Chapter 4

CARL JUNG’S ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

ABOUT THE THEORIST o Collective Unconscious
▪ Stems from ancestors
Carl Jung
▪ Every child is born with a
blueprint
▪ Archetypes
ARCHETYPES
- Ancient archaic images attained from the
collective unconscious
- Each person can develop several
archetypes
- Eight archetypes:
o Persona
▪ Term is from theater
▪ Side of our personality meant to
be shown to the world
o Shadow
▪ Qualities we don’t want others or
ourselves to see
- Born in Switzerland in July 26, 1875 ▪ Traits we don’t like and choose to
- The oldest by about 9 years of two ignore
surviving children. o Anima
- A son before Carl only lived for 3 days ▪ Depicts feminine side of a man
- Father: Johann Paul; Mother: Emilie ▪ Hard to connect with
Preiswerk o Animus
- Close friend of Freud ▪ Counterpart of anima
- Died on June 6, 1955 due to circulatory ▪ Masculine side of a woman
▪ Symbolizes thinking and
LEVELS OF THE PSYCHE
reasoning
- The mind has both conscious and o Great Mother
unconscious ▪ Concept derived from anima
o Conscious ▪ Everyone has this archetype
▪ Ego arises out of self during early ▪ Both positive and negative
development feelings
▪ Center of a person’s o Wise Old Man
consciousness ▪ Wisdom
o Personal Unconscious ▪ Symbolizes human’s pre-existing
▪ Develops from the interaction knowledge about mysteries of life
between collective unconscious ▪ Cannot be experienced directly
and an individual’s personal o Hero
growth ▪ Powerful being who fights against
▪ Each person has a unique evil in mythology
personal unconscious ▪ Archetype to help us free
▪ Complexes ourselves from helplessness
 o Self essential aid in the
▪ Person’s ability to continuously solution of most
strive towards growth, perfection problems.
ad completion ▪ Neither progression nor
▪ Archetypes of all archetypes regression leads to development.
▪ Symbolized by a Mandala ▪ Either can bring about too much
one-sidedness and failure in
DYNAMICS OF PERSONALITY
adaptation; but the two, working
- Jung’s theory suggests he believed in a together, can activate the
causative explanation for human process of healthy personality
behavior. development.
- Under his assumptions, he believed that
PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES
people do have free will, and they cannot
only freely make decisions, but they can - Attitudes
also independently set goals and hold o Predisposition to act or react in a
aspirations. characteristic direction.
o Causality and Teleology o Introversion
▪ Causality ▪ Attitude that means turning
❖ Holds that present inward of psychic energy with an
events have their origin orientation toward the subjective.
in previous experiences ▪ Signs you may be an introvert:
▪ Teleology ❖ You have a small group
❖ Holds that present of close friends
events are motivated by ❖ Thoughtful
goals and aspirations for ❖ Energized by being alone
future that direct a ❖ Enjoys solitude
person’s destiny ❖ Tends to keep emotions
▪ Humans are motivated by their private
past experiences and by their ❖ Process their thoughts in
expectations of the future their head rather than
o Progression and Regression talk them out.
▪ Progression ❖ Learns well through
❖ Adaptation to the outside observation
world involves the o Extraversion
forward outflow of ▪ Attitude that means turning
psychic energy. outward of psychic energy so that
❖ Inclines a person to a person is oriented toward the
react consistently to a objective and away from the
given set of subjective.
environmental ▪ Signs you may be an extrovert:
conditions. ❖ Enjoys being at the
▪ Regression center of attention.
❖ Adaptation to the inner ❖ Feels isolated by too
world relies on a much time spent alone.
backward flow of psychic ❖ Likes to communicate by
energy. talking
❖ It activates the
unconscious psyche, an
 ❖ Looks to others and o Intuiting
outside sources for ideas ▪ Sensing differs from intuiting
and inspiration because it is more creative,
❖ Tends to act first before often adding or subtracting
thinking. elements from conscious
- Functions sensation
o Thinking ▪ Extraverted intuitive people are
▪ Logical intellectual activity that oriented towards more facts in
produces a chain of ideas. the external world
▪ Extraverted thinking people rely ▪ Introverted intuitive people are
heavily on concrete thoughts, but guided by unconscious
may also use abstract ideas if perception of facts that are
these have been transmitted to subjective and have no
them from without. relevance to external reality
▪ Introverted thinking people react
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
to a stimuli, but their
interpretation of an event is - Stages of Development
colored more by the internal o Childhood
meaning they bring. ▪ Early morning sun, full of
o Feeling potential
▪ Evaluation of every conscious ▪ The period between the end of
activity. infancy (about 2 years of age)
▪ Extraverted feeling people use and the onset of puberty,
objective data to make marking the beginning of
evaluations. They are not guided adolescence (10–12 years of
so much by their subjective age)
opinion, but by external values ❖ Anarchic Phase
and widely accepted standards - Chaotic and sporadic
of judgment. consciousness
▪ Introverted feeling people base ❖ Monarchic Phase
their value judgments primarily - The development of
on subjective perceptions rather the ego and by the
than objective facts. beginning of logical
o Sensing and verbal thinking.
