson, E.S. (1989), When ladies go a-thieving: Middle-class shoplifters in the Victorian department store (New
York: Oxford University Press).
Barker, H. (2017), Family and business during the industrial revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bay, M. and Fabian, A. (2015), Race and retail: Consumption across the color line (New Brunswick, NJ: Rut-
gers University Press).
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation: Department stores and the making of modern Canada (Vancouver: University
of British Columbia Press).
Benson, J. (1992), The penny capitalists: Study of nineteenth century working class entrepreneurs (New Brunswick,
NJ: Rutgers University Press).
Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (eds.) (1992), The evolution of retail systems, c.1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester
University Press).
Benson, S.P. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department stores 1890–
1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Blaszczyk, R.L. (2000), Imaging consumers: Design and innovation from Wedgwood to Corning (Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins University Press).
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2010), ‘Retail growth and consumer changes in a declining urban econ-
omy, Antwerp (1650–1750)’, The Economic History Review, 63 (3), pp. 638–663.
Briggs, A. (1956), Friends of the people:The centenary history of Lewis’s (London: B.T. Batsford, First Edition).
Buenger, V. and Beunger, W.L. (1998), Texas merchant: Marvin Leonard & Fort Worth (College Station,
TX: Texas A&M University Press).
Calaresu, M. and van den Heuvel, D.W.A.G. (eds.) (2016), Food hawkers. Selling in the streets from antiquity
to the present (London: Routledge).
Calder, L. (1999), Financing the American dream (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Carlin, M. (2007), ‘Shops and shopping in the thirteenth century: Three texts’, in L.D. Armstrong, I. Elbl
and M.M. Elbl (eds.) Money, markets and trade in late medieval Europe: Essays in honour of John H.A. Munro
(Leiden/Boston, MA: Brill) 491–537.
Chambers, J. (2008), Madison Avenue and the color line: African Americans in the advertising industry (Philadel-
phia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Chandler, A. (1977), The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press).
Cohen, L. (2003), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Knopf).
Coquery, N. (2011), Tenir boutique a Pa’ris au XVIIIe siècle: Luxe et Demi-Luxe (Paris: Comité des travaux
historiques et scientifiques – CTHS).
Cox, N. (2000), The complete tradesman: A study of retailing, 1550–1820 (New York: Routledge).
Dyer, S. (2013), ‘Progress plaza: Leon Sullivan, Zion investment associations, and black power in a Phila-
delphia shopping center’, in M. Ezra (ed.) The economic civil rights movement: African Americans and the
struggle for economic power (New York: Routledge).
Elvins, S. (2004), Sales and celebrations: Retailing and regional identity in Western New York State, 1920–1940
(Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Esperdy, G. (2008), Modernizing main street: Architecture and consumer culture in the new deal (Chicago: Uni-
versity of Chicago Press).
Fontaine, L. (1996), History of pedlars in Europe (translated by Vicki Wittaker, Cambridge: Polity Press).
Furnee, J.-H. and Lesger, C. (eds.) (2014), The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in West-
ern Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan).
Gosseye, J. (2015), ‘Milton Keynes’ centre: The apotheosis of the British post-war consensus or the apostle
of neo-liberalism?’, History of Retailing and Consumption 1 (3), pp. 209–229.
Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (eds.) (2015), Making cities through markets halls, 19th and 20th centuries (Barce-
lona: Museo d´Història de Barcelona).
Hardwick, M.J. (2004), Mall maker: Victor Gruen, architect of an American dream (Philadelphia, PA: Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania Press).
Hollander, S.C. (1960), ‘The wheel of retailing’, Journal of Marketing 25, pp. 37–42.
Holleran, C. (2012), Shopping in ancient Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store (Philadelphia,
PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).

10
 Introduction

Howell, M.C. (2010), Commerce before capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Hyman, L. (2011), Debtor nation: The history of America in Red Ink (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
Isenberg, A. (2004), Downtown America: A history of the place and the people who made it (Chicago: University
of Chicago Press).
Jacobs, M. (2005), Pocketbook politics: Economic citizenship in twentieth-century America (Princeton, NJ: Prince-
ton University Press).
Keene, D. (1990), ‘Shops and shopping in medieval London’, in L. Grant (ed.) Medieval art, architecture and
archaeology in London (London: Routledge), 29–46.
Koehn, N.F. (2001), Brand new: How entrepreneurs earned consumers’ trust from Wedgwood to Dell (Boston,
MA: Harvard Business School Press).
Lancaster, B. (1995), The department store: A social history (Leicester: Leicester University Press).
Leach, W. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a New American culture (New York: Vintage
Books).
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill and Wang).
Lichtenstein, N. (2009), The retail revolution: How Wal-Mart created a brave new world of business (New York:
Metropolitan Books).
Longstreth, R. (1997), City center to regional mall: Architecture, the automobile, and retailing in Los Angeles,
1920–1950 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale Uni-
versity Press).
Mathias, P. (1967), Retailing revolution: A history of multiple retailing in the food trades (London: Longmans).
Matson, C. (1998), Merchants & empire:Trading in colonial New York (Baltimore, MD).
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869 –1920 (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Mitchell, I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700 to 1850: Narratives of consumption (New
York: Routledge).
Monod, D. (1996), Store wars: Shopkeepers and the culture of mass marketing, 1890–1939 (Toronto: University
of Toronto Press).
Morrison, K. (2003), English shops and shopping (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Moss, M. and Turton, A. (1989), A legend in retailing: House of Fraser (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).
Opler, D. (2007), For all white-collar workers: The possibilities of radicalism in New York City's department store
unions, 1934–1953 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press).
Peck, L. (2005), Consuming splendor: Society and culture in seventeenth-century England (Cambridge: Cam-
bridge University Press).
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2012), ‘The British “failure” that never was? The “productivity gap” in large-scale
interwar retailing: Evidence From the department store sector’, Economic History Review, 65, pp. 277–303.
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2018), ‘Retailing under resale price maintenance: Economies of scale and scope,
and firm strategic response, in the inter-war British retail pharmacy sector’, Business History, 60 (6),
pp. 807–832.
Spellman, S.V. (2016), Cornering the market: Independent grocers and innovation in American small business (New
York: Oxford University Press).
Srivastava, S. (2015), Entangled urbanism: Slum, gated community, and shopping mall in Delhi and Gurgaon (Delhi:
Oxford University Press India; UK edition).
Stabel, P. (2001), ‘Markets in the cities of the late medieval low countries: Retail, commercial exchange and
socio-cultural display’, in S. Cavaciocchi (ed.) Fiere e mercati nella integrazione delle economie europee, secc.
XIII–XVIII (Florence: Le Monnier), 797–817.
Stobart, J. (2010), ‘A history of shopping: The missing link between retail and consumer revolutions’,
Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 2 (3), pp. 342–349.
Stobart, J. (2013), Sugar and spice: Grocers and groceries in provincial England, 1650–1830 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
Stobart, J., Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English Town,
c.1660–1830 (London: Routledge).
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2010), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption cul-
tures and practices, 1700–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).

11
 Jon Stobart and Vicki Howard

Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (Washington, DC: Smith-
sonian Institution Press).
van den Heuvel, D. (2013), ‘Guilds, gender policies and economic opportunities for women in early mod-
ern Dutch towns’, in D. Simonton and A. Montenach (eds) Female agency in the urban economy: Gender
in European towns, 1640–1830 (London: Routledge), 116–133.
Walsh, C. (1999), ‘The newness of the department store: A view from the eighteenth century’, in G.
Crossick and S. Jaumain (eds) Cathedrals of consumption (London: Ashgate Publishing), 46–71.
Weems, R.E. (1998), Desegregating the dollar: African-American consumerism in the twentieth century (New
York: New York University Press).
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy, 1400–1600 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Whitaker, J. (2006), Service and style: How the American department store fashioned the middle class (New York:
St. Martin’s Press).
Whitaker, J. (2011), The department store: History, design, display (London: Thames & Hudson).
Wright, G. (2013), Sharing the prize: The economics of the civil rights revolution in the American
South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).

Contemporary industry statistics, reports cited

Carr, F. (2018), Amazon Is Now More Valuable Than Microsoft and Only Two Other Companies Are
Worth More. Fortune. 15th February 2018. Available at: http://fortune.com/2018/02/15/amazon-
microsoft-third-most-valuable-company/ (Accessed February 21, 2018).
Current Employment Statistics:Table B-1. Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry Sector and Selected
Industry Detail. Economic Research, Federal Reserve of St. Louis, January 2018. Available at: https://fred.
stlouisfed.org/release/tables?rid=50&eid=4881&snid=5205 (Accessed February 21, 2018).
The Economic Impact of the Retail Industry. National Retail Federation. Available at: https://nrf.com/
resources/retail-library/the-economic-impact-of-the-us-retail-industry (Accessed February 21, 2018).
Europe’s Retail Market Is Ahead of the Curve in Dealing With Global Structural Change. JLL Report,
October 25, 2017. Available at: www.jll.eu/emea/en-gb/news/768/europe-us-retail-market-different-
ahead-of-curve-new-report-jll (Accessed February 21, 2018).
The Portas Review: An Independent Review into the Future of Our High Streets. December 2011. Avail-
able at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6292/2081646.pdf
(Accessed February 20, 2018).
Quarterly Retail E-Commerce Sales. U.S. Census Bureau News, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washing-
ton, DC, February 16, 2018. Available at: www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf
(Accessed February 20, 2018).
The Retail Industry: Statistics and Policy. Briefing Paper, Number 06186, October 9, 2017, House of Com-
mons Library, p. 4.
Reynolds, J. and Cuthbertson, R. (2014), Retail and wholesale: Key sectors for the European economy (Oxford:
Oxford Institute of Retail Management, Said Business School, University of Oxford), p. 7.
Statistical Bulletin, Great Britain: January 2018. Office for National Statistics. Available at: www.ons.gov.uk/
businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/january2018 (Accessed February 20, 2018).
Wrigley, N. and Lambiri, D. (2015), British high streets: From crisis to recovery (Southampton: University of
Southampton, ESRC). Available at: http://thegreatbritishhighstreet.co.uk/pdf/GBHS-British-High-
Streets-Crisis-to-Recovery.pdf (Accessed February 20, 2018).

12
Introduction
Abelson, E.S. (1989), When ladies go a-thieving: Middle-class shoplifters in the Victorian department store
(New York: Oxford University Press).
Barker, H. (2017), Family and business during the industrial revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bay, M. and Fabian, A. (2015), Race and retail: Consumption across the color line (New Brunswick, NJ:
Rutgers University Press).
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation: Department stores and the making of modern Canada (Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press).
Benson, J. (1992), The penny capitalists: Study of nineteenth century working class entrepreneurs (New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).
Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (eds.) (1992), The evolution of retail systems, c.1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester
University Press).
Benson, S.P. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores 1890–1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Blaszczyk, R.L. (2000), Imaging consumers: Design and innovation from Wedgwood to Corning (Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2010), ‘Retail growth and consumer changes in a declining urban economy,
Antwerp (1650–1750)’, The Economic History Review, 63 (3), pp. 638–663.
Briggs, A. (1956), Friends of the people: The centenary history of Lewis’s (London: B.T. Batsford, First
Edition).
Buenger, V. and Beunger, W.L. (1998), Texas merchant: Marvin Leonard & Fort Worth (College Station, TX:
Texas A&M University Press).
Calaresu, M. and van den Heuvel, D.W.A.G. (eds.) (2016), Food hawkers. Selling in the streets from
antiquity to the present (London: Routledge).
Calder, L. (1999), Financing the American dream (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Carlin, M. (2007), ‘Shops and shopping in the thirteenth century: Three texts’, in L.D. Armstrong , I. Elbl and
M.M. Elbl (eds.) Money, markets and trade in late medieval Europe: Essays in honour of John H.A. Munro
(Leiden/Boston, MA: Brill) 491–537.
Chambers, J. (2008), Madison Avenue and the color line: African Americans in the advertising industry
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Chandler, A. (1977), The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press).
Cohen, L. (2003), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Knopf).
Coquery, N. (2011), Tenir boutique a Pa’ris au XVIIIe siècle: Luxe et Demi-Luxe (Paris: Comité des travaux
historiques et scientifiques – CTHS).
Cox, N. (2000), The complete tradesman: A study of retailing, 1550–1820 (New York: Routledge).
Dyer, S. (2013), ‘Progress plaza: Leon Sullivan, Zion investment associations, and black power in a
Philadelphia shopping center’, in M. Ezra (ed.) The economic civil rights movement: African Americans and
the struggle for economic power (New York: Routledge).
Elvins, S. (2004), Sales and celebrations: Retailing and regional identity in Western New York State,
1920–1940 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Esperdy, G. (2008), Modernizing main street: Architecture and consumer culture in the new deal (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Fontaine, L. (1996), History of pedlars in Europe (translated by Vicki Wittaker , Cambridge: Polity Press).
Furnee, J.-H. and Lesger, C. (eds.) (2014), The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in
Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan).
Gosseye, J. (2015), ‘Milton Keynes’ centre: The apotheosis of the British post-war consensus or the apostle
of neo-liberalism?’, History of Retailing and Consumption 1 (3), pp. 209–229.
Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (eds.) (2015), Making cities through markets halls, 19th and 20th centuries
(Barcelona: Museo d´Història de Barcelona).
Hardwick, M.J. (2004), Mall maker: Victor Gruen, architect of an American dream (Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania Press).
Hollander, S.C. (1960), ‘The wheel of retailing’, Journal of Marketing 25, pp. 37–42.
Holleran, C. (2012), Shopping in ancient Rome (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Howell, M.C. (2010), Commerce before capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Hyman, L. (2011), Debtor nation: The history of America in Red Ink (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
Isenberg, A. (2004), Downtown America: A history of the place and the people who made it (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Jacobs, M. (2005), Pocketbook politics: Economic citizenship in twentieth-century America (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Keene, D. (1990), ‘Shops and shopping in medieval London’, in L. Grant (ed.) Medieval art, architecture and
archaeology in London (London: Routledge), 29–46.
Koehn, N.F. (2001), Brand new: How entrepreneurs earned consumers’ trust from Wedgwood to Dell
(Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press).
Lancaster, B. (1995), The department store: A social history (Leicester: Leicester University Press).
Leach, W. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a New American culture (New York:
Vintage Books).
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill and
Wang).
Lichtenstein, N. (2009), The retail revolution: How Wal-Mart created a brave new world of business (New
York: Metropolitan Books).
Longstreth, R. (1997), City center to regional mall: Architecture, the automobile, and retailing in Los Angeles,
1920–1950 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Mathias, P. (1967), Retailing revolution: A history of multiple retailing in the food trades (London: Longmans).
Matson, C. (1998), Merchants & empire: Trading in colonial New York (Baltimore, MD).
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869 –1920 (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press).
Mitchell, I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700 to 1850: Narratives of consumption
(New York: Routledge).
Monod, D. (1996), Store wars: Shopkeepers and the culture of mass marketing, 1890–1939 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
Morrison, K. (2003), English shops and shopping (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Moss, M. and Turton, A. (1989), A legend in retailing: House of Fraser (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).
Opler, D. (2007), For all white-collar workers: The possibilities of radicalism in New York City's department
store unions, 1934–1953 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press).
Peck, L. (2005), Consuming splendor: Society and culture in seventeenth-century England (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2012), ‘The British “failure” that never was? The “productivity gap” in large-scale
interwar retailing: Evidence From the department store sector’, Economic History Review, 65, pp. 277–303.
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2018), ‘Retailing under resale price maintenance: Economies of scale and scope,
and firm strategic response, in the inter-war British retail pharmacy sector’, Business History, 60 (6), pp.
807–832.
Spellman, S.V. (2016), Cornering the market: Independent grocers and innovation in American small
business (New York: Oxford University Press).
Srivastava, S. (2015), Entangled urbanism: Slum, gated community, and shopping mall in Delhi and
Gurgaon (Delhi: Oxford University Press India; UK edition).
Stabel, P. (2001), ‘Markets in the cities of the late medieval low countries: Retail, commercial exchange and
socio-cultural display’, in S. Cavaciocchi (ed.) Fiere e mercati nella integrazione delle economie europee,
secc. XIII–XVIII (Florence: Le Monnier), 797–817.
Stobart, J. (2010), ‘A history of shopping: The missing link between retail and consumer revolutions’, Journal
of Historical Research in Marketing 2 (3), pp. 342–349.
Stobart, J. (2013), Sugar and spice: Grocers and groceries in provincial England, 1650–1830 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English
Town, c.1660–1830 (London: Routledge).
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2010), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption
cultures and practices, 1700–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press).
van den Heuvel, D. (2013), ‘Guilds, gender policies and economic opportunities for women in early modern
Dutch towns’, in D. Simonton and A. Montenach (eds) Female agency in the urban economy: Gender in
European towns, 1640–1830 (London: Routledge), 116–133.
Walsh, C. (1999), ‘The newness of the department store: A view from the eighteenth century’, in G. Crossick
and S. Jaumain (eds) Cathedrals of consumption (London: Ashgate Publishing), 46–71.
Weems, R.E. (1998), Desegregating the dollar: African-American consumerism in the twentieth century (New
York: New York University Press).
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy, 1400–1600 (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press).
Whitaker, J. (2006), Service and style: How the American department store fashioned the middle class (New
York: St. Martin’s Press).
Whitaker, J. (2011), The department store: History, design, display (London: Thames & Hudson).
Wright, G. (2013), Sharing the prize: The economics of the civil rights revolution in the American South
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Carr, F. (2018), Amazon Is Now More Valuable Than Microsoft and Only Two Other Companies Are Worth
More. Fortune. 15th February 2018. Available at: http://fortune.com/2018/02/15/amazon-microsoft-third-
most-valuable-company/ (Accessed February 21, 2018).
Current Employment Statistics: Table B-1 . Employees on Nonfarm Payrolls by Industry Sector and Selected
Industry Detail. Economic Research, Federal Reserve of St. Louis, January 2018. Available at:
https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release/tables?rid=50&eid=4881&snid=5205 (Accessed February 21, 2018).
The Economic Impact of the Retail Industry . National Retail Federation. Available at:
https://nrf.com/resources/retail-library/the-economic-impact-of-the-us-retail-industry (Accessed February 21,
2018).
Europe’s Retail Market Is Ahead of the Curve in Dealing With Global Structural Change . JLL Report,
October 25, 2017. Available at: www.jll.eu/emea/en-gb/news/768/europe-us-retail-market-different-ahead-of-
curve-new-report-jll (Accessed February 21, 2018).
The Portas Review: An Independent Review into the Future of Our High Streets . December 2011. Available
at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6292/2081646.pdf (Accessed
February 20, 2018).
Quarterly Retail E-Commerce Sales . U.S. Census Bureau News, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC, February 16, 2018. Available at: www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf
(Accessed February 20, 2018).
The Retail Industry: Statistics and Policy . Briefing Paper, Number 06186, October 9, 2017, House of
Commons Library , p. 4.
Reynolds, J. and Cuthbertson, R. (2014), Retail and wholesale: Key sectors for the European economy
(Oxford: Oxford Institute of Retail Management, Said Business School, University of Oxford), p. 7.
Statistical Bulletin, Great Britain: January 2018 . Office for National Statistics. Available at:
www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/retailindustry/bulletins/retailsales/january2018 (Accessed
February 20, 2018).
Wrigley, N. and Lambiri, D. (2015), British high streets: From crisis to recovery (Southampton: University of
Southampton, ESRC). Available at: http://thegreatbritishhighstreet.co.uk/pdf/GBHS-British-High-Streets-
Crisis-to-Recovery.pdf (Accessed February 20, 2018).

Retailing in the medieval and early modern worlds

Baatsen, I. , Blonde, B. , De Groot, J. and Sturtewagen, I. (2016), ‘Thuis in de stad: dynamieken van de
materiele cutuur’, in A.L. van Bruaene , B. Blonde and M. Boone (eds.) Gouden eeuwen: Stad en
samenleving in de Lage Landen, 1100 –1600 (Ghent: Academia Press) 251–286.
Ballard, A. and Tait, J. (ed.) (1923), British borough charters 1216–1307 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Blair, J. (ed.) (2007), Waterways and canal-building in medieval England (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bocchi, F. (2015), ‘The topography of power in the towns of medieval Italy’, in A. Simms and H. Clarke (eds.)
Lords and towns in medieval Europe: The European historic towns atlas project (Farnham: Ashgate) 65–86.
Broadberry, S. , Campbell, B. , Klein, A. , Overton, M. and van Leeuwen, B. (2015), British economic growth
1270–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Clark, D. (2000), ‘‘The shop within’: An analysis of the architectural evidence for medieval shops’,
Architectural History, 43, pp. 58–87.
Clark, P. (ed.) (1995), Small towns in early modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Davis, J. (2007), ‘‘Men as march with fote packes’: Pedlars and freedom of movement in late medieval
England’, in P. Hordern (ed.) Freedom of movement in the middle ages (Donington: Shaun Tyas) 137–156.
Davis, J. (2012), Medieval market morality: Life, law and ethics in the English marketplace, 1200–1500
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Desportes, P. (1979), Reims et les Remois aux XIIIe et XIVe siecles (Paris: Picard).
Dyer, C. (2000), ‘Gardens and orchards in medieval England’, in C. Dyer (ed.) Everyday life in medieval
England (London: Hambledon Press) 113–131.
Dyer, C. (2016), ‘Peasant farming in late medieval England: Evidence from the tithe estimations by
Worcester cathedral priory’, in M. Kowaleski , J. Langdon and P. Schofield (eds.) Peasants and lords in the
medieval English economy: Essays in honour of Bruce M.S. Campbell (Turnhout: Brepols) 83–109.
Eiden, H. and Irsliger, F. (2000), ‘Environs and hinterland: Cologne and Nuremberg in the later middle ages’,
in J. Galloway (ed.) Trade, urban hinterlands and market integration c.1300–1600 (London: Centre for
Metropolitan History, Working Paper Series, No. 3) 43–58.
Epstein, S. (2000), Freedom and growth: The rise of states and markets in Europe, 1300–1700 (London:
Routledge).
Epstein, S. (ed.) (2001), Town and country in Europe, 1300–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Escobar, J. (2007), The Plaza Major and the shaping of baroque Madrid (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Fulton, H. (2012), ‘Fairs, feast-days and carnival in medieval Wales: Some poetic evidence’, in H. Fulton
(ed.) Urban culture in medieval Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press) 223–252.
Geremek, B. (1987), The margins of society in late medieval Paris (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Hare, J. (2013), ‘Inns, innkeepers and the society of later medieval England, 1350–1600’, Journal of
Medieval History, 39, pp. 477–497.
Harrison, D. (2004), The bridges of medieval England: Transport and society 400–1800 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
Hebert, M. (1979), Tarascon au XIVe siècle: Histoire d’une communaute urbaine provencale (Aix-en-
Provence: Edisud).
Howell, M. (2010), Commerce before capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Keene, D. (1990), ‘Shops and shopping in medieval London’, in L. Grant (ed.) Medieval art, architecture and
archaeology in London (Leeds: British Archaeological Association) 29–46.
Langdon, J. (1986), Horse, oxen and technological innovation: The use of draught animals in English farming
from 1066 to 1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Lesger, C. (2011), ‘Patterns of retail location and urban form in Amsterdam in the mid eighteenth century’,
Urban History, 38, pp. 24–47.
Muldrew, C. (2011), Food, energy and the creation of industriousness: Work and material culture in agrarian
England, 1550–1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Overton, M. , Whittle, J. , Dean, D. and Hann, A. (2004), Production and consumption in English households,
1600–1750 (London: Routledge).
Petrowiste, J. (2004), A la foire d’Empoigne: Foires et marches en Aunis et Saintonge au moyen age (vers
1000–vers 1500) (Toulouse: Le Mirail).
Petrowiste, J. (2018), ‘Consommateurs et marches locaux a la fin du moyen age: un etat de la question’, in
M. Lafuente Gomez and J. Petrowiste (eds.) Faire son marche au moyen age: Le consommateur et le
marche en Mediterraneee occidentale (Madrid: Casa de Velazquez).
Richards, J. (2003), ‘The Anglian and Anglo-Scandinavian sites at Cottam, East Yorkshire’, in T. Pestell and
K. Ulmschneider (eds.) Markets in early medieval Europe (Macclesfield: Windgather) 155–166.
Rosser, G. (2015), The art of solidarity in the middle ages. Guilds in England, 1250–1550 (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
Spufford, M. (1984), The great reclothing of rural England: Petty chapmen and their wares in the
seventeenth century (London: Hambledon Press).
Spufford, P. (2002), Power and profit: The merchant in medieval Europe (London: Thames and Hudson).
Stabel, P. (1997), Dwarfs among giants: The Flemish urban network in the late middle ages
(Leuven/Apeldoorn: Garant).
Stobart, J. (2016), ‘The village shop, 1660–1760: Innovation and tradition’, in R. Jones and C. Dyer (eds.)
Farmers, consumers, innovators: The world of Joan Thirsk (Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press)
89–102.
ten Harkel, L. (2013), ‘Of towns and trinkets: Metalworking and metal dress accessories in Viking age
Lincoln’, in D. Hadley and L. ten Harkel (eds.) Everyday life in Viking-age towns: Social approaches to towns
in England and Ireland, c.800–1100 (Oxford: Oxbow) 172–192.
To Figueras, L. (2016), ‘Wedding trousseaus and cloth consumption in Catalonia around 1300’, Economic
History Review, 69 (2), pp. 522–547.
Van Uytven, R. (2001), Production and consumption in the Low Countries, 13th –16th centuries (Aldershot:
Ashgate).
Walsh, C. (2003), ‘Social meaning and social space in the shopping galleries of early modern London’, in J.
Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: I.B. Tauris)
52–79.
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the Renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy 1400–1600 (New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press).
Wilkin, A. (2015), ‘Time constraint on market activity and the balance of power in medieval Liege’, Continuity
and Change, 30, pp. 315–340.
Wolff, P. (1954), Commerces et Marchands de Toulouse (vers 1350–vers 1450) (Paris: Librairie Pion).

From consumer revolution to mass market

Alexander, A. , Shaw, G. and Hodson, D. (2003), ‘Regional variations in the development of multiple retailing
in England, 1890–1939’, in J. Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British
retailing (London: I.B. Tauris) 127–154.
Alexander, N. and Akehurst, G. (1998), ‘Introduction: The emergence of modern retailing, 1750–1950’,
Business History, 40, pp. 1–15.
Allerston, P. (1996), ‘Le marché d’occasion à Venise aux XVIe–XVIIe siècles’, in J. Bottin and N. Pellegrin
(eds.) Echanges et cultures textiles dans l’Europe préindustrielle (Lille: Revue du Nord) 15–29.
Allerston, P. (2007), ‘Consuming problems: Worldly goods in Renaissance Venice’, in M. O’Malley and E.
Welch (eds.) The material Renaissance (Manchester: Manchester University Press) 11–46.
Arnout, A. (2015), ‘Sights/sites of splendor: The shopping landscape in nineteenth-century Brussels’,
Unpublished PhD, University of Antwerp.
Atkins, P. and Oddy, D.J. (eds.) (2008), Food and the city in Europe since 1800 (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Berg, M. (2004), ‘In pursuit of luxury: Global history and British consumer goods in the eighteenth century’,
Past and Present, 182, pp. 85–142.
Berg, M. (2005), Luxury and pleasure in eighteenth-century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Berg, M. (2006), ‘French fancy and cool Brittania: The fashion markets of early modern Europe’, Journal for
the Study of British Cultures, 13 (1), pp. 21–46.
Bianchi, M. (ed.) (1998), The active consumer: Novelty and surprise in consumer choice (London/New York:
Routledge).
Blondé, B. (2002), ‘Tableware and changing consumer patterns: Dynamics of material culture in Antwerp,
17th–18th centuries’, in J. Veeckman (ed.) Majolica and glass from Italy to Antwerp and beyond: The transfer
of technology in the 16th–early 17th century (Antwerp: Stad Antwerpen) 295–311.
Blondé, B. and Ryckbosch, W. (2015), ‘In “splendid isolation”: A comparative perspective on the
historiographies of the “material renaissance” and the “consumer revolution” ’, History of Retailing and
Consumption, 1 (2), pp. 105–124.
Blondé, B. , Van Aert, L. and Van Damme, I. (2014), ‘According to the latest and most elegant fashion:
Retailing textiles and changes in supply and demand in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Antwerp’, in J.
Stobart and B. Blondé (eds.) Selling textiles in the long eighteenth century: Comparative perspectives from
Western Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan) 138–159.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2009), ‘Fashioning old and new or moulding the material culture of Europe
(late seventeenth-nineteenth centuries)’, in B. Blondé , N. Coquery , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.)
Fashioning old and new: Changing consumer preferences in Europe (seventeenth–nineteenth centuries)
(Turnhout: Brepols) 1–13.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2010), ‘Retail growth and consumer changes in a declining urban economy,
Antwerp (1650–1750)’, The Economic History Review, 63 (3), pp. 638–663.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2013), ‘Early modern Europe: 1500–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.) The Oxford
handbook of cities in world history (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 240–257.
Borsay, P. (1989), The English urban renaissance: Culture and society in the provincial town 1660 –1770
(Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Braudel, F. (1979), Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme, XVe –XVIIIe siècle, 3 Vols. (Paris: Colin).
Calaresu, M. and Van den Heuvel, D. (2016), ‘Introduction: Food hawkers from representation to reality’, in
M. Calaresu and D. Van den Heuvel (eds.) Food hawkers: Selling in the street from antiquity to the present
(London/New York: Routledge) 1–18.
Chatriot, A. , Chessel, E. and Hilton, M. (eds.) (2004), Au nom du consommateur: Consommation et politique
en Europe et aux Etats-Unis au XXe siècle (Paris: La Découverte).
Coquery, N. (2004), ‘The language of success: Marketing and distributing semi-luxury goods in eighteenth-
century Paris’, Journal of Design History, 17, pp. 71–89.
Coquery, N. (2011), Tenir boutique à Paris au XVIIIe siècle: Luxe et demi-luxe (Paris: Editions du comité des
travaux historiques et scientifiques).
Craske, M. (1999), ‘Plan and control: Design and the competition spirit in early and mid-eighteenth century
England’, Journal of Design History, 12, pp. 187–216.
Crossick, G. and Jaumain, S. (1999), ‘The world of the department store: Distribution, culture and social
change’, in G. Crossick and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store,
1850–1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate) 1–45.
Deceulaer, H. (2006), ‘Dealing with diversity: Peddlers in the Southern Netherlands in the eighteenth
century’, in B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and
practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 171–198.
De Munck, B. (2010), ‘One counter and your own account: Redefining illicit labour in early modern Antwerp’,
Urban History, 37 (1), pp. 26–44.
De Vries, J. (1975), ‘Peasant demand patterns and economic development: Friesland 1550–1750’, in W.N.
Parker and E.L. Jones (eds.) European peasants and their markets: essays in agrarian economic history
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) 205–259.
De Vries, J. (2003), ‘Luxury in the Dutch golden age in theory and practice’, in M. Berg and E. Eger (eds.)
Luxury in the eighteenth century: Debates, desires and delectable goods (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan)
41–56.
De Vries, J. (2008), The industrious revolution: Consumer behavior and the household economy, 1650 to the
present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Edwards, D. (2005), ‘The upholsterer and the retailing of domestic furnishings 1600–1800’, in B. Blondé , E.
Briot , N. Coquery and L. Van Aert (eds.) Retailers and consumer changes in early modern Europe: England,
France, Italy and the Low Countries (Tours: Presses Universitaires François-Rabelais) 53–69.
Fairchilds, C. (1993), ‘The production and marketing of populuxe goods in eighteenth-century Paris’, in J.
Brewer and R. Porter (eds.) Consumption and the world of goods (London: Routledge) 228–248.
Fontaine, L. (1996), History of pedlars in Europe (Oxford: Polity Press).
Fontaine, L. (ed.) (2008), Alternative exchanges: Second-hand circulations from the sixteenth century to the
present (New York/Oxford: Berghan Books).
Furlough, E. and Strikwerda, C. (eds.) (1999), Consumers against capitalism? Consumer co-operation in
Europe: North-America and Japan, 1840–1990 (Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers).
Goldthwaite, R. (1987), ‘The empire of things: Consumer demand in Renaissance Italy’, in F.W. Kent and P.
Simons (eds.) Art and society in Renaissance Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 153–175.
Goldthwaite, R. (1993), Wealth and the demand for art in Italy, 1300–1600 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
Guerzoni, G. (1999), ‘Liberalitas, magnificentia, splendour: The classic origins of Italian Renaissance
lifestyles’, History of Political Economy, 31 (5), pp. 332–378.
Haupt, H.-G. (2012), ‘Small shops and department stores’, in F. Trentmann (ed.) The Oxford handbook of
the history of consumption (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 267–285.
Hazel Hahn, H. (2015), ‘Consumer culture and advertising’, in M. Sale (ed.) The fin-de-siècle world
(Abingdon/New York: Routledge) 392–408.
Howard, V. (2015), From main street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Jefferys, J. (1954), Retail trading in Britain, 1850–1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Keene, D. (2006), ‘Sites of desire: Shops, selds and wardrobes in London and other English cities,
1100–1550’, in B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits
and practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 125–153.
Lemire, B. (2005), ‘Shifting currency: The culture and economy of second-hand trade in England, c.
1600–1850’, in A. Palmer and H. Clark (eds.) Old clothes, new looks: Second hand fashion (Oxford: Berg)
29–48.
Lesger, C. (2013), Het winkellandschap van Amsterdam: Stedelijke structuur en winkelbedrijf in de
vroegmoderne en moderne tijd, 1550–2000 (Hilversum: Verloren).
Lesger, C. and Furnée, J.H. (2014), ‘Shopping streets and cultures from a long-term and transnational
perspective’, in C. Lesger and J.H. Hein Furnée (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan) 1–15.
Malanima, P. and Pinchera, V. (2012), ‘A puzzling relationship: Consumptions and incomes in early modern
Europe’, Histoire & Mesure, 27 (2), pp. 197–222.
McKendrick, N. (1982a), ‘George Packwood and the commercialization of shaving: The art of eighteenth-
century advertising or “the way to get money and be happy” ’, in N. McKendrick , J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb
(eds.) The birth of a consumer society: The commercialisation of eighteenth-century England (London:
Europa Publications) 146–196.
McKendrick, N. (1982b), ‘The consumer revolution of eighteenth-century England’, in N. McKendrick , J.
Brewer and J.H. Plumb (eds.) The birth of a consumer society: The commercialization of eighteenth-century
England (London: Europa Publications) 3–36.
Mitchell, I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700 to 1850: Narratives of consumption
(Farnham: Ashgate).
Moore, J.W. (2015), Capitalism in the web of life: Ecology and the accumulation of capital (London: Verso).
Mui, H.C. and Mui, L.H. (1989), Shops and shopkeeping in eighteenth-century England (Kingston: McGill-
Queen’s University Press).
Overton, M. (ed.) (2004), Production and consumption in English Households, 1600–1750 (London:
Routledge).
Rappaport, E. (2001), Shopping for pleasure: Women in the making of London’s West End (Princeton,
NJ/Oxford: Princeton University Press).
Sargentson, C. (1998), ‘The manufacture and marketing of luxury goods: The marchands merciers of late
17th- and 18th-century Paris’, in R. Fox and A. Turner (eds.) Luxury trades and consumerism in Ancien
Régime Paris: Studies in the history of the skilled workforce (Aldershot: Ashgate) 99–138.
Shammas, C. (1990), The pre-industrial consumer in England and America (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Shammas, C. (1994), ‘The decline of textile prices in England and British America prior to industrialisation’,
Economic History Review, 48, pp. 483–507.
Slater, D. (1997), Consumer culture and modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Slater, D. and Tonkiss, F. (2001), Market society: Markets and modern social theory (Cambridge: Polity
Press).
Steegen, E. (2006), Kleinhandel en stedelijke ontwikkeling: Het kramersambacht te Maastricht in de
vroegmoderne tijd (Hilversum: Verloren).
Stobart, J. (2007), ‘Accomodating the shop: The commercial use of domestic space in English provincial
towns, c.1660–1740’, Cittá & Storia, 2, pp. 351–363.
Stobart, J. (2008), Spend, spend, spend: A history of shopping (Stroud: Tempus).
Stobart, J. (2013), Sugar and spice: Grocers and groceries in Provincial England, 1650–1830 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. (2014), ‘The shopping streets of Provincial England, 1650–1840’, in C. Lesger and J.H. Hein
Furnée (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900
(Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan) 16–36.
Stobart, J. and Hann, H. (2004), ‘Retailing revolution in the eighteenth century? Evidence from North-West
England’, Business History, 46, pp. 171–194.
Stobart, J. and Hann, A. (2005), ‘Sites of consumption: The display of goods in provincial shops in
eighteenth-century England’, Cultural and Social History, 2, pp. 165–188.
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English
town, c.1680–1830 (London/New York: Routledge).
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2010), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption
cultures and practices, 1700–1900 (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (2016), ‘Introduction: Markets in modernization: Transformations in urban
market space and practice, c. 1800–c. 1970’, Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 358–371.
Taylor, V. and Trentmann, F. (2011), ‘Liquid politics: Water and the politics of everyday life in the modern
city’, Past & Present, 211, pp. 199–241.
Tiersten, L. (2001), Marianne in the market: Envisioning consumer society in Fin-de-Siècle France (Berkeley,
CA/Los Angeles, CA/London: University of California Press).
Tomka, B. (2013), A social history of twentieth-century Europe (London/New York: Routledge).
Trentmann, F. (2006), ‘Knowing consumers – histories, identities, practices: An introduction’, in F.
Trentmann (ed.) The making of the consumer: Knowledge, power and identity in the modern world
(Oxford/New York: Berg) 1–27.
Trentmann, F. (2016), Empire of things: How we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to
the twenty-first (London: Allen Lane).
Van Aert, L. and Van Damme, I. (2005), ‘Retail dynamics of a city in crisis: The mercer guild in pre-industrial
Antwerp (c.1648–c.1748)’, in B. Blondé and N. Coquery (eds.) Retailers and consumer changes in early
modern Europe: England, France, Italy and the Low Countries (Tours: Presses Universitaires François-
Rabelais) 139–167.
Van Damme, I. (2015a), ‘Recycling the wreckage of history: On the rise of an “antiquarian consumer culture”
in the Southern Netherlands’, in A. Fennetaux , A. Junqua and S. Vasset (eds.) The afterlife of used things:
Recycling in the long eighteenth century (London/New York: Routledge) 47–48.
Van Damme, I. (2015b), ‘From a “knowledgable” salesman towards a “recognizable” product? Questioning
branding strategies before industrialization (Antwerp, seventeenth to nineteenth centuries)’, in B. De Munck
and D. Lyna (eds.) Concepts of value in European material culture, 1500–1900 (Farnham: Ashgate) 75–102.
Van den Heuvel, D. and Ogilvie, S. (2013), ‘Retail development in the consumer revolution: The
Netherlands, c.1670–c.1815’, Explorations in Economic History, 50, pp. 69–87.
Van Zanden, J.L. (2001), ‘Early modern economic growth: A survey of the European economy, 1500–1800’,
in M. Prak (ed.) Early modern capitalism: Economic and social change in Europe, 1400–1800 (London/New
York: Routledge) 69–87.
Verhoeven, G. (2009), Anders reizen? Evoluties in vroegmoderne reiservaringen van Hollandse en
Brabantse elites (1600–1750) (Hilversum: Verloren).
Vermeylen, F. (2003), Painting for the market: Commercialization of art in Antwerp’s golden age (Turnhout:
Brepols).
Wagenaar, M. (2001), Stedebouw en burgerlijke vrijheid. De contrasterende carrières van zes Europese
hoofdsteden (Bussum: Thoth).
Walsh, C. (1995), ‘Shop design and the display of goods in eighteenth-century London’, Journal of Design
History, 8, pp. 157–176.
Walsh, C. (1999), ‘The newness of the department store: A view from the eighteenth century’, in G. Crossick
and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store, 1850–1939 (Aldershot:
Ashgate) 46–71.
Walsh, C. (2003), ‘Social meaning and social space in the shopping galleries of early modern London’, in J.
Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: I.B. Tauris)
52–79.
Weatherill, L. (1988), Consumer behaviour and material culture in Britain 1660–1760 (London: Routledge).
Welch, E. (2002), ‘Magnificence and the private display: Pontano’s “De Splendore” and the Domestic Arts’,
Journal of Design History, 15, pp. 211–227.
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the Renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy, 1400–1600 (New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press).
Welch, E. (2006), ‘The fairs of early modern Italy’, in B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme
(eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout:
Brepols) 31–50.
Wijsenbeek-Olthuis, Th. (1987), Achter de gevels van Delft: Bezit en bestaan van rijk en arm in een periode
van achteruitgang (1700–1800) (Hilversum: Verloren).

