Motion in a straight Line

3.1 Kinematics
The branch of physics which deals with the study of motion of objects is called mechanics. It is
classified into three branches.
1. Statics :It is a branch of mechanics which deals with the study of objects at rest under the effect of forces in
equilibrium.
2. Kinematics: It is a branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of objects without considering
the causes of motion.
3. Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics which deals with the study of motion of objects by considering the
causes of motion.
3.2 Position of an object
Let us suppose that an object (Tower0 is situated at point O and three observers form three different places A,
B & C are looking the same object, then all three observers will have different observations about the position
of point O and no one will be wrong because they are observing the object from their different position.
Observer 'A' Says:
Point O is 3m away in West direction.
Observer 'B' Says:
Point O is 4m away in South direction.
Observer 'C' Says:
Point O is 5m away in east direction
Therefore, Position of any point is completely
expressed by two factors: its distance from the
observer and its direction with respect to observer.
That is why, position of an object is given by a vector known as position vector.
Frame of Reference: The position of a particle is given by some fixed point (called origin) and a set of axes.
This set of axes is called frame of reference.
3.3 Rest and Motion
1. Rest : A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with time and w.r.t. frame of reference.
2. Motion; A body is said to be in motion if it change its position with time or w.r.t. frame of reference.
Rest and motion are relative terms
It means an object in one situation can be at rest but in other situation same object can be in motion.
For example, a tree is at rest w.r.t. a person standing on platform (frame of reference), but it is in motion w.r.t.
a person standing on moving train (frame of reference).
So, rest and motion are relative terms. It depends upon the frame of reference.

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3.4 Point object
An object is said to be a point object when its dimensions (length, breath, thickness etc.) are very small as
compared to the distance travelled by it.
Example: In a planetary motion around the sun, the different planets are assumed as point objects. In cricket
stadium, cricket ball is assumed as point object.
3.5 Types of Motion
1. One Dimensional Motion: A body is said to be moving in one dimension if only one coordinate of the
position of a body changes with time. In other words, motion of a body in a straight line is called one
dimensional motion.
2. Two Dimensional Motion : A body is said to be moving in two dimensions if only two coordinate of the
position of a body changes with time. In other words, motion of a body in a plane is called two dimensional
motion.
3. Three Dimensional Motion: A body is said to be moving in three dimensions. If all the three coordinate of
the position of a body changes with time. In other words, motion of a body in a space is called three
dimensional motion.
Example: Motion of flying kite.
3.6 Distance and Displacement
1. Distance : It is the length of actual path covered by a moving particle between initial and final positions.
Example: If a particle starts from A and reach to C through point B as shown in the figure. Then, distance
travelled by particle = AB+BC=7M

Notes

 Distance is a scalar quantity.

 
Dimensional formula; M 0 L1T 0 
 SI Unit is metre (m) and CGS unit is centimeter (cm).
 Distance between two points is always positive.

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2. Displacement :It is a distance covered by a moving particle in a particular direction. It is also defined as the
change in position of moving particle in a particular direction. The magnitude of displacement is the shortest
distance between initial and final position of the particle.
Example : If a particle starts from A and reach C through point B as shown in the figure. Then, Magnitude of
displacement is given by AC   ( AC ) 2  ( BC ) 2  5m

Notes
 Displacement is a vector quantity and its direction is along the direction of motion of the
particle.

 Dimensional formula: M 0 L1T 0 
 SI Unit is metre (m) and CGS unit is centimeter (cm).
 Displacement between two point may be positive, negative or zero.

Comparison between distance and displacement:

1. The magnitude of displacement is equal to minimum possible distance between two positions.
So, distance  [Displacement]
2. For a moving particle, distance can never be negative or zero while displacement can be positive, negative or
zero.
[Zero displacement means that body after motion has came back to initial position]
3. For a moving particle, distance can never decrease with time while displacement can. Decrease in displacement
with time means body is moving towards the initial position.
4. Magnitude of displacement is not equal to distance is general. But it can be equal if the motion is along a
straight line.
5. Displacement between two points does not depend upon the actual path travelled by the body whereas
distance between two points depends on actual path and so can have many values between two fixed points.
Note : The path travelled by body during its motion is called trajectory.
3.7 Speed
Speed :It is the rate of change of distance of the particle with time.
Note : (1) It is a scalar quantity.

