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Chemistry and pharmacology of Piper Longum L

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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X

Review Article

CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PIPER LONGUM L.

1* 3 4 2
Maitreyi Zaveri , Amit Khandhar , Samir Patel , Archita Patel
1. Maitreyi Zaveri, Head and Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pharmacognosy, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research, Gandhinagar, India.
2. Archita Patel, Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Gandhinagar, India.
3. Amit Khandhar, Sr.Scientist, Analytical research laboratory, Zydus Cadila Ltd., Ahmedabad, India.
4. Samir Patel, Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy College,
Changa, India.
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Received on: 08-09-2010; Finalized on: 03-11-2010.

ABSTRACT
Earthen hemisphere is gifted with varieties of large number of medicinal herbs. Herbs are natural remedies for the disease with
higher safety profile and efficacy. The country like India has got variety of climatic conditions and seasons favorable for growth of
many species of plants. Amongst the large number of herbal drugs existing in India, very few have been studied systematically so far.
The list of drugs is very meticulous and diversified hence extensive efforts are required for their correct recognition. Piper longum is
a highly valuable drug and is one of the essential ingredients in the most of the compound preparations included in Ayurvedic
literature. Further, the use of the plant as a bioavailability enhancer has immensely increased its importance in the field of
Ayurveda. Hence, an attempt has been made to address the chemistry and pharmacology of the plant P. longum. Commonly the
plant P. longum is known as long pepper, species of the genus Piper belonging to family piperaceae of the unique order piperales of
the verticillate of dicotyledones.
Keywords: Piper longum, Piperaceae, piperine.

INTRODUCTION
Botanical description:
Plants have been the source of medicines since thousands
It is having slender, aromatic, perennial climber, with
of years. Species of the genus Piper are among the
woody roots and numerous wide ovate, cordate leaves.
important medicinal plants used in various systems of
The inflorescence is a cylindrical, pedunculate spike, the
medicine1, 2. Piper longum L. (Piperaceae), commonly
female flower is up to 2.5 cm long and 4-5 mm in
known as “long pepper”, is widely distributed in the
diameter but the male flower is larger and slender. The
tropical and subtropical regions of the world, throughout
fruits are small, ovoid berries, shiny blackish green,
the Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Middle Eastern 3
embedded in fleshy spikes .
countries and the Americas. It is said that the Roman
emperors valued it even more highly than black pepper PHARMACOGNOSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
due to its high commercial and economical importance.
Synonyms: Piper latifolium Hunter, P. saramentosum
Wall. , Chavica roxburghii Miq, C.
Vernacular names: English: Long pepper, Hindi: Pippali,
Sanskrit: Pipali
Habitat: The native of plant is considered to be South Asia
and is found both wild as well as cultivated, throughout
the hotter parts of India from central to the north-eastern Flowering plant
Himalayas. The herb also grows wild in Malaysia,
1
Singapore, Bhutan, Myanmar and elsewhere .
Ayurvedic properties:
Rasa: Katu (pungent)
Guna: Laghu (light), snigdha (unctuous), tikshna (sharp)
Veerya: Anushnashita (slight cold)
Vipaka: Madhur (sweet)
Dosha: Pacifies kapha and vata
Unripe fruit

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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X

compact. The fruits are one seeded with three-layered

pericarp. Winton and winton5 described the
morphological and microscopical characters of P. longum
fruits. Endocarp is wavy in outline, which is a
9
distinguishing character. Das Gupta and Dutta while
giving details of anatomy of the fruits, described the fruit
let of P. longum as thick-walled with heavy brown
contents in the outermost layer, mesocarp with thickened
cells, endocarp and seed coat fused to form a deep zone
with hyaline content in the outer layers, and orange-red
Dried mature fruits pigment.
Plant of Piper longum L. STEM
10
ROOT Atal and Banga reported detail pharmacognosy of
the stem pieces of P.longum. The detailed
Bisht4 had described complete pharmacognosy of the
5 microscopical study of stem of Piper longum is shown in
root and stem of P.longum Winton and winton had
Figure -2.
described the morphological and microscopical characters
of P. longum roots. Joshi6 had studied the structure and
development of the ovule and Embryo sac of P.
longum. The root in a transverse section showed thick
walled parenchyma, simple or compound starch grains,
lignified and striated stone cells, resinous cells in the
cortex, perivascular fibres in the phloem, and radical
strips of xylem which meet at the center. Pith was found
to be absent. The stem had a secretory cavity in the
center. The cortex showed starch grains as well as
resinous and some stone cells. The phloem was capped
by perivascular fibres and xylem arranged in V-shaped
groups7. The detailed microscopical study of root of Piper
longum is shown in Figure -1.