▪ Receives physical stimuli and ❖ Dualistic Phase
transmits them to perceptual - The ego as perceiver
consciousness. arises.
▪ Extraverted sensing people o Youth
perceive external stimuli ▪ Morning sun, climbing toward
objectively, in much the same the zenith
way that these stimuli exist in ▪ The period from puberty until
reality. middle life.
▪ Introverted sensing people are ▪ Youth is, or should be, a period
largely influenced by their of increase activity, maturing
subjective sensations of sight, sexuality, growing
sound, taste, touch, and so consciousness, and recognition
forth.
 that the problem-free era of o From Jung’s observations certain
childhood is gone forever types of reactions indicate that the
o Middle Life stimulus word has touched complex.
▪ Early afternoon sun o Examples of such responses are:
▪ Begins at approximately age 35 Restricted breathing, delayed
or 40, a person is often reactions, multiple responses,
evaluating his or her own life. disregard of instructions, failure to
▪ A period of age beyond young respond.
adulthood but before the onset - Active Imagination
of old age. o Requires a person to begin with any
o Old Age impression, in other words, dream
▪ The evening sun image, picture, visualization and to
▪ The final stage of the normal life concentrate that image to “move”,
span. talking to the image and letting it lead
▪ Frequently define as 60 or 65 the person towards any place.
years of age or older. o Purpose: to reveal archetypal images
- Self-Realization emerging from the unconscious.
o Psychological rebirth or individuation, - Dream Analysis
is the process of becoming an o Dreams are our unconscious and
individual or whole person spontaneous attempt to know the
o Self-realized people are able to unknowable, to comprehend a reality
contend with both their external and that can only be expressed
their internal worlds. symbolically.
o They live in the real world and make o Purpose: to uncover elements from
necessary concessions to it. the personal and collective
However, unlike average people, they unconscious and to integrate them
are aware of the regressive process into consciousness in order to
that leads to self-discovery. facilitate the process of self-
o Self-realized person is dominated realization.
neither by unconscious processes o Dreams offered proof of the existence
nor by the conscious ego but of the collective unconscious which
achieves a balance between all includes:
aspects of personality. ▪ Big Dreams - dreams with
o Self-realization is extremely rare and special meaning to people.
is achieved only by people who are ▪ Typical Dreams - common to
able to assimilate their unconscious most people.
into their total personality. ▪ Earliest dreams remembered.
- Psychotherapy
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
o 4 Basic approaches to therapy:
- Jung asserted that the psyche could not ▪ Confession of a Pathogenic
be understood by the intellect alone, but Secret
must be grasped by the total person. ▪ Interpretation, Explanation and
- Word Association Test Elucidation
o Based on the principle that ▪ Education of patients as social
complexes create measurable beings
emotional responses. ▪ Transformation
 ❖ The therapist must be
transformed into a
healthy human being.
❖ Especially employed with
patients who are in the
second half of life and
who are concerned with
realization of the inner
self, with moral and
religious problems.
▪ Transference
❖ It is important during the
first three stages of
therapy
❖ Regards that both
positive and negative
transference are
naturally concomitant to
patients’ revelation.
▪ Countertransference
❖ A therapist’s feelings
toward the patients.
❖ Depending on the result,
it can hinder or help in
treatment depending on
whether it can better the
relationship
o Jungian psychotherapy has many
minor goals and a variety of
techniques, and no universal
description of a person who has
successfully completed analytical
treatment is possible.
o Jung warns against digging too deeply
in land not properly surveyed, that
digging too deep into a person’s
unconscious psyche as not much is
known in that aspect and it could
lead to potential dangers.
 Chapter 5
MELANIE KLEIN’S OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
ABOUT THE THEORIST the mother and child will affect other
relationships of child later in life
Melanie Klein
- It emphasizes the intimacy and nurturing
of the mother, thus maternalistic
STRUCTURE: PSYCHIC LIFE OF THE INFANT
- Klein stressed the importance of the first
4 or 6 months of life.