(2) Dimensional formula : M 0 L1T 0 
(3) SI Unit is meter/second i.e. (ms-1) and CGS unit is cm/second i.e. (cms-1).
Type of speed :
1. Uniform speed : When a particle covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, (however small these intervals
may be), then it is said to be moving with uniform speed.
Example: In given diagram, motorcyclist covers equal distance (= 5m) in each second. So we can say that particle
is moving with uniform speed of 5 m/s.

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 2. Non-uniform (variable) speed : When a particle covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time or equal
distance in unequal intervals of time, then it is said to be moving with non uniform speed.
Example : In given diagram, motorcyclist travels 5m in 1st second, 8m in 2nd second, 10m in 3rd second etc.
Therefore its speed is different for every time interval of one second. This means particle is moving with variable
speed.

3. Average speed : The average speed of a particle is the ratio of total distance travelled to the total time taken.
Total distance covered
Average Speed
Total time taken
Notes
 Time average speed : When particle moves with different uniform speed  1,  2 ,  3 ........ etc in different time
intervals t1 t 2  t 3  .......... etc respectively, then its average speed over the total time of journey is given as
Total distance covered d1  d 2  d 3  ........ 1 t 1   2 t 2   3 t 3
Average Speed  
Total time taken t 1  t 2  t 3  .......... t 1  t 2  t 3  .........
 Distance averaged speed : When a particle describes different distance d1  d 2  d 3  .... with different time
intervals t1 t 2  t 3  .......... With speeds v1  v 2  v 3  .......... respectively, then the average speed of particle
is given by
Total distance covered d1  d 2  d 3  ........ d 1  d 2  d 3
Average Speed  
Total time taken t 1  t 2  t 3  .......... d1 d 3 d 3
 
v1 v 2 v3
4. Instantaneous speed : It is the speed of a particle at any instant of time.
When we say speed, it usually means instantaneous speed.
The instantaneous speed is average speed for infinitesimally small time interval t  O.
s ds
Instantaneous speed, v  lim 
t 0 t dt
Speedometer of the vehicle measures the instantaneous speed.
3.8 Velocity
Velocity : It is the rate of change of displacement of the particle with time.
Note : (1) It is a vector quantity and its direction is along the direction of motion of the particle.

(2) Dimensional formula: M 0 L1T 0 
(3) SI Unit is metre/second i.e. (ms-1) and CGS unit is cm/second i.e. (cms-1)
Types of velocity :
1. Uniform velocity : When a particle covers equal displacement in equal intervals of time, (however small these
intervals may be), then it is said to be moving with uniform velocity.
When a particle is moving with uniform velocity, then the magnitude and direction of its velocity remains same at all
points of its path.
No force or effort is required to move the body with uniform velocity.

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2. Non-uniform velocity- A particle is said to have non-uniform velocity. It its magnitude or its direction or both changes
with time.
3. Average velocity : It is the ratio of total displacement to total time taken by the body.
Total displaceme nt
Average Velocity
Total time taken
4. Instantaneous velocity : It is the velocity of a particle at any instant of time.
s ds
Instantaneous velocity, v  lim 
t 0 t dt

Note : Instantaneous velocity is always tangential to the path followed by the particle.
3.9 Difference between speed and velocity
SPEED VELOCITY
It is the rate of change of distance of the particle. It is the rate of change of displacement of the
particle
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
It is always positive. It may be positive, negative or zero.
It tells nothing about the direction of motion of the It tells the direction of motion and direction of
body. motion is always tangential to the path followed by
body.

Average Velocity
 1  Av.speed  Av. velocity
Note: Average speed
3.10 Acceleration
Acceleration : It is the rate of change of velocity of the particle with time.
Note : (1) It is a vector quantity and its direction is along the direction of applied force.

(2) Dimensional formula: M 0 L1T 1 / 2 
(3) SI Unit is metre/second i.e. (ms ) and CGS unit is cm/second i.e. (cms-2)
-2

Types of acceleration:
1. Uniform acceleration: A body is said to be in uniform acceleration if magnitude and direction of the
acceleration remains same with time.
If a particle is moving with uniform acceleration, this does not necessarily imply that particle is moving in
straight line. Example: Projectile motion.
2. Non-uniform acceleration: A body is said to be in non-uniform acceleration if its magnitude or its direction
or both change with time.
3. Average acceleration: It is the ration of change in velocity to the time taken by the body.