Figure 2: Piper longum L. stem

Traditional uses:
Parts used: Immature spikes, roots and seeds
Dried unripe fruits are used as an alternative to tonic.
Decoction of immature fruits and roots is used in chronic
bronchitis, cough and cold. Roots and fruits are also used
11
as anti-dote in snake biting and scorpion sting . An equal
part of powdered seeds of Embelia ribes, fruit of P.
longum L. and borax powder has been used as an
Ayurvedic contraceptive12. P. longum L. has been used in
traditional remedies as well as in the Ayurvedic system of
Figure 1: Piper longum L. root medicine against various disorders13, 14.
FRUIT Ethanoveterinary use: A decoction of the roots is given
8
Mehra and Puri described the fruiting spike of P. longum for swellings of the joints of cattle in the north-western
Himalayan regions.
as black, cylindrical, irregular, up to 2 to 5 cm long, and

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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X

PHYTOCHEMISTRY: O

The Chemical Constituents of Pepper: O

Piperine is the major and active constituent of long
H
pepper (Piper longum). The piperine content is 3-5% (on
dry weight basis) in P. longum.
O O
Isolation and extraction of Piperine from Piper species:
Piperine can be isolated from the oleoresin of P. nigrum H
or P. longum. The powdered fruits of the plant are
O
extracted with dichloromethane at room temperature
with stirring for 12 hours. The extract is filtered,
concentrated in vacuum, and then the residue is purified O
on an alumina column. Pure piperine can also be obtained (+)-Asarinine
by crystallization from ethanol, which may be required for
food and/or medicinal usages. Piperine is obtained Lignans
directly from the crude residue in lesser amounts by Sesamin, pulvuatilol, fargesin and others have been
extraction in alcohol, filtration and successive isolated from the fruit of P. longum 19, 20, 22, 29.
crystallization.
15
Esters
Properties of piperine :
The fruit of P. longum contains tridecyl-dihydro-p-
*Chemical names: coumaarate,eicosanyl-(E)-p-coumarate and Z-12-
a. 1- piperoyl piperidine octandecenoic –glycerol-monoester19,20,22,28.

b. (E, E) 1-[5-(1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2, 4- Volatile oil

pentadienyl] piperidine The essential oil of the fruit P. longum is a complex
*Molecular weight: 285.33 mixture, the three major components of which are
(excluding the volatile piperine) caryophyllene and
*Percentage composition: C= 71.55%, H=6.71%, N=4.91% pentadecane (both about 17.8%) and bisaboline (11%).
and O=16.82%. Others include thujine, terpinoline, zingiberine, p-
cymene, p-methoxy acetophenone and dihydrocarveol19,
20, 22, 28, 30-32
. Long pepper contains less essential oil than
its relatives (about 1%), which consists of sesquiterpene
hydrocarbons and ethers (bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, β-
caryophyllene oxide, each 10 to 20%; α-zingiberene, 5%),
and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as 18%
Piperine pentadecane, 7% tridecane, 6% heptadecane33.
The fruits gave positive tests for the presence of volatile The volatile constituents and microbiological studies on
oil, starch, protein and alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, Kaempheria galanga, Hibiscus abelmoschus, and Piper
9
and amygdalin and negative test for tannins . Sylvatine longum revealed presence of over 15 components which
and dieudesmin were present in the seeds of P. longum were further identified by GC-MS of the volatile oil of
16
. Fatty acids of crushed seeds were reported to be Piper longum. The variations in the piperine content with
palmitic, hexadecenoic, stearic, linoleic, oleic, higher maturity were also monitored. The P. longum and H.
34
saturated acids, arachidic, and behenic acids17. abelmoschus seed oil had only antibacterial activities . By
using a systematic bioassay guided fractionation method
Alkaloids and amides
pipataline, pellitorine, sesamin, brachystamide B and
The fruit of P. longum contains a large number of guineensine active principles were isolated. A reversed-
alkaloids and related compounds, the most abundant of phase high-performance liquid chromatography method
which is piperine, together with methyl piperine, was developed to quantify these active principles in the
iperonaline, piperettine, asarinine, pellitorine, plant material 35. In the chromatogram of P. longum
piperundecalidine, piperlongumine, piperlonguminine, fruits, retrofractamides B and D, and N-isobutyl-2E, 4E-
refractomide A, pregumidiene, brachystamide, octadecadienamide can be detected. The HPLC-
brachystamide-A, brachystine, pipercide, piperderidine, chromatogram of P.longum showed a homogeneous
longamide and tetrahydropiperine, terahydro distribution of numerous peaks, with piperine and
piperlongumine, dehydropipernonaline piperidine, pellitorine as the predominant compounds36. A simple
piperine, terahydropiperlongumine and trimethoxy and convenient HPTLC method was developed for
cinnamoyl-piperidine and piperlongumine have been standardization of the plant material using the two major
18-28
found in the root of P. longum . constituents, pellitorine and dihydropiperlonguminine, as