- Klein believed that infants do not begin
life with a blank slate but with an inherited
predisposition to reduce the anxiety they
experience.
- Klein accepted Freud's idea that the
infant's readiness to act in certain
situations presupposes the existence of
phylogenetic endowment
- Phantasies
o These phantasies are psychic
- Born on March 30, 1182 in Vienna, representations of unconscious id
Austria instincts
- Father: Dr. Moriz Reizes; Mother: Libussa o Not to be confused with conscious
Deutsch fantasies of adults
- She focused on a mother and child o These representations are absorbed
relationship in devising therapeutic as “good” or “bad”
techniques for children. o When infants suck their fingers –
- The first psychologist who performed phantasizing about the good breast.
psychoanalysis on children (Introject)
- Death: September 22, 1960 o When infants cry and kick their legs -
phantasizing about destroying the bad
OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY
breast (Project)
- Klein’s observations of younger children - Objects
- States that an infant’s drives (hunger, sex, o Klein believed that humans have
etc.) are directed to an object (a breast, a innate drives or instincts. Drives, of
penis, a vagina, etc.) course, must have some object.
- Claimed that the infant’s relation to the o The earliest object relations are with
breast is fundamental and serves as a the mother’s breast, but ―very soon
prototype for his/her later relations to the interest develops in the face and in
whole objects, such as mother the hands which attend to his needs
- The breast (of the mother) is a child’s first and gratify them.
and main is a child’s first and main object o Introjected objects are more than
- The primary motive of human behavior is internal thoughts about external
human contact and relatedness objects.
- Places more importance on patterns of
interpersonal relationships; relationship of
INTERNALIZATIONS ❖ The female child fantasizes
about her father's penis as
- Ego
the giver of gifts to her
o Has been there since birth but she
mother and will develop a
believed that it is strong enough to feel
good relationship with it.
anxiety, to use defense mechanisms,
▪ Version 2
and form early object relations in both
❖ A less favorable
phantasy and reality.
development, the female
o Begins to evolve with the infant’s first
child will see her mother as a
experience with feeding, i.e. when the
rival with the penis and will
good breast feed them well
try to rob the penis from the
o The infant introjects both the good
mother.
breast and the bad breast, and these
o Male Oedipus Complex
images provide a focal point for further
▪ Version 1
expansion of the ego.
❖ Males will have a feminine
o Infants innately strive for integration,
position wherein the male
but at the same time, they are forced
child adopts a passive
to deal with the opposing forces of life
homosexual relationship with
and death
the father by shifting his oral
o To avoid disintegration, the newly
desires from his mother's
emerging ego must split itself into the
breast to his father's penis.
good me and the bad me.
▪ Version 2
- Superego
❖ As the boy matures, he
o More harsh and cruel according to
develops oral-sadistic
Klein. It produces terror.
impulses toward his father
o In terms of danger, their visualization
and wants to bite off his
is far more terrifying; these fears are
penis and to murder him.
greatly out of proportion to any
realistic dangers. POSITIONS
o Children's superegos are removed
- Ways a child deals with both internal and
from any actual threats by their
external objects
parents simply because of its
- Indicates that positions alternate back
destructive instinct, and to manage
and forth, and can be present and
this, the child's ego mobilizes libido
reactivated at any time
(life instinct) against the death instinct.
- Two basic positions
o This early ego defense lays the
o Paranoid-Schizoid Position
foundation for the development of the
▪ 3 to 4 months old
superego, whose extreme violence is a
▪ An infant’s way of organizing
reaction to the ego’s aggressive self-
experiences that includes both
defense against its own destructive
paranoid feelings of being
tendencies.
