Topic: Photography

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
a. recognize the history and importance of photography;
b. appreciate the “role of third” in photography; and
c. discuss the types of photography

Springboard

As a preliminary activity for the topic, answer the following questions in a separate paper. (20
points)

1. Why do people take photos?

2. Do you believe in the expression “A photo is worth a thousand words? Why or why not?

Input

The Origin of Photography

The word photography is from two Greek words photos or phos, for “light” and graphe,
for “lines” or “drawing.” Therefore, Photography is described as the art in creating or drawing
durable images by recording light using either photographic film or image sensor (Spencer, 1973). It
was first coined by Sir John Herschel in a lecture before the Royal Society of London, on March 14,
1839. It has become a powerful means of communication and a mode of visual expression that
touches human life in many ways (Eder, 1945).

Importance of Photography

We have always wanted to reproduce the world around us, beginning with cave drawings to
painting on canvas and eventually leading to the invention of photography. Our photographs share
so much about who we are as individuals. It tells what we find beautiful, fascinating, funny,
delicious, meaningful, inspiring. It allows us to showcase our style, interests, relationships, and
adventures, to mark the passage of time. Photography has been used in advertising, books,
magazines, newspapers, television, and in research to convey information and advertise products
and services.

The Digital Era of Photography

Until the present times, photography was quite a problematic type of art to maintain. One
may have cameras with different lenses, manual focus, and complicated settings. However, with
the advent of digital cameras, all this complexity vanished. Digital cameras have a different way of
saving images. Instead of using film, it uses a sensor in to save images onto a digital memory card
or internal storage ((Tolmachev, 2010; Ma, 2017).

Digital photography is the art of manipulating and producing digital pictures. It uses
electronic photodetectors to capture the image focused by the lens. The captured image is stored as
a computer file ready for digital processing, viewing, and publishing.

The technique in photography originated during early-to-mid 1600s. It started from the
camera’s predecessor known as the camera obscura (a Latin word which means “dark room”). It
was a box wherein when the light went through the pinhole it formed an image on the glass.
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The famous artists of the Renaissance who use the obscura were Leonardo da Vinci and Michael
Angelo.

In the 1820s, Joseph Niepce, a French scientist improve the lithography, a method of
printing technique which is based initially on the immiscibility of oil and water. Joseph discovered a
way to copy engravings onto glass using a variety of materials (mainly bitumen, a light-reacting
asphalt). When light shined through the paper, it burned an image into dark bitumen, which
created an almost identical image from the original.

In the year 1900, photography became available to everybody. Its fame started with George
Eastman, who was the founder of the Eastman Kodak Company.The first camera open to the public
was the Kodak no 1.

On October 17, 1969, Willard Boyle and George Smith of Bell Laboratories invented the
Charge-Coupled Device (CCD), a type of sensor that is used to capture an image by taking the light
and translating it into digital data.

In December 1975, the first recorded attempt in the building of a prototype digital camera
was made by Steven Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak. This camera weighed 9 pounds and
can record black and white images to a cassette tape. To view the photos, the Kodak engineers had
to develop a unique screen. It was able to capture a .01 megapixel image (10,000 pixels) and took
23 seconds to record a copy to the tape.

In 1988, the first real digital camera that recorded images as a computerized file was
produced by the Fuji DS-1P. During this year, the first JPEG and MPEG standards were fixed.
These standards set in place a universal format which allowed images (JPEG) and video (MPEG) to
stored in a compressed form which can be recorded to a 16 MB internal memory card.

In 1990, Dycam Model became the first commercially available digital camera. It also sold
the Logitech Fotoman. It used a CCD (Charge Couple Device) image sensor, stored pictures digitally,
and connected directly to a computer for download (Said, 1990).

Rule of Thirds Composition

One of the main factors that differentiate a great photograph from an ordinary one is
composition, or how are objects/ subjects placed in the shot. The Rule of Thirds is a great
compositional technique for making photos more dynamic and exciting. It is also a compositional
rule for painting and photography.

The Rule of Thirds is also known as the guideline which applies to the process of composing
visual images like in painting, designs, and photographs (Meech, 1991). The instruction proposes
that the picture is visualized as divided into nine equal parts by two equally-spaced horizontal lines
and two equally-spaced vertical lines, and those essential compositional elements should place
along these lines. Proponents of the method claim that aligning a subject with these points create
more composition, energy, and tension (Peterson, 2003).