Retail development and urban form in the United States during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries
Baerwald, T. (1978), ‘The emergence of a new “downtown’’ ’, Geographical Review, 68, pp. 308–318.
Benson, S.P. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores, 1890–1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Cheyne, M. (2010), ‘No better way? The Kalamazoo Mall and the legacy of pedestrian malls’, Michigan
Historical Review, 36, pp. 103–128.
Cohen, J.A. (2013), ‘Corridors of consumption: Mid-nineteenth century commercial space and the
reinvention of downtown’, in L. Iarocci (ed.) Visual merchandising: The image of selling (Burlington, VT:
Ashgate) 158–174.
Cohen, L. (1996), ‘From town center to shopping center: The reconfiguration of community marketplaces in
postwar America’, American Historical Review, 101, pp. 1050–1081.
Conzen, M.P. and Kathleen, N.C. (1979), ‘Geographical structure in nineteenth-century urban retailing:
Milwaukee, 1836–1890’, Journal of Historical Geography, 5, pp. 45–66.
Davis, H. (2012), Living over the store: Architecture and local urban life (London: Routledge).
Deutsch, T. (2010), Building a housewife’s paradise: Gender, politics, and American grocery stores in the
twentieth century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Ervin, J. (2008–2009), ‘San Diego’s urban trophy: Horton plaza redevelopment project’, Southern California
Quarterly, 90, pp. 419–453.
Esperdy, G. (2008), Modernizing main street: Architecture and consumer culture in the new deal (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Fogelson, Robert M. (2001), Downtown: Its rise and fall, 1880–1950 (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
Gardner, D.S. (1984), ‘ ‘‘A paradise of fashion”: A. T. Stewart’s department store, 1862–1975’, in J.M.
Jensen and S. Davidson (eds.) A needle, a bobbin, a strike: Women needleworkers in America
(Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press) 60–80.
Geist, J.F. (1983), Arcades: The history of a building type (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Goss, J. (1996), ‘Disquiet on the waterfront: Reflections on nostalgia and utopia in the urban archetypes of
festival marketplaces’, Urban Geography, 17, pp. 221–247.
Hardwick, M.J. (2003), Mall maker: Victor Gruen, architect of an American dream (Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania Press).
Harris, N. (1990), Cultural excursions: Marketing appetites and cultural tastes in modern America (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Hepp, J.H. IV (2003), The middle-class city: Transforming space and time in Philadelphia, 1876–1926
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Iarocci, L. (2014), The urban department store in America, 1850–1930 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate).
Isenberg, A. (2004), Downtown America: A history of the place and the people who made it (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Jakle, J.A. and Sculle, K.R. (2004), Lots of parking: Land use in a car culture (Charlottesville, VA: University
of Virginia Press).
Leach, W.R. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Random House).
Lindgren, J.M. (2014), Preserving South Street Seaport: The dream and reality of a New York urban renewal
district (New York: New York University Press).
Logemann, J. (2009), ‘Where to shop? The geography of consumption in the twentieth-century Atlantic
world’, Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, 45, pp. 55–68.
Longstreth, R. (1986), ‘J.C. Nichols, the country club plaza, and notions of modernity’, Harvard Architecture
Review, 5, pp. 120–135.
Longstreth, R. (1992), ‘The neighborhood shopping center in Washington, D.C., 1930–1941’, Journal of the
Society of Architectural Historians, 51, pp. 5–34.
Longstreth, R. (1997), City center to regional mall: Architecture, the automobile, and retailing in Los Angeles,
1920–1950 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (1997), ‘The diffusion of the community shopping center concept during the interwar decades’,
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 56, pp. 268–293.
Longstreth, R. (1999), The drive-in, the supermarket, and the transformation of commercial space in Los
Angeles, 1914–1941 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (2000), The buildings of Main Street: A guide to American commercial architecture (1986,
reprint ed.) (Woodland Hills, CA: Alta Mira Press).
Longstreth, R. (2006), ‘Sears, Roebuck and the remaking of the department store, 1924–42’, Journal of the
Society of Architectural Historians, 65, pp. 238–279.
Longstreth, R. (2007), ‘Bringing ‘downtown’ to the neighborhoods: Wieboldt’s, Goldblatt’s and the creation of
department store chains in Chicago’, Buildings & Landscapes, 14, pp. 13–49.
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Longstreth, R. (2015), ‘The continuous transformation of Savannah’s Broughton Street’, in R. Longstreth
(ed.) Looking beyond the icons: Midcentury architecture, landscape, and urbanism (Charlottesville, VA:
University of Virginia Press).
Mayo, J. (1993), The American grocery store: The business evolution of an American space (Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press).
Metzger, J.T. (2001), ‘The failed promise of a festival marketplace: South street seaport in lower Manhattan’,
Planning Perspectives, 16, pp. 25–46.
Muller, P.O. (1976), The outer city: Geographical consequences of the urbanization of the United States
(Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers).
Olsen, J.A. (2003), Better places, better lives: A biography of James Rouse (Washington, DC: Urban Land
Institute).
Quincy, J., Jr. (2003), Quincy’s Market: A Boston landmark (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press).
Resseguie, H. (1965), ‘Alexander Turney Stewart and the development of the department store, 1823–1876’,
Business History Review, 39, pp. 301–322.
Satterthwaite, A. (2001), Going shopping: Consumer choices and community consequences (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press).
Sewell, J. (2011), Women and the everyday city: Public space in San Francisco, 1890–1915 (Minneapolis,
MN: University of Minnesota Press).
Siry, J. (1988), Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago department store (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press).
Smiley, D. (2013), Pedestrian modern: Shopping and American architecture, 1925–1956 (Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press).
Stamper, J.W. (1991), Chicago’s North Michigan Avenue: Planning and development 1900–1930 (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Tangires, H. (2003), Public markets and civic culture in nineteenth-century America (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press).
Tangires, H. (2008), Public markets (Washington, DC: Library of Congress/New York: W. W. Norton).
Treu, M. (2012), Signs, streets, and storefronts: A history of architecture and graphics along America’s
commercial corridors (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Upton, D. (2008), Another city: Urban life and urban spaces in the New American Republic (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press).
Upton, D. (2012), ‘Commercial architecture in Philadelphia lithographs’, in E. Piola (ed.) Philadelphia on
stone: Commercial lithography in Philadelphia 1828–78 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University
Press/Philadelphia, PA: Library Company of Philadelphia) 152–175, 249–253.
Wall, A. (2005), Victor Gruen: From urban shop to new city (Barcelona: Actar).
Whitaker, J. (2006), Service and style: How the American department store fashioned the middle class (New
York: St. Martin’s Press).

The future of retailing

*
Angelides, M.C. (1997), ‘Implementing the Internet for business: A global marketing opportunity’,
International Journal of Information Management, 17 (6), pp. 405–419.
Barclay Merchant Services (1995), Bringing the customers to you: Barclay Square shopping the UK’s most
exciting retail location (Barclay Merchant Services).
Berners-Lee, T. , Cailliau, R. , Luotonen, A. , Neilson, H.F. and Secret, A. (1994), ‘The world wide web’,
Communications of the ACM, 37 (8), pp. 76–84.
Bordonaba-Juste, V. , Lucia-Palacios, L. and Polo-Redondo, Y. (2012), ‘Antecedents and consequences of
e-business adoption for European retailers’, Internet Research 22 (5), pp. 532–550.
Burke, R.R. (1997),‘Do you see what I see: The future of virtual shopping’, Journal of the Academy of
Marketing Science, 25 (4), pp. 352–360.
Çelik, H.E. and Yilmaz, V. (2011), ‘Extending the technology acceptance model for adoption of e-shopping
by consumers in Turkey’, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 12, pp. 152–164.
Christodoulides, G. and Michaelidou, N. (2010), ‘Shopping motives as antecedents of e-satisfaction and e-
loyalty’, Journal of Marketing Management, 27 (1–2), pp. 181–197.
Classe, A. (1996), ‘Scenes from a mall: Electronic commerce and planning an electronic retail site’,
Computer Weekly, p. 36.
Cope, N. (1995), ‘High Street’s big names go online’, The Independent.
Coursey, D. (1992), ‘Kapor calls to connect all Americans via the Internet’, InfoWorld, 14 (21), p. 94.
Crespo, A.H. and del Bosque, I.R. (2010), ‘The influence of the commercial features of the Internet on the
adoption of e-commerce by consumers’, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 9 (6), pp.
562–575.
Dennis, C. , Merrilees, B. , Jayawardhena, C. and Tiu Wright, L. (2009), ‘E-consumer behaviour’, European
Journal of Marketing, 43 (9/10), pp. 1121–1139.
Doherty, N.F. and Ellis-Chadwick, F.E. (2009), ‘Exploring the drivers, scope and perceived success of e-
commerce strategies in the UK retail sector’, European Journal of Marketing, 43 (9/10), pp. 1246–1262.
Doherty, N.F. and Ellis-Chadwick, F.E. (2010), ‘Internet retailing: The past, the present and the future’,
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 38 (11/12), pp. 943–965.
Economist (1997), ‘In search of the perfect market’, 343 (8016), p. 3.
Ellis-Chadwick, F. and Doherty, N.F. (2012), ‘Web advertising: The role of e-mail marketing’, Journal of
Business Research, 65 (6), pp. 843–848.
Ellis-Chadwick, F. and Doherty, N.F. (2018), ‘Winners and Losers in the race to deliver on-line shopping: A
longitudinal analysis’, EIRASS, Maderia.
Ernst & Young (1999), The second annual Ernst & Young Internet shopping study (New York).
Fulgoni, G.M. (2014), ‘ “Omni-channel” retail insights and the consumers path-to purchase: How digital has
transformed the way people make purchasing decisions’, Journal of Advertising Research, 54 (4), pp.
377–380.
Ghosh, S. (1998), ‘Making business sense of the Internet’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 126–135.
Glover, S. and Benbasat, I. (2010), ‘A comprehensive model of perceived risk of e-commerce transactions’,
International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 15 (2), pp. 47–78.
Goode, M.M. and Harris, L.C. (2007), ‘Online behavioural intentions: An empirical investigation of
antecedents and moderators’, European Journal of Marketing, pp. 512–536.
Hart, C. , Ellis-Chadwick, F. and Haji, I. (2017), ‘The role of digital in town centre experience’, European
Association for Education and Research in Commercial Distribution Conference, Dublin.
Iglesias-Pradas, S. , Pascual-Miguel, F. , Hernández-García, Á. and Chaparro-Peláez, J. (2013), ‘Barriers
and drivers for non-shoppers in B2C e-commerce: A latent class exploratory analysis’, Computers in Human
Behavior, 29 (2), pp. 314–322.
Jones, K. and Biasiotto, M. (1999), ‘Internet retailing: Current hype or future reality?’, The International
Journal of Retail Distribution and Consumer Research, 9 (1), pp. 69–79.
Kassim, N. and Asiah Abdullah, N. (2010), ‘The effect of perceived service quality dimensions on customer
satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in e-commerce settings: A cross cultural analysis’, Asia Pacific Journal of
Marketing and Logistics, 22 (3), pp. 351–371.
Krol, E. (1994), The whole Internet: Users guide and catalog (Brewster, MA: O’Reilly & Associates Inc).
Lee, R.P. and Grewal, R. (2004), ‘Strategic responses to new technologies and their impact on firm
performance’, Journal of Marketing, 68, pp. 157–171.
Lin, A. , Gregor, S. and Ewing, M. (2008), ‘Developing a scale to measure the enjoyment of web
experiences’, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22 (4), pp. 40–57.
Malone, T.W. , Yates, J. and Benjamin, R.I. (1987), ‘Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies’,
Communications of the ACM, 30 (6), pp. 484–496.
McGarty, T.P. and Haywood, C. (1995), ‘Internet architectural and policy implications for migration from high-
end user to the ‘new user’’, in B. Kahin and J. Keller (eds.) Public Access to the Internet. Publication of The
Harvard Information Infrastructure Project (Cambridge, MA/London, England: The MIT Press).
Nelson, T.H. (1991), ‘As we will think’, in J.M. Nyce and P. Kahn (eds.) From memex to hypertext vannevar
bush and the minds’s machine (Boston/New York: Academic Press) 245–260.
Nuttall, R. (1999), ‘Dixons floats Freeserve as Granada jeers’, The Express, p. 12.
Ovum Reports (1996), ‘Intranets for business applications: User and supplier opportunities’, Ovum Ltd.
OFTEL (1998), Tariffing Issues: Bundling of Inbound and Outbound Services Statement October.
Palmer, M.J. (1995), ‘Corporate invitational publishing: Commerce doesn’t mean hard sell, and multimedia
doesn’t mean hype’, 16th Proceedings of On-Line Meeting, New York.
Pavitt, D. (1997), ‘Retailing and the super highway: The future of the electronic home shopping industry’,
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 25 (1), pp. 38–43.
Pentina, I. , Pelton, L.E. and Hasty, R.W. (2009), ‘Performance implications of online entry timing by store-
based retailers: A longitudinal investigation’, Journal of Retailing, 85 (2), pp. 177–193.
Poon, S. and Swatman, P.M.C. (1999), ‘A longitudinal study of expectations in small business internet
commerce’, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 3 (3), pp. 21–33.
Pyle, R. (1996), ‘Electronic commerce and the Internet’, Communications of the ACM, 39 (6), pp. 22–24.
Stocchi, L. , Hart, C. and Haji, I. (2016), ‘Understanding the town centre customer experience’, Journal of
Marketing Management, 32.
Verity, J. (1995), ‘The Internet’, Business Week, (3398), pp. 80–88.
Watson, T. (1998), ‘Alternative doorways to the Internet are popping up in the spirit of free-flowing
information’, New York Times.
Westland, C.J. and Au, G. (1997), ‘A comparison of shopping experiences across three competing digital
retailing interfaces’, International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 2 (2), pp. 57–69.
Wikipedia (2018), ‘CompuServe’, Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompuServe, (Accessed April 18,
2018).
Zakon, R.H. (1994), ‘An Internet timeline highlighting some of the key events which helped shape the
Internet as we know it today’, Hobbes Internet Timeline, Available at:
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/history/HIT.html.
Zhang, Y. , Fang, Y. , Wei, K.K. , Ramsey, E. , McCole, P. and Chen, H. (2011), ‘Repurchase intention in
B2C e-commerce – a relationship quality perspective’, Information & Management, 48 (6), pp. 192–200.
Bargain hunt? Selling second-hand, c.1600 to the present
Ackermann, R. (1808–10), The microcosm of London, 3 Vols (London: T. Bensley).
Airey, J. (1715), Oxford archives, MS Wills Oxon., 160/2/8, John Airey, probate inventory taken 28 October
1715.
Allerston, P.A. (1996), ‘The market in second-hand clothes and furnishings in Venice, 1500–1650’,
Unpublished European University Institute PhD.
Alvarez, M. (2007), ‘The Almoneda: The second-hand art market in Spain’, in J. Warren and A. Turpin (eds.)
Auctions, agents and dealers: The mechanisms of the art market, 1660 –1830 (Oxford: Beazley
Archive/Archaeopress), 33–40.
Barahona, V.L. and Sánchez, J.N. (2012), ‘Dressing the poor: The provision of clothing among the lower
classes in eighteenth-century Madrid’, Textile History, 43 (1), pp. 23–42.
Beart, A. (1667), Norfolk RO, DN/INV 52a/42, Anne Beart, probate inventory taken 31 January 1666/7.
Blondé, B. , Coquery, N. , Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2009), Fashioning old and new: Changing
consumer patterns in Western Europe (1650 –1900) (Turnhout: Brepols).
Brake, L. and Demoor, M. (eds.) (2009), Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in great Britain and
Ireland (Ghent: Academia Press).
Breen, T.H. (2004), The marketplace of revolution: How consumer politics shaped American independence
(Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Campbell, R. (1747), The London tradesman: Being a compendious view of all the trades, professions, arts,
both liberal and mechanic, now practised in the cities of London and Westminster (London: T. Gardner).
Carbonell, M. (2000), ‘Using microcredit and restructuring households: Two complementary survival
strategies in late eighteenth-century Barcelona’, in L. Fontaine and J. Schlumbohm (eds.) Household
strategies for survival, 1600–2000: Fission, faction and cooperation, International Review of Social History.
Supplement, 8 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 71–92.
Carlyle Letters Online (2007–16), B.E. Kinser (ed.) The Carlyle Letters Online [CLO], Duke University Press,
Available at: http://carlyleletters.dukeupress.edu (Accessed 15 August 2017).
Charity Retail Association (u.d.), Available at: www.charityretail.org.uk/charity-shops/ (Accessed 11 August
2017).
Charpy, M. (2008), ‘The scope and structure of the nineteenth-century second-hand trade in the Parisian
clothes market’, in L. Fontaine (ed.), Alternative exchanges: Second-hand circulations from the sixteenth
century to the present, International Studies in Social History, 10 (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books),
127–155.
Cooper, T. (2010), Longer-lasting products: Alternatives to the throwaway society (Farnham: Gower).
Cowan, B. (2006), ‘Art and connoisseurship in the auction market of later seventeenth-century London’, in N.
di Marchi and H.J. van Miegroet (eds.) Mapping markets for paintings in Europe, 1450–1750, Studies in
European Urban History 6 (Turnhout: Brepols) 263–284.
Daily Post (1733), Daily Post, 28 May 1733, issue 4274.
Deceulaer, H. (2008b), ‘Second-hand dealers in the early modern low countries: Institutions, markets and
practices’, in L. Fontaine (ed.), Alternative exchanges: Second-hand circulations from the sixteenth century
to the present, International Studies in Social History, 10 (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books), 13–42.
di Marchi, N. (2004), ‘Auctioning paintings in late seventeenth-century London: Rules, prices and
segmentation in an emergent market’, in V. Ginsburgh (ed.) Economics of art and culture: Invited Papers of
the 12th International Conference of Cultural Economics International (Amsterdam: Elsevier) 97–128.
Edwards, C. (2009), ‘Perspectives on the retailing and acquisition of new and old furniture in England,
1700–1850’, in B. Blondé , N. Coquery , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.) Fashioning old and new:
Changing consumer patterns in Western Europe (1650–1900) (Turnhout: Brepols), 43–59.
Edwards, C. and Ponsonby, M. (2010b), ‘The polarization of the second-hand market for furniture in the
nineteenth century’, in J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European
consumption cultures and practices, 1700 –1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 93–110.
Eliot, G. (1871–2/1992), Middlemarch: A study of provincial life (Harmondsworth: Penguin).
Finn, M. (2010), ‘Frictions of empire: Colonial Bombay’s probate and property networks in the 1780s’,
Annales, 65 (5), pp. 1175–1204.
Fontaine, L. (2008a), ‘Introduction’, in L. Fontaine (ed.), Alternative exchanges: Second-hand circulations
from the sixteenth century to the present, International Studies in Social History, 10 (New York/Oxford:
Berghahn Books): 1–12.
Fontaine, L. (ed.) (2008b), Alternative exchanges: Second-hand circulations from the sixteenth century to the
present, International Studies in Social History, 10 (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books).
Fontaine, L. (2014), The moral economy: Poverty, credit, and trust in early modern Europe (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Foyster , mid-18th-century. Printed trade card. Lewis Walpole Library, 66 726 T675 Quarto (Yale University,
Farmington, CT).
Gelber, S. (2008), Horse-trading in the age of cars: Men in the marketplace (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
Glennie, A. and Whillans-Welldrake, A. (2014), Charity street: The value of charity to British households
(London: Institute for Public Policy Research).
Grange, C. and Son (u.d.), Printed trade card. British Museum, Prints & Drawings, Heal, 125.39.
Gregson, N. and Crewe, L. (2003), Second-hand cultures (Oxford: Berg).
Harris, M. , Mandelbrote, G. and Myers, R. (eds.) (2001), Under the hammer: Book auctions since the
seventeenth century (London: British Library).
Hart, E. (u.d.), ‘An empire of goods? Auctions and market cultures in the English-speaking world, 1730–85’,
Unpublished paper, Available at:
www.academia.edu/5966108/_An_Empire_of_Goods_Auction_and_Market_Cultures_in_the_English-
Speaking_World_1730-1785_?auto=download (accessed 21 July 2017).
Hartigan O’Connor, E. (2011), The ties that buy: Women and commerce in revolutionary America
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania).
Herrmann, F. (2004), ‘Christie, James (1730–1803)’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford:
Oxford University Press), Available at: www.oxforddnb.com.huntington.idm.oclc.org/view/article/5362
(accessed 18 May 2017).
Kisluk-Grosheide, D. , Krohn, D.L. and Leben, U. (eds.) (2013), Salvaging the past: Georges Hoentschel and
French decorative arts at the Metropolitan Museum of art (New Haven, CT/London: Yale University Press).
Le Zotte, J. (2013), ‘ “Not charity, but a chance”: Philanthropic capitalism and the rise of American thrift
stores, 1894–1930’, The New England Quarterly, 86 (2), pp. 169–195.
Lemire, B. (1991), ‘Peddling fashion: Salesmen, pawnbrokers, tailors, thieves and the second-hand clothes
trade in England, c. 1700–1800’, Textile History, 22, pp. 67–82.
Lilja, K. , Murhem, S. and Ulvaeng, G. (2009), ‘The indispensable market: Auctions in Sweden in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries’, in B. Blondé , N. Coquery , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.),
185–209.
MacArthur, R. and Stobart, J. (2010), ‘Going for a song? Country house sales in Georgian England’, in J.
Stobart and I. Van Damme (2010b), 175–195.
Mayhew, H. (1851/1968), London labour and the London poor, 4 Vols (London: Dover Publications).
McCants, A. (1995), ‘Meeting needs and suppressing desires: Consumer choice models and historical data’,
Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 26, pp. 191–208.
Morcillo, M.G. (2013), ‘Auctions’, in R.S. Bagnal et al. (eds.) The encyclopaedia of ancient history (Malden,
MA: Wiley-Blackwell), 937–938.
Mort, T. (1703–25), Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, HM72811, account book of Thomas Mort
(c.1648–1725).
Ohashi, S. (2007), ‘The Auction Duty Act of 1777: The beginning of institutionalisation of auctions in Britain’,
in J. Warren and A. Turpin (eds.) Auctions, agents and dealers: The mechanisms of the art market, 1660
–1830 (Oxford: Beazley Archive/Archaeopress), 21–31.
Ohashi, S. (2013), ‘Auctioneers in provincial towns in England and Wales at the end of the eighteenth
century’, Shi’en: The Journal of Historical Studies, Rikkyo University, pp. 174–198.
Old Bailey Online (1742), Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 26 May
2017), September 1742, trial of Robert Delany , George Campbell & Patience Forrester (t17421208-23).
Old Bailey Online (1790), Old Bailey Proceedings Online (www.oldbaileyonline.org, version 7.2, 27 May
2017), October 1790, trial of Edward Lowe and William Jobbins (t17901027-17).
Pennell, S. (2010), ‘All but the kitchen sink: Household sales and the circulation of second-hand goods in
early modern England’, in J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds), Modernity and the second-hand trade:
European consumption cultures and practices, 1700 –1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 37–56.
Pennell, S. (2014), ‘Making the bed in later Stuart and Georgian England’, in B. Blondé and J. Stobart (eds.)
Selling textiles in the long eighteenth century: Comparative perspectives from western Europe (Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan) 30–45.
Richmond, V. (2010), ‘The English church jumble sale: Parochial charity in the modern age’, in J. Stobart
and I. Van Damme (eds), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption cultures and
practices, 1700 –1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 242–258.
Rickett (u.d. but late 18th century), Printed trade card . British Museum, Prints and Drawings, Heal, 125.95.
Roberts, W. (2004), ‘Duveen, Sir Joseph Joel (1843–1908)’, rev. Helen Davies , Oxford Dictionary of
National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Available at:
www.oxforddnb.com.huntington.idm.oclc.org/view/article/32946 (Accessed 15 August 2017).
Roche, D. (1997), The culture of clothing: Dress and fashion in Ancien Regime France (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Staples, K. (2010), ‘Fripperers and the used clothing trade in late medieval London’, Medieval Clothing and
Textiles, 6, pp. 151–171.
Staples, K. (2015), ‘The significance of the second-hand trade in Europe, 1200–1600’, History Compass, 13
(6), pp. 297–309.
Stobart, J. (2006), ‘Clothes, cabinets and carriages: Second-hand dealing in eighteenth-century England’, in
B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and practices in
medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 225–244.
Stobart, J. (2009), ‘In and out of fashion? Advertising novel and second-hand goods in Georgian England’, in
B. Blondé , N. Coquery, Stobart and Van Damme (eds.), Fashioning old and new: Changing consumer
patterns in Western Europe (1650 –1900) (Turnhout: Brepols), 133–144.
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (2010a), ‘Introduction’, in J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.), Modernity and
the second-hand trade: European consumption cultures and practices, 1700 –1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan), 1–14.
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2010b), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European consumption
cultures and practices, 1700–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
Stobart, J. and Rothery, M. (2016), Consumption and the country house (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Strasser, S. (1999), Waste and want: A social history of trash (New York: Metropolitan Books).
Susswein Gottesman, R. (1938), The arts and crafts in New York 1726–1776: Advertisements and news
items from New York City newspapers (New York: J. J. Little and Ives Company).
Sypher, F. (1992), ‘Sypher and co.: A pioneer antique dealer in New York’, Furniture History, 28, pp.
168–179.
Trappes-Lomax, R. (ed.) (1930), The diary and letter book of the Rev. Thomas Brockbank, 1671–1709
(Manchester: The Chetham Society), p. 89.
Tweeddale Papers (1674), National Library of Scotland, Tweeddale Papers, MS 14402, fols 83r-86v: Letter
from Jean Scott Hay, countess of Tweeddale to John Hay, 2nd earl of Tweeddale, from [Yester?]: 28
February [1674].
Van Damme, I. (2009), ‘The lure of the new: Urban retailing in the surroundings of Antwerp (late
seventeenth-early eighteenth centuries)’, in B. Blondé , N. Coquery , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.),
Fashioning old and new: Changing consumer patterns in Western Europe (1650 –1900) (Turnhout: Brepols),
97–120.
Van Damme, I. (2010), ‘Second-hand dealing in Bruges and the rise of an “antiquarian culture”,
c.1750–1870’, in J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.), Modernity and the second-hand trade: European
consumption cultures and practices, 1700–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 73–92.
Van Damme, I. and Vermoesen, R. (2009), ‘Second-hand consumption as a way of life: Public auctions in
the surroundings of Alost in the late eighteenth century’, Continuity and Change, 24 (2), pp. 275–305.
Wall, C. (1997), ‘The English auction: Narratives of dismantlings’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 31 (1), pp.
1–25.
Walton, J.K. (1984), ‘The rise of agricultural auctioneering in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain’,
Journal of Historical Geography, 10 (1), pp. 15–36.
Warren, J. and Turpin, A. (eds.) (2007), Auctions, agents and dealers: The mechanisms of the art market,
1660–1830 (Oxford: Beazley Archive/Archaeopress).
Welch, E.S. (2005), Shopping in the renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy, 1400–1600 (London/New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Westerfield, R.B. (1920), ‘Early history of American auctions: A chapter in commercial history’, Transactions
of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 23, 159–210.
Westgarth, M. (2013), The emergence of the antique and curiosity dealer in Britain 1815–1850: The
commodification of historical objects (Farnham: Ashgate).