persecuted and splitting of
- Oedipus Complex
internal and external objects into
o Has 2 versions
the good and bad
o End goal is for children to have
❖ As the infant experiences
positive feelings for both parents
both the good breast and the
o Female Oedipus Complex
bad breast two separate and
▪ Version 1
contrasting feelings develop
 ❖ The infant then develops a - Starts from early infancy
desire to have a relationship - Adapted by children (and adults) to protect
with the ideal (good) breast their ego against anxiety
while fearing the persecutory - Four defense mechanisms according to
(bad) breast—thus becoming Klein:
paranoid o Introjection
❖ To have control over the good ▪ One introjects (mostly) good and
breast and fight of the bad bad objects to take them inside
breast, the infant adopts the oneself to take them inside
paranoid-schizoid position oneself
▪ The child’s ego perceives the ▪ Infants fantasize about taking the
external world as subjective and perceptions and experiences with
fantastic (as in fantasy) the mother’s breast into their
▪ This splitting of the world into body
good and bad serves as a o Projection
prototype for the subsequent ▪ Utilized by infants to get rid of
development of ambivalent good and bad objects
feelings toward a single person. ▪ It is the fantasy that one’s own
o Depressive Position feelings and impulses reside in
▪ Five months old another person and not within
▪ The infant feels anxious of losing one’s body
a loved object (specifically the ▪ Also enables one to believe that
breast) coupled with a sense of their own subjective opinions are
guilt for wanting to destroy that true
object constitute o Splitting
❖ The infant begins to perceive ▪ For infants to separate the good
external objects as a whole and bad aspects of themselves
and to see that good and bad and of external objects, the ego
can exist in the same person splits itself—thus, splitting
❖ The infant also realizes that ▪ The infant establishes a picture of
the mother might go away both a “good me” and a “bad me,”
and be lost forever, thus ▪ Enables the child to see both
wanting to protect her from positive and negative aspects of
danger as well as from themselves and other people
his/her (the infant’s) own ▪ However, excessive, and inflexible
destructive desires splitting can lead to pathological
❖ The infant’s ego, however, repression
realizes that it lacks the o Projective Identification
capability to protect the ▪ A combination of the other three,
mother. introjection, projection, and
❖ The position is only resolved splitting
when the children fantasize ▪ The infant reduces anxiety by
that they have made splitting off the unacceptable
repatriation for their previous parts of themselves, projecting
transgressions. them into another object, and
PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: PSYCHIC DEFENSE introjecting them back into
MECHANISMS
 themselves in a changed or sight, infants will cry,
distorted form resist soothing by
other people and will
PSYCHOTHERAPY
search for their
- Klein pioneered on the use of caregiver
psychoanalysis with children, and analysts ❖ Despair - As
- Klein was firm and consistent with her separation continues,
belief, and despite the arguments of her infants become quiet,
colleagues, she insisted that her own sad, passive, listless,
children be analyzed. and apathetic.
o The Play Therapy ❖ Detachment - Infants
▪ Klein provided each child with a become emotionally
variety of small toys, pencil and detached from other
paper, paint, crayons, and so people, including their
forth, substituting play therapy for caregiver
Freudian dream analysis and free - Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
association. o 20- minute lab session in which a
▪ Young patients often attacked her mother and infant were initially alone
verbally. There, she interpreted in the playroom.
the unconscious motives behind o Stranger came in and began to
these attacks. interact with the infant.
▪ Klein encouraged her patients to o Mother goes away for 2 separate 2-
reexperience early emotions and minute periods.
fantasies, but the therapist o Three attachment style ratings:
pointed out the differences ▪ Secure attachment
between reality vs fantasy and ❖ Infants are happy and
conscious vs unconscious. enthusiastic and initiate
LATER VIEWS ON OBJECT RELATIONS contact upon mother's return
▪ Anxious-resistant
- John Bowlby’s Attachment Theory ❖ Infant tried to interact with
o Assumption 1 the mother but refused to be
▪ A responsive and soothed
accessible caregiver ▪ Anxious-avoidant
(usually the mother) must ❖ Infants were calm when the
create a secure base for mother left and ignored her
the child. when she returned.
o Assumption 2 - Margaret Mahler’s View
▪ A bonding relationship (or o Normal autism
lack thereof) becomes ▪ 3 to 4 weeks old
internalized and serves as ▪ Used Freud's analogy that
a mental working model on compared psychological birth with
which future friendships an unhatched bird egg.
and love relationships are o Normal symbiosis
built. ▪ "The infant behaves and functions
▪ Stages of separation as though he and his mother were
anxiety: an omnipotent system—a dual
❖ Protest - When the
caregiver is out of
 unity within one common
boundary."
o Separation-individuation
▪ Children become psychologically
separated from their mothers,
achieve a sense of individuation,
and begin to develop feelings of
personal identity.
- Heinz Konutz
o In caring for both physical and
psychological needs, adults, or self
objects, treat infants as if they had a
sense of self.
o The self gives unity and consistency to
one’s experiences, remains relatively
stable over time, and is ―the center of
initiative and a recipient of
impressions.
o 2 Basic Narcissistic Needs of Infants
▪ the need to exhibit the grandiose
self
▪ the need to acquire an idealized
image of one or both parents.
 Chapter 6
KAREN HORNEY’S PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY
ABOUT THE THEORIST importance of cultural influences in
shaping personality.
