Series A.C. Ccts (Complex Numbers App)

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
Complex Numbers Application

Series a.c. circuits
PRESENTED TO
BME 2, BIE 2 & BEE 2 STUDENTS
1
Introduction
⚫ Simple a.c. circuits may be analysed by using
phasor diagrams.
⚫ However, when circuits become more
complicated analysis is considerably simplified
by using complex numbers.
2
a) Pure resistance
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing resistance R only, the
current IR is in phase with the applied voltage VR.
⚫ The impedance Z of the circuit is given by
3
a) Pure resistance
(a)Circuit diagram
(b) Phasor diagram
(c) Argand diagram
4
(b) Pure inductance
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing pure inductance L only, the
current IL lags the applied voltage VL by 90◦.
⚫ where XL is the inductive reactance given by
⚫ where f is the frequency in hertz and L is the

inductance in henrys.
5
(b) Pure inductance
6
(c) Pure capacitance
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing pure capacitance only, the
current IC leads the applied voltage VC by 90˚.
⚫ where XC is the capacitive reactance given by
⚫ where C is the capacitance in farads.
7
(c) Pure capacitance
8
(d) R–L series circuit
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing resistance R and
inductance L in series, the applied voltage V is the
phasor sum of VR and VL. The current I lags the
applied voltage V by an angle lying between 0◦ and
90◦ —the actual value depending on the values of VR
and VL , which depend on the values of R and L.
⚫ In any series circuit the current is common to all
components and is thus taken as the reference
phasor.
9
10
⚫ It may be seen that in complex form the impedance Z
is given by:
11
⚫ It may be seen that in complex form the impedance Z
is given by:
12
⚫ Thus, for example, an impedance expressed as (3+j4)
means that the resistance is 3 and the inductive
reactance is 4. In polar form, Z =|Z|∠φ where, from the
impedance triangle, the modulus of impedance
|Z|=√(R2 +X2L) and the circuit phase angle
φ= tan−1 (XL/R) lagging.
13
(e) R–C series circuit
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing resistance R and
capacitance C in series, the applied voltage V is the
phasor sum of VR and VC. The current I leads the
applied voltage V by an angle lying between 0◦ and
90◦—the actual value depending on the values of VR
and VC, which depend on the values of R and C.
⚫ It may be seen that in complex form the supply voltage
V is given by:
14
15
16
⚫ Thus, for example, an impedance expressed as
(9−j14) means that the resistance is 9 and the
capacitive reactance XC is 14. In polar form, Z =|Z|∠φ
where, from the impedance triangle, |Z|=√(R2 + X2C)
and φ= tan−1 (XC/R) leading.
17
(f) R–L–C series circuit
⚫ In an a.c. circuit containing resistance R, inductance L
and capacitance C in series, the applied voltage V is
the phasor sum of VR, VL and VC.
18
19
⚫ The phasor diagram may be superimposed on the
Argand diagram, where it may be seen that in complex
form the supply voltage V is given by:
20
21
Examples
1. Determine the values of the resistance and the series-
connected inductance or capacitance for each of the
following impedances:
(a) (12+j5) (b) −j40 (c) 30∠60◦
Assume for each a frequency of 50 Hz.
22
Examples
Solution
a) For an R–L series circuit, impedance Z =R+jXL.
23
Examples
Solution
24
Solution
b) For a purely capacitive circuit, impedance Z =−jXc.
25
Solution
26
Examples
2. The impedance of an electrical circuit is (30−j50)
ohms. Determine
(a) the resistance,
(b) the capacitance,
(c) the modulus of the impedance, and
(d) the current flowing and its phase angle, when the
circuit is connected to a 240V, 50 Hz supply.
27
Examples
Solution
28
Examples
Solution
29
Examples
3. A 200V, 50 Hz supply is connected across a coil of
negligible resistance and inductance 0.15H connected in
series with a 32 ohm resistor. Determine
(a) the impedance of the circuit,
(b) the current and circuit phase angle,
(c) the p.d. across the 32 resistor, and
(d) the p.d. across the coil.
30
Solution
31
Solution
The circuit diagram is shown below
32
Solution
33
Solution
34
Solution
35
Solution
36

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ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Complex Numbers Application

BME 2, BIE 2 & BEE 2 STUDENTS

⚫ where XL is the inductive reactance given by

⚫ where f is the frequency in hertz and L is the

⚫ where XC is the capacitive reactance given by

⚫ where C is the capacitance in farads.

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