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 Change in velocit y
 Average accelerati on 
Time taken
  
 v v2  v1
i.e. a av  
t t
4. Instantaneous acceleration : It is the acceleration of a particle at any instant of time.
 
 v dv
 Instantaneous acceleration, a  l im 
t  0 t dt
 2 
 dv d x  dx
Also, a   v 
dt dt 2 dt
Notes
 Positive acceleration : If the velocity of body is increasing with time, then body has positive acceleration.
 Negative acceleration: If the velocity of body is decreasing with time, then body has negative
acceleration. Negative acceleration is also called retardation or deceleration.
 Zero acceleration: If the velocity of body is constant of or uniform, then body has zero acceleration.
 For motion of a body under gravity, acceleration will be equal to g, where g is the acceleration due to
gravity. Its normal value is 9.8 m/S2 or 980 cm/S2 or 32 feet/S2.
 For a moving body, there is no relation between the direction of velocity and direction of acceleration.

3.11 Position – Time Graph

During motion of the particle, its parameters like position, velocity, acceleration changes with time. This can
be represented on the graph.
Position time graph is plotted by taking time (t) along x-axis and position of the particle on y-axis.

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Let AB is a position time graph for any moving particle.
Change in postion y  y1
We know velocity, v = v   2 ………(1)
Time taken t 2  t1
AB AD y  y1
From triangle ABC, tan    2 = Slope of line AB …………….(2)
AC AC t 2  t1
From (1) and (2), we get v  tan 
It is clear that slope of position time graph gives the magnitude of velocity of the particle.
1 Here,   0 0  v  tan 0 0  0
i.e. line parallel to time axis represents that the particle is at rest.

2 Here,   90 0  v  tan 0 0  
i.e. line perpendicular to time axis represents that particle is
changing its position but time does not changes.
Practically this is not possible.
3 Here,  = constant  v=constant, so a=0.
i.e. line with constant slope represents uniform velocity of the
particle.

4 Here,  = is increasing so v is increasing , a is positive.

i.e. line bending towards position axis represents increasing velocity
of particle. It means the particle possesses acceleration.

5 Here,  = is decreasing so v is decreasing , a is negative.

i.e. line bending towards position axis represents decreasing
velocity of particle. It means the particle possesses retardation.

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6 Here,  constant but > 900 so v will be constant but negative
i.e. line with negative slope represent that particle returns towards
the point of reference.

7 This graph shows that at one instant the particle has two positions
which Is not possible.

3.12 Velocity-Time Graph

The graph is plotted by taking time t along x-axis and velocity of the particle on y- axis.
Distance and displacement: The area covered between the velocity time graph and time axis gives the
displacement and distance travelled by the body for a given time interval.
Total distance= A1  A 2  A 3
Total displacement = A1  A 2  A 3

Acceleration : Let AB be velocity-time graph for any moving particle.

Change in velocit y v2  v1
We know acceleration is given by, a   ………..(1)
Time taken t 2  t1

BC AD v2  v1
From triangle ABC, tan    = Slope of line AB …………(2)
AC AC t 2  t1
From (1) and (2), we get a = tan
It is clear that slope of velocity- time graph gives the acceleration of the particle.
Various velocity – time graphs and their interpretation

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1. Here,  =0, a= 0, v = constant
i.e. line parallel to time axis represent that the particle is moving
with constant velocity.

2. Here,  =900, a=  , v = constant

i.e. line perpendicular to time axis represents that the particle is
increasing its velocity, but time does not change. Practically it is not
possible.
3. Here,  =constant, so a = constant and v is increasing uniformly
with time
i.e. line with constant slope represents uniform acceleration of the
particle.