Karen Horney
- Impact of Culture
o Emphasized cultural influences as the
primary bases for both neurotic and
normal personality development
o Competitiveness is the basic hostility
as it spawns result in feelings of
isolation
▪ Intensifies the need for affection,
which leads to overvaluing love.
o Neurosis creates pathological ways in
finding it.
o Western Society Manifestations:
▪ Cultural Teachings of kinship and
humility. Which contradicts with
the prevailing attitude which is
- Born on September 15, 1885 in Eilbek, a
aggression and the constant need
small town near Hamburg, Germany
to feel superior.
- Father: Berndt (Wackels) Danielsen and
▪ Endless demand for success and
Clothida van Ronzelen Danielsen
achievement.
- Was not a happy child ▪ The belief that they are free and
- Bad relationship with father, idolized her can accomplish anything through
mother hard work and perseverance.
- Believed that culture, not anatomy was Freedom in reality is restricted by
responsible for psychic differences our biological make-up, social
between men and women position and even by the
PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY competitiveness of others.
- Childhood Experiences
- Emphasizes the influence of cultural
o Conflicts can arise at any stage of
upbringing in the development of
development but childhood is the most
personality
vulnerable
- Coping mechanisms that are overused can
o Neurotic needs are caused by a
take the form of needs.
difficult childhood.
- Men are motivated by two guiding
o “The sum total of childhood
principles: safety and satisfaction
experiences brings about a certain
- Freud vs. Horney
character structure, or rather, starts its
o Freud's was a pessimistic take on
development”
humanity while Horney's was an
o People interpret new experiences
optimistic one.
based on their established personality
o Differed from Freud as she said
patterns
psychoanalysis should move beyond
- What influenced Horney’s theory?
instinct theory and emphasize the
 o The lack of love and attention she organization or a religion.
received from her parents, specially Neurotics who submit to
from her father another person often do so
o The constant feelings of inferiority, in order to gain affection.
brought by her being a woman and a o Power, Prestige, Possessions
neglected second child ▪ Power
o The differences between her German ❖ A defense against the
and American patients led to her real or imagined
realization that personality is not solely hostility of others and
biological. takes the form of a
tendency to dominate
BASIC HOSTILITY AND BASIC ANXIETY
others
- People need favorable conditions for ▪ Prestige
growth. Children need to experience both ❖ A protection against
genuine love and healthy discipline for humiliation and is
them to grow healthily expressed as a
- Basic Hostility tendency to humiliate
o If parents do not satisfy the child’s others
needs for safety and satisfaction, this ▪ Possession
develops ❖ Acts as a buffer
- Basic Anxiety against destitution and
o A feeling of being isolated and poverty and manifests
helpless in a world conceived as itself as a tendency to
potentially hostile. deprive others
o Repressed hostility leads to profound o Withdrawal
feelings of insecurity and a vague ▪ Neurotics frequently protect
sense of apprehension. themselves against basic
o "A feeling of being small, insignificant, anxiety either by developing
helpless, deserted, endangered, in a an independence from
world that is out to abuse, cheat, others or by becoming
attack, humiliate, betray, envy”. emotionally detached from
- 4 Ways That People Protect Themselves them.
Against Hostility
NEUROTIC NEEDS
o Affection
▪ A strategy that does not - 10 Categories of Neurotic Needs
always lead to authentic o The neurotic need for affection and
love. In their search for approval
affection, some people may ▪ In their quest for affection and
try to purchase love with approval, neurotics attempt
self-effacing compliance, indiscriminately to please others.
material goods, foods, They try to live up to the
places, pets, or sexual expectations of others, tend to
favors. dread self-assertion, and are quite
o Submissiveness uncomfortable with the hostility of
▪ Neurotics may submit others as well as the hostile
themselves either to people feelings within themselves.
or to institutions such as an
o The neurotic need for a powerful o The neurotic need for ambition and
partner personal achievement
▪ Lacking self-confidence, neurotics ▪ Neurotics often have a strong
try to attach themselves to a drive to be the best. They must
powerful partner. defeat other people in order to
▪ This need includes an confirm their superiority.
overvaluation of love and a dread o The neurotic need for self-sufficiency
of being alone or deserted. and independence
o The neurotic needs to restrict one’s life ▪ Neurotics have a strong need to
within narrow borders move away from people, thereby
▪ Neurotics frequently strive to proving that they can get along
remain inconspicuous, to take without others.
second place, and to be content o The neurotic need for perfection and
with very little. unassailability
▪ They downgrade their own ▪ By striving relentlessly for
abilities and dread making perfection, neurotics receive
demands on others. “proof” of their self-esteem and
o The neurotic need for power personal superiority.