Markets and market halls

Baics, G. (2012), ‘Is access to food a public good? Meat provisioning in early New York City, 1790–1820’,
Journal of Urban History, XX (X), pp. 1–26.
Baics, G. (2016), Feeding Gotham, the political economy and geography of food in New York, 1790 –1860
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Bailly, G.-H. and Laurent, Ph. (1998), La France des Halles & Marchés (Toulouse: Privat).
Baltard, V. and Callet, F. (1863), Monographie des Halles de Paris (Paris: A. Morel).
Baltard, V. (1873), Complément à la monographie des Halles centrales de Paris, comprenant un parallèle
entre divers édifices du même ordre (Paris: Ducher).
Beeckmans, L. and Bigon, L. (2016), ‘The making of the central markets of Dakar and Kinshasa: From
colonial origins to the post-colonial period’, Urban History, 43, p. 3.
Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (eds.) (1992), The Evolution of Retail Systems, c. 1800–1914 (London/New York:
Leicester University Press).
Bentham, J. (1995), ‘The Panopticon’, in M. Bozovic (ed.) The panopticon writings (London: Verso) 29–95.
Bernstein, H. (2015), ‘Food regimes and food regime analysis: A selective survey’, Land Grabbing, Conflict
and Agrarian-Environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, International
Academic Conference, 5–6 June, Chiang Mai University.
Black, E. (1913), ‘Communal benefits from the public control of terminal markets’, The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, “The Cost of Living”, 48, pp. 149–153.
Blake, M.K. (2013), ‘Ordinary food spaces in a global city: Hong Kong’, Streetnotes, 21 (1), pp. 1–12.
Bois, G. (1989), La mutation de l’an mil: Lournand, village mâconnais, de l’antiquité au féodalisme (Paris:
Fayard).
Braudel, F. (1979), Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme XVe–XVIIIe siècle, 2: Les Jeux de
l’Echange (Paris: Colin).
Bruyère, L. (1813), Collection des marchés de Paris avec projets (Paris: École Nationale des Ponts et
Chaussées, Manuscript, Fol. 486, 127 prints).
Cadilhon, J.J. , Fearne, A.P. , Hughes, D.R. and Moustier, P. (2003), “Wholesale markets and food
distribution in Europe: New strategies for old functions”, January. Available at:
www.researchgate.net/publication/242172462_Wholesale_Markets_and_Food_Distribution_in_Europe_New
_Strategies_for_Old_Functions.
Calabi, D. (2004), The market and the city: Square, street and architecture in early modern Europe
(Hampshire: Ashgate).
Carter, H. (1983), An introduction to urban historical geography (London: Arnold).
Castañer, E. (2015), ‘Iron markets in Spain’, in M. Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through
markets halls (Barcelona: Museu d’Història de Barcelona) 401–431.
Conzen, M.R.G. (1960), ‘Alnwick, Northumberland: A study in town-plan analysis’, Transactions and Papers
(Institute of British Geographers Publication), 27 (London: George Philip).
Conzen, M.R.G. (1962), ‘The plan analysis of an English city centre’, in K. Norborg (ed.), Proceedings of the
IGU Symposium in urban geography (Lund: Gleerup-Lund) 383–414.
Coppo, D. and Osello, A. (eds.) (2006), Il disegno di luoghi e mercati di Torino (Torino: Celid).
De Pieri, F. (2015), ‘Covered markets in liberal Italy: A comparison between four cities’, in M. Guàrdia and
J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls (Barcelona: Museu d’Història de Barcelona) 195–230.
Fava, N. , Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (2015), ‘The Barcelona market system’, in M. Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón
(eds.) Making cities through markets halls (Barcelona: Museu d’Història de Barcelona) 261–296.
Fava, N. , Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (2016), ‘Barcelona food retailing and public markets, 1876–1936’,
Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 454–475.
Foucault, M. (1977), ‘L’œil du pouvoir. Entretien avec Michel Foucault’, preface to Jeremy Bentham , Le
Panoptique (Paris: Pierre Belfond).
Friedman, H. and McMichael, P. (1989), ‘Agriculture and the state system: The rise and decline of national
agricultures, 1870 to the present’, Sociologica Ruralis, 29 (2), pp. 93–117.
Ganshof, F.L. (1943), Étude sur le développement des villes entre Loire au moyen âge (Paris/Brussels:
Presses Universitaires de France).
García-Fuentes, J.-M. , Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (2014), ‘Reinventing edible identities: Catalan cuisine
and Barcelona’s market halls’, in R.L. Brulotte and M.A. Di Giovine (eds.) Edible identities: Food as cultural
heritage (Farnham: Ashgate).
Goldman, A. , Krider, R. and Ramaswami, S. (1999), ‘The persistent competitive advantage of traditional
food retailers in Asia: Wet markets’ continued dominance in Hong Kong’, Journal of Macromarketing, 19 (2),
pp. 126–139.
Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (2015), ‘Introduction: European markets as makers of cities’, in M. Guàrdia and
J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls, 19th and 20th centuries (Barcelona: Museu d’Història
de Barcelona) 11–71.
Guàrdia, M. and Oyón, J.L. (2017), Memòria del mercat del Born (Barcelona: El Born Centre de Cultura I
Memòria), pp. 68–102
Guerreau, A. (1990), ‘Lournand au Xe siècle: histoire et fiction’, Le Moyen Age, 96, pp. 519–537.
Haiko, P. (2015), ‘Covered markets in Vienna’, in M. Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through
markets halls (Barcelona: Museu d’Història de Barcelona) 167–194.
Harada, M. (2016), ‘Japanese modern municipal retail and wholesale markets in comparison with European
markets’, Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 476–492.
Hennicke, J. (1881), Mitteilungen über Markthallen in Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Belgien und Italien
(Berlin: Ernst & Korn).
Hodson D. (1999), ‘‘The municipal store’: Adaptation and development in the retail markets of nineteenth-
century urban Lancashire’, in N. Alexander and G. Akehurst (eds.) The emergence of modern retailing. 1750
–1950 (London: Frank Cass).
Kelley, V. (2016), ‘The streets for the people: London’s street markets 1850–1939’, Urban History, 43, p. 3.
King, C.L. (1913), ‘Municipal markets: Reducing the cost of food distribution’, The Annals of the American
Academy of Political Science, 50, pp. 102–117.
Kostof, S. (1992), The city assembled (New York/London: Thames and Hudson).
Lavedan, P. and Hugueney, J. (1974), L’urbanisme au moyen âge (Geneva: Droz).
Lemoine, B. (1980), Les Halles de Paris. L’histoire d’un lieu, les péripéties d’une reconstruction, la
succession des projets, l’architecture des monuments, l’enjeu d’une ‘cité’ (Paris: L’Equerre).
Lemoine, B. (1986), L’architecture du fer: France XIXe siècle (Seyssel: Champ Vallon).
Lepetit, B. (1988), Les villes dans la France moderne (1740 –1840) (Paris: Albin Michel).
Leung J . (2016), ‘Abastecer o ser abastecido: La influencia de los mercados tradicionales de sobre el tejido
urbano de Lima’, M.A. Dissertation, ETSAB-UPC, Barcelona.
Levin, D. (1913), ‘Wholesale terminal markets in Germany and their effect on food costs and conservation’,
in C.L. King (eds.) “Municipal markets: Reducing the cost of food distribution”, The Annals of the American
Academy of Political Science, 50, pp. 153–165, 159.
Lohmeier, A. (1999), ‘ Bürgerliche Gesellschaft and consumer interests: The Berlin public market hall reform,
1867–1891’, Business History Review, 73, pp. 91–113.
Lortie, A. (1995), Paris s’exporte: Architecture modèle ou modèles d’architecture (Paris: Éditions de
l’Arsenal-Picard).
Marina, R.M. (2012), ‘A teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana de Milton Santos: de seu surgimento à
sua atualização’, Revista Geográfica Venezolana, 53 (1), pp. 147–164.
Mayo, J.M. (1991), ‘The American public market’, Journal of Architectural Education, 45, pp. 41–57.
Foucault, M. , et al. (eds.) (1978), Les machines à guérir: Aux origines de l’hôpital moderne (Liège/Brussels:
Pierre Mardaga).
Miller, M. (2015), Feeding Barcelona, 1714–1975: Public market halls, social networks and consumer culture
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press).
Mitchell, I. (2011), ‘Supplying the masses: Retailing and town governance in Macclesfield, Stockport and
Birkenhead, 1780–1860’, Urban History, 38 (2), pp. 256–275.
Nordin, Ch. (1992), ‘The hidden dimension: European mobile trade: Statistical estimates and an attempt to
classify various forms of market halls and mobile trade’, in D.L. Huff (ed.) International dimensions of
commercial systems (Austin, TX: University of Texas) 186–215.
Nordin, Ch. (2009), Oordning-torghandel i Stockholm, 1540–1918 (Lund: Sekel) (French resumé: Les leçons
du passé: Géographie historique des marchés de Stockholm, 1540 –1918, pp. 298–306).
Omilanowska, M. (2015), ‘Market halls in Scandinavia, Russia and Central and Eastern Europe’, in M.
Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls (Barcelona: Museu d’Història de
Barcelona) 410–413.
Osthoff, G. and Schmitt, E. (1909), ‘Markthallen und Marktplätze’, in Handbuch der Architektur: Gebäude für
die Zwecke der Landwirtschaft und der Lebensmittelversorgung (Leipzig: Alfred Kröner), Vol. IV, 3rd edition,
295–429.
Paflik-Huber, H. (2015), ‘Covered markets in Germany: From iron markets to central concrete markets’, in M.
Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls, op. cit. (Barcelona: Museu d´Història de
Barcelona) 327–362.
Pevsner, N. (1976), A history of building types (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Pinol, J.-L. and Garden, M. (2009), Atlas des Parisiens: De la révolution à nos jours (Paris: Parigramme).
Pirenne, H. (1925, 1952), Medieval cities: Their origins and the revival of trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press).
Pyle, J. (1971), ‘Farmers’ markets in the United States: Functional anachronisms’, Geographical Review, LXI
(2), pp. 167–197.
Risch, Th. (1867), Bericht über Markthallen in Deutschland, Belgien, Frankreich, England und Italien (Berlin:
Selbstverlage des Magistrats/Wolf Peiser).
Rudé, G. (1970), Paris and London in the 18th century: Studies in Popular Protest (London: W. Collins &
Sons).
Santos, M. (1979), O espaço dividido (Rio de Janeiro: Francisco Alves).
Sassen, S. (1991), The global city: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Schmiechen, J. (2015), ‘London and the British public market: Urban food, architectural form and cultural
language’, in M. Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls (Barcelona: Museu
d’Història de Barcelona) 73–102.
Schmiechen, J. and Carls, K. (1999), The British market hall: A social and architectural history (New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press).
Scola, R. (1975), ‘Food markets and shops in Manchester 1770 –1870’, Journal of Historical Geography, 1
(2), pp. 153–168.
Scola, R. (1992), Feeding the Victorian city: The food supply of Manchester 1770–1870 (Manchester/New
York: Manchester University Press).
Sposito, E.S. (1996), ‘Teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana nos países desenvolvidos: seu
esquecimento ou sua superação?’, in O mundo do cidadão – um cidadão do mundo, Homenagem ao Prof.
Milton Santos (São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo).
Stamp, G. (1986), ‘The Hungerford market’, AA-Files, 11, pp. 58–70.
Stemperini, G. (2009), La politica annonaria del comune di Roma tra Ottocento e anni trenta del Novecento.
La questione dei mercati all’ingrosso (Roma: Croma-Università degli Studio Roma Tre).
Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (2016), ‘Markets in modernization: Transformations in urban market space
and practice, c. 1800–1970’, Introduction to Urban History special issue, 43 (3), pp. 358–371.
Tangires, H. (2003), Public markets and civic culture in nineteenth-century America (Baltimore, MD/London:
John Hopkins University Press).
Tangires, H. (2015), ‘Lessons from Europe: Public market reform in the United States during the Progressive
Era, 1894–1922’, in M. Guàrdia and J.L. Oyón (eds.) Making cities through markets halls, 19th and 20th
centuries (Barcelona: Museu d´Història de Barcelona) 431–461.
Teyssot, G. (1977a), ‘Città-servizi. La produzione dei ‘bâtiments civils’ in Francia (1795–1848)’, Casabella,
424, pp. 56–65.
Teyssot, G. (1977b), ‘Heterotopia e storia degli spazi’, in G. Teyssot (ed.) Il dispositivo Foucault (Venice:
CLUVA).
Thompson, E.P. (1971), ‘The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century’, Past and
Present, 50, pp. 76–136.
Thompson, V.E. (1997), ‘Urban renovation, moral regeneration: Domesticating the halles in second empire
Paris’, French Historical Studies, 20, pp. 87–109.
Toftgaard, J. (2016), ‘Marketplaces and central spaces: Markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in
Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900’, Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 372–390.
Verhulst, A. (1991), ‘The decline of slavery and the economic expansion of the Early Middle Ages’, Past and
Present, 133, pp. 195–203.
Wells, R. (1987), ‘Counting riots in eighteenth-century England’, Bulletin for the Society of the Study of
Labour History, 37.

High street/main street

Adburgham, A. (1981), Shops and shopping 1800–1914: Where, and in what manner the well-dressed
Englishwoman bought her clothes (London: Allen & Unwin).
Arnout, A. (2014), ‘Something old, something borrowed, something new: The Brussels shopping townscape,
1830–1914’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 157–183.
Baer, W.C. (2007), ‘Early retailing: London’s shopping exchanges, 1550–1700’, Business History, 49/1, pp.
29–51.
Batenham, G. (1816), Panoramic delineations of the four principal streets of the city of Chester (Chester:
John Fletcher).
Bertramsen, H. (2003), ‘Remoulding commercial space: Municipal improvements and the department store
in Late-Victorian Manchester’, in J. Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of
British retailing (London: I.B. Tauris) 206–225.
Blondé, B. , Stabel, P. , Stobart, J. and van Damme, I. (eds.) (2006), Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and
practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols).
Blondé, B. and van Damme, I. (2010), ‘Retail growth and consumer changes in a declining urban economy:
Antwerp (1650–1750)’, Economic History Review, 63/3, pp. 638–663.
Borsay, P. (1989), The English urban renaissance: Culture and society in the provincial town 1660–1770
(Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Bradford Chamber of Trade (1903), ‘Minute Book 1903’, Unpublished Manuscript, Bradford Chamber of
Trade, West Yorkshire Archive Service, 56D85/1/1.
Bradford Street Improvements , Bradford Observer (1871), 29 April.
Burt, S. and Grady, K. (1992), Kirkgate Market: An illustrated history (Leeds: The Authors).
Cohen, L. (2004), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Vintage).
Coquery, N. (2011), ‘Promenade et shopping’, in C. Lois and L. Turcot (eds.) La Promenade au Tournaut
des xviii et xix Siecles (Bruxellres: Etudes sur le 18 siecle), 61–75.
Dallman, P. (2002), The story of Sheffield’s high street from the 16th century to modern times (Sheffield:
ALD).
Esperdy, G. (2008), Modernizing main street: Architecture and consumer culture in the new deal
(Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press).
Fava, A. , Guardia, M. and Oyon, J.L. (2016), ‘Barcelona food retailing and public markets, 1876–1936’,
Urban History, 43/3, pp. 454–475.
Fogelson, R. (2001), Downtown: Its rise and fall, 1880–1950 (New Haven, CT/London: Yale University
Press).
Furnée, J.H. (2014), ‘ “Our living museums of Nouveautés”: Visual and social pleasures in Th Hague’s
shopping streets, 1650–1900’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption:
Shopping streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 208–231.
Gillet, M. (2014), ‘Innovation and tradition in the shopping landscape of Paris and a provincial city,
1800–1900’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 184–207.
Grady, K. (1980), ‘Commercial, marketing and retailing amenities, 1700–1914’, in D. Fraser (ed.) A history of
modern Leeds (Manchester: Manchester University Press) 177–199.
Guy, C. and Lord, J. (1993), ‘Transformation and the city centre’, in R.D.F. Bromley and C.J. Thomas (eds.)
Retail change: Contemporary issues (London: UCL Press) 88–108.
Hann, A. and Stobart, J. (2005), ‘Sites of consumption: The display of goods in provincial shops in
eighteenth-century England’, Cultural and Social History, 2/2, pp. 165–187.
Hey, D. (2010), A history of Sheffield (Lancaster: Carnegie).
Hirano, T. (1999), ‘Retailing in urban Japan, 1868–1945’, Urban History, 26/3, pp. 373–392.
Homburg, H. (2014), ‘German landscapes of consumption, 1750–1850: Perspectives of German and Foreign
travellers’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 125–156.
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Howe, S. (ed.) (2003), Retailing in the European union: Structure, competition and performance (London:
Routledge).
Isenberg, A. (2004), Downtown America: A history of the place and the people who made it (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Jones, C. (2010), ‘Sauchiehall Street,’ Available at: www.glasgowhistory.com/sauchiehall-street.html.
Keene, D. (2006), ‘Sites of desire: Shops, selds and wardrobes in London and other English cities,
1100–1550’, in Blondé et al. (eds), Buyers and sellers, 125–153.
Kelly (1893), Kelly’s directory of Derbyshire (London: Kelly and Co.).
Lesger, C. (2011), ‘Patterns of retail location and urban form in Amsterdam in the mid-eighteenth century’,
Urban History, 38/1, pp. 24–47.
Lesger, C. (2014), ‘Urban planning, urban improvement and the retail landscape in Amsterdam, 1600–1850’,
in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in
Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 104–124.
Miller, M. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869–1920 (London: Allen
& Unwin).
Mintel Marketing Intelligence (1995), Survival of the High Street (London: Mintel International Group Ltd.).
Mitchell, I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700–1850: Narratives of consumption
(Farnham: Ashgate).
Morris, C. (ed.) (1984), Illustrated journeys of Celia Fiennes (London: Macdonald & Co.).
Morrison, K. (2003), English shops and shopping: An architectural history (New Haven, CT/London: Yale
University Press).
Morrison, K. (2015), Woolworth’s: 100 years on the high street (Swindon: Historic England).
Nevola, F. (2006), ‘ “Piu honorati et suntuosi ala Republica”: Botteghe and luxury retail along Siena’s Strada
Romana’, in Blondé et al., Buyers and Sellers.
Peck, L. (2005), Consuming splendour: Society and culture in seventeenth-century England (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Portas, M. (2011), The Portas review, Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-portas-review-
the-future-of-our-high-streets.
Sargentson, C. (1996), Merchants and luxury markets: The marchands merciers of eighteenth-century Paris
(London: V and A Museum).
Spiekermann, U. (2000), ‘Display windows and window display in German cities of the nineteenth century:
Towards the history of a commercial breakthrough’, in C. Wischermann and E. Shore (eds.) Advertising and
the European city: Historical perspectives (Aldershot: Ashgate) 139–171.
Stobart, J. (2001), ‘City centre retailing in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Stoke-on-Trent:
Structures and processes’, in J. Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of
British retailing (London: I.B. Tauris) 155–178.
Stobart, J. (2008), Spend, spend, spend: A history of shopping (Stroud: Tempus).
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English
town, c. 1680–1830 (London: Routledge).
Toftgaard, J. (2016), ‘Marketplaces and central spaces: Markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in
Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900’, Urban History, 43/3, pp. 372–390.
Trentmann, F. (2016), Empire of things: How we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to
the twenty-first (London: Allen Lane).
van Damme, I. and van Aert, L. (2014), ‘Antwerp goes shopping! Continuity and change in retail space and
shopping interactions from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The
landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan) 78–103.
Walker, G. (1996), ‘Retailing development: In town or out of town’, in C. Greed (ed.) Investigating town
planning: Changing perspectives and agenda (Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman) 155–180.
Walsh, C. (2000), ‘Shopping et Tourisme: L’Attrait des Boutiques Parisiennes au xviii Siecle’, in N. Coquery
et al. (eds), La Boutique et la Ville (Tours: Université François Rabelais) 223–237.
Walsh, C. (2014), ‘Stalls, bulks, shops and long-term change in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century
England’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 37–56.
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the Renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy 1400–1600 (New Haven, CT/
London: Yale University Press).

History of the department store

Abelson, E. (1989), When ladies go a-thieving: Middle-class shoplifters in the Victorian department store
(New York: Oxford University Press).
Ackermann’s Repository of Arts, Literature, Commerce, Manufactures, Fashions and Politics (1809),
Harding, Howell, & Co.’s Grand Fashionable Magazine, No. 89, Pall Mall (Plate 12: Vol. 1, No. 3, March).
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation: Department stores and the making of modern Canada (Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press).
Benson, S.P. (1988), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores, 1890 –1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Bunker, S.B. (2012), Creating Mexican consumer culture in the age of Porfirio Diaz (Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press).
Chapman, J. (2014), ‘The argument of the broken pane’, Media History, 21 (3), pp. 238–251.
Cohen, L. (2003), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Alfred A. Knopf).
Danto, G. (2006), ‘Letter from Chicago – in Memoriam: Marshall Field’s’, Brandweek, September 25, p. 40.
Dry Goods Merchants Trade Journal (1927), ‘How much should you spend for fixtures?’, February, pp.
49–50, 56.
Dry Goods Merchants Trade Journal (1929), ‘Introducing modern art to the community’, April, pp. 31–32.
Elvins, S. (2004), Sales and celebrations: Retailing and regional identity in Western New York State, 1920
–1940 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Gidlow, L. (2004), The big vote: Gender, consumer culture, and the politics of exclusion, 1890s –1920s
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Hendrickson, R. (1979), The grand emporiums: The illustrated history of America’s great department stores
(New York: Stein and Day).
Herold, D. (1932), ‘The Macy complex’, The Merchandise Manager, 3 (1), p. 34.
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Hower, R. (1967), History of Macy’s of New York (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Leach, W. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Leannah, M. (2013), Something for everyone: Memories of Lauerman Brothers department store (Madison,
WI: Wisconsin Historical Society).
Longstreth, R. (1997), City center to regional mall: Architecture, the automobile, and retailing in Los Angeles,
1920–1950 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869–1920 (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press).
New York Times (1924), ‘Greet Santa Claus as “king of kiddies” – Crowds cheer him in parade and witness
coronation in Macy’s new store’, November 28, p. 15.
Olen, H. (2016), Macy’s is closing 100 stores: Where did all of its customers go? [online] Slate. Available at:
www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2016/08/11/macy_s_is_closing_100_department_stores_where_did_its_cu
stomers_go.html (Accessed November 13, 2016).
Penfold, S. (2016), A mile of make-believe: A history of the Eaton’s Santa Claus parade (Toronto: University
of Toronto Press).
Post, H. (1934), ‘The independent need not surrender’, Dry Goods Merchants Trade Journal February, p. 21.
Rappaport, E. (2000), Shopping for pleasure: Women in the making of London’s West end (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Resseguie, H. (1965), ‘Alexander Turney Stewart and the development of the department store, 1823–1876’,
Business History Review, 39 (3).
Santink, J. (1990), Timothy Eaton and the rise of his department store (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Satterthwaite, A. (2001), Going shopping: Consumer choices and community consequences (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press).
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2010), ‘Advertising, promotion, and the competitive advantage of interwar British
department stores’, The Economic History Review, 63 (4), pp. 1105–1128.
Siry, J. (1988), Carson Pirie Scott: Louis Sullivan and the Chicago department store (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press).
Sternberg, H. and Shelledy, J. (2009), We were merchants: The Sternberg family and the story of
Goudchaux’s and Maison Blanche department stores (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press).
Tiersten, L. (2001), Marianne in the market: Envisioning consumer society in fin-de-siècle France (Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press).
Walsh, C. (1999), ‘The newness of the department store: A view from the eighteenth century’, In G. Crossick
and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store, 1850–1939 (Burlington,
VT: Ashgate) 46–71.
Wemp, B. (2011), ‘Social space, technology, and consumer culture at the Grands Magasins Dufayel’,
Historical Reflections, 37 (1), pp. 1–16.
Whitaker, J. (2006), Service and style: How the American department store fashioned the middle class (New
York: St. Martin’s Press).
Williams, R. (1982), Dream worlds: Mass consumption in late nineteenth-century France (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press).