3.13 Equations of Motion

These are the relations between u, v, a, t and s for the moving particle.
u = initial velocity of the particle at time t = 0
v = Final velocity at time t
a, = Acceleration of the particle
s = Distance travelled in time t
Equations of motion:
v  u  at
1 2
s  ut  at
2
v 3  u 2  2as
(A) Derivation of equations of motion by Graphical method
Let is consider a body moving along a straight line path with initaial velocity u and uniform acceleration a.
Suppose it travels a distance s in time t. Therefore, velocity time graph is a straight line.
Let OA= ED = u, OC=EB=v, OE=AD=CB=t

(1) v  u  at
We know, acceleration= Slope of velocity time graph AB

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 DB DB EB  ED v  u
a    
AD OE OE t
 at  v  u
 v  u  at
1
(2) s  ut  at 2
2
We know, distance travelled by body= Area under velocity time graph AB
 s =Area of tangle OABE
= Area of rectangle OADE + Area of triangle ADB
1
 OA  OE  DB  AD
2
1
 ut  at  t
2
1
 s  ut  at 2
2
(3) v 3  u 2  2as
 s =Area of trapezium OABE
1 1
 ( EB  OA)  OE  ( EB  ED)  OE
2 2
1  EB  ED   DB DB EB  ED 
 ( EB  ED)     a    
2  A   AD OE OE 
1  EB 2  ED 2 
  
2 a 
1  v2  u2 
=  
2  a 
 v 2  u 2  2as
(B) Derivation of equations of motion by calculus method
Let us consider a body moving along a straight line path with uniform acceleration a.
(1) v  u  at
dv
We know, a a   dv  adt
dt
Integrating both sides with proper limits (i.e. velocity =u at time = 0 to velocity =v at time = t)
v t

 dv   adt
u 0

 v   at 0
v t
u

 v  u  at  0
 v  u  at
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 1 2
(2) s  ut  at
2
ds
We know, vs   ds  vdt  ds  (u  at )dt
dt
Integrating both sides with proper limits (i.e. distance =0 at time = 0to distance =s at time = t)
v t

 ds   (u  at )dt
u 0
t
 
 s   ut  at 2 
s 1
.0
 2 0
 1 
 s  0  u (t  0)  a (t  0) 2 
 2 
1
 s  ut  at 2
2
(3) v 3  u 2  2as
dv dv ds dv
We know, a a      v  ads  vdv
dt ds dt ds
Integrating both sides with proper limits (i.e. velocity =u at distance = 0 to velocity =v at distance = s)
s v

 ads   vdv
0 u
v
v2 
 as   
s
0
 2 u
v2 u2 
 a ( s  0)    
2 2
 2as  v 2  u 2
 v 2  u 2  2as
Note : Distance covered in nth second
The distance covered by body in nth second is obtained by subtracting the distance covered by body in (n-1)
second fro the distance covered by body in n second.

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 S nth  S n  S n 1
 1   1 
  un  an 2    u (n  1)  a (n  1) 2 
 2   2 
 1
  
  u (n  1)  1) a n 2 (n  1) 2 
 2 
 1
 
  u (1) a n 2  n 2  1  2n 

 2 
1
 u  a (2n  1)
2
1
 S nth  u  a (2n  1)
2
3.14 Motion of body under gravity (free fall)
The force of attraction of earth on bodies is called force of gravity. Acceleration produced in the body by the
force of gravity is called acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by the symbol g.
IN the absence of air resistance, it is found that all bodies (irrespective of the size or weight ) fall with the
same acceleration near the surface of the earth. This motion of a body falling towards the earth from a small
altitude (h<<R)is called free fall.
Case 1 : When body is dropped from some height (initial velocity zero)
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., downward direction ) as a positive, we have

Case 2: When body is projected vertically downward with some initial velocity
Equations of Motion:
v  u  gt
1
h  ut  gt 2
2
v  u  2 gh
2 2

g
hn  u  (2n  1)
2

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Case 3: When body is projected vertically upward
Taking initial position as origin and direction of motion (i.e., vertically up) as positive.
a = -g [As acceleration is downward but motion is upward]
So, if the body is projected with velocity u and after time t it reaches up to height h, then
v  u  gt
1
h  ut  gt 2
2
v  u  2 gh
2 2

g
hn  u  (2n  1)
2

Conceptual Questions
CQ.1. Define uniform motion.
Ans. A body is said to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, however
small these intervals may be, in the same fixed direction.
CQ.2. What are the characteristics of uniform motion?
Ans. (1) The velocity in uniform motions independent of the choice of the origin.
(2) The magnitude of the displacement covered covered is equal to the actual distance covered by the
object.
(3) No force is required to maintain the motion.
(4) The instantaneous velocity is equal to the average velocity at all times.
CQ.3. What is non-uniform motion? Give an example.
Ans.A body is said to be in non-uniform motion if its velocity changes with time. For example, the motion of a
bicycle along a zig-zagpath is a non-uniform motion.
CQ.4. Under what condition will the distance and displacement of moving object have the same magnitude?
Ans.When the object moves along a straight line in the same fixes direction.
CQ.5. Can the displacement be greater than the distance travelled by an object? Give reason.