▪ Power and affection are perhaps ▪ They dread making mistakes and
the two greatest neurotic needs. having personal flaws, and they
▪ The need for power is usually desperately attempt to hide their
combined with the needs for weaknesses from others.
prestige and possession and
NEUROTIC TRENDS
manifests itself as the need to
control others and to avoid - 3 Basic Attitudes
feelings of weakness or stupidity. o Moving Toward People
o The neurotic need to exploit others ▪ Neurotic need to protect oneself
▪ Neurotics frequently evaluate against feelings of helplessness
others on the basis of how they ▪ Desperate strive for affection and
can be used or exploited, but at approval of others
the same time, they fear being ▪ Morbid
exploited by others. dependency/codependency
o The neurotic need for social o Moving Against People
recognition ▪ Prompted by basic anxiety
▪ Some people combat basic ▪ Appears rough and ruthless
anxiety by trying to be first, to be ▪ Motivated by a strong need to
important, or to attract attention exploit others by appearing tough
to themselves. or ruthless
o The neurotic need for personal ▪ Seldom admits mistakes
admiration o Moving Away from People
▪ Neurotics have a need to be ▪ To solve the basic conflict of
admired for what they are rather isolation
than for what they possess. ▪ Needs for privacy, independence
▪ Their inflated self-esteem must be and self-sufficiency
continually fed by the admiration ▪ Puts emotional distance from self
and approval of others. and others
 ▪ Often appear aloof and o False pride based on a
unapproachable. realistic view of the
▪ Prefer hidden greatness. true self
o Idealized image of the
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
self-proclaimed loudly
- Interpersonal experiences helped spur o Self-Hatred
intrapsychic processes. ▪ Irrational and powerful tendency
- They then develop their own life coexisting to despise one’s real self
with a person's belief system. ▪ 6 Major Ways to Express
- And eventually, they’ll be divorced from ❖ Relentless demands on the
the interpersonal conflicts that gave them self
life. o Exemplified by the
- Two important intrapsychic conflicts: tyranny of the should
o Idealized Self Image ❖ Merciless self-accusation
▪ Attempt to solve problems by ❖ Self- contempt
painting a godlike picture of o Doubt and ridiculing
oneself the self
▪ Not a global construction ❖ Self-frustration
▪ 3 Aspects o Stems from self-hatred
❖ Neurotic Search for Glory and designed to
o The comprehensive actualized an inflated
drive toward actualizing self-image
the ideal self. ❖ Self-torment
o Elements: o Self-torture
▪ Need for ❖ Self-destructive actions and
Perfection impulses
• Drive to mold
FEMININE PSYCHOLOGY
the whole
personality - For Horney, psychic differences between
into the men and women are not the result of
idealized self anatomy but rather of cultural and social
▪ Neurotic Ambition expectations.
• Compulsive - Recognized the existence of the Oedipus
drive towards complex, she insisted that it was due to
superiority certain environmental conditions and not
▪ Drive Toward the to biology.
Vindictive Triumph - Saw no evidence for a universal Oedipus
• Desire to take complex. Instead, she held that it is found
revenge for only in some people and is an expression
real of the neurotic need for love.
❖ Neurotic Claims - Even when there is a sexual aspect to
o Believing that these behaviors, the child’s main goal is
something is wrong security, not sexual intercourse.
with the outside world - Horney agreed with Adler that many
o When claims are not women possess a masculine protest; that
met, they are confused is, they have a pathological belief that
❖ Neurotic Pride men are superior to women
 o Easily leads to the neurotic desire to
be a man
PSYCHOTHERAPY
- The general goal of Horneyian therapy is to
help patients gradually grow in the
direction of self-realization.
- The aim is to have patients give up their
idealized self-image, relinquish their
neurotic search for glory, and change self-
hatred to an acceptance of the real self.
- The therapist’s task is to convince patients
that their present solutions are
perpetuating rather than alleviating the
core neurosis, a task that takes much time
and hard work.
o Although a therapist can help
encourage patients toward self-
understanding, ultimately successful
therapy is built on self-analysis
(Horney, 1942, 1950).
- As to techniques, Horneyian therapists use
many of the same ones employed by
Freudian therapists, especially dream
interpretation and free association. As
with dream interpretation, free association
eventually reveals patients’ idealized self-
image and persistent but unsuccessful
attempts at accomplishing it.
- When therapy is successful, patients
gradually develop confidence in their
ability to assume responsibility for their
psychological development.