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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X
37
markers at 260 nm . The hexane extract of dried fruits of typhi, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and B. megaterium and one
P. longum on fractionation afforded a new alkamide, fungus, A. niger. Compared to streptomycin all the
isodihydropiperlonguminine and two phenyl propanoic extracts exhibited a good antibacterial activity50. The
acid derivatives. The structures of these compounds were isolated constituents and n-hexane extract were found to
established based on spectroscopic evidence and show varying degree of antibacterial activity against all
synthesis38. Thymoquinol and 6-Hydroxydopamine were the tested bacteria. However, the aqueous extract did not
also identified in Piper longum39. show antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria51.
MEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES: Effect on respiratory system:
Insecticidal and acaricidal activity: Isolated piperine showed a central stimulant action in
frogs, mice, rats and dogs along with increased hypnotic
The essential oil of the fruits showed insecticidal and
response in mice. It antagonized respiratory depression
insect-repellant activity 40.Toxicities of two piperidine
induced by morphine or pentobarbitone in anesthetized
alkaloids, pipernonaline and piperoctadecalidine, isolated 52
dogs . A petroleum ether extract of the fruits
from P. longum were determined against five species of
antagonized morphine-induced respiratory depression in
arthropod pests. Both of the alkaloids showed insecticidal
mice53. A comparative study conducted with piperine and
activity 41.
nalorphine, for effects against morphine-induced
Antifungal activity: respiratory depression and analgesia, revealed that both
reversed morphine-induced respiratory depression but,
The essential oil of the fruits showed fungicidal activity of
unlike nalorphine, piperine did not antagonize morphine-
P. longum L. The fruit-derived materials was tested
induced analgesia in rats54. Petroleum ether extract of P.
towards six phytopathogenic fungi, Pyricularia oryzae,
longum produced respiratory stimulation in smaller dose
Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cineria, Phytophthora
but higher dose cause convulsion in laboratory animals.
infestans, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis using
This may be due to presence of some medullary stimulant
a whole plant in vivo method 42-44. A piperidine alkaloid,
factors in the extract55, 56. The crude extract of P. longum
pipernonaline, was isolated from the hexane fraction of
as well as piplartine, one of its alkaloids, suppressed the
P.longum showed a potent fungicidal activity against P.
cilliary movements of the esophagus of the frog, which
recondita with 91% and 80% control values at the
may be due to the suppression of cough reflex57.
concentration of 0.5 and 0.25 mg ml−1, respectively45.
Antiasthmatic activity:
Antiamoebic activity:
An extract of the fruits in milk reduced passive cutaneous
The anti-amoebic effects of crude methanol extract of
anaphylaxis in rats and protected guinea pigs against
Piper longum fruit, Piper sarmentosum root and Quercus
antigen-induced bronchospasm55, 56.
infectoria nut gall against Entamoeba histolytica infecting
the caecum of mice were studied. The severity of caecal Effect on cardiovascular system:
wall ulceration was reduced in mice which received the
Bioassay-guided isolation of chloroform extract of the
plant extract and metronidazole as compared to the
fruits of P. longum is using an in vitro DGAT inhibitory
control animals46.The activities of n-hexane,
assay, lead to isolation of a new alkamide together with
dichloromethane and methanol extracts from five anti-
four known alkamides. Pharmacological inhibition of acyl
diarrheic Thai medicinal plants, Acacia catechu
CoA: diacylglycerol acyl transferase by alkamides
(Fabaceae) resin, Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae)
emerged as a potential therapy for the treatment of
whole plant, Brucea javanica (Simaroubaceae) seed, P.
obesity and type 2 diabetes58. Guineensine, isolated from
longum (Piperaceae) fruit and Quercus infectoria
chloroform extract inhibited ACAT activity in a dose-
(Fagaceae) nut gall were tested against the in vitro 59
dependent manner . An amide namely
growth of fresh isolates of the intestinal protozoan
dehydropipernonaline having coronary vaso-relaxant
parasite Blastocystis hominis. All extracts showed
activity was isolated from the fruit of Piper longum 60.
inhibitory activity with reference to metronidazole47. Both
Methanolic extract from dried fruits, roots and nutgalls of
the root and fruit of P. longum possess antiamoebic
Piper longum, Piper sarmentosum, Quercus infectoria
activity approximately to the same extent48. The ethanolic
respectively, were examined for their spasmolytic
extract, hexane fraction, n-butanol soluble fraction
activities using isolated rat or guinea pig ileum and
exerted in vitro amoebicidal action at 1000
compared with a reference anti-diarrheal drug such as
micrograms/mL and the chloroform fraction showed the
loperamide and an L-type calcium channel blocker such as
same at 500 micrograms/mL. The ethanolic extract and
verapamil. All extracts and both drugs suppressed the
piperine, a pure compound, from this plant material
contraction in rat ileum showing the same potency for P.
cured 90% and 40% of rats with caecal amoebiasis
49, 46 longum and P. sarmentosum which was more than seen
respectively . 61
for Q. infectoria .
Antimicrobial activity:
The effects of the several extracts of Piper longum on
Various extracts of P. longum were prepared and rabbit platelet function were examined. The ethanol
evaluated against bacterial pathogens, such as S. albus, S. extracts inhibited platelet aggregation induced by U46619
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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X