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Ans.No, the displacement of an object can be either equal to or less than the distance travelled by the object.
This is because displacement is shortest distance between the initial and final positions of the object while
distance travelled is the length of the actual path traversed by the object.
CQ.6. Can a body has a constant speed and still have a varying velocity?
Ans.Yes, a particle in uniform circular motion has a constant speed but varying velocity because of the change
in its direction of motion at every point.
CQ.7. Can a body have a constant velocity and still have a varying speed?
Ans.No, a bidy cannot have a constant velocity while having a varying speed. Whenever the speed changes,
velocity also changes.
CQ.8. Can a particle in one-dimensional motion have zero speed and a non-zero velocity?
Ans.No, if the speed is zero, the velocity will be necessarily zero.
CQ.9. A ball hits a wall with a velocity to 30 ms-1 and renounces with the same velocity. What is the change
in its velocity?
Ans.Change in velocity = v-u=-30-30=-60ms-1
CQ.10. A ball is thrown straight up. What is its velocity and acceleration at the top?
Ans.At the highest point, the velocity of the ball is zero and its acceleration is equal to acceleration due to
gravity acting in the downward direction.
CQ.11. Is the direction of acceleration same as the direction of velocity?
Ans.Not necessarily. If velocity increases, acceleration acts in the direction of velocity and if velocity
decreases, acceleration acts in the opposite direction of velocity.
CQ.12. Can a body have zero velocity and still be accelerating?
Ans.Yes, a body thrown vertically upward has zero velocity at its highest point but has acceleration equal to
the acceleration due to gravity.
CQ.13. Can the direction of velocity of an object change, when acceleration is constant?
Ans.Yes, for an object thrown vertically upward, the direction of velocity changes during its rise and fall. But
acceleration acts a always downwards and remains constant.
CQ.14.Is it possible for a body to be accelerated without speeding up or slowing down? If so, give an
example.
Ans.Yes, an object I uniform circular motion is accelerating but its speed neither decreases nor increases.
CQ.15.What does the slope of position-time graph indicate?
Ans.The slope of position-time graph gives velocity of the object.
CQ.16 What is the nature of velocity-time graph for uniform motion?
Ans.For uniform motion, velocity-time graph is straight line parallel to time-axis.
CQ.17.What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent?
Ans.Acceleration.
CQ.18.What does the area under velocity-time graph represent?
Ans.Displacement.
CQ.19Whatdoes the area under acceleration-time graph represent?
Ans.Change in velocity.
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CQ.20. Write the equations of motion invector form.
Ans.The equations of motion in vector form are
  
v  u  at
  1
s  u t  at 2
2
  
v .v  u .u  2a.s
CQ.21. Which of the following graph represents uniform motion?

Ans. (a) When distance-time graph is a straight line with constant slope, then motion is uniform.

CQ.22. From the following displacement-time graph, find out the velocity of a moving body.

1
Ans. In first instant, we apply   tan   tan 30 0  ms 1
3

But it is wrong because formula tan is valid when angle is measured with time axis.

Here angle is taken from displacement axis.

So angle from time axis =  90 0  30 0  60 0

v  tan 60 0  3

CQ.23. A ball is thrown vertically upwards. Which if the following plots represents the speed-time graph of
the ball during its flight if the air resistance is not ignored?

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Ans. (c) In first half of motion, the acceleration in uniform & velocity gradually decreases, so slope will be
negative but for next half acceleration is positive. So slope will be positive. Thus, graph C is correct.