 Chapter 7
ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY
ABOUT THE THEORIST experiences and actions in an adaptive
manner
Erik Erikson
- Three interrelated aspects of ego:
o Body Ego
▪ Refers to experiences with our
body; a way of seeing our physical
self as different from other
people.
o Ego Ideal
▪ Represents the image we have of
ourselves in comparison with an
established ideal.
o Ego Identity
▪ The image we have of ourselves in
the variety of social roles we play.
o Although adolescence is ordinarily the
time when these three components
- Born on June 15, 1902, Southern are changing most rapidly, alterations
Germany in body ego, ego ideal, and ego identity
- Brought up by his mother and stepfather can and do take place at any stage of
- Never knew his biological father life.
- Met Anna Freud -his psychoanalyst SOCIETY’S INFLUENCE
- Married: Joan Serson with 4 children
- The ego exists as potential at birth, but it
- No specific professional identity
must emerge from within a cultural
- Coined the term "Identity crisis"
environment.
- Died on May 12, 1994
- Different societies, with their variations in
EGO IN THE POST-FREUDIAN THEORY child-rearing practices, tend to shape
personalities that fit the needs and values
- The ego is a positive force that creates a
of their culture.
self-identity or a sense of “I”, and is
- Pseudospecies
considered the center of our personality,
o An illusion perpetrated and
helping us adapt to the various conflicts
perpetuated by a particular society
and crises in life and still maintain our
that it is somehow chosen to be the
individuality to the leveling forces of
human species.
society.
- Society plays a huge role in shaping the
- During childhood, the ego is weak, pliable
ego; therefore, behavior is motivated by its
and fragile; but takes form and gains
environment.
strength from adolescence onwards.
- Erikson saw the ego as a partially EPIGENETIC PRINCIPLE
unconscious organizing agency that
- The ego develops throughout the various
synthesizes our present experiences with
stages of life according to an epigenetic
past self-identities and also with
principle.
anticipated images of self. He defined the
ego as a person’s ability to unify
 - One stage emerges from and is built upon o Includes infants’ principal
a previous stage, but it does not replace psychosexual mode of
that earlier stage. adapting.
o Two modes of
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
incorporation:
- Several basic points must be understood ▪ Receiving
before one can comprehend Erikson’s ▪ Accepting
psychosocial development stages: - Syntonic: Basic Trust
o Every stage of life has an interaction of o From regularly provided
opposites or conflict between two food by the mother
elements: o If their pattern of accepting
▪ Syntonic – harmonious things corresponds with
▪ Dystonic – disruptive culture’s way of giving
o Both of these are necessary for proper things, then infants learn
adaptation. basic trust.
o Each stage, the conflict between these - Dystonic: Basic Mistrust
two elements produces an ego quality o If they find no
or strength, called basic strength. correspondence between
o On the other hand, too little basic their oral-sensory needs
strength at one stage results in a core and their environment
pathology. - Basic Strength: Hope
o Erikson still kept the biological aspect o By having both painful and
of human development in mind when pleasurable experiences,
forming these stages. infants learn to expect that
o Events in earlier stages do not cause future distresses will meet
later personality development. with satisfactory
o Ego identity is shaped by a multiplicity outcomes.
of conflicts and events, past, present - Core Pathology: Withdrawal
and future. o With little to hope for,
o During each stage (especially during infants will retreat from the
adolescence onwards), personality outside world and begin
development is characterized by an the journey toward serious
identity crisis. During each crisis, a psychological disturbance.
person is especially susceptible to 2. Early Childhood
major modifications in identity, either - Ages to 2 to 3
positive or negative. - Mastering of bodily functions
- Children develop a sense of
STAGES control over their interpersonal
1. Infancy environment, as well as a measure
- Time of incorporation, with infants of self-control.
“taking in” not only through the - Anal-Urethral-Muscular Mode
mouth but through their various o Children learn to control
sense their own body
- Marked by the oral-sensory - Syntonic: Autonomy
psychosexual mode. o A sense of independence
- Oral-Sensory Mode and self-expression.