in a concentration-dependent manner and by thrombin Anti-inflammatory activity:

weakly. It was concluded that P. longum contains a
The fruit decoction showed anti-inflammatory activity
constituent(s) that inhibits platelet aggregation as a non-
62 against carrageenin induced rat paw edema71.
competitive thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist . Four
acidamides, piperine, pipernonaline, piperoctadecalidine, Immunomodulatory activity:
and piper longumine, isolated from the fruits of P. longum
The immunoregulatory potential of P. longum and
showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on washed
piperinic acid, one of its active constituent, in Balb/C mice
rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen,
(in vivo) and human PBMCs (in vitro) models showed a
arachidonic acid (AA), and platelet-activating factor (PAF),
dose dependent decrease of lymphocytes (CD4+ and
except for that induced by thrombin. piperlongumine, in
CD8+ T cells) and cytokine levels in sensitized Balb/C mice
particular, showed stronger inhibitory effects than other 72
with a marked inhibition . Alcoholic extract of the fruits
acidamides to rabbit platelet aggregation induced by
63 of P. longum and its component piperine was studied for
collagen, AA and PAF . A pilot study was carried out on
their immunomodulatory and antitumor activity.
the breast development in female wistar rats using an
Alcoholic extract of the fruits and piperine were found to
indigenous herbal preparation by topical application
be cytotoxic73. An aqueous extract of P. longum fruit
containing Piper longum that showed an increase in the
powder showed 100% giardicidal activity13. P. longum was
appetite64.
found to offer protection against externally induced
Antidiabetic activity: stress. A famous Ayurvedic preparation containing long
pepper in pippli rasyana was tested in mice infected with
The antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of
Giardia lamblia and found to produce significant
ethanolic extract of Piper longum dried fruits in alloxan-
activation of macrophages, as shown by an increased
induced diabetic rats were studied 65. The blood glucose
MMI and phagocytic activity74.
level, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and the status
of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were assayed using Anti-cancer activity:
specific colorimetric methods. Oral administration of
Piper longum is reported to exhibit significant anti-
dried fruits has shown significant anti-hyperglycemic, anti-
tubercular activity 75, 76. The effect of piperine on the
lipidperoxidative and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats
inhibition of lung metastasis induced by B16F-10
comparable to that of the standard reference drug
melanoma cells was studied in C57BL/6 mice.
glibenclamide66.
Simultaneous administration of the compound with
Hypochoesterolaemic activity: tumor induction produced a significant reduction (95.2%)
in tumor nodule formation along with reduced lung
Methyl piperine significantly inhibited the elevation of
collagen hydroxyproline, uronic acid and hexosamine
total serum cholesterol, and the total cholesterol to HDL-
content in the piperine-treated animals. Piperine, an
cholesterol ratio, in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet67.
alkaloid present in plants such as P. nigrum and P. longum
The unsaponificable fraction of the oil of P. longum also
showed significant anti-metastasis activity77. Piperine has
significantly decreased total serum cholesterol and
chemopreventive effects when administered orally on
hepatic cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic mice68.
lung cancer bearing animals78. Piperlonguminine showed
Antioxidant activity: an inhibitory effect on α-MSH-induced tyrosinase
synthesis79. It was found that oral administration of
A combination of spices (Piper nigrum, Piper longum and
ethanolic extract protected the cell surface and
Zingiber officinale), herbs (Cyperus rotundus and
maintained the structural integrity of the cell membranes
Plumbago zeylanica) and salts make up Amrita Bindu
during DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch
were tested for anti-oxidant activity. The analysis 80
carcinogenesis . The two active principles, ethyl 3', 4’, 5’-
revealed the antioxidant potential of the ingredients in
trimethoxycinnamate and piperine were isolated and
the following order: Piper nigrum > Piper
characterized from the combined hexane and chloroform
longum > Cyperus rotundus > Plumbago zeylanca >
extracts of Piper longum. The extracts significantly
Zingiber officinale69.
blocked the adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium in a
Analgesic activity: time- and concentration-dependent manner81. Piplartine
and piperine alkaloidal amides were isolated from Piper.
P. longum root for opioid type analgesia using rat tail-flick
It showed cytotoxic activity towards several tumor cell
method and for NSAID type analgesia using acetic-acid
lines82. The study clearly demonstrated that piperine has
writhing method by using pentazocine and ibuprofen as
the anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and restorative ability
drug controls. An aqueous suspension of P. longum root
against cell proliferative mutagenic response and
powder was given orally to mice and rat. The study
phenotypic alterations by piperine, suggesting its
accomplished that P. longum root had weak opioid but
70 therapeutic usefulness in immunocompromised
potent NSAID type of analgesic activity . 83
conditions .

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Anti-depressant activity: proteins associated with cytoskeletal function, resulting in