Not ignoring air resistance means upward motion will have acceleration (a+g) and the downward motion will
have (g-a)

CQ.24. A ball is thrown vertically upward which of the following graph represents velocity time graph of the
ball during its flight (air resistance is neglected)

Ans (d) In the positive region, the velocity decreases linearly (during rise) and in negative region. Velocity
increase linearly (during fall) and the direction is opposite to each other during rise and fall, hence fall is
shown in the negative region.
CQ.25. Which one of the following graphs represents the velocity of a steel ball which falls from a height on
to a marble floor? (Here v represents the velocity of the particle and t the time).

Ans. (a) Initially when ball falls from a height its velocity is zero and goes on increasing when it comes down.
Just after rebound from the earth its velocity decreases in magnitude and its direction gets reversed. This
process is repeated until ball comes to at rest. This interpretation is well explained in graph (a).
CQ.26. For a certain body, the velocity-time graph is shown in the figure. What is the ratio of applied forces
for intervals AB and BC?

Ans. We know, ration of applied force= ratio of acceleration

Numerical Problems
Problem 1. A man goes 10 m towards North, then 20m towards East. What is the distance and displacement
of the journey?

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MANISH MISHRA PHYSICS CLASSES
Ans. 30m, 22.5m
Problem 2. A body moves over one fourth of a circular are in a circle of radius r. What is the magnitude of
distance and displacement travelled?
r
Ans . ; r 2
2
Problem 3. A train has a speed of 60 km/h for the first one hour and 40 km/h.
Ans.53.33 km/hr
Problem 4.If a car covers 2/5th of the total distance with speed v1 and 3/5th distance with speed v2, then find
the average speed of car.
5v1v2
Ans.
2v2  3v1
Problem 5.A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km/h.
finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km/h. find average
speed of the man over the interval of time 0 to 40 min.
45
Ans. km/ hr
8
Problem 6. The motion of a particle is described by the equation x = 15 + where x is in meter. Find the
instantaneous velocity at t =3s.
Ans. 18m.s-1
Problem 7. The displacement of the particle is given by y = a + bt +ct2-dt4. Find the initial velocity and
acceleration at t= 0.
Problem 8. The relation 3t= 3x+ 6 describes the displacement of a particle in one direction where x is in m and
t in second. Find displacement, when velocity is zero.
Ans. -3ms-2
Problem 9.The displacement-time graph for two particles A and B are straight lines inclined at angles of 300
and 600 with the time axis. What is the ratio of velocities ()
Ans 1:3
Problem 10. The velocity time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in the figure. What is the
displacement and distance travelled by the body in 6s?

Ans. 8m;16m

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MANISH MISHRA PHYSICS CLASSES
Problem 11.A train moves from one station to another in 2 hour. Its speed-time graph during this motion is
shown in the figure.
What is the maximum acceleration during the journey?