The supermarket as a global historical development

Alexander, A. (2008), ‘Format development and retail change: Supermarket retailing and the London co-
operative society’, Business History, 50 (4), pp. 489–508.
Alexander, A. , Shaw, G. and Curth, L. (2005), ‘Promoting retail innovation: Knowledge flows during the
emergence of self-service and supermarket retailing in Britain’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and
Space, 37, pp. 805–821.
Bailey, A.R. and Alexander, A. (2017), ‘Cadbury and the rise of the supermarket: Innovation in marketing
1953–1975’, Business History, pp. 1–22. DOI: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1400012.
Bowlby, R. (2000), Carried away: The invention of modern shopping (London: Faber and Faber).
Bowlby, R. (1997), ‘Supermarket futures’, in P. Falk and C. Campbell (eds.) The shopping experience
(London: Sage).
Brand, E.A. (1963), Modern supermarket operation (New York: Fairchild Publications).
Chave, J. (2014), ‘The challenges we share with some EU countries: What can we learn?’, The
Pharmaceutical Journal. Supplements, 11th February 2014. Available at: www.pharmaceutical-
journal.com/the-challenges-we-share-with-some-eu-countries-what-can-we-learn/11134173.article.
Cochoy, F. (2016), On the origins of self-service ( Jaciara Topley-Lira , Trans.) (London/New York:
Routledge).
Cohen, L. (2003), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Vintage).
De Grazia, V. (2002), ‘American supermarkets versus European small shops: Or how transnational
capitalism crossed paths with moral economy in Italy during the 1960s’, Trondheim Studies on East
European Cultures & Societies, 7, pp. 2–26.
De Grazia, V. (2005), Irresistible empire: America’s advance through twentieth-century Europe (Cambridge,
MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
Deutsch, T. (1999), ‘From “wild animal stores” to women’s sphere: Supermarkets and the politics of mass
consumption, 1930–1950’, Business & Economic History. 28 (2), pp. 143–153.
Deutsch, T. (2010), Building a housewife’s paradise: Gender, politics, and American grocery stores in the
twentieth century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Dholakia, N. , Dholakia, R.R. and Chattopadhyay, A. (2012), ‘India’s emerging retail systems: Coexistence of
tradition and modernity’, Journal of Macromarketing, 32 (3), pp. 252–265.
Dries, L. , Reardon, T. and Swinnen, J.F.M. (2004), ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Central and Eastern
Europe: Implications for the agrifood sector and rural development’, Development Policy Review, 22 (5), pp.
525–556.
Food Marketing Institute (2018), Supermarket Facts, Available at: www.fmi.org/our-research/supermarket-
facts (Accessed February 11, 2018).
Grandclément, C. (2009), ‘Wheeling one’s groceries around the store: The invention of the shopping cart,
1936–1953’, in W. Belasco and R. Horowitz (eds.) Food chains: From farmyard to shopping cart
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press) 233–251, notes at 291–294.
Hamilton, S. (2008), Trucking country: The road to America’s Wal-mart economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press).
Hamilton, S. (2009), ‘Supermarket USA confronts state socialism: Airlifting the technopolitics of industrial
food distribution into Cold War Yugoslavia’, in R. Oldenziel and K. Zachmann (eds.) Cold War kitchen:
Americanization, technology, and European users (Cambridge, MA, MIT Press) 137–159.
Humphery, K. (1998), Shelf life: Supermarkets and the changing cultures of consumption (Cambridge, MA:
Cambridge University Press).
Independent Grocers Alliance (2018), About IGA, Available at: www.iga.com/about.aspx (Accessed February
22, 2018)
Keh, H.T. (1998), ‘Technological innovations in grocery retailing: Retrospect and prospect’, Technology in
Society, 20 (2), pp. 195–209.
Kornum, N. and Bjerre, M. (eds.) (2005), Grocery e-commerce: Consumer behaviour and business
strategies (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar).
Langer, L. (2012), ‘How West German retailers learned to sell to a mass consumer society: Self-service and
supermarkets between “Americanization” and “Europeanization,” 1950s–1960s’, in R. Jessen and L. Langer
(eds.) Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate) 72–85.
Lawrence, P.R. (1991 [1958]), The changing of organizational behavior patterns: A case study of
decentralization (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction).
Lescent-Giles, I. (2005), ‘The rise of supermarkets in twentieth-century Britain and France’, in C. Sarasua
and P. Scholliers (eds.) Lands, shops and kitchens: Technology and the food chain in twentieth-century
Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 188–211.
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill & Wang).
Liebs, C.H. (1995 [1985]), Main Street to miracle mile: American roadside architecture (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press).
Logemann, J. (2012), ‘Beyond self-service: The limits of “Americanization” in post-war west German retailing
in comparative perspective’, in R. Jessen and L. Langer (eds.) Transformations of retailing in Europe after
1945 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate) 87–100.
Longstreth, R. (1999), The drive-in, the supermarket, and the transformation of commercial space in Los
Angeles, 1914–1941 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Mann, A. (2014), Global activism in food politics: Power shift (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
Markin, R. (1964–1965), ‘The supermarket – a study of size, profits, and concentration’, Journal of Retailing
(Winter), pp. 22–36.
Markin, R. (1968), The supermarket: An analysis of growth, development, and change (Revised ed. Pullman
) (Washington, DC: Washington State University Press).
Mayo, J.M. (1993), The American grocery store: The business evolution of an architectural space (Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press).
McAusland, R. (1980), Supermarkets: 50 years of progress (Washington, DC: Food Marketing Institute).
Morton, A.Q. (1994), ‘Packaging history: The emergence of the uniform product code (UPC) in the United
States, 1970–75’, History and Technology, an International Journal, 11 (1), pp. 101–111.
Mouncer, B. (2017), ‘Top 10 biggest supermarket chains in Europe’, Business Chief, 28th September.
Available at: http://europe.businesschief.com/top10/1436/Top-10-biggest-supermarket-chains-in-Europe.
Palm, M. (2017), Technologies of consumer labor: A history of self-service (New York: Routledge).
Patel, R. (2007), Stuffed and starved: The hidden battle for the world food system (Brooklyn, NY: Melville
House).
Patterson, P.H. (2009), ‘Making markets Marxist? The east European grocery store from rationing to
rationality to rationalizations’, in W. Belasco and R. Horowitz (eds.) Food chains: From farmyard to shopping
cart (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press) 196–216, notes 285–288.
Reardon, T. and Gulati, A. (2008), ‘The supermarket revolution in developing countries: Policies for
“competitiveness with inclusiveness” ’, International Food Policy Research Institute. IFPRI Policy Brief 2 ,
June.
Reardon, T. and Berdegué, J.A. (2002), ‘The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: Challenges and
opportunities for development’, Development Policy Review, 20 (4), pp. 317–334.
Reardon, T. and Minten, B. (2011), ‘Surprised by supermarkets: Diffusion of modern food retail in India’,
Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 1 (2), pp. 134–161.
Reardon, T. , Timmer, C.P. , Barrett, C.B. and Berdegué, J. (2003), ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia,
and Latin America’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85 (5), pp. 1140–1146.
Ruiz, J.L.G. (2007), ‘Cultural resistance and the gradual emergence of modern marketing and retailing
practices in Spain, 1950–1975’, Business History, 49 (3), pp. 367–384.
Rusinow, D. (1969), ‘Yugoslavia’s supermarket revolution: The self-service shopping cart as a vehicle of
modernization’, American Universities Field Staff Reports, Southeast Europe Series, 16 (1).
Scarpellini, E. (2005), ‘Shopping American-style: The arrival of the supermarket in postwar Italy’, Enterprise
& Society, 5 (4), pp. 625–668.
Scarpellini, E. (2012), ‘The long way to the supermarket: Entrepreneurial innovation and adaptation in 1950s
– 1960s Italy’, in R. Jessen and L. Langer (eds.) Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945 (Farnham,
UK: Ashgate) 55–69.
Seth, A. and Randall, G. (2011), The grocers: The rise and rise of supermarket chains, 3rd ed (London:
Kogan Page).
Shaw, G. , Bailey, A. , Alexander, A. , Nell, D. and Hamlett, J. (2012), ‘The coming of the supermarket: The
processes and consequences of transplanting American know-how into Britain’, in R. Jessen and L. Langer
(eds.) Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate) 35–53.
Shaw, G. , Kurth, L. and Alexander, A. (2004), ‘Selling self-service and the supermarket: The
Americanisation of food retailing in Britain, 1945–60’, Business History, 46 (4), pp. 568–582.
Shaw, H. (2014), The consuming geographies of food: Diet, food deserts and obesity (London: Routledge).
Skurski, R. (1983), Soviet marketing and economic development (New York: St. Martin’s Press).
Smith, A.F. (2009), Eating history: 30 turning points in the making of American cuisine (New York: Columbia
University Press).
Tedlow, R.S. (1990), New and improved: The story of mass marketing in America (New York: Basic Books).
Tolbert, L. (2009), ‘The aristocracy of the market basket: Self-service food shopping in the New South’, in W.
Belasco and R. Horowitz (eds.) Food chains: From farmyard to shopping cart (Philadelphia, PA: University of
Pennsylvania Press) 179–195, notes at 283–285.
Usui, K. (2014), Marketing and consumption in modern Japan (New York: Routledge).
Van den Eeckhout, P. (2012), ‘Shopping for food in Western Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries’, Food and History, 10 (1), pp. 71–82.
Weatherspoon, D.D. and Reardon, T. (2003), ‘The rise of supermarkets in Africa: Implications for agrifood
systems and the rural poor’, Development Policy Review, 21 (3), pp. 333–355.
Yee, A. (2003), Shopping at giant foods: Chinese American supermarkets in Northern California (Seattle,
WA: University of Washington Press).
Zimmerman, M.M. (1937), Super market: Spectacular exponent of mass distribution (New York: Super
Market Publishing Co).
Zimmerman, M.M. (1955), The super market: A revolution in distribution (New York: McGraw-Hill).
Zukin, S. (2004), Point of purchase: How shopping changed American culture (New York: Routledge).
Village shops and country stores
1
Bailey, L.A. (2011), ‘Consumption and status: Shopping for clothes in a nineteenth-century Bedfordshire
gentry household’, Midland History, 36 (1), pp. 89–114.
Bailey, L.A. (2015), ‘Squire, shopkeeper and staple food: The reciprocal relationship between the country
house and the village shop in the late Georgian period’, History of Retailing and Consumption, 1 (1), pp.
8–27.
Baulant, M. (1987), ‘Marchand rural, marchand urban: Le commerce de distribution en Brie aux XVIIe and
XVIIIe siècles’, in F. Lebrun and N. Séguin (eds.) Sociétés villageoises et rapports villes-campagnes au
Québec et dans la France de l’ouest XVIIe–XXe siècles (Trois-Rivières: Centre de Recherche en Études
Québécoises, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières) 113–120.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2013), ‘Early modern Europe: 1500–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.) The Oxford
handbook of cities in world history (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 240–256.
Braudel, F. (1982), Civilization and capitalism, 15th–18th century, ii, the wheels of commerce ( Siân
Reynolds , trans.) (New York: Harper & Row).
Breen, T.H. (2004), The marketplace of revolution: How consumer politics shaped American independence
(New York: Oxford University Press).
Bruegel, M. (2002), Farm, shop, landing: The rise of a market society in the Hudson Valley, 1780 –1860
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
Clemens, P.G.E. and Simler, L. (1988), ‘Rural labor and the farm household in Chester county,
Pennsylvania, 1750–1820’, in S. Innes (ed.) Work and labor in early America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of
North Carolina Press for the Institute of early American History and Culture) 106–143.
Coquery, N. (2008), ‘Les faillites boutiquières sous l’Ancien Régime: Une gestion de l’échec mi-juridique mi-
pragmatique (fin XVIIe–fin XVIIIe siècle)’, Revue française de gestion, 188–189, pp. 341–358.
Cox, N. (2000), The complete tradesman: A study of retailing, 1550 –1820 (Aldershot/Burlington, VT:
Ashgate).
Cox, N. (2015), Retailing and the language of goods, 1550 –1820 (Farnham, UK/Burlington, VT: Ashgate).
Cox, N. and Dannehl, K. (2007), Perceptions of retailing in early modern England (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Craig, B. (2009), Backwoods consumers and homespun capitalists: The rise of a market culture in Eastern
Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Craig, R. and Schofield, M.M. (1967), ‘The trade of Lancaster in William Stout’s time’, in J.D. Marshall (ed.)
The autobiography of William Stout of Lancaster 1665–1752 (Manchester: Manchester University Press for
the Chetham Society) 23–63.
Crerar, A. (ed.) (2007), Letters of Adam Hope, 1834–1845 (Toronto: The Champlain Society).
Crossick, G. and Haupt, H. (1995), The petite bourgeoisie in Europe 1780–1914: Enterprise, family and
independence (London/New York: Routledge).
Dépatie, S. (2003), ‘Commerce et crédit à l’île Jésus, 1734–1775: Le rôle des marchands ruraux dans
l’économie des campagnes montréalaises’, Canadian Historical Review, 84 (2), pp. 147–176.
de Vries, J. (1984), European urbanization 1500 –1800 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
de Vries, J. (2008), The industrious revolution: Consumer behavior and the household economy, 1650 to the
present (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Drummond, I. (1987), Progress without planning: The economic history of Ontario from Confederation to the
Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Everitt, A. (1967), ‘The marketing of agricultural produce’, in J. Thirsk (ed.) The agrarian history of England
and Wales, iv, 1500 –1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 466–592.
Fleming, R.B. (2002), General stores of Canada: Merchants and memories (Toronto: Lynx Images).
Gal, A.M. (2016), ‘Grassroots consumption: Ontario farm families’ consumption practices, 1900–45’, PhD,
Wilfrid Laurier University.
Grantham, G. (1989), ‘Jean Meuvret and the subsistence problem in early modern France’, Journal of
Economic History, 49 (1), pp. 184–200.
Greer, A. (1985), Peasant, lord, and merchant: Rural society in three Quebec parishes 1740 –1840 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
Gulliver, P.H. and Silverman, M. (1995), Merchants and shopkeepers: A historical anthropology of an Irish
market town, 1200 –1991 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Gwyn, J. (2015), ‘Review of Douglas McCalla: Consumers in the Bush ’. Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia
Historical Society, 18, pp. 113–114.
United States Bureau of the Census , Historical statistics of the United States: Earliest times to the present
(2006). Millennial edition, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Hoffman, P.T. (1996), Growth in a traditional society: The French countryside, 1450 –1815 (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Hofstra, W.R. and Mitchell, R.D. (1993), ‘Town and country in backcountry Virginia: Winchester and the
Shenandoah Valley, 1730–1800’, Journal of Southern History, 59 (4), pp. 619–646.
Innes, S. (1988), ‘Fulfilling John Smith’s vision: Work and labour in Early America’, in S. Innes (ed.) Work
and labor in early America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press for the Institute of Early
American History and Culture) 3–47.
Jenkins, M. (2018), ‘The view from the street: The landscape of polite shopping in Georgian York’, Urban
History, 45 (1), pp. 26–48.
Lepetit, B. (1994), The pre-industrial urban system: France, 1740 –1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press and Paris: Editions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme).
Main, G.L. (1982), Tobacco colony: Life in early Maryland, 1650 –1720 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
Mancke, E. (1995), ‘At the counter of the general store: Women and the economy in eighteenth-century
Horton, Nova Scotia’, in M. Conrad (ed.) Intimate relations: Family and community in Planter Nova Scotia,
1759 –1800 (Fredericton: Acadiensis Press) 167–181.
Martin, A.S. (2008), Buying into the world of goods: Early consumers in backcountry Virginia (Baltimore, MD:
The Johns Hopkins University Press).
Matson, C. (2006), ‘A house of many mansions: Some thoughts on the field of economic history’, in C.
Matson (ed.) The economy of early America: Historical perspectives & new directions (University Park, PA:
Pennsylvania State University Press) 1–70.
McCalla, D. (1979), The Upper Canada trade, 1834 –1872: A history of the Buchanans’ business (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
McCalla, D. (2015), Consumers in the bush: Shopping in rural Upper Canada (Montreal/Kingston: McGill-
Queen’s University Press).
Michel, L. (1979), ‘Un marchand rural en Nouvelle-France: François-Augustin Bailly de Messein,
1709–1771’, Revue d’Histoire de l’Amérique française, 33 (2), pp. 215–262.
Monod, D. (1996), Store wars: Shopkeepers and the culture of mass marketing, 1880 –1939 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
Mui, H. and Mui, L.H. (1989), Shops and shopkeeping in eighteenth-century England (Kingston/Montreal:
McGill-Queen’s University Press).
North, S. (2016), ‘ “Galloon, incle and points”: Fashionable dress and accessories in Rural England,
1552–1665’, in R. Jones and C. Dyer (eds.) Farmers, consumers, innovators: The world of Joan Thirsk
(Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press) 104–123.
Ogilvie, S. (2010), ‘Consumption, social capital, and the “industrious revolution” in early modern Germany’,
Journal of Economic History, 70 (2), pp. 287–325.
Postel-Vinay, G. and Robin, J. (1992), ‘Eating, working, and saving in an unstable world: Consumers in
nineteenth-century France’, Economic History Review, 45 (3), pp. 494–513.
Pronovost, C. (1998), La bourgeoisie marchande en milieu rural (1720 –1840) (Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de
l’Université Laval).
Ray, A.J. and Freeman, D.B. (1978), ‘Give us good measure’: An economic analysis of relations between the
Indians and the Hudson’s Bay Company Before 1763 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Riello, G. (2013), Cotton: The fabric that made the modern world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Santink, J.L. (1990), Timothy Eaton and the rise of his department store (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press).
Shammas, C. (1982), ‘How self-sufficient was early America?’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 13 (2), pp.
247–272.
Shammas, C. (1990), The pre-industrial consumer in England and America (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Smith, T.C. (1973), ‘Pre-modern economic growth: Japan and the west’, Past & Present, 60, pp. 127–160.
Stobart, J. (2010), ‘A history of shopping: The missing link between retail and consumer revolutions’, Journal
of Historical Research in Marketing, 2 (3), pp. 342–349.
Stobart, J. (2012), Sugar and spice: Grocers and groceries in provincial England, 1650–1830 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. (2016), ‘The village shop, 1660–1760: Innovation and tradition’, in R. Jones and C. Dyer (eds.)
Farmers, consumers, innovators: The world of Joan Thirsk (Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press)
89–102.
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English
town, c. 1680–1830 (London/New York: Routledge).
Stobart, J. and Bailey, L. (2018), “Retail revolution and the village shop, c. 1660–1860’, Economic History
Review, 71 (2), pp. 393–417.
Styles, J. (2007), The dress of the people: Everyday fashion in eighteenth-century England (New Haven,
CT/London: Yale University Press).
Sweeny, R.C.H. , Bradley, D. and Hong, R. (1992), ‘Movement, options and costs: Indexes as historical
evidence, a Newfoundland example’, Acadiensis, 22 (1), pp. 111–121.
Vaisey, D. (ed.) (1984), The diary of Thomas Turner 1754 –1765 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
van den Heuvel, D. and Ogilvie, S. (2013), ‘Retail development in the consumer revolution: The Netherlands,
c. 1670–c. 1815’, Explorations in Economic History, 50 (1), pp. 69–87.
Walsh, C. (2008), ‘Shopping at first hand? Mistresses, servants and shopping for the household in early-
modern England’, in D. Hussey and M. Ponsonby (eds.) Buying for the home: Shopping for the domestic
from the seventeenth century to the present (Aldershot: Ashgate) 13–26.
Walsh, L.S. (1983), ‘Urban amenities and rural sufficiency: Living standards and consumer behavior in the
colonial Chesapeake, 1643 –1777’, Journal of Economic History, 43 (1), pp. 109–117.
Wermuth, T.S. (2001), Rip Van Winkle’s neighbors: The transformation of rural society in the Hudson River
Valley, 1720 –1850 (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).
Willan, T.S. (1970), An eighteenth-century shopkeeper: Abraham Dent of Kirkby Stephen (Manchester:
Manchester University Press).
Willan, T.S. (1976), The inland trade: Studies in English internal trade in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Winstanley, M.J. (1983), The shopkeeper’s world, 1830 –1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Arcades, shopping centres and shopping malls

Abaza, M. (2006), ‘Egyptianizing the American dream: Nasr City’s shopping malls, public order, and the
privatized military’, in D. Singerman and P. Amar (eds.) Cairo cosmopolitan: Politics, culture, and urban
space in the new globalized middle east (New York: American University in Cairo Press).
Adburgham, A. (1979), Shopping in style: London from the restoration to Edwardian elegance (London:
Thames and Hudson Ltd).
Arnout, A. (2014), ‘Something old, something borrowed, something new: The Brussels shopping townscape,
1830–1914’, in J.-H. Furnee and C. Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600 –1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 157–183.
Benson, S.P. (1988), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores, 1890 – 1940 (Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press).
Blaszczyk, R. (2009), American consumer society, 1865–2005: From hearth to HDTV (Wheeling, IL: Harlan
Davidson).
Campanella, T. (2008), The concrete dragon: China’s urban revolution and what it means for the world (New
York: Princeton Architectural Press).
Cohen, L. (2003), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America (New York:
Knopf Doubleday Publishing).
Cohen, L. (1996), ‘From town center to shopping center: The reconfiguration of community marketplaces in
postwar America’, American Historical Review, 101 (4), pp. 1050–1081.
Davila, A. (2012), Culture works: Space, value and mobility across the neoliberal Americas (New York: New
York University Press).
de Grazia, V. (2005), Irresistible empire: America’s advance through 20th-century Europe (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
Epstein, R. (1997), ‘Takings, exclusivity and speech: The legacy of Pruneyard v Robins’, The University of
Chicago Law Review, 64 (1), pp. 21–56.
Ewen, S. (1976), Captains of consciousness: Advertising and the social roots of the consumer culture (New
York: Basic Books).
Farrell, J.J. (2003), One nation under goods: Malls and the seductions of American shopping (Washington,
DC: Smithsonian Books).
Fujioka, R. (2014), ‘The development of department stores in Japan: 1900s–1930s’, Japanese Research in
Business History, pp. 11–27.
Gillet, M. (2014), ‘Innovation and tradition in the shopping landscape of Parish and a provincial city, 1800
–1900’, in J.-H. Furnee and C. Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures
in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 184–207.
Gosseye, J. (2015), ‘‘Milton Keynes’ centre: The apotheosis of the British post-war consensus or the apostle
of neo-liberalism?’, History of Retailing and Consumption, 1 (3), pp. 209–229.
Hanchett, T.W. (1996), ‘U.S. tax policy and the shopping-center boom of the 1950s and 1960s’, The
American Historical Review, 101, pp. 1082–1110.
Hardwick, M.J. (2004), Mall maker: Victor Gruen, architect of an American dream (Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania Press).
Howard, V. (2015), From main street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Hu, W. (2003), ‘A message of peace on two shirts touches off hostilities at a mall’, New York Times.
Impact of Suburban Shopping Centers on Independent Retailers, Report of the Select Committee on Small
Business United States Senate, 86th Congress 1st Session, Report No. 1016 (United States Government
Printing Office, January 5, 1960).
Isenberg, A. (2004), Downtown America: A history of the place and the people who made it (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Jackson, K.T. (1996), ‘All the world’s a mall: Reflections on the social and economic consequences of the
American shopping center’, American Historical Review, 101, pp. 1111–1121.
Linder, A. (2016), ‘Five years from now, one-third of China’s shopping malls will be out of business, report
says’, Shanghaiist (September 8, 2016), Available at:
http://shanghaiist.com/2016/09/08/one_third_shopping_malls_gone.php.
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920–1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
MacKeith, M. (1985), Shopping arcades. A Gazetteer of extant British arcades, 1817–1939 (London: Mansell
Publishing).
Matthews, H. , Taylor, M. , Percy-Smith, B. and Limb, M. (2000), ‘The unacceptable flaneur: The shopping
mall as a teenage hangout’, Childhood, 7 (3), pp. 279–294.
Mayhew, H. (ed.) (1865), The shops and companies of London and the trades and manufactories of great
Britain (London).
Miller, D. , Jackson, P. , Thrift, N. , Holbrook, B. and Rowlands, M. (1998), Shopping, place and identity
(London: Routledge).
Minter, A. (2016), ‘China’s empty malls get weirder’, Bloomberg View (February 17, 2016), Available at:
www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-02-17/china-s-empty-malls-get-weirder.
Morrison, K. (2003), English shops and shopping (London: Yale University Press).
Neill, P. (1979), ‘Why supermall is superbad’, The New York Times (August 5, 1979).
Nicolaide, B. and Andrew Weise, A. (eds.) (2006), The suburb reader (New York: Taylor & Francis).
Pacione, M. (2005), Urban geography: A global perspective, 2nd ed., (London: Psychology Press).
Pigeon, S. (1981), ‘Freedom of speech: The Florida implications of PruneYard shopping center v. Robins’,
University of Miami Law Review, 35, pp. 559–580.
Savage, M. (2000), ‘Walter Benjamin’s urban thought’, in M. Crang and N. Thrift (eds.) Thinking space
(London: Routledge) 33–53.
Sherman, L. (2008), ‘The world’s best shopping malls’, Forbes (August 1, 2008).
Spector, R. (2005), Category killers: The retail revolution and its impact on consumer culture (Boston, MA:
Harvard Business School Press).
Spielvogel, C. (1956), ‘Shopper’s dream near completion’, New York Times (September 24, 1956), p. 38.
Srivastava, S. (2015), Entangled urbanism: Slum, gated community, and shopping mall in Delhi and
Gurgaon (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. (2008), Spend, spend, spend: A history of shopping (London: The History Press).
Stone, L. (1973), Family and fortune: Studies in aristocratic finance in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Tarver, J.D. (1957), ‘Suburbanization of retail trade in the standard metropolitan areas of the United States,
1948–54’, American Sociological Review, 22.
Walsh, C. (2005), ‘Social meaning and social space in the shopping gallerie of early-modern London’, in J.
Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: Tauris)
52–79.
Wood, Z. (2017), ‘Global shopping centre giants go on a Christmas buying spree’, The Guardian (December
16, 2017).

Big-box stores
Abernathy, F. , Dunlop, J. , Hammond, J. and Weil, D. (1999), A stitch in time (Oxford: Oxford University
Press).
Adams, T.J. (2006), ‘Making the new shop floor: Wal-Mart, labor control, and the history of the postwar
discount retail industry in America’. in Wal-Mart and N. Lichstenstein (eds.) The face of twenty-first century
capitalism (New York: The New Press).
Bair, J. and Bernstein, S. (2006), ‘Labor and the Wal-Mart effect’. in S. D. Brunn (ed.) Wal-Mart World (New
York: Routledge) 99–113.
Cliquet, G. (2000). ‘Large format retailers: a French tradition despite reactions’, Journal of Retailing and
Consumer Services 7, pp. 183–195.
Coclanis, P.A. (2007), ‘Model change: Wal-Mart, general motors, and the “new world” of retail supremacy’,
Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, 4 (1), pp. 49–58.
Copeland, N. and Labuski, C. (2013), The world of Wal-Mart: Discounting the American dream (New York:
Routledge).
Cudahy, B.J. (2006), Box boats (New York: Fordham University Press).
Dunham-Jones, E. (1997), ‘Temporary Contracts’, Harvard Design Magazine, No. 3, np.
‘Them Coming and Going,’ Adweek’s Marketing Week, 30 (36), p. 20.
Evans-Cowley, J. (2006), Meeting the big box challenge: Planning, design, and regulatory strategies
(Chicago, IL: American Planning Association).
Fernie, J. , Fernie, S. and Moore, C. (2015), Principles of retailing, 2nd ed., (London: Routledge).
Twentieth Century (New York: W. W. Norton) 2015.
Global Insight (2005), ‘The economic impact of Wal-Mart’, Available at:
http://www.ihsglobalinsight.com/publicDownload/genericContent/11-03-05_walmart.pdf
Halebsky, S. (2009), Small towns and big business: Challenging Wal-Mart superstores (Lanham, MD:
Lexington Books).
Hanchett, T. (1996), ‘US tax policy and the shopping-center boom of the 1950s and 1960s,’ American
Historical Review, 101, pp. 1082–1121.
Jarmin, R.S. , Klimek, S.D. and Miranda, J. (2005), The role of retail chains: National, regional, and industry
results (Washington, DC: Center for Economic Studies, Bureau of the Census).
Leibowitz, E. (1999), ‘Bar codes: Reading between the lines,’ Smithsonian, February.
Levinson, M. (2016), The box (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Lichtenstein, N. (2010), The retail revolution: How Wal-Mart created a brave new world of business (New
York: Picador).
Lichtenstein, N. (ed.) (2006), Wal-Mart: The face of twenty-first-century capitalism (New York: The New
Press).
Markusen, A. , Hall, P. , Campbell, S. and Deitrick, S. (1991), The rise of the sunbelt: The military remapping
of industrial America (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
McKinsey Global Institute (2001), ‘US productivity growth, 1995–2000: Understanding the contribution of
information technology relative to other factors,’ McKinsey, October, Available at:
www.mckinsey.com/mgi/productivity/usprod.pdf.
Moreton, B. (2009), To serve god and Wal-Mart: The making of Christian free enterprise (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
Ortega, B. (2000), In Sam we trust: The untold story of Sam Walton and Wal-Mart, the world’s most powerful
retailer (New York: Times Business).
Ostrow, R. and Smith, S. (1988), The dictionary of marketing, 2nd ed., (New York: Fairchild Publications).
Peterson, M. and McGee, J. (2000), ‘“Survivors of W-day”’: An assessment of the impact of Wal-Mart’s
invasion of small town retailing communities.’ International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 28,
no. 4/5, pp. 170–180.
Rosen, E. (2006), ‘Labor and the Wal-Mart effect,’ in S. D. Brunn (ed.) Wal-Mart World (New York:
Routledge) 91–97.
Seligman, B. (2006), ‘Patriarchy at the checkout counter: The Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Class Action
suit’, in N. Lichtenstein (ed.) Wal-Mart: The face of twenty-first century capitalism (New York: The Free
Press) 231–242.
Stone, K. (1995), Competing with the retail giants (New York: John Wiley).
Stone, K. , Artz, G. and Myles, A. (2002), The economic impact of Wal-Mart supercenters on existing
businesses in Mississippi ( Mississippi State Extension Service ).
Vance, S. and Scott, R. (1994), Wal-Mart: A history of Sam Walton’s retail phenomenon (New York: Twayne
Publishers).
Walmart Annual Report various years .
Walton, S. (1992), Sam Walton: Made in America (New York: Doubleday).
Warren, D. (2011), ‘The unsurprising failure of labor law reform and the turn to administrative action,’ in T.
Skocpol and L. R. Jacobs (eds.) Reaching for a new deal (New York: Russell Sage) 191–229.
Zook, M. and Graham, M. (2006), ‘Wal-Mart nation: Mapping the reach of a retail colossus,’ in S. Brunn (ed.)
Wal-Mart World (New York: Routledge) 15–25.
Penny retailers and merchant princes
‘Advertising is secret of Selfridge success in London,’ 1918, Gazette-Times (Heppner, Oregon), 25 July, p. 2.
‘Big department store fails,’ 1908, San Francisco Call, 19 July, p. 21.
‘By telegraph,’ 1851, Democratic Banner, 18 June, p. 3.
‘Choice Havana sweetmeats’ (advertisement), 1827, Louisiana Advertiser, 1 January, p. 4.
‘City items,’ 1846, New York Daily Tribune, 22 September, p. 2.
‘D.C. Beggs a successful carpet merchant,’ 1904, Carpet and Upholstery Journal, 10 October, p. 63.
‘Death of A.T. Stewart,’ 1876, New York Times, 11 April, p. 1.
‘Dislike “American hothead,” ’ 1912, Evening Star (Washington, DC), 17 November, p. 10.
‘The Dry goods business,’ 1857, Evansville Daily Journal, 13 August, p. 2.
‘Easter window displays,’ 1889, Washington Critic, 19 April, p. 2.
‘E.P. Charlton advertisement,’ 1909, Salt Lake Tribune, 14 August, p. 11.
‘Fashionable shopping in New York,’ 1846, New York Herald, 26 September, p. 2.
‘Fresh goods,’ 1824, Saratoga Sentinel, 1 September, p. 3.
‘Independent telephone service adopted at large department stores at Columbus, Ohio,’ 1906, American
Telephone Journal, 15 December, p. 391.
‘News of the week,’ 1854, Spirit of the Times, 14 November, p. 2.
‘Stewart’s new dry goods store,’ 1846, New York Herald, 18 September, p. 2.
‘Stock renewed’ (advertisement), 1825, Saratoga Sentinel, 18 January, p. 4.
Benson, J. and Ugolini, L. (2003), A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: I.B.
Tauris).
Benson, S.P. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores, 1890 – 1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Blackford, M.G. (1991), A history of small business in America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina
Press).
Charlton, E.P., III and Winius, G. (2001), The Charlton story (New York: Peter Lang).
Cox, N.C. (2000), The complete tradesman: A study of retailing, 1550–1820 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate).
Elias, S.N. (1992), Alexander T. Stewart: The forgotten merchant prince (Westport, CT: Praeger).
Elvins, S. (2004), Sales and celebrations: Retailing and regional identity in Western New York State,
1920–1940 (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Ferry, J.W. (1960), A history of the department store (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Fowler, C.L. (1998), Satisfying popular consumer demand 1775–1815: With specific reference to the dress
trades in Hampshire (Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth).
Furnée, J. and Lesger, C. (2014), The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in western
Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
Gamber, W. (2007), The boardinghouse in nineteenth-century America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
Haggerty, S. (2003), ‘Women, work, and the consumer revolution: Liverpool in the late eighteenth century’, in
J. Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: I.B.
Tauris) 106–126.
Hessler, J. (2004), A social history of Soviet trade: Trade policy, retail practices, and consumption,
1917–1953 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Hilton, M.L. (2011), Selling to the masses: Retailing in Russia, 1880–1930 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of
Pittsburgh Press).
Howard, V. (2015), From main street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Lancaster, W. (1995), The department store: A social history (London: Leicester University Press).
Leach, W. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Vintage).
Lears, T.J. (1994), Fables of abundance: A cultural history of advertising in America (New York: Basic
Books).
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill & Wang).
Mahoney, T. and Sloane, L. (1966), The great merchants: America’s foremost retail institutions and the
people who made them great (New York: Harper & Row).
Martin, A.S. (2008), Buying in to the world of goods: Early consumers in backcountry Virginia (Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Mathias, P. (1967), Retailing revolution: A history of multiple retailing in the food trades based upon the
Allied Suppliers group of companies (London: Longmans).
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869–1920 (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press).
Milne, G.J. (2000), Trade and traders in mid-Victorian Liverpool: Mercantile business and the making of a
world port (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press).
Mitchell, S.I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700–1850 (Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate).
Mui, H. and Mui, L. (1989), Shops and shopkeeping in eighteenth-century England (London: Routledge).
Olegario, R. (2006), A culture of credit: Embedding trust and transparency in American business
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Pasdermadjian, H. (1954), The department store, its origins, evolution and economics (London: Newman
Books).
Pitrone, J.M. (2003), F.W. Woolworth and the American five and dime: A social history (New York:
McFarland & Company).
Porter, G. and Livesay, H.C. (1971), Merchants and manufacturers: Studies in the changing structure of
nineteenth-century marketing (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Rappaport, E.D. (2000), Shopping for pleasure: Women in the making of London’s west end (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Selfridge, H.G. (1918), The romance of commerce (London: John Lane Company).
Sparks, E. (2006), Capital intentions: Female proprietors in San Francisco, 1850–1920 (Chapel Hill, NC:
University of North Carolina Press).
Spellman, S.V. (2016), Cornering the market: Independent grocers and innovation in American small
business (New York: Oxford University Press).
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the
Englishtown, c. 1680–1830 (London: Routledge).
Tangires, H. (2002), Public markets and civic culture in nineteenth-century America (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press).
Tedlow, R.S. (1990), New and improved: The story of mass marketing in America (New York: Basic Books).
Walsh, C. (2003), ‘Social meaning and social space in the shopping galleries of early modern London’, in J.
Benson and L. Ugolini (eds.) A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (London: I.B. Tauris)
106–126.
Wenger, D.E. (2008), A country storekeeper in Pennsylvania: Creating economic networks in early America,
1790–1807 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press).
Wills, J. (2005), Boosters, hustlers, and speculators: Entrepreneurial culture and the rise of Minneapolis and
St. Paul, 1849–1883 (St. Paul, MN: Minnesota Historical Society Press).
Winstanley, M.J. (1983), The shopkeeper’s world, 1830–1914 (Manchester: Manchester University Press).