- Dystonic: Shame and Doubt
 o Shame: A feeling of self- be on top; developing a
consciousness, of being conscience and beginning
looked at and exposed. to start learning right and
o Doubt: A feeling of not wrong, “cornerstone of
being certain, the feeling morality”.
that something remains - Core Pathology: Inhibition
hidden and cannot be o Children may become
seen. compulsively moralistic or
- Basic Strength: Will overly inhibited.
o The belief that children 4. School Age
can act with intention, - Age 6 to 13
within reason and limits. - A time of tremendous social
- Core Pathology: Compulsion growth
o Too much shame and - Latency
doubt. o Sexual latency is important
o Can carry into play age as because it allows children
lack of purpose. to divert their energies to
3. Play Stage learning the technology of
- Age 3-5 their culture and the
- Genital-Locomotor Mode strategies of their social
o Oedipus Complex interactions
▪ Drama played out o Self-images are the origin
in the child’s of ego identity
imagination and ▪ The feeling of “I” or
includes the “meness” that
budding evolves more fully
understanding of during
such basic adolescence
concepts as - Syntonic: Industry
reproduction, o Industriousness, a
growth, future and willingness to remain busy
death with something and to
- Syntonic: Initiative finish a job.
o As children begin to move - Dystonic: Inferiority
around more easily and o The condition or the feeling
vigorously and as their of being lower in status
genital interest awakens, than others
they adopt an intrusive - Basic Strength: Competence
head-on mode of o The confidence to use
approaching the world. one’s physical and
- Dystonic: Guilt cognitive abilities to solve
o The consequence of taboo the problems that
and inhibited goals. accompany school age.
- Basic Strength: Purpose Competence lays the
o Children now play with a foundation for “co-
purpose, competing at operative participation in
games in order to win or productive adult life.
 - Core Pathology: Inertia o Without a constructive
o The tendency to maintain outlet for fidelity,
the status quo- in other individuals, these
words, mediocrity. adolescents, will either
o Characterized by have a weak ego and
helplessness and tend to suffer a “confusion of
manifest in values” or search for a
underachievers. deviant group to be loyal
5. Adolescence to.
- Age 14 to 18 6. Early Adulthood
- Period of social latency - Age 19 to 30
- Puberty - Acquisition of intimacy at the
o Genital maturation beginning of the stage and the
o Important psychologically development of generativity at the
because it triggers end.
expectations of adult roles - Geniality
- Syntonic: Identity o Stable sharing of sexual
o Defined both positively and satisfaction with a loved
negatively, as adolescents person.
are deciding what they o Chief of psychosexual
want to become and what accomplishment
they believe while also - Syntonic: Intimacy
discovering what they do o The ability to fuse one’s
not wish to be and what identity with that of
they do not believe another person without
- Dystonic: Role Confusion fear of losing it
o A syndrome of problems - Dystonic: Isolation
that includes a divided o The incapacity to take
self-image, an inability to chances with one’s identity
establish intimacy, a sense by sharing true intimacy
of time urgency, a lack of - Basic Strength: Love
concentration on required o Mature devotion that
tasks, and a rejection of overcomes basic
family or community differences. Mature love
standards. means commitment,
- Basic Strength: Fidelity sexual passion,
o The ability to establish an cooperation, competition,
internal standard of and friendship.
conduct where - Core Pathology: Exclusivity
adolescents really wouldn’t o Antipathy of love
need parental guidance o Becomes pathological
and instead have faith in when it blocks one’s ability
their own religious, to cooperate, compete, or
political, and social compromise
ideologies. 7. Adulthood
- Core Pathology: Role Repudiation - Age 31 to 60
 - Begin to take their place in society o To take pleasure in a
and assume responsibility for variety of different physical
whatever society produces sensations
- Procreativity - Syntonic: Integrity
o Genital contact with an o Feeling of wholeness and
intimate partner coherence, an ability to
o Assuming responsibility for hold together one’s sense
the care of an offspring of “I-ness” despite
- Syntonic: Generativity diminishing physical and
o The generation of new intellectual powers
beings as well as new - Dystonic: Despair
products and new ideas o To be without hope
- Dystonic: Stagnation - Basic Strength: Wisdom
o The generational cycle of o Informed and detached
productivity and creativity concern with life itself in
is crippled when people the face of death itself
become too absorbed in - Core Pathology: Disdain
themselves, too self- o A reaction to feeling (and
indulgent seeing others) in an
- Basic Strength: Care increasing state of being
o A widening commitment to finished, confused,
take care of the persons, helpless
the products, and the
ideas one has learned to
care for
o Not a duty or obligation but
a natural desire
- Core Pathology: Rejectivity
o Unwillingness to take care
of certain persons or
groups.
o Manifested as self-
centeredness,
provincialism, or
pseudospeciation: the
belief that other groups of
people are inferior to one’s
own.
o Responsible for hatred,
destruction, atrocities, and
wars.
8. Old Age
- Age 60 to End of Life
- Can be a time of joy, playfulness,
and wonder; but is also a time of
senility, depression, and despair
- Generalized Sensuality