The Rule of Thirds asserts that an image is most pleasing when its subjects poised along
imaginary lines which divide vertically and horizontally the image into thirds. It is applied by
aligning a subject with the guidelines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top
or bottom line (Krages, 2005).

Likewise, using the Rule of Thirds helps produce nicely balanced easy on the eye pictures.
Also, as you have to arrange things relative to the edges of the frame, it helps get rid of small
subject surrounded by vast space’ syndrome.

Types of Photography

Photography is one of the best favorite pastimes that many of us craved. A photograph is
definitely worth a thousand words and has the power to convey a whole new meaning of a particular

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condition. Different pictures are made to share its unique characteristics of selectivity,
instantaneity, and Credibility (Barrett, 2007). There are several types of photography and thus,
several kinds of photographers. The different types of photography require various techniques, and
types of photographer use their talent in their meticulous field of expertise. The following are some
standard photography styles that enjoy a prominent position in the creative world.

Aerial Photography- It refers to the taking of photographs of the ground from an elevated
position. It is acquired through the use of a specialized camera mounted such as fixed-wing
aircraft, helicopters, drones, balloons, kites, parachutes, etc.

Astrophotography- It focuses entirely on taking images from space. This type could vary from
the planets to the stars or any other exciting configurations.

Commercial Photography- It is a photographic work done for commercial purposes, such as

corporate brochures and leaflets, menus in cafes and restaurants, magazine advertising,
merchandising, and product placement. It has various types such as:

a. Advertising photography- This type of photography is used to highlight a product, service, brand
or an individual, in print advertising (such as magazines, newspapers, leaflet, etc).

b. Architecture and interior photography- This photography is used in capturing images of structures
and beauty of an interior space in which photographers use lightning techniques to attract clients.

c. Automotive photography- This photography is utilized by car or automobile companies and

dealerships to promote brand new or existing cars, driving awareness about a car’s features and
benefits to potential clientele.

d. Food photography- This photography is a specialized category of commercial photography which

is used to capture the pictures of various cuisines and menus in an attractive style.

e. Jewellery photographs- This photography is used in highlighting beautiful images of bracelets,

necklace, ring, and other jewellery items.

f. Journalism photography- This photography is the art of taking photographs which are considered
as attractive and goes along with news topics, to substantiate the news story or report.

g. Product photography- This photography is used in capturing excellent images to attractively

represents a product in advertising. It sometimes includes people as part of the product. It attracts
people to see someone they know or a face that is likable to a product.

h. Sports photography- It is a type of photography which is utilized to write sports news, using
excellent cameras that take sharp pictures of players in action.

Fine Art Photography- It refers to highly creative images that have an abstract influence.
These photographs can be equal to an artist’s expression on painting.

Forensic Photography- It is also known as crime scene photography wherein the work of the
photographer is mainly to capture images for an accurate representation of the scene of the crime.

Headshot Photography- This type of photography focuses mainly on the person’s face. This is
also known as mug shots.

Macro Photography- This type of photography is about close-up images of a specific topic. It is
commonly applied mainly to capture details of organisms or nature that may not be visible to the
naked eye.

Nature Photography- It encompasses all forms of photography where the main subject has
something to do with nature. It focuses on landscapes, wildlife, underwater, and plants life as they
are in their natural environment.

Nude Photography- It is about the portrayal of the human body in the naked form.
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 Portrait Photography- It is all about capturing the mood of a person, with an emphasis on the
face and expression of a person.

Still Life Photography- It is all about capturing objects on camera that are deliberately grouped
to create a particular composition. This requires the photographer to have an excellent lighting
technique.

Street Photography- It is all about capturing candid images of public places or even people in
their natural element. It requires the photographer the skill to mingle with people and achieve the
best frames.

Travel Photography- It involves capturing images of a particular landscape, traditions, and

customs or even people from different places.

Essential Components and Features of a Camera

Cameras are beneficial devices and used for the sole purpose of capturing still images, may it
be for leisure or security. Any and every camera has some fundamental parts which are very crucial
for its functioning (Dachis, 2001). Some essential components and features of a camera are as
follow:

1. Aperture- It is an opening in which light travels through and can be adjusted to control
the amount of light that reached the image sensor.