Retail workers and their unions, 1850–2016

Adams, C. (1988), Women clerks in Wilhelmine Germany (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
Aoyama, Y. and Schwarz, G. (2006), ‘The myth of wal-martization: Retail globalization and local competition
in Japan and Germany’, in S. Brunn (ed.) Wal-Mart world: The world’s biggest corporation in the global
economy, 1st ed., (New York: Routledge) 275–292.
Becker, B. (2014), ‘Taking aim at target: West Indian immigrant workers confront the difficulties of big-box
organizing’, in R. Milkman (ed.) New labor in New York: Precarious worker organizing and the labor
movement, 1st ed., (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press) 25–48.
Belisle, D. (2005), ‘Exploring postwar consumption: The campaign to unionize Eaton’s in Toronto,
1948–1952’, The Canadian Historical Review, 86 (4), pp. 641–672.
Benson, S. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department
stores, 1890–1940 (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor (2016), Average hourly and weekly earnings of all
employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted. [online] Available at:
www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.t19.htm (Accessed 9 October 2016).
Close, K. (2016), ‘12 major retailers closing stores like crazy’, [online] money.com. Available at:
http://time.com/money/4386499/retail-stores-closing-locations/ (Accessed 24 September 2016).
DePillis, L. (2016), ‘It’s not just fast food: The fight for $15 is for everyone now,’ [online] Washington Post.
Available at: www.washingtonpost.com/news/storyline/wp/2014/12/04/its-not-just-fast-food-the-fight-for-15-is-
for-everyone-now/ (Accessed 4 October 2016).
Frank, D. (2012), Women strikers occupy chain store, win big (Chicago: Haymarket Books).
Greenberg, C. L. (1997), Or does it explode? (New York: Oxford University Press).
Guh, J. (2014), Walmart Black Friday strikes. [online] CounterPunch. Available at:
www.counterpunch.org/2014/12/01/walmart-black-friday-strikes/ (Accessed 23 September 2016).
Institute for Women’s Policy Research (2016), Fact sheet: The gender wage gap by occupation 2015 and by
race and ethnicity. [online] Available at: www.iwpr.org/publications/pubs/the-gender-wage-gap-by-
occupation-2015-and-by-race-and-ethnicity/at_download/file (Accessed 24 September 2016).
Johnson, V.M. (2007), ‘ “The rest can go to the devil”: Macy’s workers negotiate gender, sex, and class in
the progressive era’, Journal of Women’s History 19 (1), pp. 32–57.
Kirstein, G. (1950), Stores and unions: A study of the growth of unionism in dry goods and department stores
(New York: Fairchild Publications).
Lipsitz, G. (1994), Rainbow at midnight (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Luce, S. , Hammad, S. and Sipe, D. (2016), Short shifted. [online] Available at:
http://retailactionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ShortShifted_report_FINAL.pdf (Accessed 24
September 2016).
Miller, M. (2014), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869–1920, 1st ed.,
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) 146–147.
New York Times (1863), ‘Clerks’ congratulatory meeting’, 14 March, p. 9.
New York Times (1886), ‘Grocery clerks encouraged’, 8 March, p. 8.
New York Times (1938), ‘Andrews defines exempt employees’, 20 October, p. 1.
New York Times (1940), ‘Clerks end strike at 1500 groceries’, 13 November, p. 26.
New York Times (1941), ‘Stores now held in labor act scope’, 14 January, p. 28.
Obenauer, M. (1913), Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected
industries in the District of Columbia (Washington, DC: G.P.O).
Opler, D.J. (2002), ‘Monkey business in union square: A cultural analysis of the Klein’s-Ohrbach’s strikes of
1934–5’, Journal of Social History, 36 (1), pp. 149–164.
Opler, D.J. (2007), For all white-collar workers: The possibilities of radicalism in New York City’s department
store unions, 1934–1953 (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press).
Phillips, L.A.W. (2013), A renegade union (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Reagan, M. (2016), ‘The 1937 and 1938 San Francisco retail strikes’, Libcom.org. Web. 22 Aug. 2016.
Richardson, W. (1979), A union of many trades, 1st ed., (Manchester: Union of Shop, Distributive, and Allied
Workers).
Ruetschlin, C. and Asante-Muhammad, D. (2015), ‘The retail race divide: How the retail industry is
perpetuating racial inequality in the early 21st century’, [online] Demos and NAACP. Available at:
www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/The%20Retail%20Race%20Divide%20Report.pdf (Accessed
9 October 2016).
Schaffer, H. (1963), ‘Changes in employee earnings in retail trade, June 1961–June 1962’, Monthly Labor
Review, 86 (7), pp. 802–807.
Tilly, C. (2007), ‘Wal-Mart and its workers: NOT the same all over the world’, Connecticut Law Review, 39
(4), pp. 1–19.
Tilly, C. and Galván, J.L.Á. (2006), ‘Lousy jobs, invisible unions: The Mexican retail sector in the age of
globalization’, International Labor and Working-Class History, 70 (1), pp. 61–85.
USDAW (2016), USDAW 125th Anniversary booklet. [online] Available at: http://dtp.usdaw.co.uk/Usdaw-
125th-Anniversary-Booklet/ (Accessed 17 January 2017).
Walsh, J. (1993), Supermarkets transformed (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press).
White, J. (2016), ‘Milwaukee sales clerks strike for wage increases, 1934 | Global nonviolent action
database’, Nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Web. 15 Aug. 2016.
Zielinski, G. (2001), ‘Union leader James Suffridge dies’, Washington Post. Web. 22 Aug. 2016.
Ziskind, M. (2003), ‘Labor conflict in the suburbs: Organizing retail in metropolitan New York, 1954–1958’,
International Journal of Labor and Working-Class History, (64), pp. 55–73.
Zundel, R. (1954), ‘Conflict and co-operation among retail unions’, The Journal of Business, 27 (4), pp.
301–311.
Retail management
Alexander, A. (1997), ‘Strategy and strategists: Evidence from an early retail revolution in Britain’,
International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 7 (1), pp. 61–78.
Alexander, A. (2015), ‘Decision-making authority in British supermarket chains’, Business History, 57 (4), pp.
614–637.
Alexander, A. (2016), ‘The study of British retail history: Progress and agenda’, in D.G.B. Jones and M.
Tadajewski (eds.) The Routledge companion to marketing history (Abingdon: Routledge) 155–172.
Alexander, A. , Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (1999), ‘Action and reaction: Competition and the multiple retailer in
1930s Britain’, International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9 (3), pp. 245–259.
Belisle, D. (2007), ‘Negotiating paternalism: Women and Canada’s largest department stores, 1890–1960’,
Journal of Women’s History, 19 (1), pp. 58–81.
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation: Department stores and the making of modern Canada (Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press).
Benson, S.P. (1986), Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers and customers in American department
stores 1890–1940 (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press).
Bookbinder, P. (1993), Simon Marks: Retail revolutionary (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson).
Champsaur, F.B. and Cailluet, L. (2010), ‘The great depression? Challenging the periodization of French
business history in the interwar period’, Business and Economic History On-Line, 8, pp. 1–21.
Chandler, A.D. (1977), The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
Chandler, A.D. (1990), Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of American industrial enterprise
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Chapman, S. (1974), Jesse Boot of Boots the Chemists: A study in business history (London: Hodder &
Stoughton).
Chessell, M.-E. (1999), ‘Training sales personnel in France between the wars’, in G. Crossick and S.
Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store 1850–1939 (Aldershot:
Ashgate) 279–298.
Cochoy, F. (2010), ‘How to build displays that sell’, Journal of Cultural Economy, 3 (2), pp. 299–315.
Cochoy, F. (2016), On the origins of self-service (Abingdon: Routledge).
Cox, N. (2000), The complete tradesman: A study of retailing, 1550–1820 (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Cox, P. (2010), Spedan’s partnership: The story of John Lewis and Waitrose (London: Labatie).
Curry, M.E. (1993), Creating an American institution: The merchandising genius of J.C. Penney (New York:
Garland).
de Grazia, V. (2005), Irresistible empire: America’s advance through twentieth-century Europe (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press).
Deutsch, T. (2010), Building a housewife’s paradise: Gender, politics, and American grocery stores in the
twentieth century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Douglas, I. (1935), ‘Retail trade statistics in different countries’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 98
(3), pp. 455–496.
Fuller, A. , Kakavelikas, K. , Felstead, A. , Jewson, N. and Unwin, L. (2009), ‘Learning, knowing and
controlling the stock: The nature of employee discretion in a supermarket chain’, Journal of Education and
Work, 22 (2), pp. 105–120.
Fulop, C. (1962), Buying by voluntary chains and other associations of retailers and wholesalers (London:
Allen & Unwin).
Furlough, E. (1993), ‘Selling the American way in interwar France: “Prix uniques” and the salons des arts
menagers’, Journal of Social History, 26 (3), pp. 491–519.
Godley, A. (2003), ‘Foreign multinationals and innovation in British retailing, 1850–1962’, Business History,
45 (1), pp. 80–100.
Graham, L. (2000), ‘Lillian Gilbreth and the metal revolution at Macy’s, 1925–1928’, Journal of Management
History, 6 (7), pp. 285–305.
Haberstroh, S. (2013), ‘‘The sun never sets on national cash registers’: The international operations of the
National Cash Register Company, 1885–1922’, unpublished MA thesis, Miami University.
Howard, V. (2008), ‘ “The biggest small-town store in America”: Independent retailers and the rise of
consumer culture’, Enterprise and Society, 9 (3), pp. 457–486.
Iarocci, L. (2014), The urban department store in America 1850–1930 (Farnham: Ashgate).
Jacobs, M. (2007), Pocketbook politics: Economic citizenship in twentieth-century America (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Jeacle, I. and Walsh, E. (2008), ‘A tale of tar and feathering: The retail price inventory method and the
Englishman’, Accounting, Business and Financial History, 18 (2), pp. 121–140.
Jefferys, J.B. and Knee, D. (1962), Retailing in Europe: Present structure and future trends (London:
Macmillan).
Klassen, H.C. (1992), ‘T.C. Power & Brothers: The rise of a small western department store 1870–1902’,
Business History Review, 66, pp. 671–722.
Kruger, D.D. (2012), ‘Earl Corder Sams and the rise of J.C. Penney’, Kansas History, 35, pp. 164–185.
Leach, W. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Vintage).
Lerner, P. (2015), The consuming temple: Jews, department stores and the consumer revolution in Germany
1880–1940 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
Maeda, K. (1998), ‘The innovativeness and adaptability of department stores in Japan: Birth, growth,
maturity and crisis’, Japanese Yearbook on Business History, 15, pp. 45–73.
Mazur, P. (1927), Principles of organization applied to modern retailing (New York: Harper & Row).
Miller, D. (2006), ‘Strategic human resource management in department stores: An historical perspective’,
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Studies, 13, pp. 99–109.
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869–1920 (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press).
Monod, D. (1986), ‘Bay days: The managerial revolution and the Hudson’s Bay Company department stores
1912–1939’, Canadian Historical Papers, 21 (1), pp. 173–196.
Pasdermadjian, H. (1950), Management research in retailing: The International Association of Department
Stores (London: Newman Books).
Perkins, J. and Freedman, C. (1999), ‘Organisational form and retailing development: The department and
the chain store, 1860–1940’, Service Industries Journal, 19 (4), pp. 123–146.
Phillips, S. and Alexander, A. (2005), ‘ “An efficient pursuit”: Small-scale shopkeeping in 1930s Britain’,
Enterprise and Society, 6, pp. 278–304.
Purvis, M. (2015), ‘Direction and discretion: The roles of centre and branch in the interwar management of
Marks and Spencer’, History of Retailing and Consumption, 1 (1), pp. 63–81.
Raucher, A. (1991), ‘Dime store chains: The making of organization men, 1880–1940’, Business History
Review, 65 (1), pp. 130–163.
Reekie, G. (1987), ‘ “Humanising industry”: Paternalism, welfarism and labour control in Sydney’s big stores
1890–1930’, Labour History, 53, pp. 1–19.
Resseguie, H.E. (1965), ‘Alexander Turney Stewart and the development of the department store,
1823–1876’, Business History Review, 39 (3), pp. 301–322.
Riello, G. (2006), A foot in the past: Consumers, producers and footwear in the long eighteenth century
(Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Roberts, E. (2003), ‘ “Don’t sell things, sell effects”: Overseas influences on New Zealand department stores,
1909–1956’, Business History Review, 77 (2), pp. 265–289.
Savitt, R. (1989), ‘Looking back to see ahead: Writing the history of American retailing’, Journal of Retailing,
65 (3), pp. 326–355.
Savitt, R. (1999), ‘Innovation in American retailing, 1919–39: Improving inventory management’, International
Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9 (3), pp. 307–320.
Schröter, H.G. (2008), ‘The Americanisation of distribution and its limits: The case of the German retail
system, 1950–1975’, European Review of History, 15 (4), pp. 445–458.
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2012), ‘The British “failure” that never was? The Anglo-American “productivity gap”
in large-scale interwar retailing: Evidence from the department store sector’, Economic History Review, 65
(1), pp. 277–303.
Seaton, P. (2009), A sixpenny romance: Celebrating a century of value at Woolworths (London: 3d and 6d
Pictures).
Shaw, G. , Curth, L. and Alexander, A. (2004), ‘Selling self-service and the supermarket: The
Americanisation of food retailing in Britain, 1945–60’, Business History, 46 (4), pp. 568–582.
Spellman, S.V. (2016), Cornering the market: Independent grocers and innovation in American small
business (New York: Oxford University Press).
Spiekermann, U. (2006), ‘From neighbour to consumer: The transformation of retailer-consumer
relationships in twentieth-century Germany’, in F. Trentmann (ed.) The making of the consumer. Knowledge,
power and identity in the modern world (Oxford: Berg) 147–174.
Stacey, M. (1960), Tradition and change: A study of Banbury (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. (2012), Sugar and spice: Grocers and groceries in provincial England, 1650–1830 (Oxford:
Oxford University Press).
Stobart, J. and Hann, A. (2004), ‘Retailing revolution in the eighteenth century? Evidence from north-west
England’, Business History, 46 (2), pp. 171–194.
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institute).
Tedlow, R.S. (1990), New and improved: The story of mass marketing in America (Oxford: Heinemann).
Twyman, R.W. (1954), History of Marshall Field & co. 1852–1906 (Philadelphia, PA: University of
Pennsylvania Press).
Walsh, C. (1995), ‘Shop design and the display of goods in eighteenth-century London’, Journal of Design
History, 8 (3), pp. 157–176.
Walsh, C. (1999), ‘The newness of the department store: A view from the eighteenth century’, in G. Crossick
and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store, 1850–1939 (Aldershot:
Ashgate) 46–71.
Walsh, E.J. and Jeacle, I. (2003), ‘The taming of the buyer: The retail inventory method and the early
twentieth century department store’, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28, pp. 773–791.
Walsh, W.I. (1986), The rise and decline of the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle
Stuart).
Whitaker, J. (2011), The department store. History – design – display (London: Thames and Hudson).
Wilson, J.F. , Webster, A. and Vorberg-Rugh, R. (2013), Building co-operation: A business history of the Co-
operative Group, 1863–2013 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Wood, S. (2011), ‘Organisational rigidities and marketing theory: Examining the US department store
c.1910–1965’, Service Industries Journal, 31 (5), pp. 747–770.
Wortmann, M. (2004), ‘Aldi and the German model: Structural change in German grocery retailing and the
success of grocery discounters’, Competition and Change, 8 (4), pp. 425–441.

Multiple retailers
AEW Architects (2012), Tesco Walkden, Phase I. [online] Available at: www.aewarchitects.com/tesco-
walkden/TESCO Walkden (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Barmash, I. (1981), More than they bargained for: The rise and fall of Korvettes (New York: Chain Store
Publishing).
Barron, J. (2015), ‘A.& P. Bankruptcy means New York, Chain’s Birthplace, will lose last store’, New York
Times. [online] Available at: www.nytimes.com/2015/08/02/nyregion/a-p-bankruptcy-means-new-york-
chains-birthplace-will-lose-last-store.html?_r=0 (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Beasley, N. (1948), Main street merchant: The story of the J. C. Penney company (New York: McGraw-Hill).
Berfield, S. (2013), ‘Where Wal-Mart isn’t: Four countries the retailer can’t conquer’, Bloomberg. [online]
Available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-10/where-wal-mart-isnt-four-countries-the-retailer-
cant-conquer (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Campbell, T. (2016), ‘What 4 closed Sams cubs tell us’, Kantar Retail. [online] Available at:
http://us.kantar.com/business/retail/2016/what-sams-club-closures-tell-us/ (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Carrefour Group (2017), Carrefour official website. [online] Available at:
www.carrefour.com/content/carrefour-stores-worldwide (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Clark, N. (2013), ‘The decline of the British department store’, BBC. [online]. Available at:
www.express.co.uk/news/uk/445772/The-decline-of-the-British-department-store (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Clark, T. and Chan, S.P. (2014), ‘A history of Tesco: The rise of Britain’s biggest supermarket’, London
Telegraph. [online] Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/2788089/A-history-of-Tesco-The-rise-
of-Britains-biggest-supermarket.html (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Covington, H.E. (1988), Belk: A century of retail leadership (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina
Press).
Curry, M.E. (1993), Creating an American institution: The merchandising genius of J.C. Penney (New York:
Garland).
Di Stefano, J. (2015), ‘Primark replaces Sears in King of Prussia’, Philadelphia Inquirer. [online] Available at:
www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-phillydeals/Primark-.html (Accessed 15 October 2016).
Dow Jones Newswires (2000), ‘Dayton Hudson plans to change name to target, reflecting chain’s success’,
Wall Street Journal. [online] Available at: www.wsj.com/articles/SB947776079405742850 (Accessed 10
March 2017).
Eichenwald, K. (2000), ‘Robert E. Dewar, 77, who led Kmart in 70’s expansion, dies’, New York Times.
[online] Available at: www.nytimes.com/2000/09/11/business/robert-e-dewar-77-who-led-kmart-in-70-s-
expansion-dies.html (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Eliot, T.S. (1943), Burnt Norton. Four quartets (New York: Harvest Books/Harcourt Brace).
Emmet, B. and Jeuck, J.E. (1950), Catalogues and counters: A history of Sears, Roebuck and company
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago).
Finn, C. (2015), ‘A household Irish name built from Humble Beginnings: The Penneys story’, TheJournal.ie.
[online] Available at: www.thejournal.ie/penneys-business-1957209-Mar2015/ (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Groupe Casino (2017), Groupe Casino’s official website. [online] Available at: www.groupe-
casino.fr/en/activities/geant-casino-hypermarkets/ (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Hardwick, M.J. (2008), Mall maker: Victor Gruen, architect of an American Dream (Philadelphia, PA:
University of Pennsylvania Press).
HBC.com (2017), Hudson’s Bay company official website. [online] Available at:
http://www3.hbc.com/hbc/about-us/ (Accessed 10 March 2017).
HouseofFraser.co.uk (2017), House of Fraser official website. [online] Available at:
www.houseoffraser.co.uk/store+locations/M098_STORE_LOCATIONS,default,pg.html (Accessed 10 May
2017).
Howard, V. (2008), ‘ “The biggest small-town store in America”: Independent retailers and the rise of
consumer culture’, Enterprise & Society, 9 (3), pp. 457–486.
Howard, V. (2015), From Main Street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Hudson’s Bay Company (2015), ‘Writing our own story: A company of adventurers’, Annual Report of the
Hudson’s Bay Company, Hudson’s Bay Company, Toronto, ON, Canada.
J. C. Penney Company (1985), Store opening/closing date lists. [list] Southern Methodist University,
DeGolyer Library, J. C. Penney Company Archival Records Collection, Dallas, TX.
J. C. Penney Company (2001), Store history for J. C. Penney Store #476 – Downtown Cortland, New York.
[computer file] Southern Methodist University, DeGolyer Library, J. C. Penney Company Archival Records
Collection, Dallas, TX.
Jefferys, J.B. (1954), Retail trading in Britain 1850–1950 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
Kestenbaum, R. (2017), ‘How to understand Macy’s possible acquisition by Hudson’s Bay’, Forbes. [online]
Available at: www.forbes.com/sites/richardkestenbaum/2017/02/03/how-to-understand-macys-possible-
acquisition-by-hudsons-bay/#3df85eb66340 (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Kline, R. (2000), Consumers in the country: Technology and social change in rural America (Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins University Press).
Kresge, S.S. (1979), The S. S. Kresge story (Racine, WI: Western Press).
Kruger, D.D. (2012), ‘Earl Corder Sams and the rise of J. C. Penney’, Kansas History, 35 (3), pp. 164–185.
Kruger, D.D. (2014), ‘J. C. Penney in the land of enchantment: The evolution of a national department store
in twentieth-century New Mexico’, New Mexico Historical Review, 89 (3), pp. 321–358.
Kruger, D.D. (2017), J. C. Penney: The man, the store, and American agriculture (Norman, OK: University of
Oklahoma).
Latham, F.B. (1972), 1872–1972 a century of serving customers; The story of Montgomery Ward (Chicago,
IL: Montgomery Ward).
Lebhar, G. (1963), Chain stores in America, 1859 –1962 (New York: Chain Store Publishing).
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill & Wang).
Lewis, S. (1920), Main Street: The story of Carol Kennicott (New York: Harcourt Brace).
Lichtenstein, N. (2009), The retail revolution: How Wal-Mart created a brave new world of business (New
York: Henry Holt).
Loeb, W. (2017), ‘J. C. Penney faces reality: The future of retailing is uncertain’, Forbes. [online] Available at:
www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2017/02/27/j-c-penney-faces-reality-the-future-of-retailing-is-
uncertain/#669a376322c5 (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Longstreth, R. (2010), The American department store transformed, 1920 –1960 (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Macys.com (2017), Macy’s incorporated official website. [online] Available at: www.macysinc.com/for-
investors/store-information/store-count/2016/default.aspx (Accessed 10 May 2017).
Martin, D. (2012), ‘Eugene Ferkauf, 91, dies; Restyled retail’, New York Times. [online] Available at:
www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/business/eugene-ferkauf-founder-of-e-j-korvette-chain-dies-at-91.html
(Accessed 10 March 2017).
McDonald, H. (2016), ‘Austins of Derry closes doors after 186 years’ trading’, Guardian. [online] Available at:
www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/08/austins-of-derry-closes-doors-after-186-years-trading
(Accessed 10 March 2017).
Meijer.com (2017), Meijer incorporated official website. [online] Available at:
www.meijer.com/custserv/store_locator.jsp (Accessed 10 May 2017).
Mergent Online (2017), Retail – General merchandise/department stores competitor report [data set] (Fort
Mill, SC: Mergent) Online. (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Moreton, B. (2009), To serve God and Wal-Mart: The making of Christian free enterprise (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
National Retail Federation (2017), 2017 top 250 powers of global retailing. [online] Available at:
https://nrf.com/news/2017-top-250-global-powers-of-retailing (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Nichols, J.P. (1940), The chain store tells its story (New York: Institute of Distribution).
Newman, P.C. (1989), Empire of the Bay: An illustrated history of the Hudson’s Bay company (New York:
Viking).
Oakes, C.L. (1957), Managing suburban branches of department stores (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford School of
Business).
Patterson, A. , Hodgson, J. and Shi, J. (2008), ‘Chronicles of “customer experience”: The downfall of Lewis’s
Foretold’, Journal of Marketing Management, 24 (1–2), pp. 29–45.
Penney, J.C. (1931), J.C. Penney: The man with a thousand partners (New York: Harper & Row).
Penney, J.C. (1950), Fifty years with the golden rule (New York: Harper & Row).
Purvis, M. (2015), ‘Direction and discretion: The roles of centre and brank in the interwar management of
marks and spencer’, History of Retailing and Consumption, 1 (1), pp. 63–81.
Ritter, I. (2010), ‘Sam’s Club closings shows it lags behind Costco, BJs’, CBS Moneywatch. [online]
Available at: www.cbsnews.com/news/sams-club-closings-shows-its-lag-behind-costco-bjs/ (Accessed 10
March 2017).
Rosenberg, L.J. (1988), Dillard’s: The first fifty years (Fayetteville, AR: University of Arkansas Press).
Rosenberg, L.J. and Rao, C.P. (1989), ‘William T. Dillard: A pioneer merchant in suburban shopping
centers’, Essays in Economic and Business History, 7, pp. 230–236.
Sams, E.C. (1929), Yesterday, to-day, and to-morrow (address delivered at the Dallas and Tulsa Sessions of
the J. C. Penney Company Spring Convention). [pamphlet] Southern Methodist University, DeGolyer Library,
J. C. Penney Company Archival Records Collection, Dallas, TX.
Schuster, L. (1981), ‘Wal-Mart chief’s enthusiastic approach infects employees, keeps retailer growing’, Wall
Street Journal.
Scroop, D. (2008), ‘The anti-chain store movement and the politics of consumption’, American Quarterly, 60
(4), pp. 925–949.
Setzer, C. (1985), Fire in the hole: Miners and managers in the American coal industry (Lexington, KY:
University of Kentucky Press).
Seventy-Sixth United States Congress (1940), Excise tax on retail stores (Washington, DC) p. 559.
Smithsonian Institute (2012), Dorothy Shaver (1893–1959): The first lady of retailing. [pdf] (Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution). Available at: http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/WIB-tour/dorothy_shaver.pdf
(Accessed 10 May 2016).
Stone, B. (2013), ‘Costco CEO Craig Jelinek leads the cheapest, happiest company in the world’,
Bloomberg. [online]. Available at: www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-06/costco-ceo-craig-jelinek-
leads-the-cheapest-happiest-company-in-the-world (Accessed 10 May 2017).
Time (1962), ‘Discounting gets respectable’, Time Magazine (53), cover.
Tse, K.K. (1985), Marks and Spencer: Anatomy of Britain’s most efficiently managed company (New York:
Pergamon Press).
Wahba, P. (2016), ‘Walmart to close 152 U.S. stores, affecting 10,000 jobs’, Fortune, p. 1. [online]. Available
at: http://fortune.com/2016/01/15/walmart-stores-closings/ (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Walmart.com (2017), Walmart stores incorporated official website. [online] Available at:
http://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-locations (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Walsh, W.I. (1986), The rise and decline of the great Atlantic & Pacific Tea company (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle
Stuart).
Weil, G.L. (1977), Sears, Roebuck, U.S.A.: The great American catalog store and how it grew (New York:
Stein and Day).
Wilson, M. (2017), ‘German Grocery giant to make a big U.S. debut ahead of schedule’, Chain Store Age.
[online] Available at: www.chainstoreage.com/article/german-grocery-giant-make-big-us-debut-ahead-
schedule (Accessed 10 March 2017).
Winkler, J.K. (1940), Five and ten: The fabulous life of F. W. Woolworth (New York: Robert M. McBride).

Co-operative retailing
Adams, T. (1987), ‘The formation of the co-operative party reconsidered’, International Review of Social
History, 32 (1), pp. 48–68.
Aléx, P. (1994), Den rationella konsumenten: KF som folkuppfostrare 1899 –1939 (Stockholm/Stehag:
Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion).
Balnave, N. and Patmore, G. (2008), ‘“Practical utopians”: Rochdale consumer co-ops in Australia and New
Zealand’, Labour History, 95, pp. 97–110.
Balnave, N. and Patmore, G. (2015), ‘The outsider consumer co-operative: Lessons from the community co-
operative store (Nuriootpa), 1944–2010’, Business History, 57 (8), pp. 1134–1154.
Balnave, N. and Patmore, G. (2017), ‘Rochdale consumer co-operatives in Australia and New Zealand’, in
M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850:
Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 456–480.
Battilani, P. (2017), ‘Consumer co-operation in Italy: A network of co-operatives with a multi-class
constituency’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation
since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 584–613.
Battilani, P. , Balnave, N. and Patmore, G. (2015), ‘Consumer co-operatives in Australia and Italy’, in A.
Jensen , G. Patmore and E. Tortia (eds.) Cooperative enterprises in Australia and Italy: Comparative
analysis and theoretical insights (Florence: Firenze University Press).
Birchall, J. (1997), The international co-operative movement (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Brazda, J. , Jagschitz, F. , Rom, S. and Schediwy, R. (2017), ‘The rise and fall of Austria’s consumer co-
operatives’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation
since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 267–295.
Brazda, J. and Schediwy, R. (2011a), ‘Consumer co-operatives on the defensive: A short overview’, in J.
Brazda and R. Schediwy (eds.) A time of crises: Consumer co-operatives and their problems around 1990
(Wien: Fachbereich für Genossenschaft, Universität Wien) 13–42. Available at:
https://genos.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/genossenschaftswesen/Genos/consum.pdf (Accessed 29
August 2016). First published 1989.
Brazda, J. and Schediwy, R. (eds.) (2011b), A time of crises: Consumer co-operatives and their problems
around 1990 (Vienna: Fachbereich für Genossenschaftswesen. Wien: Fachbereich für Genossenschaft,
Universität Wien) Available at:
https://genos.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/genossenschaftswesen/Genos/consum.pdf (Accessed 29
August 2016). First published 1989.
Carbery, T.F. (1969), Consumers in politics: A history and general review of the co-operative party
(Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Commonwealth of Australia Senate, Economics References Committee (2016), Co-operative, mutual and
member owned firms (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia).
Cooper, D. and Mohn, P. (1992), The greenbelt co-operative: Success and decline (Davis, CA: Centre for
Co-operatives, University of California).
Davis, B. (1996), ‘Food scarcity and the empowerment of the female consumer in world war I Berlin’, in V. de
Grazia and E. Furlough (eds.) The sex of things: Gender and consumption in historical perspective
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press) 287–310.
Degen, B. (2017), ‘Consumer societies in Switzerland: From local self-help organizations to a single national
co-operative’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation
since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 614–641.
Ekberg, E. (2012a), ‘Confronting three revolutions: Western European consumer co-operatives and their
divergent development’, Business History, 54 (6), pp. 1005–1015.
Ekberg, E. (2012b), ‘Organization. Top down or bottom up? The organisational development of consumer
co-operatives, 1950–2000’, in P. Battalani and H.G. Schröter (eds.) The co-operative business movement,
1950 to the present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 222–242.
Ekberg, E. (2017), ‘Against the tide: Understanding the commercial success of Nordic consumer co-
operatives, 1950–2000’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-
operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 698–726.
Fitzpatrick-Behrens, S. and LeGrand, C. (2017), ‘Canadian and US catholic promotion of co-operatives in
central America and the Caribbean and their implications’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore
(eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill),
145–175.
Freire, D. and Pereira, J.D. (2017), ‘Consumer co-operatives in Portugal: Debates and experiences from the
nineteenth to the twentieth century’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of
consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 296–325.
Friberg, K. (2005), The workings of co-operation: A comparative study of consumer co-operative
organization in Britain and Sweden 1860 to 1970 (Växjö: Växjö University Press).
Friberg, K. (2017), ‘A co-operative take on free trade: International ambitions and regional initiatives in
international co-operative trade’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of
consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 201–225.
Furlough, E. (1991), Consumer cooperation in France: The politics of consumption 1834–1930 (Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press).
Furlough, E. and Strikwerda, C. (1999), ‘Economics, consumer culture and gender: An introduction to the
politics of consumer co-operation’, in E. Furlough and C. Strikwerda (eds.) Consumers against capitalism?
Consumer cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1840 –1990 (Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers) 1–65.
Gordon Nembhard, J. (2017), ‘African American consumer co-operation: History and global connections’, in
M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850:
Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 176–200.
Gurney, P. (1996), Co-operative culture and the politics of consumption in England, 1870–1930
(Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Gurney, P. (2015), ‘‘The curse of the co-ops’: Co-operation, the mass press and the market in interwar
Britain’, English Historical Review, 130 (547), pp. 1479–1512.
Hallsworth, A. and Bell, J. (2003), ‘Retail change and the United Kingdom co-operative movement – new
opportunity beckoning?’, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 13 (3),
pp. 306–311.
Hilson, M. (2017a), ‘Rochdale and beyond: Consumer co-operation in Britain before 1940’, in M. Hilson , S.
Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and
businesses (Leiden: Brill), 59–77.
Hilson, M. (2017b), ‘Consumer co-operation in the Nordic Countries, c.1860–1939’, in M. Hilson , S.
Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and
businesses (Leiden: Brill), 121–144.
Hilson, M. (2018), The international co-operative alliance and the consumer co-operative movement in
Northern Europe, c. 1860–1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Hilson, M. , Neunsinger, S. and Patmore, G. (eds.) (2017), A global history of consumer co-operation since
1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill).
Hummelin, K. (1998), Nordisk andelsförbund NAF 1918–1993 (Köpenhamn: Nordisk Andelsforbund).
Hunt, K. (2010), ‘The politics of food and women’s neighbourhood activism in first world war Britain’,
International Labor and Working-Class History, 77 (1), pp. 8–26.
Jensen, K. (ed.) (2016). Brugsen – en anderledes forretning? (Albertslund: Samvirke).
Jonsson, P. (2017), ‘From commercial trickery to social responsibility: Marketing in the Swedish co-operative
movement in the early twentieth century’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history
of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 642–667.
Kim, H. (2017), ‘The break off and rebirth of the consumer co-operative movement in Korea’, in M. Hilson , S.
Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and
businesses (Leiden: Brill), 353–378.
King, C. and Kennedy, L. (1994), ‘Irish co-operatives: From creameries at the crossroads to multinationals’,
History Ireland, 2 (4), pp. 36–41.
Knapp, J. (1973), The advance of American co-operative enterprise: 1920–1945 (Danville, IL: The
Interstate).
Kylebäck, H. (1974), Konsumentkooperation och industrikarteller (Stockholm: Rabén & Sjögren).
Lambersens, S. , Artis, A. , Demoustier, D. and Mélo, A. (2017), ‘History of consumer co-operatives in
France: From the conquest of consumption by the masses to the challenge of mass consumption’, in M.
Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850:
Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 99–120.
MacPherson, I. (2017), ‘Patterns, limitations and associations: The consumer co-operative movement in
Canada, 1828 to the present’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of
consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 431–455.
Medina-Albaladejo, F.J. (2017), ‘Consumer co-operatives in Spain (1860–2010): An overview’, in M. Hilson ,
S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and
businesses (Leiden: Brill), 326–352.
Menzani, T. and Zamagni, V. (2010), ‘Co-operative networks in the Italian economy’, Enterprise & Society,
11 (1), pp. 98–127.
Morrison, K.A. (2003), English shops and shopping: An architectural history (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Patmore, G. (2017), ‘Fighting monopoly and enhancing democracy: A historical overview of US consumer
co-operatives’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation
since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 507–526.
Prinz, M. (2003), ‘Structure and scope of consumer co-operation in the 20th century: Germany in the English
mirror’, in P. Verbruggen and L. Soubry (eds.) Consumerism versus capitalism? Co-operatives seen from an
international comparative perspective (Ghent: Amsab-ISG) 15–50.
Prinz, M. (2017), ‘German co-operatives: Rise and fall 1850–1970’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G.
Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden:
Brill), 243–266.
Purvis, M. (1999), ‘Crossing urban deserts: Consumers, competitors and the protracted birth of metropolitan
co-operative retailing’, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 9 (3), pp.
225–243.
Purvis, M. (2009), ‘Retailing and economic uncertainty in interwar Britain: Co-operative (mis)fortunes in
North-West England’, in E. Baigent and R.J. Mayhew (eds.) English geographies 1600–1950: Historical
essays on English customs, cultures and communities in honour of Jack Langton (Oxford: St John’s College
Research Centre) 127–143.
Reich, A. (2006), ‘Economic interests and national conflict: The relationship between Czech and German
consumer cooperatives in Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1939’, in T. Lorenz (ed.) Cooperatives in
ethnic conflicts: Eastern Europe in the 19th and early 20th century (Berlin: Berlin Wissenschafts-Verlag), pp.
263–282.
Robertson, N. (2010), The co-operative movement and communities in Britain, 1914–1960 (Farnham:
Ashgate).
Rossi, F. (2015), ‘Building factories without bosses: The movement of worker-managed factories in
Argentina’, Social Movement Studies, 14 (1), pp. 98–107.
Scholliers, P. (1999), ‘The social-democratic world of consumption: The path-breaking case of the Ghent
cooperative vooruit prior to 1914’, International Labor and Working-Class History, 55, pp. 71–91.
Secchi, C. (2017), ‘Affluence and decline: Consumer co-operatives in Post-War Britain’, in M. Hilson , S.
Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850: Movements and
businesses (Leiden: Brill), 527–547.
Shaw, L. (2014), ‘‘Casualties inevitable’: Consumer co-operation in British Africa.” ARAB Working Paper 6,
Stockholm: Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek. Available at: http://www.arbark.se/wp-
content/dokument/2014/12/shaw-casualties-inevitable.pdf, (Accessed 31 July 2018).
Van der Linden, M. (1994), ‘Working-class consumer power’, International Labor and Working-Class History,
46, pp. 109–121.
Van der Linden, M. (2008), Workers of the world: Essays towards a global history (Leiden: Brill).
Van Goethem, G. (2017), ‘The Belgian co-operative model: Elements of success and failure’, in M. Hilson ,
S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation Since 1850: Movements
and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 78–98.
Voinea, A. (2016), ‘Argentinian co-ops collaborate to launch central purchasing platform’, Co-operative
News, 20 April. Available at: www.thenews.coop/103974/news/co-operatives/argentinian-co-op-collaborate-
to-launch-a-web-based-central-purchasing-platform/, (Accessed 10 August 2016).
Vuotto, M. , Verbeke, G. and Caruana, M.E.C. (2017), ‘Consumer co-operatives in a changing economy: The
argentine case’, in M. Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-
operation since 1850: Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 481–506.
Watts, D.C.H. (2017), ‘Building an alternative economic network? Consumer cooperation in Scotland from
the 1870s to the 1960s’, Economic History Review, 70 (1), pp. 143–170.
Webster, A. , Wilson, J.F. and Vorberg-Rugh, R. (2017), ‘Going global: The rise of the CWS as an
international commercial and political actor, 1863–1950: Scoping an agenda for further research’, in M.
Hilson , S. Neunsinger and G. Patmore (eds.) A global history of consumer co-operation since 1850:
Movements and businesses (Leiden: Brill), 559–583.
Wilson, J.F. , Webster, A. and Vorberg-Rugh, R. (2013), Building co-operation: A business history of the co-
operative group 1863–2013 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