an increase in the small intestine absorptive surface, thus
Treatment with piperine (6.25–25 µM) for 72 h reversed
assisting efficient permeation through the epithelial
the (corticosterone) CORT-induced reduction of BDNF 96, 97
84 barrier . The study showed that piperine enhances the
mRNA expression in cultured hippocampal neurons . A
serum concentration, extent of absorption and
bioassay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract from the
bioavailability of curcumin in both rats and humans with
fruits of P. longum yielded a known piperidine alkaloid,
no adverse effects98.
piperine having potent antidepressant-like properties
which are mediated in part through the inhibition of MAO Hepatoprotective activity:
activity, and therefore represent a promising
The fruit extract improved the regeneration process by
pharmacotherapeutic candidate as an antidepressant
restricting fibrosis, but offered no protection against
agent85.
acute damage or against cirrhotic changes in rodents99.
Antiulcer activity: Treatment with the ethanol extract of P. longum inhibits
100
liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) .
The water decoction of ginger making up one of the
Piperine exerted a significant protection against tert-butyl
constituents of Mahakasyaya drugs along with water
hydroperoxide and carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by
decoction of P. longum and colloidal solution of Ferula
reducing both in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation,
asafoetida has been reported to protect against CRS-,
enzymatic leakage of GPT and AP, and by preventing the
ASP- and PL- induced gastric ulcers in rats86. Piperine, an
depletion of GSH and total thiols in the intoxicated mice.
alkaloid of long peppers, inhibited gastric emptying (GE)
Piperine showed lower hepato-protective potency than
of solids/liquids in rats and gastrointestinal transit (GT) in
silymarin101.
mice in a dose and time dependent manner. GE inhibitory
activity of piperine is independent of gastric acid and Safety profile:
pepsin secretion87.
Since, it is widely used in cooking and traditional
Effect on Reproductive system: medicine, it is generally assumed to be safe in moderate
doses. However, as the fruits are reported to have
The benzene extract of P. longum in combination with
contraceptive activity in experimental models its use
methanol extract of Embelia ribes berries lead to
during pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. In the
inhibition of pregnancy in 80% of animals88. The exposure
evaluation of antifertility activity, long pepper at a dose of
to pippaliyadi does not have any adverse effect on the
1gm/kg body weight was found to be an effective
postnatal development and reproductive performance of
contraceptive agent without toxic or teratogenic
the F1 progeny89. Piperine showed marked increase in
effects102. Acute and chronic oral toxicity studies on the
serum gonadotropins and a decrease in intratesticular
ethanolic extracts of common spices Cinnamomum
testosterone concentration, despite normal serum
zeylanicum bark and P.longum fruits were carried out in
testosterone titres90. The crude extract of Piper longum
mice showed no significant acute or chronic mortality
and its hexane fraction exhibited 100 and 86% efficacy
compared to the control during this study103. The radio
respectively in female rats91. The reproductive toxicity of
protective property of an ethanolic extract of P. longum
piperine was studied in Swiss albino mice. Piperine
fruits reduced the elevated levels of glutathione pyruvate
increased the period of the diestrous phase, which
transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lipid
seemed to result in decreased mating performance and
peroxidation (LPO) in liver and serum of radiation treated
fertility. The results showed that piperine interferes with
mice. The extract administration also increased the
several crucial reproductive events in a mammalian
92 reduced glutathione (GSH) production to offer the
model . An ayurvedic contraceptive — pippaliyadi vati, 104
radioprotection . Piperine might interfere with
containing equal parts of powdered seeds or fruit berries
enzymatic drug biotrasformations resulting in the
of Embelia ribes, fruit of P. longum and borax powder was
inhibition of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)
fed orally to two groups of pregnant rats and humans to
and UDP-glucuronyltransferase and altered the
study embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The fetuses of
pharmacokinetic parameters of barbiturates and
mothers fed with pippaliyadi had low birth weights and
phenytoin103, 105,106.
were smaller in length with less weight gained during
gestation93.
CONCLUSION
Bioavailability enhancement:
Here, an attempt was made to address chemistry and
Piperine was found to enhance the bioavailability of pharmacology of the P. longum. Therefore, the review of
structurally and therapeutically diverse drugs, possibly by plant Piper longum revealed that it has got a variety of
modulating membrane dynamics due to its easy pharmacologically and medicinally significant
partitioning and increase in permeability of other drugs constituents, which are being utilized in the field of
such as vasicine, indomethacin, diclofenac sodium Ayurveda. It is a plant of high commercial and economical
etc.94,95. It was suggested that piperine might be inducing importance and its use as a bioavailability enhancer can
alterations in membrane dynamics and permeation be explored in various formulations. The above review
characteristics, along with induction in the synthesis of provides information of its phytopharmacolgy, which may
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Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010 ISSN 0976 – 044X

be useful for further study of Ayurvedic drugs of folk 17. Beel KL, Atal CK, Acharya KT, Study of Indian seed
medicinal practice of present era. oils-VIII. Component fatty acids of some seed fats of
piperaceae, 34, Lloydia, 1971, 256-260.
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