2. Built-in Flash- It is used to capture a shot of dimly-lit views. It may automatically fired in
some modes.

3. Body. It is the housing for the camera.

4. Focus Point Selection Button- It is used to select the position to set the focus (the AF
point) during AF shooting.

5. Hot Shoe- It is the section of the top of the camera and used to attach a flash unit.

6. Lens- It is the eye of the camera.

7. Lens Mount- It is the section for connecting the exchangeable lens to the camera body.

8. Lens Mount Index- It is an align mark on the lens and serves as a basis when you are
attaching or detaching a lens.

9. Lens Release Button- It is a button used when you want to disconnect the lens.

10. Live View Shooting (Movie Shooting Switch) - It is used to turn on or turn off the Live
View function.

11. MENU Button- It is used to display the menu for adjusting the different camera
operations.

12. Multi-Controller Key- It is used to move between the menu items or to move the
magnified display to a different point during image playback.

13. Self-Timer- It is used to delay the time between pressing the shutter button and the
camera taking the subject.

14. Shutter Release Button-It is the button found on many cameras used to take photos.

15. Shutter Speed- It indicates the time interval during which the shutter is open.

16. Viewfinder Eyepiece- It is used to view the image of the subject you want to capture.

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 WEST PRIME HORIZON INSTITUTE, INC.
V. Sagun cor. M. Roxas St.
San Francisco Dist., Pagadian City

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year/Block: _______________________________ Date:__________________
Fb acc. __________________________ Phone #:___________________

Picture Analysis

Instructions: Look at the picture carefully. Make your title of this and explain your reflection
about it. (50 points)

Title:

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Topic: Music
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Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students are able to:
a. recognize the origin and importance of Music;
b. appreciate the role of music in our lives; and
c. discuss the essentials in song writing;

Springboard

As a preliminary activity for the topic, the teacher will ask the students the following
questions: Answer the question in a separate paper. (20 points)

1. Explain this saying: “Music is the harmonious voice of creation; an echo of the invisible world.”

Input

The Origin and Importance of Music

The word “music” is from the Greek word mousike, which means “Art of the Muses.” It is the
art of arranging tones in an orderly way to produce a unified and continuous composition. The
common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its
associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation) dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and
texture.

To many people of different cultures, music is an integral part of their way of life. It is an art
that puts sounds together in a way that people like. Most music includes people singing with their
voices or playing a musical instrument, such as drums, piano, guitar, and others.

When music is written on a staff, the pitches (tones) and their duration are represented by
symbols known as notes. These symbols are put on the lines and in the spaces between the lines.
Each position says which tone must be played. The higher the note is in the staff, the higher the
pitch of the tone. The lower the notes are, the lower the pitch of the tone.

Music can also be written, naming them as in the solfa “Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Si/Ti, Do.”
The next table shows how each note is represented in the Standard Notation or chords. This
notation was made to make the lecture on music notes simple and easy to read.

Solfa name Standard Notation

Do C
Re D
Me E
Fa F
Sol G
La A
Ti B

What is the Role of Music in Our Lives

Art and music are fundamental human functions and essential parts of human life.
Without music, our life is a lost, unsure, and probably incapable of venting our emotions (Galindo,
2003). Based on studies, music can be a right way of helping our imagination goes to new heights.
It touches our soul and enables us to express different moods and emotions. It inspires people and
allows us to get in touch with our feelings in a way that is unique. It allows our body and mind to
make a break from the monotony of life.

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 Likewise, music can kindle the mind. It can inspire ordinary human feelings and bridges
gaps between cultures. It touches our emotional being and shows emotions that are sometimes
difficult to articulate. It can be our day happy or excited.

The Elements of Music

Music is highly useful art that originates in nature and has been taken up by humanity as
a way of expression. It has the power to influence emotional and psychological aspects of behavior.
It has major elements, namely:

1. Harmony (From the Greek harmonia, meaning “joint or agreement”) - It refers to the
verticalization of pitch. It is often thought as the art of combining pitches into chords. These
chords are usually arranged into sentence-like patterns called chord progressions.

2. Key- It is known as tonality, a principle in music composition wherein at the end of the
piece there is a feeling of completion by going back to the tonic.

3. Melody (From a Greek meloidia, which means “singing” or “chanting”)- It refers to the tune
of a song or piece of music.

4. Pitch- It refers to the perceptual property that allows the ordering of sounds on a
frequency-related scale either relative lowness or highness.