By mail and rail

Abbott, C. (2007), Urban America in the modern age: 1920 to the present (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell).
Ayers, E.L. (1992), The promise of the New South: Life after reconstruction (New York: Oxford University
Press).
Barron, H.S. (1997), Mixed harvest: The second great transformation in the Rural North, 1870 –1930
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Bean, J.J. (1996), Beyond the broker state: Federal policy toward small business, 1936 –1961 (Chapel Hill,
NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation: Department stores and the making of modern Canada (Vancouver:
University of British Columbia Press).
Benson, J. (1992a), ‘The North-American scene: Canada’, in J. Benson and G. Shaw (eds.) The evolution of
retail systems, c. 1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester University Press) 35–48.
Benson, J. (1992b), ‘Large-scale retailing in Canada’, in J. Benson and G. Shaw (eds.) The evolution of retail
systems, c. 1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester University Press) 186–198.
Boorstin, D.J. (1973a), The Americans: The democratic experience (New York: Random House).
Boorstin, D.J. (1973b), ‘A. Montgomery Ward’s mail-order business’, Chicago History, 2 (3), pp. 142–152.
Casson, H.N. (1908), ‘The marvelous development of the mail-order business’, Munsey’s Magazine, 38 (4),
pp. 513–515.
Chamber of Commerce of the United States (1931), Distribution in the United States: Trends in its
organization and methods. Washington, DC.
Chandler, A. (1977), The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press).
Chandler, A. (1990), Scale and scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press).
Cherry, R. (2008), Catalog: The illustrated history of mail-order shopping (New York: Princeton Architectural
Press).
Coopey, R. (2012), ‘Credit, community and technology’, in R. Jessen and L. Langer (eds.) Transformations
of retailing in Europe after 1945 (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate) 115–126.
Coopey, R. , O’Connell, S. and Porter, D. (1999), ‘Mail order in the United Kingdom c. 1880–1960: How mail
order competed with other forms of retailing’, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer
Research, 9 (3), pp. 261–723.
Coopey, R. , O’Connell, S. and Porter, D. (2005), Mail order retailing in Britain: A business and social history
(Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Coopey, R. and Porter, D. (2001), ‘Did Bradford have anything to learn from Chicago? American influences
on mail order retailing in Britain’, in M. Kipping and N. Tiratsoo (eds.) Americanisation in 20th century
Europe: Business, culture, politics, Vol. 2. (Lille, France: Université Charles de Gaulle) 277–279.
Cronon, W. (1991), Nature’s metropolis: Chicago and the great west (New York: W. W. Norton).
Culbertson, M. (1992), ‘Mail-order house and plan catalogues in the United States, 1876–1930’, Art
Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America, 11 (1), pp. 17–20.
Danbom, D.B. (1995), Born in the country: A history of rural America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
University Press).
Emmet, B. and Jeuck, J.E. (1950), Catalogues and counters: A history of Sears, Roebuck and company
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Fuller, W.E. (1964), RFD: The changing face of rural America (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press).
Gallagher, W. (2016), How the post office created America (New York: Penguin).
Garvin, J.L. (1981), ‘Mail-order house plans and American Victorian architecture’, Winterthur Portfolio: A
Journal of American Material Culture, 16 (4), pp. 309–334.
Gellately, R. (1974), The politics of economic despair: Shopkeepers and German politics, 1890–1914
(London: Sage).
Glazebrook, G.P. de T. , Brett, K. and McErvel, J. (1969), A shopper’s view of Canada’s past: Pages from
Eaton’s catalogues, 1886–1930 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Hale, G.E. (1998), Making whiteness: The culture of segregation in the South, 1890–1990 (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Hunter, R.L. (2012), Mail-order homes: Sears homes and other kit houses (London: Shire Publications).
Jefferys, J.B. and Knee, D. (1962), Retailing in Europe: Present structure and future trends (London:
Palgrave Macmillan).
Kielbowicz, R.B. (1994), ‘Rural ambivalence toward mass society: Evidence from the U.S. parcel post
debates, 1900–1913,’ Rural History, 5 (1), pp. 81–102.
Kingston, B. (1994), Basket, bag and trolley: A history of shopping in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University
Press).
Kline, R.R. (2000), Consumers in the country: Technology and social change in rural America (Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Koehn, N.F. (2001), Brand new: How entrepreneurs earned consumers’ trust from
Wedgwood to Dell (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press).
Kopytek, B.A. (2014), Eaton’s: The trans-Canada store (Charleston: The History Press).
Latham, F.B. (1972), 1872–1972: A century of serving consumers: The story of Montgomery Ward (Chicago:
Montgomery Ward).
Leach, W.R. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Leonard, D. (2016), Neither snow nor rain: A history of the United States postal service (New York: Grove
Press).
Mahoney, T. and Sloane, L. (1966), The great merchants: America’s foremost retail institutions and the
people who made them great (New York: Harper & Row).
McArthur, E. (2005), Towards a theory of retail evolution: An Australian history of retailing in the early
twentieth century (Sydney: University of Technology Sydney).
McNair, M.P. (1931), ‘Trends in large-scale retailing’, Harvard Business Review, 10 (1), pp. 30–39.
McNair, M.P. and May, E.G. (1976), The evolution of retail institutions in the United States (Cambridge, MA:
Marketing Science Institute).
Michman, R.D. and Greco, A.J. (1995), Retailing triumphs and blunders: Victims of competition in the new
age of marketing management (Westport, CT: Quorum Books).
Miller, D.L. (1996), City of the century: The epic of Chicago and the making of America (New York: Simon &
Schuster).
Miller, M. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869 –1920 (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Monod, D. (1996), Store wars: Shopkeepers and the culture of mass marketing, 1890 –1939 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
Moskowitz, M. (2004), Standard of living: The measure of the middle class in Modern America (Baltimore,
MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Nystrom, P.H. (1919), Retailing selling and store management (New York: D. Appleton and Company).
Nystrom, P.H. (1919 & 1930), Economics of retailing: Institutions and trends (New York: The Ronald Press).
Neth, M. (1995), Preserving the family farm: Women, community, and the foundations of agribusiness in the
Midwest, 1900–1940 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press).
Phillips, W.B. (1901), How department stores are carried on (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company).
Pollon, F. (1989), Shopkeepers and shoppers: A social history of retailing in New South Wales from 1788
(Sydney: Retail Traders’ Association of New South Wales).
Rips, R.E. (1938), An introductory study of the role of the mail order business in American history,
1872–1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago).
Schlereth, T.J. (1989), ‘Country stores, county fairs, and mail-order colleagues: Consumption in rural
America’, in S.J. Bronner (ed.) Consuming visions: Accumulation and display of goods in America
1880–1920 (New York: W.W. Norton) 339–377.
Schlereth, T.J. (1992), Victorian America: Transformations in everyday life, 1876 –1915 (New York: Harper
Perennial).
Schwartz, D.M. (1985), ‘When home sweet home was just a mailbox away’, Smithsonian, 16 (November),
pp. 90–101.
Schweitzer, R.A. and Davis, M.W.R. (1990), America’s favorite homes: Mail-order catalogues as a guide to
popular early 20th-century houses (Detroit: Wayne State University Press).
Shaw, G. (1992), ‘The European scene: Britain and Germany’, in J. Benson and G. Shaw (eds.) The
evolution of retail systems, c. 1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester University Press) 17–34.
Simon, A.H. (1974), ‘The battle for parcel post: The western farmer vs. the eastern mercantile interests’,
Journal of the West, 13 (4), pp. 79–89.
Smalley, O.A. (1961), ‘Market entry and economic adaptation: Spiegel’s first decade in mail order’, The
Business History Review, 35 (3), pp. 372–401. Available at: jstor.org/stable/3111476 (Accessed 12 April
2016)
Smalley, O.A. and Sturdivant, F.D. (1973), The credit merchants: A history of Spiegel, inc (Carbondale, IL:
Southern Illinois University Press).
Spellman, S.V. (2016), Cornering the market (New York: Oxford University Press).
Stanger, H. (2000), ‘From factory to family: The creation of a corporate culture in the Larkin company of
Buffalo, New York’, Business History Review, 74 (3), pp. 407–433. Available at:
www.jstor.org/stable/3116433 (Accessed 22 November 2016)
Stanger, H. (2008), ‘The Larkin Clubs of Ten: Consumer buying clubs and mail-order commerce,
1890–1940’, Enterprise & Society, 9 (1), pp. 125–164.
Stanger, H. (2010), ‘Failing at retailing: The decline of the Larkin company, 1918–1942’, Journal of Historical
Research in Marketing, 2 (1), pp. 9–40. Available at: www.emeraldinsight.com/1755-750X.htm.
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Strasser, S. (2006), ‘Woolworth to Wal-Mart: Mass merchandising and the changing culture of consumption’,
in N. Lichtenstein (ed.) Wal-Mart: The face of twenty-first-century capitalism (New York: The New Press)
31–56.
Stevenson, K.C. and Jandl, H.W. (1986), Houses by mail: A guide to houses from Sears, Roebuck, and
company (New York: Wiley-Blackwell).
Tedlow, R.S. (1990), New and improved: The story of mass marketing in America (New York: Basic Books).
Thorne, R.J. (1920), ‘The mail-order business’, in S. Crowther (ed.) The book of business (New York: P.F.
Collier & Son Company) 22–35.
Wadsworth, R.K. (1928), Handbook on mail order: Selling and merchandising (Chicago: The Dartnell
Corporation).
Webber, K. and Hoskins, I. (2003), What’s in store? A history of retailing in Australia (Sydney: Powerhouse
Publishing).
Weil, G.L. (1977), Sears, Roebuck, U.S.A.: The great American catalog store and how it grew (New York:
Stein and Day).
Wolfers, H. (1980), ‘The big stores between the wars’, in J. Roe (ed.) Twentieth century Sydney: Studies in
urban and social history (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger) 18–33.
Wood, R.E. (1920), ‘Past, present and future of the mail order business’, Robert E. Wood Papers:
Montgomery Ward and Company, 1919–1923, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, IA.
Worthy, J.C. (1986), Shaping an American institution: Robert E. Wood and Sears, Roebuck (Urbana, IL:
University of Illinois Press).

At the margins? Itinerants and pedlars

Archives Départementales de Isère, 1J 1102, Livre de raizon apartenant à Moy Jean Giraud de Lagrave où
est contenu mais affaires emparticulier . Comancé le 17 janvier 1670 à Lion.
Archives Nationales, BB 18822 Justice Seine et Marne , quoted by Cobb, R. (1985). La Mort est dans Paris
(Paris: Chemin Vert) 170–171.
Augel, J. (1971), Italienische Einwanderung und Wirtschaftstätigkeit in rheinischen Städten des 17. und 18.
Jahrhunderts (Bonn: Röhrscheid).
Beauvalet-Boutouyrie, S. (2001), Etre veuve sous l’Ancien Régime (Paris: Belin), p. 282.
Blasquez, A. (1996), ‘Foires et marchés ruraux en Castille à l’époque moderne’, in C. Desplat (ed.) Foires et
marchés dans l’Europe médiévale et moderne (Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail) 105–127.
Botrel, J.-F. (1973, 1974), ‘Les aveugles colporteurs d’imprimés en Espagne’, Mélanges de la casa de
Vélasquez, 9, pp. 417–482 and 10, pp. 233–271.
Caizza, B. (1965), Industria e commercio della republica veneta nel XVIII secolo (Milan: Banca Commerciale
Italiana).
Casselle, P. (1978), ‘Recherche sur les marchands d’estampes parisiens d’origine cotentinoise à la fin de
l’Ancien Régime, Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques’, Bulletin d’histoire moderne et
contemporaine, 11, pp. 74–93.
Corominas, J. (1954), Diccionario Crítico Etimológico de la Lengua Castellana (Bern: Francke).
Da Gama Caeiro (1980), ‘Livros e livreios franceses em Lisboa nos fins de setecentos e no primeiro quartel
do seculo XIX’, Anais da Academia Portuguesa da História, Lisbon, IIa serie, II (26), pp. 301–327.
Darmon, J.-J. (1972), Le colportage de librairie en France sous le Second Empire (Paris: Plon).
Darnton, R. (1987), ‘Un colporteur sous l’Ancien Régime’, in Censures, de la Bible aux larmes d’Eros (Paris:
Centre Georges Pompidou).
Duval, G. (1991), Littérature de colportage et imaginaire collectif en Angleterre à l’époque des Dicey (1720
–v1800) (Bordeaux: Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux).
Duval, M. (2001), Foires et marchés en Bretagne de l’Antiquité à la fin de l’Ancien Régime (Paris: Royer
éditions).
Endelman, T. (1981), ‘‘L’activité économique des juifs anglais’, Dix-huitième siècle, 13, pp. 113–126.
Fietta, I.E. (1985), ‘Con la casetta in spalla: gli ambulanti di Tessino’, Quaderni di cultura alpina, (23), pp.
4–111.
Fontaine, L. (1991), ‘Family cycles, peddling and society in upper alpine valleys in the eighteenth century’, in
S. Woolf (ed.) Domestic stategies: Work and family in France and Italy 17–18th century (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Fontaine, L. (1996), History of pedlars in Europe, translated by Vicki Wittaker (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Fontaine, L. (2008), The moral economy. Poverty, credit and trust in early modern Europe, translated by
Punam Puri (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Fontaine, L. (2014), Le marché: Histoire et usage d’une conquête sociale (Paris: Gallimard), pp. 70–101.
Furetière, A. (1690), Dictionnaire universel (The Hague, The Netherlands).
Gothein, E. (1892), Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Schwarzwaldes und der angrenzenden Landschaften
(Strasbourg: J. K. Trübner).
Grosjean, A. and Murdoch, S. (2005), Scottish communities abroad in early modern Europe (Leiden/Boston,
MA: Brill).
Guichonnet, P. (1948), ‘‘L’émigration alpine vers les pays de langue allemande’, Revue de Géographie
alpine, pp. 553–576.
Hemmert, D. (1979), ‘Quelques aspects de l’immigration dans le comté de Bitche, fin du XVIIe siècle, début
XVIIIe’, in Actes du 103e Congrès national des Sociétés Savantes, Nancy-Metz, 1978, Histoire moderne et
contemporaine (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale) 41–56.
Laterza, P.B. and Manfredi, R. (eds.) (1972). Stampe per via. L’incisione dei secoli XVII–XIX nel commercio
ambulante dei tesini (Calliano: Arti grafiche).
Lefrançois de Lalande, J.J. (1769), Voyage d’un François en Italie dans les années 1765 et 1766 (Paris: A
Venise (et se trouve à Paris) chez Desaint, libraire, rue du foin, MDCCLXIX).
Martin, K. (1942), ‘Die Savoyische Einwanderung in das alemannische Süddeutschland’, Deutsches Archiv
für Landes und Volksforschung, VI (4), pp. 647–658.
McKendrick, N. , Brewer, J. and Plumb, J.H. (1982), The birth of consumer society: The commercialization of
eighteenth century England (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press).
Mercier, L.S. (1994a), Le Nouveau Paris (Paris: Mercure de France), original edition from 1798.
Mercier, L.S. (1994b), Tableau de Paris, edited by J.-C. Bonnet , 2 volumes (Paris: Mercure de France), first
edition published between 1781 and 1789.
Merry Wiesner, W. (1981), ‘Paltry peddlers or essential merchants? Women in the distributive trades in early
modern Nuremberg’, The Sixteenth Century Journal, XII (2), pp. 3–13.
Merzario, R. (1984), ‘Una fabbrica di uomini: L’emigrazione dalla montagna comasca (1650–1750)’,
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome, 96 (1), pp. 153–175.
Montenach, A. (2013), ‘Legal trade and black markets: Food trades in lyon in the late seventeenth and early
eighteenth centuries’, in D. Simonton and A. Montenach (eds.) Female agency in the urban economy:
Gender in European towns, 1640–1830 (New York/London: Routledge) 17–34.
Niccoli, O. (1987), Profeti e popolo nell’Italia del Renascimento (Rome-Bari: Laterza).
Pecori, G. (ed.) (1980). Gridi nelle strade fiorentine (Florence: Liberia Editrice).
Petrowiste, J. (2004), À la foire d’empoigne: Foires et marchés en Aunis et Saintonge au Moyen Âge (vers
1000–vers 1550) (Québec/Toulouse: Université francophone d’été Saintonge/CNRS-Méridiennes).
Poitrineau, A. (1985), Les “Espagnols” de l’Auvergne et du Limousin du XVIIe au XIXe siècle (Aurillac:
Mazel-Malroux).
Reynald, A. (2002), Le grand marché: L’approvisionnement alimentaire de Paris sous l’Ancien Régime
(Paris: Fayard).
Riis, T. (1988), Should Auld Acquaintance Be Forgot … Scottish-Danish Relations. c. 1450–1707, 2 Vol.
(Odense: Odense University Press).
Roche, D. (1989), La culture des apparences: Une histoire du vêtement XVIe–XVIIIe siècles (Paris: Fayard).
Sarti, R. (1985), Long live the strong. A history of rural society in the Apennine mountains (Amherst, MA:
University of Massachusetts Press).
Sauvy, A. (1967), ‘Noël Gille dit La Pistole, marchand forain libraire roulant par la France’, Bulletin des
bibliothèques de France, mai, pp. 177–190.
Smout, T.C. (1968), ‘The Glasgow merchant community in the seventeenth century’, Scottish Historical
Review, 47, pp. 53–71.
Spufford, M. (1981), Small books and pleasant histories: Popular fiction and its readership in seventeenth-
century England (London: Methuen).
Spufford, M. (1984), The great reclothing of rural England, Petty chapmen and their wares in the
seventeenth century (London: Hambledon Press).
Trifoni, M. (1989), ‘I “santari”: Venditori itineranti di immagini devozionali a Campli e nel teramano’, La
Ricerca Folklorica, 19, pp. 113–120.
Van den Heuvel, D. (2007), Women & entrepreneurship. Female traders in the Northern Netherlands, c.
1580–1815 (Amsterdam: Aksant Academic Publishers).
Van den Heuvel, D. (2015), ‘Policing peddlers: The prosecution of illegal street trade in eighteenth-century
dutch towns’, The Historical Journal, 58 (2), pp. 367–392.
Van den Heuvel, D. (2016), ‘Food, markets and people: Selling perishables in urban markets in pre-industrial
Holland and England’, in M. Calaresu and D. van den Heuvel (eds.) Food Hawkers: Selling in the streets
from antiquity to the present (Oxon: Routledge) 84–106.
Weatherill, L. (1986), ‘The business of middleman in the English pottery trade before 1780’, Business
History, 28, pp. 51–76.
Westerfield, R.B. (1915), Middlemen in English business, particularly between 1660 and 1760 reprint (New
York: David & Charles).
Retail history
Baskerville, P. (2008), A silent revolution? Gender and wealth in English Canada 1860 –1930 (Montreal:
McGill-Queen’s University Press).
Belisle, D. (2011), Retail nation (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press).
Benson, J. (1985), ‘Hawking and peddling in Canada, 1867–1914’, Histoire sociale-Social History, 18 (35),
pp. 75–83.
Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (1992), The evolution of retail systems, 1800 –1914 (Leicester: Leicester University
Press).
Blackford, M.G. (2003), A history of small business in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina
Press).
Blanke, D. (2000), Sowing the American dream (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press).
Bonacich, E. (2006), ‘Wal-Mart and logistics revolution’, in N. Lichtenstein (ed.) Wal-Mart: The face of
twenty-first century capitalism (New York: The New Press).
Boorstin, D. (1973), The Americans: The democratic experience (New York: Random House).
Boothman, B.E.C. (2011), ‘Mammoth market: The transformation of food retailing in Canada, 1946–1965’,
Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), pp. 279–301.
Boothman, B.E.C. (2016), ‘Distributive orders: The evolution of North American retailing’, in D. Jones and M.
Tadajewski (eds.) The Routledge companion to marketing history (New York: Routledge) 131–150.
Bucheli, M. , Mahoney, J. and Vaaler, P. (2010), ‘Chandler’s living history: The visible hand of vertical
integration in nineteenth century America viewed under a twenty-first century transaction costs economics
lens’, Journal of Management Studies, 47 (5), pp. 859–883.
Burns, D.J. and Rayman, D.M. (1995), ‘Retailing in Canada and the United States: Historical comparisons’,
The Service Industries Journal, 15 (4), pp. 164–176.
Bushman, R. (1994), ‘Shopping and advertising in Colonial America’, in C. Carson , R. Hoffman , and P.
Albert (eds.) Of consumimg interests: The style of life in the eighteenth century (Charlottesville: University
Press of Virginia) 233–251.
Carden, A. (2013), ‘Retail innovations in American economic history: The rise of the mass-market
merchandisers’, in R. Parker and R. Whaples (eds.) Routledge handbook of major events in economic
history (New York: Routledge) 402–414.
Carlos, A.M. and Lewis, F.D. (2001), ‘Trade, consumption, and the native economy: Lessons from york
factory, Hudson Bay’, The Journal of Economic History, 61 (4), pp. 1037–1064.
Carlos, A.M. and Lewis, F.D. (2002), ‘Marketing in the land of Hudson Bay: Indian consumers and the
Hudson Bay company, 1670–1770’, Enterprise & Society, 3 (2), pp. 285–317.
Chandler, A.D. (1962), Strategy and structure (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Chandler, A.D. (1977), The visible hand: The managerial revolution in American business (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
Chandler, A.D. (1984), ‘The emergence of managerial capitalism’, Business History Review, 58, pp.
473–503.
Cohen, L. (1990), Making a new deal: Industrial workers in Chicago, 1919 –1939 (New York: Cambridge
University Press).
Craig, B. (2009), Backwoods consumers and homespun capitalists (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
Deutsch, T. (2010), Building a housewife’s paradise: Gender, politics, and American grocery stores in the
twentieth century (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Diner, H. (2015), Roads taken: The great Jewish migrations to the new world and the peddlers who forged
the way (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Freeman, S. (2014), ‘The Canadian shopping mall: Neither Canadian nor a mall, anymore’, The Huffington
Post. Available at: www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/06/27/canadian-shopping-mall-retail-brands-
dying_n_5534651.html.
Hamilton, G. , Senauer, B. and Petrovic, M. (eds.) (2011), The market makers: How retailers are reshaping
the global economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Hamilton, S. and Phillips, S. (2014), The kitchen debate and cold war consumer politics (Boston, MA:
Bedford/St. Martin’s Press).
Haupt, H.G. (2012), ‘Small shops and department stores’, in F. Trentmann (ed.) The Oxford handbook of the
history of consumption (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Hernandez, T. and Lau, S. (2014), The evolution of major shopping centres in Canada: 1996–2013 (Toronto:
Centre for the Study of Commercial Activity).
Hernandez, T. and Simmons, J. (2006), ‘Evolving retail landscapes: Power retail in Canada’, The Canadian
Geographer, 50 (4), pp. 465–486.
Hodge, C. (2014), Consumerism and the emergence of the middle class in Colonial America (New York:
Cambridge University Press).
Hortacsu, A. and Syverson, C. (2015), ‘The ongoing evolution of US retail: A format tug-of-war’, The Journal
of Economic Perspectives, 29 (4), pp. 89–111.
Howard, V. (2008), ‘The biggest small-town store in America: Independent retailers and the rise of consumer
culture’, Enterprise & Society, 9 (3), pp. 4457–4486.
Industry Canada (2013), Consumer trends update: Canada’s changing retail market (Ottawa: Industry
Canada).
Isenstadt, S. (2014), ‘The spaces of shopping: A historical overview’, in D. Andrews (ed.) Shopping: Material
culture perspectives (Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press) 1–32.
Jackson, K.T. (1996), ‘All the world’s a mall: Reflections on the social and economic consequences of the
American shopping center’, The American Historical Review, 101 (4), pp. 1111–1121.
Jacobs, M. (2005), Pocketbook politics: Economic citizenship in twentieth-century America (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Jaffee, D. (1991), ‘Peddlers of progress and the transformation of the Rural North, 1760–1860’, The Journal
of American History, 78 (2), pp. 511–535.
Kaikati, J. (May 1985), ‘Don’t discount off-price retailers’, Harvard Business Review, 63 (3), pp. 85–92.
Khade, A. and Lovass, N. (2009), ‘Supply chain performance: A case of WalMart’s logistics’, International
Journal of Business Strategy, 9 (1).
Koehn, N. (2001, revised 2002), ‘Marshall Field and the rise of the department store’, Harvard Business
School Case 801–349.
Klein, N. (2009), No Logo (Toronto: Vintage).
Krulikowski, A. (2014), ‘The shop around the corner: Change, continuity, and the corner grocery store’, in D.
Andrews (ed.) Shopping: Material culture perspectives (Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press) 89–109.
Lal, R. and Alvarez, R. (December 19, 2011), ‘Death knell for the category killers?’, Harvard Business
Review.
Leach, W.R. (1993), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Lears, T. (1994), Fables of abundance (New York: Basic Books).
Levinson, M. (2011), The great A&P and the struggle for small business in America (New York: Hill & Wang).
Lichtenstein, N. (ed.) (2006), Wal-Mart: The face of twenty-first-century capitalism (New York: The New
Press).
Livingston, J. (1994), Pragmatism and the political economy of cultural revolution, 1850–1940 (Chapel Hill,
NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Longstreth, R. (1999), The drive-in, the supermarket, and the transformation of commercial space in Los
Angeles, 1914–1941 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Longstreth, R. (1997), ‘The diffusion of the community shopping center concept during the interwar decades’,
Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 56 (3), pp. 268–293.
Lutz, A. (August 31, 2016), ‘American malls are dying faster than you think – and it’s about to get even
worse’, Business Insider.
Mancke, E. (1995), ‘At the counter of the general store: Women and the economy in 18th-century horton,
Nova Scotia’, in M. Conrad (ed.) Intimate relations: Family and community in planter Nova Scotia
(Fredericton: Acadiensis Press) 167–181.
Marling, K. (1994), As seen on TV: The visual culture of every day life in the 1950s (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press).
Martin, A.S. (2000), ‘Commercial space as consumption arena: Retail stores in early Virginia’, in S. McMurry
and A. Adams (eds.) People, power, places: Perspectives in vernacular architecture VIII (Knoxville:
University of Tennessee Press) 201–218.
Martin, A.S. (2008), Buying into the world of goods: Early consumers in backcountry Virginia (Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins University Press).
McCalla, D. (1997), ‘Retailing in the countryside: Upper Canadian general stores in the mid-nineteenth
century’, Business and Economic History, 26 (2), pp. 393–403.
McCalla, D. (2015a), ‘We aint “gentlemen” merchants: The country retailer in Upper Canada’, History of
Retailing and Consumption, 1 (2), pp. 140–148.
McCalla, D. (2015b), Consumers in the bush: Shopping in rural upper Canada (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-
Queen’s University Press).
Monod, D. (1996), Store wars: Shopkeepers and the culture of mass marketing, 1890–1939 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press).
National Retail Federation (2017), Retail’s impact. Available at: https://nrf.com/advocacy/retails-impact.
National Transportation Research Center (2016), Transportation energy data book (Knoxville, NY: Oak
Ridge National Laboratory) Available at: cta.ornl.gov/data.
Nobles, G. (1990), ‘The rise of merchants in rural market towns: A case study of eighteenth-century
Northampton, Massachusetts’, Journal of Social History, 24 (1), pp. 5–23.
Norris, J.D. (1962), ‘One-price policy among antebellum country stores’, The Business History Review, 36
(4), pp. 455–458.
O’Leary, M. , Orlikowski, W. and Yates, J. (2002), ‘Distributed work over the centuries: Trust and control in
the Hudson’s Bay company, 1670–1826’, in S. Kiesler and P. Hinds (eds.) Distributed work (Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press) 27–54.
Owram, D. (1996), Born at the right time: A history of the baby boom generation (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press).
Perkins, E. (1991), ‘The consumer frontier: Household consumption in early Kentucky’, The Journal of
American History, 78 (2), pp. 486–510.
Ritzer, G. (2010), Enchanting a disenchanted world, 3rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge).
Rupp, L. and Smith, M. (January 24, 2017), ‘Retail malaise puts pressure on U.S. chains to shutter stores’,
Globe and Mail, Tuesday, p. B8.
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2011), ‘Sales and advertising expenditure for interwar American department stores’,
Journal of Economic History, 71 (1), pp. 40–69.
Scott, P. and Walker, J. (2014), ‘The service cost – Unit value retail continuum and the demise of the
American ‘five and dime’ variety store, 1914–1941’, Henley Discussion Paper Series. Available at:
www.henley.ac.uk/research/research-centres/the-centre-for-international-business-history.
Shammas, C. (1990), The pre-industrial consumer in England and America (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Shapiro, L. (2005), Something from the oven: Reinventing dinner in 1950s America (New York: Penguin).
Simmons, J. (1991), ‘The regional mall in Canada’, CanadianGeographer/LeGeographecanadien, 35 (3), pp.
232–240.
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (New York:
Pantheon Books).
Strasser, S. (2014), ‘Woolworth to Wal-Mart: Mass merchandising and the changing culture of consumption’,
in D. Andrews (ed.) The material culture of shopping (Newark, NY: University of Delaware Press) 1–32.
Stephens, D. (2013), The retail revival: Reimagining business for the new age of consumerism (Mississauga:
Wiley).
Tedlow, R.S. (1990), New and improved: The story of mass marketing in America (New York: Basic Books).
Walden, K. (1989), ‘Speaking modern: Language, culture, and hegemony in grocery window displays,
1887–1920’, The Canadian Historical Review, 70 (3), pp. 285–310.
Whitaker, J. (2015), Reviews in history, review of Vicki Howard, from main street to mall: The rise and fall of
the American department store. Available at: www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/178.
Wright, C. (1992), ‘‘Feminine trifles of vast importance’: Writing gender into the history of consumption’, in F.
Iacovetta and M. Valverde (eds.) Gender conflicts: New essays in women’s history (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press) 229–260.

Western Europe (including Scandinavia)

Alexander, N. and Akehurst, G. (1998), ‘Introduction: The emergence of modern retailing, 1750–1950’,
Business History, 40, pp. 1–15.
Benson, J. and Shaw, G. (eds.) (1992), The evolution of retail systems (Leicester: Leicester University
Press).
Berry, H. (2002), ‘Polite consumption: Shopping in eighteenth-century England’, Transactions of the Royal
Historical Society, 12, pp. 375–395.
Blondé, B. and Ryckbosch, W. (2015), ‘In splendid isolation: A comparative perspective on the
historiographies of the material renaissance and the consumer revolution’, History of Retailing and
Consumption, 1 (2), pp. 105–124.
Blondé, B. , Stabel, P. , Stobart, J. and Van Damme, I. (eds.) (2006), Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and
practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols).
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2007), ‘The shop, the home, and the retail revolution. Antwerp, seventeenth-
eighteenth centuries’, Citta e Storia, 2 (2), pp. 335–350.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme I. (2010), ‘Retail growth and consumer changes in a declining urban economy:
Antwerp (1650–1750)’, Economic History Review, 63 (3), pp. 638–663.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2013), ‘Early modern Europe: 1500–1800’, in P. Clark (ed.), The Oxford
handbook of cities in world history (Oxford: Oxford University Press) 240–257.
Blondé, B. and Van Damme, I. (2015), ‘Beyond the retail revolution: Trends and patterns in 17th- and 18th-
century antwerp retailing’, in M. Belfanti (ed.) Retail trade: Supply and demand in the formal and informal
economy from the 13th to the 18th century (Firenze: Firenze University Press) 219–239.
Borsay, P. and Furnée, J.H. (eds.) (2016), Leisure cultures in urban Europe, c. 1700–1870: A transnational
perspective (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Braudel, F. (1979), Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe–XVIIIe siècle, 2: Les Jeux de
l’Echange (Paris: Colin).
Britnell, R. (2009), Markets, trade and economic development in England and Europe, 1050–1550 (London:
Routledge).
Calabi, D. (2004), The market and the city: Square, street and architecture in early modern Europe
(Aldershot: Ashgate).
Campbell, C. (1987), The romantic ethic and the spirit of modern consumerism (London: Wiley-Blackwell).
Carlin, M. (2007), ‘Shops and shopping in the thirteenth century: Three texts’, in L.D. Armstrong , I. Elbl and
M.M. Elbl (eds.) Money, markets and trade in late medieval Europe: Essays in honour of John H.A. Munro
(Leiden/Boston, MA: Brill), pp. 491–537.
Chatriot, A. , Chessel, M.-E. and Hilton, M. (eds.) (2004), Au nom du consommateur: Consommation et
politique en Europe et aux Etats-Unis au XXé siècle (Paris: Editions La Découverte).
Clark, G. (2007), A farewell to alms: A brief economic history of the world (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press).
Clark, P. (2013), ‘Introduction’, in P. Clark (ed.) The Oxford handbook of cities in world history (Oxford:
Oxford University Press) 1–24.
Coquery, N. (2014), ‘Shopping streets in eighteenth-century Paris: A landscape shaped by historical,
economic and social forces’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping
streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 57–77.
Cox, N. and Dannehl, K. (2007), Perceptions of retailing in early-modern England (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Crossick, G. and Jaumain, S. (1999), ‘The world of the department store: Distribution, culture and social
change’, in G. Crossick and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store,
1850–1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate) 1–45.
Davies, R.L. (ed.) (1995), Retail planning policies in Western Europe (London: Routledge).
De Vries, J. (2008), The industrious revolution: Consumer behaviour and the household economy, 1650 to
the present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Devroey, J.-P. , Wilkin, A. and Gautier, A. (2013), ‘Agricultural production, distribution and consumption
around the Noth Sea, 500–1000’, in L. Van Molle and Y. Segers (eds.) The agro-food market: Production,
distribution and consumption (Turnhout: Brepols) 13–65.
De Wilde, B. (2015), ‘Expanding the retail revolution: Multiple guild membership in the southern low
countries, 1600–1800’, in M. Belfanti (ed.) Retail trade: Supply and demand in the formal and informal
economy from the 13th to the 18th century (Firenze: Firenze University Press) 91–112.
Fava, A. , Guardia, M. and Oyon, J.L. (2016), ‘Barcelona food retailing and public markets, 1876–1936’,
Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 454–475.
Furnée, J.H. and Lesger, C. (2014), ‘Shopping streets and cultures from a long-term and transnational
perspective’, in J.H. Furnée and C. Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), 1–15.
Guerzoni, G. (1999), ‘Liberalitas, magnificentia, splendor: The classic origins of Italian renaissance lifestyles’,
in N. De Marchi and C.D.W. Goodwin (eds.) Economic engagements with art (Durham, NC/London: Duke
University Press) 332–378.
Guy, C.M. (1998), ‘Controlling new retail spaces: The impress of planning policies in Western Europe’, Urban
Studies, 35, pp. 953–979.
Howell, M.C. (2010), Commerce before capitalism in Europe, 1300–1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press).
Jeffreys, J. (1954), Retail trading in Britain, 1850–1950: A study of retailing with special reference to the
development of co-operative, multiple shop and department store methods of trading (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Jessen, R. and Langer, L. (2012), ‘Introduction: Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945’, in R.
Jessen and L. Langer (eds.) Transformations of retailing in Europe after 1945 (Farnham: Ashgate) 1–18.
Keene, D. (1985), Survey of medieval Winchester (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Keene, D. (2006), ‘Sites of desire: Shops, selds and wardrobes in London and other English cities,
1100–1550’, in B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme (eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits
and practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 125–153.
Kint, A. (2000), ‘The ideology of commerce: Antwerp in the sixteenth century’, in P. Stabel , B. Blondé and A.
Greve (eds.) International trade in the low countries (14th –16th Centuries): Merchants, organisation,
infrastructure (Leuven: Leuven University Press) 213–222.
Lescent-Giles, I. (2005), ‘The rise of supermarkets in twentieth-century Britain and France’, in C. Sarasua ,
P. Scholliers and L. Van Molle (eds.) Land, shops and kitchens: Technology and the food chain in twentieth-
century Europe (Turnhout: Brepols) 188–211.
Lesger, C. (2011), ‘Patterns of retail location and urban form in Amsterdam in the mid-eighteenth century’,
Urban History, 38 (1), pp. 24–47.
Lyna, D. and Van Damme, I. (2009), ‘A strategy of seduction? The role of commercial advertisements in the
eighteenth-century retailing business of antwerp’, Business History, 51 (1), pp. 100–121.
Miles, S. (2010), Spaces for consumption (London: Sage).
Mitchell, I. (2014), Tradition and innovation in English retailing, 1700–1850: Narratives of consumption
(Farnham: Ashgate).
Savary, J. (1675), Le Parfait Négociant, ou Instruction Générale pour ce qui regarde le Commerce, 2 Vol
(Paris: Louis Billaine).
Spiekermann, U. (2000), ‘Display windows and window display in German cities of the nineteenth century:
Towards the history of a commercial breakthrough’, in C. Wischermann and E. Shore (eds.) Advertising and
the European city: Historical perspectives (Aldershot: Ashgate) 139–171.
Stabel, P. (2001), ‘Markets in the cities of the late medieval low countries: Retail, commercial exchange and
socio-cultural display’, in S. Cavaciocchi (ed.) Fiere e mercati nella integrazione delle economie europee,
secc. XIII–XVIII (Florence: Le Monnier) 797–817.
Stabel, P. (2007), ‘Negotiating value: The ethics of market behaviour and price formation in the late medieval
low countries’, in M. Boone and M. Howell (eds.) In but not of the market: Movable goods in the late
medieval and early modern economy (Brussels: Paleis der Academiën) 53–69.
Stobart, J. (2008), Spend, spend, spend: A history of shopping (Stroud: Tempus).
Stobart, J. , Hann, A. and Morgan, V. (2007), Spaces of consumption: Leisure and shopping in the English
town, c. 1680–1830 (London: Routledge).
Toftgaard, J. (2016), ‘Marketplaces and central spaces: Markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in
Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900’, Urban History, 43 (3), pp. 372–390.
Trentmann, F. (2016), Empire of things: How we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to
the twenty-first (London: Allen Lane).
Van Damme, I. (2015), ‘From a “knowledgeable” salesman towards a “recognizable” product? Questioning
branding strategies before industrialization (Antwerp, Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries)’, in B. De Munck
and D. Lyna (eds.) Concepts of value in European material culture, 1500–1900 (Aldershot: Ashgate) 75–102.
Van Damme, I. and Van Aert, L. (2014), ‘Antwerp goes shopping! Continuity and change in retail space and
shopping interactions from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century’, in J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The
landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan) 78–103.
Van den Eeckhout, P. and Scholliers, P. (2011), ‘The Belgian multiple grocer: Delhaize le Lion and its
clientele, 1867–1914’, Essays in Economic and Business History, 29, pp. 87–100.
Van den Heuvel, D. and Ogilvie, S. (2013), ‘Retail development in the consumer revolution: The
Netherlands, c. 1670–c. 1815’, Explorations in Economic History, 50 (1), pp. 69–87.
Walsh, C. (2008), ‘Shopping at first hand? Mistresses, servants and shopping for the household in early-
modern England’, in D. Hussey and M. Ponsonby (eds.) Buying for the home: Shopping for the domestic
from the seventeenth century to the present (Aldershot: Ashgate) 13–26.
Walsh, C. (2014), ‘Stalls, bulks, shops and long-term change in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century
England’, in J.J.H. Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.) The landscape of consumption: Shopping streets and
cultures in Western Europe, 1600–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 37–56.
Welch, E. (2005), Shopping in the renaissance: Consumer cultures in Italy 1400–1600 (New Haven, CT/
London: Yale University Press).
Welch, C. (2006), ‘The fairs of early modern Italy’, in B. Blondé , P. Stabel , J. Stobart and I. Van Damme
(eds.) Buyers and sellers: Retail circuits and practices in medieval and early modern Europe (Turnhout:
Brepols) 31–50.
Weltevreden, J. , Atzema, O. and Frenken, K. (2005), ‘Evolution in city centre retailing: The case of Utrecht
(1974–2003)’, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 33, pp. 824–841.

