PRELIMS

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CELL TYPES: Prokaryotic vs.

Eukaryotic

 These are two distinct types of cells with

structural differences.

 They have many membrane-bound

organelles.
 They are much more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
 Larger in size than prokaryotes.

CELL TYPES:
I. Eukaryotic cells  Cell reproduce through mitosis and
>> Have membrane-bound organelles meiosis.
Animals, plants, fungi and
protists.
II. Prokaryotic cells
>> Do not have membrane-bound
organelles.
All bacterias.

CHARACTERISTICS OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS.

 Organisms can be unicellular or
 They all have nucleus where the genetic multicellular.
material of cell is stored.  All plants, animals, fungi and protists are
(“Eu”, true : “Karyon”, nucleus) eukaryotes.
 Their chromosome is linear and contains
the protein histone. (check img)

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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTIC
CELLS.
 They do not have nucleus, and their
genetic material is not stored in the
nucleus.
(“Pro”, before : “Karyon”, nucleus)

 PLANT CELLS

 Their chromosome is circular and contains

basic protein, but no histone.

 ANIMAL CELL

 They do not have membrane-bound

organelles, except for ribosomes, and they
have cell wall (peptidoglycan), cell
membrane and cytoplasm.

(continuation of characts. of prokayote,

next page.)

EXEMPTION !!!
>> No animal cells possessed chloroplasts, but
the protist Euglena contains chloroplast,
though most of them are heterotrophic.
(DO NOT PERFORM PHOTSYNTHESIS)

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STOMACH TISSUES
 Cells reproduce through binary fission.  The stomach is an organ consists of
>> Binary Fission is a type of asexual different tissues.
reproduction where the DNA is copied
and the cell splits.

 Smaller in size than eukaryotes.

 Simpler than eukaryotes.
 All prokaryotes are unicellular.
 All bacteria are prokaryotes.
ANIMAL TISSUES
There are four types of tissues found in
Additional Infos: animals:
1. What are the structures found in plant cells,  Epithelial tissue
but not in animal cells?  Connective tissue
 Chloroplast, Large Central Vacuole and  Muscle tissue
Cell wall.  Nervous tissue
2. What are the structures found in animal
cells, but not in plant cells?
 Lysosome and Centrosome

ANIMAL TISSUES 1. Epithelial Tissue

Covers external and internal
surfaces throughout the body.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Outer layer of skin; lining of cavities
such as: digestive tract, respiratory
passages, blood vessels, gland etc.
Classifications:
> according to layers (simple or
stratified)
> according to cell shape (squamous,
cuboidal, columnar.)

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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE  Transitional Epithelium

>> Consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells
which can contract and expand in order to
adapt to the degree of distension needed.
>> lines the organs of the urinary system.

2. Connective Tissue
Important in supporting,
connecting or separating different
types of tissues and organs in the
body.
 Simple Squamous
>> consists of single layer of flat, often This type of tissue is the most
hexagonal cells that allow substances to pass abundant, widespread, and varied of
by diffusion and osmosis. all tissue types in the body. It also has
LOCATION: Lining of blood vessels, the widest variety of functions.
lymphatic vessels, alveoli of the lungs.
Made up of cells, fibers (such as
collagen and elastin) and extracellular
 Simple Cuboidal
matrix.
>> Consists of single layer of cube-shaped
cells that secrete and absorb substances. The type of intercellular matrix
LOCATION: Kidney tubules, glands and differs in different connective tissues:
their ducts. >>Connective tissue Proper
(Loose and dense)
 Simple Columnar >> Supporting connective
>> Consists of single layer of tall, narrow cells Tissue (Cartilage and bone)
that secrete and absorb substances, and aid in >> Fluid Connective Tissue
movement of particles. (blood)
LOCATION: Bronchioles of lungs, lining of
stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile  Loose Connective Tissue
ducts. >> consists of relatively few proteins fibers
that form a lacy network that attach the skin to
 Psuedostratified Columnar underlying tissues and provide nourishment
>> Consists of single layer of cells (short and for the structures with which it is associated.
tall) that synthesize and secrete mucus into >> Areolar and Reticular LCT.
the free surface.  Areolar (LCT)
LOCATION: lining of nasal cavity, nasal >> consists of a meshwork of collagen,
sinuses, pharynx, trachea. elastic tissue, and reticular fibers.
 Stratified Squamous >> holds the organs in place, cushions and
>> Consists of several layers of cells that are protect organs. (acts as a packing material)
cuboidal in the basal layer and progressively  Reticular (LCT)
flattened toward the surface that protect area >>reticular fibers (thin collagen) are the
subject to abrasion. most prominent fibrous component.
LOCATION: outer layer of the skin, >> forms the supporting framework of the
nonkerantinized layer of the mouth. lymphoid organs, bone marrow, and liver.
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ADIPOSE TISSUE
 Dense Connective Tissue  Consists of lipid-rich cells (adipocytes)
>> also called dense fibrous tissue, is a  Store energy in the form of lipids.
type of connective tissue with fibers (collagen)  Beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat),
as its main matrix element. around internal organs (visceral fat), in
>> compact arrangement of collagen fibers bone marrow (yellow bone marrow),
serves to resist stretch intermuscular (muscular system) and in
>> crowded between the collagen fibers the breast (breast tissue)
are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells,
that generate the fibers. BLOOD
 Important in carrying nutrients, oxygen,
waste products, and other materials in the
TYPES OF DCT body.
 Cell types are red blood cells
1. Dense regular- found (erythrocytes), white blood cells
in the tendons. (leukocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes)
2. Dense irregular-  Fluid portion of whole blood, its matrix, is
found in the dermis. commonly called plasma.
3. Elastic tissue- found
in the ligament between
the vertebrae.

CARTILAGE
Cell types in cartilage are
chondrocytes, the ground substance is
chondroitin sulfate.

It provides flexible support.

Hyaline cartilage - surface of joints, 3. Muscle Tissue

nose, trachea. Attached to a soft tissue or bone.
Its main characteristic is its ability
Elastic cartilage - pinna of the ear. to contract, or shorten, making
movement possible.
Fibrocartilage - intervertebral discs. Three types: skeletal, cardiac and
smooth.
BONE TISSUE
Consists of living cells (osteocytes)
and mineralized matrix with collagen
(hydroxyapatite)

Provides strength, rigidity, and support;

create blood cells.

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 SKELETAL MUSCLE
4. NERVOUS TISSUE
- attached to a bone or other
connective tissue and enables body to Forms the brain, spinal cord, and
move. nerves.
- with striations (alternating light and Responsible for coordinating and
dark lines); multinucleated cells; under controlling many body activities.
voluntary control. Consists of neurons and support
cells (neuroglia).
 CARDIAC MUSCLE
- muscle of the heart responsible for
pumping blood.
- with striations; cells with single
nucleus; with intercalated discs; under
involuntary control.

 SMOOTH MUSCLE
- found in the walls of the hollow
organs, such as the intestines, uterus and
stomach.
- no striations; cells with single
nucleus; under the involuntary control.

GOOD LUCK !!

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