Ans. 160 km/hr2

Problem 12. A body starts from rest and acquires a velocity of 12ms-1 in 5s. Calculate the acceleration and
distance moved.
And 2.4ms-2;30m
Problem 13. The velocity of a bullet is reduced from 200ms-1 to 100 ms-1 while travelling through a wooden
block of thickness 10cm. What is the retardation, assuming it to be uniform, produced by block?
Ans. -15x104ms-2
Problem 14. A car moving with a speed of 50 km/hr can b e stopped by brakes after at. Least 6m. If the same
car is moving at a speed of 100 km/hr, then what is the minimum stopping distance?
Ans. 24m
Problem 15. A body A moves with a uniform acceleration a and zero initial velocity. Another body B, starts
from the same point moves in the same direction with a constant velocity v. The two bodies meet after a time
t. What is the value if ?
Ans. 2v/a
Problem 16. A particle travels 10m in first 5s and 10m in next 3s. Assuming constant acceleration, what is the
distance travelled in next 2s?
Ans.8.3m
Problem 17. A body starts from rest. What is the ratio of the distance travelled by the body during the 4thand
3rd second?
Ans 7:5
Problem 18. On a foggy day, two drivers spot each other when they are just 80m apart. They are travelling at
72km/h and 60km/h respectively. Both of them applied brakes retarding their cars at the rate of 5ms-2.
Determine whether they avoid collision or not?
Ans. They avoid collision
Problem 19. A 100m sprinter increases her speed from rest uniformly at the rate of 1ms -2 up to three quarters
of the total run and covers the last quarter with uniform speed. How much time does her take to cover the
first half and the second half of the run.
Ans. 10, 4.24s
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MANISH MISHRA PHYSICS CLASSES
Problem 20.A car accelerates from rest at the constant rate for some time, after which it decelerate at a
constant rate  to come to rest. If thetotal time elapsed is t second, the calculate (i) the maximum velocity
attained by the car in terms of  ,  and t (ii) the total distance travelled by the car in terms of and ?
t t 2
Ans. ,
   2   
Problem 21. If x, y,z be the distances described by a particle during of pth, qth and rth second respectively,
prove that (q-r)x+(r-p)y+(p-Q)z=0.
Problem 22. A body falls from rest in the gravitational field of the earth. What is the distance travelled by body
in the fifth second of its motion. Take g= 10m/s2.
Ans. 45m
Problem 23. A man drops a ball downside from the roof of a tower of height 400m. At the same time, another
ball is thrown upside with a velocity 50m/s from the surface of the tower. What is the height from surface of
tower where balls will meet? Take g = 10m/s2.
Ans. 10m
Problem 24. A particle is thrown virtually upwards. If its velocity at half of the maximum height is 10m/s, them
what is the maximum height attained by the particle. (Take g= 10ms-2.)
Ans. 10m
Problem 25. A stone is shot straight upward with a speed of 20 m/s from a tower 200m high. What is the
speed with which it strikes the ground?
Ans. 65ms-1.
Problem 26. A stone dropped from a building of height h and it reaches on earth after t second. From the
same building if two stones are thrown (one upwards and other downwards) with the same velocity u and
they reach the earth surface after t1 and t2 seconds respectively, then show that t  t1t 2
Ans.
Problem 27. Water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap which is 5 m above the ground. The third drop is
leaving the tap at the instant the first drop touches the ground. How far above the ground is the second drop
at that instant.
Ans 3.75m
Problem 28. A balloon is at a height of 81m and is ascending upwards with a velocity of 12ms-1 . A body of
mass 2 kg is dropped from it. Afte what time. The body will reach the surface of the earth. (Take g = 10ms -2)
Ans. 5.4s
Problem 29.A body is released from a great height and falls freely towards the earth. Another body is
released from the same height exactly one second later. What is the separation between the two bodies, two
second after the release of the second body.
Ans. 24.5m

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 A SHORT BIOGRAPHY OF
SIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton was born at Woolsthorepe near Grantham in Lincolnshir, England on 4 January 1643. His
father died before he was born and in 1645 his mother married a cleargyman form North Welham in
Leicestershire. She went to live wit him while Isaac Newton lived with his grandmother. When her second
husband died in 1656 Isaac's mother returned to Wollsthorpe and Isaac Newton went to live with her again.
From the age of 12 to 14 Isaaac Newton went ot Grantham Grammar School. During this time he
lodged with an apothecary and his family. Then in 1656 Isaac had to leave to help his mother on the family
farm. Isaace Newton was not in the slightest bit interested in running a farm and in 1660 he went ot the
grammar school again. In 1661 he went to Trinity College Cambridge. Isaac Newton obtained a BA in 1661. In
1666 Isaac Newton was forced to flee Cambridge because of an outbreak of the plague and he returned
temporarily to Woolsthorpe. He returned to university in 1667.
In 1667 Isaac Newton was elected a fellow of Trinity College. The same year he was elected a member
of the Royal Society. In February 1672 a paper he wrote about light and colours was read to the society. In
1669 Isaac Newton became Lucasian professor on mathematics. IN the meantime, in 1668, he invented a
reflecting telescope.
In 1689-1690 Isaac Newton was Mp for Cambridge University (in those days Cambridge University had
its own MPs). He became an MP again in 1701-1702 but he did not take an active part in politics.
Isaac Newton published his masterpiece PhilosophiaeNaturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. It set
out his theory of gravity and his laws of motion.
IN 1695 Isaac Newton was made Ward of the mint and in 1699 Master of the mint. He resigned his
fellowship and professorship at Cambridge in 1701.In 1703 Isaac Newton became president of the Royal
Society. He was knighted in 1705. Meanwhile in 174 Isaac Newton published another great work about light.
Isaac Newton died at the age of 84 on 20 March 1727.

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