Retailing in Russia and Eastern Europe

Alpern Engel, B. (1997), ‘Not by bread alone: Subsistence riots in Russia during world war one’, Journal of
Modern History, 69 (December), pp. 696–721.
Ball, A. (1987), Russia’s last capitalists: The NEPmen, 1928–1929 (Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press).
Bartlett, D. (2010), Fashion east: The spectre that haunted socialism (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Bílá Labuť , Available at: www.bilalabut.cz/page/about-us/, October 26, 2016.
Bogdanov, I.A. (1988), Gostinyi dvor, Leningrad.
Breckman, W.G. (1991), ‘Disciplining consumption: The debate about luxury in Wilhelmine Germany,
1890–1914’, Journal of Social History, 24 (3), pp. 485–505.
Bren, P. and Neuburger, M. (eds.) (2012), Communism unwrapped: Consumption in cold war Eastern
Europe (New York: Oxford University Press) 3–19.
Chelcea, L. (2002), ‘The culture of shortage during state socialism: Consumption practices in a romanian
village in the 1980s’, Cultural Studies, 16 (1), pp. 16–43.
Chernyshova, N. (2013), Soviet consumer culture in the Brezhnev Era (London: Routledge).
Cook, L.J. (1992), ‘Brezhnev’s “social contract” and Gorbachev’s reforms’, Soviet Studies, 44 (1), pp. 37–56.
Crazy Guides Communism Tours (2012), Available at: www.crazyguides.com/, May 31, 2017.
Crowley, D. (2000), ‘Warsaw’s shops, stalinism, and the thaw’, in S.E. Reid and D. Crowley (eds.) Style and
socialism: Modernity and material culture in post-war Eastern Europe (New York: Berg).
Crowley, D. and Reid, S.E. (2010), ‘Introduction’, in D. Crowley and S.E. Reid (eds.) Pleasures in socialism:
Leisure and luxury in the Eastern Bloc (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press) 3–52.
Dom Towarawy Bracia Jabłkowscy (2015), Available at: www.dtbj.pl/, October 28, 2016.
Dombos, T. and Pellandini-Simanyi, L. (2012), ‘Kids, cars, or cashews? Debating and remembering
consumption in socialist hungary’, in P. Bren and M. Neuburger (eds.) Communism Unwrapped (New York:
Oxford University Press) 325–350.
Felski, R. (1995), The gender of modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Gorsuch, A.E. (2006), ‘Time travelers: Soviet tourists to Eastern Europe’, in A.E. Gorsuch and D.P. Koenker
(eds.) Turizm: The Russian and East European tourist under capitalism and socialism (Cornell: Cornell
University Press) 205–226.
Greene, B. (2014), ‘Selling market socialism: Hungary in the 1960s’, Slavic Review, 73 (1), pp. 108–132.
Gronow, J. (2003), Caviar with champagne: Common luxury and the ideals of the good life in Stalin’s Russia
(New York: Berg).
Gronow, J. and Zhuravlev, S. (2010), ‘Soviet luxuries from champagne to private cars’, in D. Crowley and
S.E. Reid (eds.) Pleasures in Socialism (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press) 121–146.
GUM . Available at: https://gum.ru/history/, October 28, 2016.
Hessler, J. (1998), ‘A postwar perestroika? Toward a history of private enterprise in the USSR’, Slavic
Review, 57 (3), pp. 516–542.
Hessler, J. (2004), A social history of Soviet Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Hilton, M.L. (2012), Selling to the masses: Retailing in Russia, 1880–1930 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of
Pittsburgh Press).
Holquist, P. (2002), Making war, forging revolution: Russia’s continuum of crisis, 1914–1921 (New York:
Cambridge University Press).
Hungarian Architecture, Department of Public Building Design at the Technical University of Budapest
(2016), Available at: http://hazai.kozep.bme.hu/en/parizsi-nagy-aruhaz-budapest/, October 28, 2016.
Judt, T. (2005), Postwar: A history of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin).
Kastner & Öhler . (2016), Available at: www.kastner-oehler.at/ueber-uns/geschichte/, October 28, 2016.
Kotva . (2016), Available at: www.od-kotva.cz/en/anniversary, October 23, 2016.
Ladwig-Winters, S. (2000), ‘The attack on Berlin department stores Warenhaeuser after 1933’, in D. Bankier
(ed.) Probing the depths of German antisemitism: German society and the persecution of the jews,
1933–1941 (New York: Berghahn Books) 1–21.
Landsman, M. (2005), Dictatorship and demand: The politics of consumerism in East Germany (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press).
Lohr, E. (2003), Nationalizing the Russian empire: The campaign against enemy aliens during world war I
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Luthar, B. (2006), ‘Remembering socialism: On desire, consumption and surveillance’, Journal of Consumer
Culture, 6 (2), pp. 229–259.
Massino, J. (2012), ‘From black caviar to blackouts: Gender, consumption, and lifestyle in Ceauşescu’s
Romania’, in P. Bren and M. Neuburger (eds.) Communism Unwrapped (New York: Oxford University Press)
226–249.
Mazurek, M. (2012), ‘Keeping it close to home: Resourcefulness and scarcity in late socialist and
postsocialist Poland’, in P. Bren and M. Neuburger (eds.) Communism Unwrapped (New York: Oxford
University Press) 298–320.
Merkel, I. (2008), ‘Alternative rationalities, strange dreams, absurd utopias: On socialist advertising and
market research’, in K. Pence and P. Betts (eds.) Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and
politics (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press) 323–344.
Merkel, I. (2010), ‘Luxury in socialism: An absurd proposition?’ in D. Crowley and S.E. Reid (eds.) Pleasures
in Socialism (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press) 53–70.
Muzei Sarajeva , Available at: http://muzejsarajeva.ba/en/, October 23, 2016.
Nove, A. (1992), An economic history of the USSR, 1917–1991 (New York: Penguin).
Osokina, E. (1999), Za fasadom Stalinskogo izobiliia: raspredelenie i rynok v snabzhenii naseleniia v gody
industrializatsii, 1927–1941 (Moscow: Rosspen).
Patterson, P.H. (2011), Bought & sold: Living and losing the good life in socialist Yugoslavia (Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press).
Patterson, P.H. (2012), ‘Risky business: What was really being sold in the department stores of socialist
eastern Europe?’, in P. Bren and M. Neuburger (eds.) “handels-” Communism Unwrapped (New York:
Oxford University Press) 116–139.
Pence, K. (1999), ‘Building socialist worker-consumers: The paradoxical construction of the
handelsorganisation – HO, 1948’, in P. Hübner and K. Tenfelde (eds.) Arbeiter in der SBZ – DDR (Essen:
Klartext Verlag) 497–526.
Pence, K. (2008), ‘Women on the verge: Consumers between private desires and public crisis’, in K. Pence
and P. Betts (eds.) Socialist Modern (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press) 287–322.
Pitcher, H. (1994), Muir & mirrielees: The Scottish partnership that became a household name in Russia
(Cromer, UK: Swallow House Books).
Randall, A. (2008), The Soviet dream world of trade and consumption in the 1930s (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan).
Razmadze, A.S. (1893), Torgovye riady na Krasnoi ploshchadi v Moskve, Kiev.
Reid, S.E. (2002), ‘Cold war in the kitchen: Gender and the de-stalinization of consumer taste in the soviet
union under Khrushchev’, Slavic Review, 61 (2), pp. 211–252.
Ruane, C. (2009), The empire’s new clothes: A history of the Russian fashion industry, 1700 –1917 (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Salmon, S. (2006), ‘Marketing socialism: Inturist in the late 1950s and early 1960s’, Turizm.
Sarajevo Museum, Sarajevo Canton, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Available at:
http://muzejsarajeva.ba/en/, October 28, 2016.
Sobolev, M. (1900), ‘Universal’nye magaziny i bazary, kak iavlenie noveishago torgovago oborota’, Mir
Bozhii, 4, pp. 114–130.
Stitziel, J. (2008), ‘Shopping, sewing, networking, complaining: Consumer practices and the relationship
between state and society in the GDR’, in K. Pence and P. Betts (eds.) Socialist Modern (Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Press) 253–286.
Tikhomirova, A. (2010), ‘Soviet women and fur consumption in the Brezhnev Era’, in D. Crowley and S.E.
Reid (eds.) Pleasures in Socialism (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press) 283–308.
TsUM . Available at: www.tsum.ru/, May 17, 2017.
West, S. (2011), ‘I shop in moscow’: Advertising and the creation of consumer culture in late Tsarist Russia
(DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press).
Zatlin, J.R. (1997), ‘The vehicle of desire: The trabant, the wartburg, and the end of the GDR’, German
History, 15 (3), pp. 358–380.

Retailing in Australia and New Zealand

Aldi (2017), ‘Who we are’, Available at: https://corporate.aldi.com.au/en/about-aldi/. (Accessed 21 November
2017).
Alexander, A. (2010), ‘Past, present and future directions in the study of the history of retailing’, Journal of
Historical Research in Marketing, 2 (3), pp. 356–362.
Alexander, N. (1997), ‘Objects in the rearview mirror may appear closer than they are’, The International
Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 7 (4), pp. 383–403.
Alexander, N. (2011), ‘British overseas retailing, 1900–60: International firm characteristics, market
selections and entry modes’, Business History, 53 (4), pp. 530–556.
Alexander, N. and Akehurst, G. (eds.) (1999), The emergence of modern retailing 1750 –1950 (London:
Frank Cass).
Bailey, M. (2015), ‘Written testimony, oral history and retail environments: Australian shopping centers in the
1960s’, Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 7 (3), pp. 356–372.
Barber, S. (2005), Sidney myer, a life, a legacy (Melbourne: Myer Family Investments).
Bartlett, N. (1946), ‘Charles Lloyd Jones: The art of the honest draper’, Daily Telegraph (25 May), pp. 16–17.
Barnard, E. (2015), Emporium: Selling the dream in Colonial Australia (Canberra: NLA Publishing).
Brash, N. , Burke, A. and Hoeben, C. (1985), The model store 1885–1985, Grace Bros: 100 years serving
Sydney (McMahons Point, NSW: Kevin Weldon & Associates).
Chan, W.K.K. (1996), ‘Personal styles, cultural values and management: The sincere and wing on
companies in Shanghai and Hong Kong, 1900–1941’, Business History Review, 70 (2), pp. 141–166.
Clarke, I.C. and Rimmer, P. (1997), ‘The anatomy of retail internationalisation: Daimaru’s decision to invest
in Melbourne, Australia’, The Service Industries Journal, 17 (3), pp. 361–382.
Cooper, A. (2014), Remembering Georges: Stories from Melbourne’s most elegant store (Melbourne:
Melbourne Books).
Cooper, H. , Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (2015), ‘Corporate heritage brand management: Corporate heritage
brands versus contemporary corporate brands’, Journal of Brand Management, 22 (5), pp. 412–430.
Crittenden, V. and Wilson, E. (2002), ‘Success factors in non-store retailing: Exploring the great merchants
framework’, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 10 (4), pp. 255–272.
Crossick, G. and Jaumain, S. (1999), Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store
1850–1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Cullen, J. (2013), The extraordinary life of Charles Lloyd Jones: Painter, Patron and Patriot 1878–1958
(Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan).
Davies, S.C. (1946), Foy’s Saga: An account of the genesis and progress of the house of Foy & Gibson (W.
A.) Limited … in Commemoration of Their Jubilee October 1895 to October 1945 (Perth, WA: Sands &
McDougall).
Dunstan, K. (1979), The store on the hill (Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan).
Emmet, B. and Jeuck, J.E. (1950), Catalogues and counters: A history of Sears, roebuck and company
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Ferry, J.W. (1960), A history of the department store (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
Friedman, W. and Jones, G. (eds.) (2012). Guide to business history course worldwide (Cambrige, MA:
Harvard Business School, Business History Initiative).
Godley, A. and Hang, H. (2012), ‘Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: A comment on
Alexander’s ‘British overseas retailing, 1900–1960’’, Business History, 54 (4), pp. 529–541.
Godley, A. and Hang, H. (2016), ‘Collective financing among Chinese entrepreneurs and department store
retailing in China’, Business History, 58 (3), pp. 364–377.
Gowing, S. (1993), Gone to gowings (Sydney: State Library of New South Wales Press).
Hollander, S. (1986), ‘A rearview mirror might help us drive forward – a call for more historical studies in
retailing: Guest editorial’, Journal of Retailing, 62 (1), pp. 7–10.
Hollander, S. , Rassuli, K.M. , Jones, D.G.B. and Dix, L.F. (2005), ‘Periodization in marketing history’,
Journal of Macromarketing, 25 (1), pp. 32–41.
Hordern, L. (1985), Children of one family: The story of Anthony and Ann Hordern and their descendants in
Australia, 1825–1925 (Sydney: Retford Press).
Hower, R.M. (1943), History of Macy’s of New York, 1858–1919: Chapters in the evolution of the department
store (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Humphrey, K. (1998), Shelf life: Supermarkets and the changing cultures of consumption (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Jarratt, D. (1998), ‘Modelling outshopping behaviour: A non-metropolitan perspective’, The International
Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 8 (3), pp. 319–350.
Jones, C.L. (1956), ‘The history of David Jones limited’, Bulletin of the Business Archives Council of
Australia, 1 (1), pp. 1–10.
Kimbrough, E. (1952), Through Charley’s door (New York: Harper).
Kingston, B. (1994), Basket, bag and trolley: A history of shopping in Australia (Melbourne: Oxford University
Press).
Lancaster, B. (1995), The department store: A social history (London: Leicester University Press).
MacCulloch, J. (1980), ‘‘This store is our world’: Female shop assistants in Sydney to 1930’, in J. Roe (ed.)
Twentieth century Sydney: Studies in urban and social history (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger) 166–178.
Macpherson, M.E. (1963), Shopkeepers to a nation: The Eatons (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart).
Mark Foy’s Ltd (1935), The romance of the house of Foy: Golden Jubilee of Mark Foy’s Ltd Sydney
1885–1935 (Sydney: Mark Foy’s Ltd).
Marshall, A. (1961), The gay provider: The Myer story (Melbourne: F. W. Cheshire).
Maynard, M. (1994), Fashioned from penury: Dress as cultural practice in Colonial Australia (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
McCann, J. (2002), A lot in store: Celebrating our shopping heritage (Sydney: NSW Heritage Office and
NSW Ministry for the Arts Moveable Heritage Project).
Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (1996), Retailing management: A best practice approach (Melbourne: RMIT
Press).
Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (1997), ‘The superstore format in Australia: Opportunities and limitations’, Long
Range Planning, 30 (6), pp. 899–905.
Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (2001a), ‘Innovation and strategy in the Australian supermarket industry’, Journal
of Food Products Marketing, 7 (4), pp. 3–18.
Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (2001b), ‘Radical service innovations: Success factors in retail pharmacies’,
International Journal of New Product Development & Innovation Management, 3 (1), pp. 79–91.
Merrilees, B. and Miller, D. (2001c), ‘Superstore interactivity: A new self-service paradigm of retail service?’
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 29 (6), pp. 379–389.
Merrilees, B. , Miller, D. and Shao, W. (2016), ‘Mall brand meaning: An experiential branding perspective’,
Journal of Product and Brand Management, 25 (3), pp. 262–273.
Millen, J. (2000), Kirkcaldie & stains: A Wellington story (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books).
Miller, D. (2005), ‘Diverse transnational influences and department stores: Australian evidence from the
1870s – 1950s’, in A. Sedlmaier (ed.) Jahrbuch Fur Wirtschaftsgeschichte: From department store to
shopping mall: Transnational history/Vom Warenhaus zur Shopping Mall: Einzelhandel Transnational
[Economic History Yearbook] (Berlin: Akademie Verlag) 17–40.
Miller, D. (2006a), ‘Strategic human resource management in department stores: An historical perspective’,
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13 (2), pp. 99–109.
Miller, D. (2006b), ‘Marketing perspectives on the value and conduct of archival research’, Canadian Journal
of Marketing Research, 23 (1), pp. 47–55.
Miller, D. (2011), ‘Building customer confidence in the automobile age: Canadian Tire 1928–1939’, Journal of
Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), pp. 302–328.
Miller, D. (2014), ‘Brand-building and the elements of success: Discoveries using historical analyses’,
Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 17 (2), pp. 92–111.
Miller, D. and Merrilees, B. (2001), ‘‘‘Gone to Gowings” – an analysis of success factors in retail longevity:
Gowings of Sydney’, Service Industries Journal, 20 (1), pp. 61–85.
Miller, D. and Merrilees, B. (2002), ‘Innovation processes in an early entrepreneurial department store:
David Jones 1906–1927’, in Research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface (Chicago: Institute for
Entrepreneurial Studies University of Illinois at Chicago) 374–392.
Miller, D. and Merrilees, B. (2004), ‘Fashion and commerce: A historical perspective on Australian fashion’,
International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 32 (8), pp. 394–402.
Miller, D. and Merrilees, B. (2013), ‘Historical ambidextrous marketing: Antipodean perspectives’, Paper
presented at CHARM 2013, Copenhagen. It was awarded the Stanley C. Hollander Best Paper Award.
Miller, D. and Merrilees, B. (2016), ‘Department store innovation: David Jones Ltd., Australia, 1876–1915’,
Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 8 (3), pp. 396–415.
Miller, M.B. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store 1869 –1920 (London:
Allen & Unwin).
Murray, J.C. (1999), The woolworths way: A great Australian success story 1924–1999 (Edgecliff, NSW:
Woolworths).
Nasmith, G. (1923), Timothy Eaton (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart).
Nesbitt, R. (1993), At Arnotts of Dublin, 1843–1993 (Dublin: A & A Farmar).
Nystrom, P. (1915), The economics of retailing, 1919 ed. (New York: The Ronald Press).
O’Neill, H. (2013), David Jones 175 Years (Sydney: NewSouth University of New South Wales Press).
Palmer, A. (2001), Couture & commerce: The transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s (Vancouver: UBC
Press in Association with the Royal Ontario Museum).
Perkins, J. and Freedman, C. (1999), ‘Organisational form and retailing development: The department and
the chain store 1860–1940’, Service Industries Journal, 19 (4), pp. 123–146.
Perkins, J. and Meredith, D. (1996), Managerial development in retailing: The department and the chain
store, 1860–1940 (Sydney: University of New South Wales School of Economics).
Pitcher, H. (1994), Muir & Mirrielees: The Scottish partnership that became a household name in Russia
(Cromer, UK: Swallow House Books).
Pollon, F. (1989), Shopkeepers and shoppers: A social history of retailing in New South Wales from 1788
(Sydney: Retail Traders’ Association of New South Wales).
Polonsky, M. and Jarratt, D. (1992), ‘Rural outshopping in Australia: The Bathurst-Orange region’, European
Journal of Marketing, 26 (10), pp. 5–16.
Pound, R. (1960), Selfridge: A biography (London: Heinemann).
Pragnell, B.J. (2001), ‘ “Selling consent”: From authoritarianism to Welfarism at David Jones, 1838–1958’,
PhD thesis. University of New South Wales, Sydney.
Redmond, T. (1938), The history of Anthony Hordern and sons limited (Sydney: Anthony Horderns’ Print).
Reekie, G. (1987), ‘Humanising industry: Paternalism, welfarism and labour control in Sydney’s big stores
1890–1930’, Labour History, 53, pp. 1–19.
Reekie, G. (1993), Temptations: Sex, selling, and the department store (St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin).
Rees, G. (1969), St Michael: A history of marks and spencer, 1973 Revised ed. (London: Pan Books).
Resseguie, H.E. (1962), ‘The decline and fall of the commercial empire of A. T. Stewart’, Business History
Review, 36 (Autumn), pp. 255–286.
Resseguie, H.E. (1965), ‘Alexander Turney Stewart and the development of the department store,
1823–1876’, Business History Review, 39 (Autumn), pp. 301–322.
Roberts, E. (2003), ‘Don’t sell things, sell effects: Overseas influences in New Zealand department stores,
1909–1956’, Business History Review, 77 (2), pp. 265–289.
Roy Morgan (2017), ‘Aldi hits new high in supermarket wars’, Press release, 17 May. Finding no. 7234.
Available at: www.roymorgan.com/findings/7234-woolworths-coles-aldi-iga-supermarket-market-shares-
australia-march-2017-201705171406. (Accessed 21 November 2017).
Santink, J.L. (1990), Timothy Eaton and the rise of his department store (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press).
Siry, J. (1988), Carson Pirie Scott: Louis sullivan and the Chicago department store (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press).
Strasser, S. (1989), Satisfaction guaranteed: The making of the American mass market (Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Institution Press).
Svennson, G. (2001), ‘Glocalization of business activities: A “glocal” strategy’, Management Decision, 39 (1),
pp. 6–18.
Sydenham, D. (1993), ‘Coles, Sir George James (1885–1977)’, in Australian dictionary of biography,
National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1993 , Available at:
http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coles-sir-george-james-9788/text17299. (Accessed 19 October 2017).
Ville, S. and Merrett, D. (2000), ‘The development of large scale enterprise in Australia, 1910–64’, Business
History, 42 (3), pp. 13–43.
Waller, D. (1992), ‘Shopping by post: The early development of mail order in Australia’, Journal of Direct
Marketing Association, 8 (1), pp. 24–28.
Warrender, P. (1972), Prince of merchants: The story of sir Norman Myer (Melbourne: Gold Star
Publications).
Webber, K. , Hoskins, I. and McCann, J. (2003), What’s in store? A history of retailing in Australia (Sydney:
Powerhouse Publishing in Association with the New South Wales Heritage Office).
Wendt, L. and Kogan, H. (1952), Give the lady what she wants! The story of marshall field & company
(South Bend, IN: And Books).
Westfield, C. (2000), The westfield story: The first 40 years (Sydney: Westfield Holdings).
BRG 1/32/1–6: Board Minutes .
BRG 1/69 50th Anniversary .
BRG 1/577 Historical Notes on David Jones & Co. and David Jones Ltd .
BRG Annual Reports and Chairman’s Addresses .
BRG R1/31/0–6 Rough Minutes of Board Meetings .
PRG 1/7a, 1862 Journal of Edward Lloyd Jones: Notes made in London, Scotland, Ireland and Paris April/
August (Transcription); PRG 1/7: Original of PRG 1/7a .
PRG 1/8c.1874 Edward Lloyd Jones: Notes in Diary.
PRG 1/9a 1876 E. L. Jones Journal on the occasion of his visit to America and London 7th April to 16th
September 1876 (Transcription); PRG 1/9 Original of PRG 1/9a.
PRG 2/80
PRG 2/80 (25a) 1958. Customers Are Human, by Charles Lloyd Jones in Collaboration with Desmond
Robinson (unpublished).
Harwood, A. 1913 Commissioned Report .
Harwood, A. 1913 Commissioned Report – Responses to the Board .
Horton, B. (c. 2000) Personal communications with C. B. L. Jones re influence of Saks 5th Avenue on
development of 1927 store design.
Horton, B. (n.d.) The Management of David Jones Co 1838–1906.
Jones, C.L. (1948), David Jones idea of doing business: As outlined by “C. L.”; Reprint of Talk given in 1946.
Jones, C.L. (1956), ‘The history of David Jones Limited’, Bulletin of the Business Archives Council of
Australia, 1 (1 May), pp. 1–10.
Most catalogues from their inception in 1899 are available. They emphasise both products and services.
The McNeill Collection (McNC): the materials include published reference works (books, journals), McNeill’s
original speeches and lectures prepared for training programme, photographs and extensive materials from
other department stores especially from outside Australia.
McNeill Collection: The Editors & In Collaboration with Ralph Starr Butler and John B. Swinney, 1918.
Marketing and Merchandising. Modern Business Series. New York: The Alexander Hamilton Institute.
Accessed in the David Jones Archive, 2006.
Newspaper clippings have been collected over an extensive period . They include advertisements by David
Jones and press reports; Bartlett N. 1946. Charles Lloyd Jones: The Art of the Honest Draper. Daily
Telegraph (25 May): 16–17.
Oral History Collection (OHC). This collection was generally developed by the Archivist with former members
of staff
Between Ourselves 1916, Issues 1 and 2.
Between Ourselves from 1919, numbering starts at Volume 1, Issue 1.
The Dajonian Monthly
David Jones Store News

History of retailing in Latin America

Ablin, A. (2012), ‘El supermercadismo argentino’, Alimentos Argentinos-Min, 2.
Aristizábal García, D.M. (2017), ‘ “Supermercados made in”. Conexiones, consumo y apropiaciones.
Estados Unidos y Colombia (siglo XX)’, Historia Crítica, 65, pp. 139–159,
doi:dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit65.2017.07.
Ayerdis, M. (2004), ‘Consumo, poder e identidad a finales del siglo XIX e inicios del XX en Nicaragua (una
aproximación)’, ihnca.
Bauer, A.J. (2001), Goods, power and history: Latin America’s material culture (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Bauer, A.J. (2002), Somos lo que compramos: historia de la cultura material en América Latina (Mexico:
Taurus).
Bauer, A.J. and Orlove, B. (eds.) (1997). The allure of the Foreign: Imported goods in postcolonial Latin
America (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press).
Bulmer Thomas, V. (1994), Economic history of Latin America since independence (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Bunker, S.B. (2010), ‘Transatlantic retailing the Franco-Mexican business model of fin-de-siecle department
stores in Mexico City’, Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 2 (1), pp. 41–60.
Bunker, S.B. (2014), Creating Mexican consumer culture in the age of Porfirio Díaz (Albuquerque: University
of New Mexico Press).
Calado, A. , Castro, M. , Lossio, F. , et al. (2004), ‘Las tiendas E. Wong: Un análisis organizacional’, Debates
en Sociología, 29, pp. 160–186.
Calderón Hoffmann, A. (2006), ‘El modelo de expansión de las grandes cadenas minoristas chilenas’,
Revista de la CEPAL, 90, pp. 151–170.
CEPAL . (2005), América Latina: Urbanización y Evolución de la Población Urbana, 1950 –2000 (Santiago
de Chile: ONU).
Cerdà Troncoso, J.F. (2011), Análisis de correspondencia entre los patrones de localizacion y
comportamiento del mercado en la industria supermercadista: Santiago de Chile 1958–2000. Universidad
Politécnica de Cataluña
Ciccolella, P. (2000), ‘Distribución global y territorio. Modernización y concentración comercial en Argentina
en los años noventa’, Economía, Sociedad y Territorio, 2 (7).
Di Nucci, J. and Lan, D. (2008), ‘Globalización y modernización del comercio minorista argentino en la
década de los noventa’, Huellas, 12.
Elena, E. (2011), Dignifying Argentina: Peronism, citizenship, and mass consumption (Pittsburgh, PA:
University of Pittsburgh Press).
Fernández, A. and Lluch, A. (n.d.), ‘Comercio y redes de comercialización mayoristas y minoristas en la
Argentina de comienzos del siglo XX’, Fuentes, 1885 (25), p. 8.
Galindo, J. (2013), ‘The economic expansion of an elite business family of french origin in Central Mexico in
the first half of the Twentieth Century’, Enterprise & Society, 14 (4), pp. 794–828, doi:10.1093/es/kht039.
Gootenberg, P. (2008), Andean Cocaine: The making of a global drug (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press).
Gore, E. (2009), Conocimiento Colectivo: La formación en el trabajo y la generación de capacidades
colectivas (Ediciones Granica). Available at: https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=oAU5DAAAQBAJ.
León, O. (2007), ‘Las tiendas de autoservicio y la pugna por el mercado’, Comercio Exterior, 57 (12), pp.
46–57.
Llorca-Jaña, M. (2014), The British textile trade in South America in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Lluch, A. (2015), Las manos visibles del mercado: intermediarios y consumidores en la Argentina (siglos XIX
y XX) (Rosario: Prohistoria).
Milanesio, N. (2013), Workers go shopping in Argentina: The rise of popular consumer culture
(Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press).
Mintz, S.W. (1985), Sweetness and power: The place of sugar in modern history (New York: Penguin).
Morales, E.P. (2005), ‘Arnold J. Bauer, Somos lo que compramos: Historia de la cultura material en América
Latina, México’, Historia y Sociedad, (11), pp. 177–181.
Moreno, J. (2003), Yankee don’t go home! Mexican Nationalism, American business culture, and the
shaping of modern Mexico, 1920–1950 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North California Press Books).
Moreno, J. (2012), ‘Los españoles y la revolución comercial mexicana: las cadenas de supermercados,
1921–2011’, Investigaciones de Historia Económica, 8 (2), pp. 69–82.
O’Dougherty, M. (2002), Consumption intensified: e politics of middle-class daily life in Brazil (Durham, NC:
Duke University Press).
Otero-Cleves, A.M. (2017), ‘Foreign machetes and cheap cotton cloth: Popular consumers and imported
commodities in nineteenth-century Colombia’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 97 (3), pp. 423–456.
Pérez, I. (2017), ‘Consumo y género: una revisión de la producción historiográfica reciente sobre América
Latina en el siglo XX’, Historia Crítica, 65, pp. 29–48, doi:dx.doi.org/10.7440/histcrit65.2017.02.
Reardon, T. and Berdegué, J.A. (2002), ‘La rápida expansión de los supermercados en América Latina:
desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo’, Revista Economía, (49), pp. 85–120.
Reyna, M.L. (2006), ‘De la tiendita al supermercado: los comerciantes chinos en América Latina y el Caribe’,
Nueva Sociedad, 203, pp. 128–137.
Rocchi, F. (1998), ‘Consumir es un placer: La industria y la expansion de la demanda en Buenos Aires a la
vuelta del siglo pasado’, Desarrollo Económico, 37 (148), pp. 533–558.
S/A La evolución del retail desde el principio de los tiempos. (n.d.). Available at: www.peru-
retail.com/especial/la-evolucion-del-retail-desde-el-principio-de-los-tiempos (Accessed 14 August 2017).
S/A La historia del Retail en Chile. (n.d.). Available at: www.eclass.cl/articulo/45296/la-historia-del-retail-en-
chile (Accessed 14 August 2017).
Sassano, S. (2015), ‘Imagen, localización y evolución de los centros comerciales en Argentina: un estudio
de caso’, Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 61, pp. 409–432.
Semana Económica . (n.d.), El nuevo orden del retail. Available at:
http://semanaeconomica.com/article/sectores-y-empresas/comercio/250367-el-nuevo-orden-del-retail/
(Accessed 14 September 2017).
Sheahan, J. (2001), La economía peruana desde 1950: buscando una sociedad mejor, 19 Vol (Lima:
Instituto de Estudios peruanos).
Suárez Rojas, L.A. (2011), Mercados y mercaderes: hacia una antropología de las prácticas económicas
(Lima: Tesis de licenciatura en la Universidad Mayor de San Marcos).
Topik, S. , Marichal, C. and Frank, Z.L. (2006), From silver to cocaine: Latin American commodity chains and
the building of the world economy, 1500–2000 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
Trentmann, F. and Otero-Cleves, A.M. (2017), ‘Presentation. Paths, detours, and connections: Consumption
and its contribution to Latin American history’, Historia Crítica, 65, pp. 13–28, doi:dx.doi.org/10.7440/
histcrit65.2017.01.
Uber Grosse, C. (2006), ‘Innovación al servicio al cliente en el Grupo de Supermercados Wong: Una historia
de éxito peruano’, The Journal of Language for International Business, 17 (2), pp. 105–123.
Valerio Ulloa, S.M. (2016), ‘Almacenes comerciales franceses en Guadalajara, México (1850–1930)’,
América Latina en la Historia Económica, [S.l.], 23 (1), pp. 68–89, ene. 2016.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18232/alhe.v23i1.64.
Vergara, R. (2012), Caso: Supermercados en Chile (Valparaiso: Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso).

Caravanserai to Carrefour
Abaza, M. (2006a), The changing consumer cultures of modern Egypt: Cairo’s urban reshaping (Cairo: The
American University in Cairo Press).
Abaza, M. (2006b), ‘Egyptianizing the American dream: Nasr City’s shopping malls, public order and the
privatized military’, in D. Singerman and P. Amar (eds.) Cairo cosmopolitan: Politics culture, and urban
space in the new globalized Middle East (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press) 193–220.
Abdelghani, M. (2013), ‘The impact of shopping malls on traditional retail stores in Muscat: Case study of Al-
Seeb Wilayat’, in S. Wippel (ed.) Regionalizing Oman: Political, economic and social dynamics (Dordrecht,
The Netherlands: Springer) 227–247.
Addi, L. (2006), ‘The political contradictions of Algerian economic reforms’, Review of African Political
Economy, 108, pp. 207–217.
al-Otaibi, O. (1990), ‘The development of planned shopping centres in Kuwait’, in A.M. Findlay , J.A. Dawson
and R. Paddison (eds.) Retailing environments in the developing world (London: Routledge).
Amar, A.H. (2011), ‘Hariq Ha’il fi 8 Tawabiq bi-Mawl Arkadia wa wafa 3 Askha’, [online]. AhramGate.
Available at: http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/36728.aspx (Accessed 7 September 2016).
Amuzegar, J. (1993), Iran’s economy under the Islamic Republic (New York: Distributed in the U.S. and
Canada by St. Martin’s Press).
Beinin, J. (2016), Workers and thieves: Labor movements and popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
Bianquis , Th ., Guichard, P. , Raymond, A. , Atassi, S. , Pascual, J.-P. , David, J.-C. , Gaube, H. , Faroqhi,
S. and Nizami, K. A. (n.d.), ‘Sūḳ’, in P. Bearman , T. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , and W.P.
Heinrichs (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed., http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1109
(Accessed 1 August 2018).
Breen, T.H. (2004), The marketplace of revolution: How consumer politics shaped American independence
(New York: Oxford University Press).
Bukhārī, M. ibn I. , (1987), Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Qasin Rifā‘ī ed (Bayrut¯: Dār al-Qalam).
Cahen, C. , Talbi, M. , Mantra, R. , Lambton, A.K. and Bazmee Ansari, A.S. (n.d.), ‘Hisba’, in P. Bearman , T.
Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , and W.P. Heinrichs (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed.,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0293 (Accessed 1 August 2018).
Carmeli, Y. and Applbaum, K. (2004), ‘Introduction’, in Y. Carmeli and K. Applbaum (eds.) Consumption and
market society in Israel (Oxford: Berg).
Çelik, Z. (1986), The remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman city in the nineteenth century (Seattle, WA:
University of Washington Press).
Çelik, Z. (2008), Empire, architecture, and the city: French-Ottoman encounters, 1830 –1914 (Seattle, WA:
University of Washington Press).
Chmaytelli, M. (2015), ‘Carrefour Franchisee to Pursue Egypt growth as retail recovers’, Bloomberg.com, 24
Jan.
Clancy-Smith, J. (1994), Rebel and saint: Muslim notables, populist protest, colonial encounters (Algeria and
Tunisia, 1800–1914) (Berkeley: University of California Press).
Cohen, L. (2004), A consumers’ republic: The politics of mass consumption in postwar America, 1st ed.
(New York: Vintage).
Constable, O.R. (1994), Trade and traders in Muslim Spain: The commercial realignment of the Iberian
peninsula, 900–1500 (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Doan, R.M. (1992), ‘Class differentiation and the informal sector in Amman, Jordan’, International Journal of
Middle East Studies, 24 (1), pp. 27–38.
Elisséeff, N. (n.d.), ‘Khān’, in P. Bearman , T. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , and W.P. Heinrichs
eds. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd ed. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0492 (Accessed 05
August 2018).
Elsheshtawy, Y. (2006), ‘From Dubai to Cairo competing global cities, models, and shifting centers of
influence?’, in D. Singerman and P. Amar (eds.) Cairo cosmopolitan: Politics culture, and urban space in the
new globalized Middle East (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press) 235–250.
Eppel, M. (2004), Iraq from monarchy to tyranny: From the Hashemites to the rise of Saddam (Gainesville,
FL: University Press of Florida).
Faroqhi, S. (2009), Artisans of empire: Crafts and craftspeople under the Ottomans (London: I.B. Tauris).
Floor, W. (1987), ‘AṢNāF’, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II/7, pp. 772–778.
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/asnaf-guilds (Accessed 10 August 2018).
Foda, O. (2014), ‘The pyramid and the crown: The Egyptian beer industry from 1897 to 1963’, International
Journal of Middle East Studies, 46 (1), pp. 139–158.
Gallagher, J. and Robinson, R. (1953), ‘The imperialism of free trade’, The Economic History Review, 6 (1),
pp. 1–15.
Gökarıksel, B. and Secor, A.J. (2016), ‘What makes a commodity Islamic: The case of veiling-fashion in
Turkey’, in A. Jafari and Ö. Sandıkçı (eds.), Islam, marketing and consumption: Critical perspectives on the
intersections (London: Routledge).
Göle, N. (2000), ‘Snapshots of Islamic modernities’, Dædalus, 129 (1), pp. 91–117.
Hanna, N. (1998), Making big money in 1600: The life and times of Isma’il Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian merchant,
1st ed. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press).
Holden, S.E. (2009), The politics of food in modern Morocco (Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida
[online]).
Horne, A. (2006), A savage war of peace: Algeria, 1954–1962 (New York: New York Review Books).
Howard, V. (2015), From main street to mall: The rise and fall of the American department store
(Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press).
Ilahiane, H. (2013), ‘Catenating the local and the global in Morocco: How mobile phone users have become
producers and not consumers’, Journal of North African Studies, 18 (5), pp. 652–667.
Ilahiane, H. and Sherry, J. (2008), ‘Joutia: Street vendor entrepreneurship and the informal economy of
information and communication technologies in Morocco’, Journal of North African Studies, 13 (2), pp.
243–255.
Issawi, C.P. (1982), An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa (New York: Columbia
University Press).
Joffé, G. (2002), ‘The role of violence within the Algerian economy’, Journal of North African Studies, 1 (1),
pp. 29–52.
Kasaba, R. (1988), The Ottoman empire and the world economy: The nineteenth century (Albany, NY: State
University of New York Press).
Keddie, N.R. (2006), Modern Iran: Roots and results of revolution. Updated ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Kozma, L. , Schayegh, C. and Wishnitzer, A. (2015), A global Middle East: Mobility, materiality and culture in
the modern age, 1880–1940, edited by L. Kozma , C. Schayegh and A. Wishnitzer (London: I.B. Tauris).
Kraidy, M.M. (2016), The naked blogger of Cairo: Creative insurgency in the Arab world (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
Larson, B.K. (1985), ‘The rural marketing system of Egypt over the last three hundred years’, Comparative
Studies in Society and History, 27 (3), pp. 494–530.
Leach, W. (1994), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture. 1st ed. (New
York: Vintage).
Markowitz, F. and Uriely, N. (2004), ‘Of thorns and flowers: Consuming identities in the Negev’, in Y. Carmeli
and K. Applbaum (eds.) Consumption and market society in Israel (Oxford: Berg) 19–37.
Marr, P. (2012), The modern history of Iraq. 3rd ed. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).
Meneley, A. (2007), ‘Fashions and fundamentalisms in fin-de-siècle Yemen: Chador Barbie and Islamic
socks’, Cultural Anthropology, 22 (2), pp. 214–243.
Miller, S.G. (2011), ‘Making Tangier modern: Ethnicity and urban development, 1880–1930’, In E.B.
Gottreich and D.J. Schroeter (eds.) Jewish culture and society in North Africa (Bloomington, IN: Indiana
University Press) 128–149.
Mohieddin, M.M. (1998), ‘Rural periodic markets in Egypt’, in N.S. Hopkins and K. Westergaard (eds.)
Directions of change in rural Egypt (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press) 303–317.
O’Meara, S. (n.d.), ‘Bazaar, Arab lands’, in K. Fleet , G. Krämer , D. Matringe , J. Nawas and E. Rowson
(eds.) Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24004. (Accessed 29
July 2018).
Owen, E.R.J. (1998), A history of Middle East economies in the twentieth century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press).
Pamuk , Ş. (1987), The Ottoman empire and European capitalism, 1820–1913: Trade, investment, and
production (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Perkins, K.J. (2013), A history of modern Tunisia. 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Peter, F. (2004), ‘Dismemberment of empire and reconstitution of regional space: The emergence of
‘national’ industries in Damascus between 1918 and 1946 Frank Peter’, in N. Méouchy and P. Sluglett (eds.)
The British and French mandates in comparative perspectives (Leiden/Boston, MA: Brill) 415–446.
Press, A. (2011), ‘Cairo institute burned during clashes’, The Guardian, 19 Dec.
Rafeq, A.-K. (2008), ‘The economic organization of cities in Ottoman Syria’, in P. Sluglett (ed.) The urban
social history of the Middle East, 1750–1950 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press) 104–140.
Reynolds, N.Y. (2011), ‘National socks and the “nylon woman”: Materiality, gender, and nationalism in textile
marketing in semicolonial Egypt, 1930–56’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 43 (1), pp. 49–74.
Reynolds, N.Y. (2012), A city consumed: Urban commerce, the Cairo fire, and the politics of decolonization
in Egypt (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
Schayegh, C. (2012), ‘Iran’s Karaj Dam affair: Emerging mass consumerism, the politics of promise, and the
Cold War in the Third World’, Comparative Studies in Society and History: An International Quarterly, 54 (3),
pp. 612–643.
Schreier, J. (2012), ‘The creation of the “Israelite indigène”: Jewish merchants in early colonial Oran’, Journal
of North African Studies, 17 (5), pp. 757–772.
Schwedler, J. (2010), ‘Amman cosmopolitan: Spaces and practices of aspiration and consumption’,
Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 30 (3), pp. 547–562.
Seikaly, S. (2016), Men of capital: Scarcity and economy in mandate Palestine (Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press).
Shechter, R. (2005), ‘Reading advertisements in a colonial/development context: Cigarette advertising and
identity politics in Egypt, c. 1919–1939’, Journal of Social History, 39 (2), pp. 483–503.
Shechter, R. (2006), Smoking, culture and economy in the Middle East: The Egyptian tobacco market
1850–2000 (New York: I.B. Tauris).
Shechter, R. (2009), ‘From effendi to infitāh.ī? Consumerism and its malcontents in the emergence of
Egyptian market society’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 36 (1), pp. 21–35.
Shechter, R. (2011), ‘Glocal conservatism: How marketing articulated a neotraditional Saudi Arabian society
during the First Oil Boom, c. 1974–1984’, Journal of Macromarketing, 31 (4), pp. 376–386.
Shechter, R. (2008), ‘The cultural economy of development in Egypt: Economic nationalism, hidden
economy and the emergence of mass consumer society during Sadat’s infitah’, Middle Eastern Studies, 44
(4), pp. 571–583.
Shields, S.D. (2008), ‘Interdependent spaces: Relations between the city and the countryside in the
nineteenth century’, in P. Sluglett (ed.) The urban social history of the Middle East, 1750–1950 (Syracuse,
NY: Syracuse University Press) 43–66.
Shirazi, F. (2016), Brand Islam: The marketing and commodification of piety (Austin, TX: University of Texas
Press).
Shoham, H. (2013), ‘ “Buy local” or “buy Jewish”? Separatist consumption in interwar Palestine’, International
Journal of Middle East Studies, 45 (3), pp. 469–489.
Singerman, D. (2007), ‘Cairo cosmopolitan: Citizenship, urban space, publics and inequality’, in B. Drieskens
, F. Mermier and H. Wimmen (eds.), Cities of the south: Citizenship and exclusion in the twenty-first century
(Berlin: Saqi, in Association with Heinrich Böll Foundation & Institut Français du Proche-Orient) 82–109.
Springer, S. , Birch, K. and MacLeavy, J. (eds.) 2016. The handbook of neoliberalism (New York: Routledge,
Taylor & Francis Group).
Srougo, S. (2011), ‘The informal sector in a colonial regime: The Jewish economy of the lower classes in
Casablanca between the two world wars’, Journal of North African Studies, 16 (1), pp. 77–97.
Starrett, G. (1998), Putting Islam to work: Education, politics, and religious transformation in Egypt (Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press).
Starrett, G , (1995), ‘The political economy of religious commodities in Cairo’, American Anthropologist, 97
(1), pp. 51–68.
Troin, J.-F. (1990), ‘New trends in commercial locations in Morocco’, in A.M. Findlay , R. Paddison and J.A.
Dawson (eds.) Retailing environments in developing countries (London: Routledge).
van den Boogert, M.H. (n.d.), ‘Beratlı’, in K. Fleet , G. Krämer , D. Matringe , J. Nawas and E. Rowson (eds.)
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22696 (Accessed 2 August
2018).
Vandewalle, D.J. (2006), A history of modern Libya (New York: Cambridge University Press).
Varcin, R. (2000), ‘Competition in the informal sector of the economy: The case of market traders in Turkey’,
International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, pp. 5–33.
Vicdan, H. (2015), ‘Evolving desire to experience the social “other”: Insights from the high-society bazaar’,
Journal of Consumer Culture, 15 (2), pp. 248–276.
Vignal, L. (2007), ‘The emergence of a consumer society in the Middle East: Evidence from Cairo,
Damascus and Beirut’, in B. Drieskens , F. Mermier and H. Wimmen (eds.) Cities of the south: Citizenship
and exclusion in the twenty-first century (Berlin: Saqi), in Association with Heinrich Böll Foundation & Institut
Français du Proche-Orient , 68–81.
Vitalis, R. (1995), When capitalists collide: Business conflict and the end of empire in Egypt (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press).
Wansbrough, J. , İnalcık, H. and Lambton, A.K. (n.d.), ‘Imtiyāzāt’, in P. Bearman , T. Bianquis , C.E.
Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd ed.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0371 (Accessed 1 August 2018).
Webb, D. , Khomeini, A. , Khumaynī, R.A. and Ḫumaynī, R.A. (2005), ‘On mosques and malls:
Understanding Khomeinism as a source of counter-hegemonic resistance to the spread of global consumer
culture’, Journal of Political Ideologies, 10 (1), pp. 95–119.

Modern retailing history in Japan: From the Meiji Restoration of 1868 to the
beginning of the twenty-first century
Daitoshi (Daitoshi-chosatokeikyogikai) (The joint conference of investigation and statistics of large cities)
(1931), Daitoshi-kokigyo hikakuchosa (Comparative investigation into the public utilities of large cities), Vol.
6, (Tokyo: Daitoshi-chosatokeikyogikai).
Fujita, T. (1995), Kindai Nihon dogyokumiai shiron (Historical study on modern Japanese trade
associations), (Osaka: Seibundo Shuppan).
Harada, M. (1991), Kindai Nihon shijoshi no kenkyu (Research of Japanese modern market history), (Tokyo:
Sosiete).
Harada, M. (2016), ‘Japanese modern municipal retail and wholesale markets in comparison with European
markets’, Urban History, 43 (3).
Hirano, T. (2005), ‘Nihon niokeru kourigyotai no hensen to shohishakai no henyo (The change of retail style
and transformation of consumption society in Japan)’, Mita shogaku kenkyu (Mita Business Review), 48 (5).
Hirota, M. (2007), Kindai Nihon no kouriichiba (Modern Japan’s retail markets for daily necessities), (Osaka:
Seibundo Shuppan).
Inoue, T. and Tsuchiya, S. (1939), Senji sengo no chusho-shokogyo (Small and medium retailers during the
wartime and after the war), (Tokyo: Showa Tosho).
Ishihara, T. (1989), Kosetsukouriichiba no seisei to tenkai (Creation and development of municipal retail
markets), (Tokyo: Chikura Shobou).
Ishihara, T. (1998), ‘Singyotai toshiteno shokuhin-supa no kakuritsu (The establishment of food supermarket
as a new type of retail)’, in J. Ishii , et al. (eds.) Eigyo ryutsu kakushin (The innovation of business and
distribution), (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Ishihara, T. (2011), Tsushosangyoseisakushi (History of trade and industry policy), Vol. 4,
Keizaisangyochosakai (Tokyo: Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry).
Ito, M. (2005), ‘Konbiniensusutoa no kakushin (Innovation of convenience stores)’, in M. Ito (eds.)
Shinryutsusangyo (New distribution industry) (Tokyo: NTT Shuppan).
Mitsukoshi (1990), Kabushikigaisha Mitsukoshi hachijugonen no kiroku (Stock company Mitsukoshi: eighty-
five years’ records), (Tokyo: Stock Company Mitstukoshi).
Mukoyama, M. (2009), ‘Sogoryohanten no kakushin to henyo (Innovation and modification of mass sales
stores’, in J. Ishii and M. Mukoyama (eds.) Kourigyo no gyotaikakushin (Innovation of retail type) (Tokyo:
Chuokeizaisha).
Kawabe, N. (2003), Shinpan Seven-Eleven no keieishi (New edition the business history of Seven-Eleven
Japan), (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Kim Hyn Chol (2001), ‘Konbiniensusutoa no nihontekitenkai to makethingu (Japanese development and
marketing of convenience stores’, in Markethingushi-kenkyukai (eds.) Nihon ryutsusangyoshi (History of
Japanese distribution industry) (Tokyo: Dobunkan Shuppan).
Nakamura, M. (1989), Ichiba no kataru Nihon no kindai (Markets telling Japanese modern history), revised
edition (Tokyo: Sosiete).
Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. (1980), Ryutsukeizai no tebiki (Handbook of 1981 economy of distribution)
(Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.).
Odaka, K. (2013), Tsushosangyoseisakushi (History of trade and industry policy), Vol. 4, (Tokyo:
Keizaisangyochosakai).
Ogawa, I. (2004), ‘Dentetsugyo no takakuka (Business diversification of electric railway industry)’, in
Keieishi-gakkai ( Business History Society of Japan ) (eds.) Nihonkeieishi no kisochisiki (Basic knowledge of
Japanese business history) (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Ooka, S. (2014), ‘Taishushakai no tanchotekikeisei (The beginning of the formation of mass society)’, in T.
Otsu , et al. (eds.) Iawanami koza Nihon rekishi, Vol. 17, (Tokyo: Iwanamishoten).
Osaka (Osakashi-kosetsuichiba nanajunenshi hensaniinkai) (1989), ‘Osakashi-kosetsuichiba nanajunenshi’
(Seventy years’ history of Osaka city’s municipal retail markets) (Osaka: Federation of Osaka city’s municipal
retail markets).
Seven-Eleven Japan (1991), Seven-Eleven Japan: 1973–1991, (Tokyo: Seven-Eleven Japan).
Shotenkai (1928), ‘Naze hyakkaten de kaimono suruka. Naze kouriten wa kirainanoka (Why do the
customers buy commodities at the department store? Why do they hate the traditional retailers?)’, Sotenkai,
8.
Sueta, T. (2010), Nihon-hyakkatengyo seiritsushi (History of the establishment of department stores), (Kyoto:
Minervashobo).
Sunaga, N. (2005), ‘Kodo-taishushohishakai no torai to ryutsugyo (The coming of the sophisticated
consumer society and the distribution industry)’, in K. Ishii (ed.), Kindainihon ryutsushi (Japanese modern
distribution history), (Tokyo: Tokyodo Shuppan).
Suzuki, Y. (1980), Showa-kyokoki no kourisho-mondai (The problems of retailers during the Showa
Depression), (Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyouronsha).
Takahashi, Y. (1936), Hoki no ato (Trace of broom), Vol. 1, (Tokyo: Shuhoen Shuppan).
Takaoka, M. (1999), ‘Kodoseichoki no supamakketo no shigenhokanmekanizumu (The business practices of
Japanese supermarkets during the period of high economic growth from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s)’,
Shakaikeizaishigaku (Socio-Economic History), 65 (1).
Taniuchi, M. (2014), Senzen no Osaka no testudo to hyakkaten (Railways and Department stores in Osaka
before World War II), (Osaka: Toho Shuppan).
Terasaka, A. (2005), ‘Toshi to hyakkaten (Cities and department stores)’, Ryutsukeizaidaigakuronshu (The
Journal of Ryutsu Keizai University), 39 (3).
Tateno, K. (1992), ‘Wagakuni niokeru supa no seicho (The growth of supermarkets in Japan)’,
Nagasakikenritsudaigakuronshu, 25 (3 & 4).
Tatsuki, M. (1995), ‘Ryohanten no keieisozo (Creation of business of mass retailers)’, in T. Yui and H. Juro
(eds.) Kakushin no keieishi (Business history of innovation), (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Toyoda, T. (1983), Houken toshi (Feudal town), (Tokyo: Yoshikawakobunkan).
Tsushosangyosho (Tsushosangyosho sangyoseisakukyoku) (The Industrial Policy Department of the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry) (1985), Daikibokouritenpoho no kaisetsu (Explanation of the
Large-Scale Retail Store Act), (Tokyo: Tsushosangyochosakai).
Yahagi, T. (1998), ‘Sogosupa no seiritsu (Establishment of general merchandizing store)’, in J. Ishii , et al.
(eds.) Eigyo ryutsu kakushin (The innovation of business and distribution), (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Yamaguchi, Y. (2005), ‘Kodoseichoka no taishushohishakai (Mass consumption society in the period of high
growth)’, in K. Ishii (ed.) Kindainihon ryutsushi (Modern Japanese distribution history), (Tokyo: Tokyodo
Shuppan).

Western models and Eastern influences

Chan, W. (1998), ‘Personal styles, cultural values, and management: The sincere and wing on companies in
Shanghai and Hong Kong 1900–1941’, in K. L. MacPherson (ed.) Asian department stores (Honolulu, HI:
University of Hawaii Press) 66–89.
Chang, L. D. and Sternquist, B. (1993), ‘Taiwanese department store industry: An overview’, International
Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 21 (1), pp. 26–34.
Ching-hwang, Y. (1998), ‘Wing on and the Kwok brothers: A case study of pre-war Chinese entrepreneurs’,
in K. L. MacPherson (ed.) Asian department stores (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press) 47–65.
Crossick, G. and Jaumain, S. (1999), ‘The world of the department store: Distribution, culture and social
change’, in G. Crossick and S. Jaumain (eds.) Cathedrals of consumption: The European department store,
1850 –1939 (Aldershot: Ashgate).
Daimaru (1967), Daimaru 250-nenshi (A 250-year history of Daimaru) (Osaka: Daimaru).
Dale, T. (1981), Harrods: The store and the legend (London: Pan Books).
Fujioka, R. (2006), Hyakkaten no seisei katei (The development of department stores) (Tokyo: Yuhikaku).
Fujioka, R. (2013), ‘The pressures of globalization in retail: The path of Japanese department stores, 1930s–
1980s’, in M. Umemura and R. Fujioka (eds.) Comparative responses to globalization: Experiences of British
and Japanese enterprises (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan) 181–203.
Fujioka, R. (2014), ‘The development of department stores in Japan, 1900s–1930s’, Japanese Research in
Business History, 31, pp. 11–27.
Gibbons, H.A. (1971), John Wanamaker, Vol. 1 (New York: Kennikat Press).
Hamada, S. (1948), Hyakkaten isseki banashi (A short story of department stores) (Tokyo: Nihon Denpo
Tsushinsha).
Hatsuda, T. (1992), ‘Study on the report of American commercial architecture in 1896 by Tamisuke
Yokogawa’ (in Japanese), Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai Taikai Gakujyutsu Kouen Kitsugaishu, pp. 1109–1110.
Hayashi, H. (2004), Maboroshi no Minakai hyakkaten (Phantasmal department store, Minakai), (Tokyo:
Banseisha).
Hibi, O. (1912), Shobai hanjo no hiketsu (The key to prosperous business) (Tokyo: Daigakukan).
Hida, T. (1998), Hyakkaten monogatari (The story of department stores) (Tokyo: Kokusho Kankokai).
Hirano, T. (1999), ‘Retailing in Urban Japan, 1868–1945’, Urban History, 26 (3), pp. 373–392.
Hower, M.R. (1943), History of Macy’s of New York 1858–1919: Chapters in the evolution of the department
store (Cambirdge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Isetan (1990), Isetan 100-nenshi (A 100-year history of Isetan) (Tokyo: Isetan).
Japan Department Stores Association (2013), Nihon hyakkaten kyokai toukei nenpo (Annual Report of
Japan Department Stores Association) (Tokyo: Japan Department Stores Association).
Kal, H. (2008), ‘Seoul and the time in motion: Urban form and political consciousness’, Inter-Asia Cultural
Studies, 9 (3), pp. 359–374.
Kashima, S. (1991), Depart wo hatsumei shita fufu (The couple who invented the department store) (Tokyo:
Kodansha).
Kikkawa, Y. (2012), ‘From Kimono store to department store: The change of Mitsukoshi in the late 19th
century to the early 20th century’, in P. Fridenson and T. Yui (eds.) Beyond mass distribution: Distribution,
market and consumers (Proceedings of the Japan and French Business History Conference) (Tokyo: Japan
Business History Institute).
Kobayashi, I. (1970), ‘Watashi no kigyo senjyutsu (My cooperate strategies)’, in K. Nakagawa and T. Yui
(eds.) Keiei tetsugaku/ keiei rinen (Management philosophy/ corporate identity) (Tokyo: Diamondsha).
Leach, W. (1994), Land of desire: Merchants, power, and the rise of a new American culture (New York:
Vintage).
Lien, L. (2016), ‘Promoting foreign products while being patriotic: Chinese department stores and the native
goods movement in the interwar period (1918–1939)’, Proceedings of the 75th Annual Conference of the
Association for Asian Studies, pp. 1–6.
MacPherson, K.L. (1998), ‘Introduction: Asia’s universal providers’, in K.L. MacPherson (ed.) Asian
department stores (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press) 1–30.
Matsuzakaya (2010), Matsuzakaya 100-nenshi (A 100-year history of Matsuzakaya) (Nagoya:
Matsuzakaya).
McGoldrick, P.J. and Ho, S.S.L. (1992), ‘International positioning: Japanese department stores in Hong
Kong’, European Journal of Marketing, 26 (8/9), pp. 61–73.
Miller, M. (1981), The Bon Marché: Bourgeois culture and the department store, 1869 –1920 (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
Mitsukoshi (2005), Kabushikikaisha Mitsukoshi 100-nen no kiroku (A 100-year history of Mitsukoshi) (Tokyo:
Mitsukoshi).
Mitsuzono, I. (2014), ‘Expansion of Japanese department stores and mail-order retailing catering to the
affluent rural classes’, Japanese Research in Business History, 31, pp. 29–45.
Nakamura, K. (2000), Bunmei kaika to Meiji no sumai (Civilization and enlightenment in Meiji era and
habitation) (Tokyo: Rikogakusha).
Nakanishi, T. (1938), ‘Hyakkaten tai chusho kourigyo mondai (Issues on department stores vs. small and
medium-sized retailer)’, in T. Nakanishi (ed.), Hyakkatenho ni kansuru kenkyu (Investigation on the
Department Stores Law) (Tokyo: Dobunkan).
Nystrom, P. (1919), The economics of retailing (New York: The Ronald Press).
Oh, Y. (2016), ‘Made in Korea, made for Japan: The Korean product showroom of Mitsukoshi department
store in colonial Seoul’, Proceedings of the 75th Annual Conference of the Association for Asian Studies, pp.
1–7.
Oh, J , and Kahm, H. (2018), ‘Selling smiles: Emotional labor and labor-management relations in 1930s
Colonial Korean department stores’, Jounal of Korean Studies, 23 (1), pp. 3–24.
Okawa, K. , Takamatsu, N. and Yamamoto, Y. (1974), Choki keizai tokei: Kokumin shotoku (Historical
statistics: National income) (Tokyo: Toyo Keizai Shinpousha).
Pasdermadjian, H. (1954), The department store: Its origins, evolution and economics (London: Newman
Books).
Population Census, Statistics Japan . Statistics Bureau, The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications,
Available at: www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000000090004&cycode=0 (Accessed 9 November
2016).
Shaw, G. (1992), ‘The evolution and impact of large-scale retailing in Britain’, in J. Benson and G. Shaw
(eds.) The evolution of retail systems, c. 1800–1914 (Leicester: Leicester University Press) 135–165.
Shima, I. (1995), ‘Kindai Shanhai ni okeru departgyo no tenkai (The development of department stores in
modern Shanghai)’, Keizaigaku Ronso, 47 (1), pp. 1–61.
Shimanaga, T. (2007), ‘Chugoku no hyakkaten niokeru bunkateki kinou no keisei: Seiseiki niokeru Shanhai
no hyakkaten ni shoten wo atete (Aspect of Culture of Chinese department stores: Focusing on Initial Stage
of the Development in Shanghai)’, Kobe Gakuin Daigaku Keieigaku Ronshu, 4 (1), pp. 55–66.
Shirokiya (1957), Shirokiya 300-nenshi (A 300-year history of Shirokiya) (Tokyo: Shirokiya).
Suzuki, Y. (1980), Showa shoki no kourisho mondai (Retailers’ agenda in early Showa era) (Tokyo: Nihon
Keizai Shinbunsha).
Suminoe (1975), Suminoe Orimono 60-nenshi (A 60-year history of Suminoe Orimono) (Osaka: Suminoe
Orimono).
Takahashi, Y. (1933), Hoki no ato (After the sweeping) (Tokyo: Shuhoen).
Takashimaya (1941), Takashimaya 100-nenshi (A 100-year history of Takashimaya) (Kyoto: Takashimaya).
Takashimaya (1968), Takashimaya 135-nenshi (A 135-year history of Takashimaya) (Osaka: Takashimaya).
Takashimaya (1982), Takashimaya 150-nenshi (A 150-year history of Takashimaya) (Osaka: Takashimaya).
Williams, R. (1982), Dream worlds: Mass consumption in late nineteenth-century France (Berkeley/Los
Angeles, CA: University of California Press).
Wong, A.Y. (2006), Parting the mists: Discovering Japan and the rise of national – Style painting in modern
China (Honolulu, HI: Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawaii Press).
Young, J. D. (1998), ‘Sun Yatsen and the department store: An aspect of national reconstruction’, in K.L.
MacPherson (ed.), Asian department stores (Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press) 33–46.
Yui, T. (2012), ‘Introduction: Traditional commercial business to modern distribution system in Japan’, in P.
Fridenson and T. Yui (eds.) Beyond mass distribution: Distribution, market, and consumers (Proceedings of
the Japan and French Business History Conference) (Tokyo: Japan Business History Institute).
Zhao, X. and Belk, R. (2008), ‘Advertising consumer culture in 1930s Shanghai: Globalization and
localization in Yuefenpan’, Journal of Advertising, 37 (2), pp. 45–56.
Zhōngxíng (1993), ‘Rising Japanese Department Stores in Shanghai’ (in Chinese), Zhonghangyuekan (Bank
of China Monthly Review), 7 (2), p. 128.
Zola, E. (1928), Au Bonheur des Dames (Paris: F. Bernouard).
Zulker, W.A. (1993), John Wanamaker: King of merchants (Wayne, PA: Eaglecrest Press).

Retailing in India
BCG, India Retail Report , 2015.
BCG, India Retail Report , 2016.
Deloitte, India Retail Report , 2013.
Earnst and Young, Economic Survey , 2012.
Earnst and Young, Road to India’s Consumer Markets , 2013.
Gadkari, Saurabh , Indian Retail Industry, 2009.
Menon, Prakash , Indian Retailing – the Future, 2009.
Nehru, J. , Personal Essays, American Retail Stores, 1948.
RAI (Retail Assoication of India) , Trade Briefing Reports, 2013.
RAI (Retail Assoication of India) , Trade Briefing Reports, 2016.
Rao, N.C. , Organised Retailing in India, 2006.
Retailers Association of India (RAI) , Trade Briefing Reports, 2012.
World Bank , World Economic Outlook, 2012.
World Bank , Ease of Doing Business Ranking, 2017.