5. Rhythm- It comes from a Greek word rhythmos, which means “any regular recurring
motion.” It is the pattern of the sound in time and beats in music.

6. Tempo- It regards to the speed (slow or fast) of a given piece of music.

7. Texture- It refers to how the harmonic materials are combined in a composition. It could
be monophonic (single melodic line), polyphonic (two or more melodic lines) and homophonic (the
main melody accompanied by chords).

8. Timbre- It refers to the quality of the sound (tone) that distinguishes one voice or
instrument from another.

The Essentials in Song writing

The song is a composition for a voice or voices, performed by singing. Musical instruments
may accompany a song, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of the cappella songs. It may be
for a solo singer, a duet, trio, or larger ensemble involving more voices. Songs with more than one
voice to a part are considered choral works. Most song writing techniques are about what you
should do to succeed. Below are the common essentials in song writing (Kamien, 1997).

Arrangement. Arrangement in music is considered as a reconceptualization of a previously

composed work. It includes the order in which the sections of music are placed (such as,
introverse-chorus-verse-chorus), and the organization of the instrumentation, vocals or other parts
of music that make up the song.

Beat and Rhythm. The beat is the speed (tempo) of the song that drives the listener to feel
either fast or slow. On the other hand, the rhythm is the beat that the various instruments such as
bass, drum, and guitar have produced.

Chords (chord progression). It refers to any harmonic set of pitches used to accompany the
melody of the song. It is formed when multiple pitches (notes on a musical instrument) are placed
together on staff (a sheet of music). It comes in different varieties, which includes the augmented
chords, major chords, minor chords, diminished chords, seventh chords, and Neapolitan chords.

Concept (story). All songs have a storyline or concept. Typically, the song title will convey the
essence of that story idea and the words (lyric) will expound upon that idea.

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 Genre and Style. The genre of the song such as pop, rock, or country is established by the beat
and rhythm of the song. The quality of the song branches out from the genre, such as alternative,
hip-hop, punk rock, or alternative type of music.

Length. The length of a song is always considered, depending on its use. They can be shorter or
longer, but this is the typical length of today’s musical arrangement. Lyrics. This term comes
from the Greek word lyrikos, which means “singing to the lyre.” It describes a concept of a theme
which rhymes in the sections of music.

Melody. Melody is the harmony of the song that you play or sing. It is the main line of music
you’re making and the basis of the song.

Song Sections. Songs are divided up into sections or components such as intro, verse, chorus,
bridge, lead breaks, etc.

The Different Music Genres

Being involved in a musical event with music-minded people who enjoy the same sort of
songs and sounds can be a good experience. Genres can sometimes be a good-natured way to work
with other people and to introduce new fans to the music you are producing.

Music is a form of art and an organized sound. It voices our emotions harmoniously and
pleasantly. Different genres of music help in soothing one’s disturbed soul in the growth of
concentration and cheer us to live our life joyfully. Some types of music are as follows:

Classical Music. Classical music is a sophisticated form of composition as it requires skills

like learning the ability to coordinate with others musicians.

Folk Music. This type of music reflects the emotions of common people. Cultural and popular
music are the two sub-genres of folk music.

Funk.This music became known in the late 1960s. Funk made rhythm the most important
element while de-emphasizing melody.

Hip-hop Music. Hip-hop music always includes the use of an instrument such as bass, drums,
guitar, piano, violin, and fiddle. In this type of music, the bass is the main instrument. This can be
used in different intensities to emote feelings of anger or pride.

Jazz. Complex and strong beats feature this type of music. The main instruments used for this
type of music are a cornet, trumpet, or violin.

Meta Music. This is a type of music wherein the melody is influenced by the structure of the
songs (known as “information music”).

Opera Music. This genre has a fantastic combination of theatrical art and musical invention
and is played explicitly in big audiences.

Rock Music. This music genre requires the vocals to be accompanied by bass, drums, and
guitar. Sometimes, piano, synthesizer, saxophone, flute, mandolin, and sitar are also in this genre
for a more profound impact. This type of music has several sub-genres, such as hard rock, metal
rock, and progressive rock.

Techno Music. This genre is also known as fusion type of music. This is a form of electronic
dance-music based on African-American music styles like electro jazz and funk.

Trance Music. This type of music is usually performed in clubhouses. This is characterized by
fast tempo and repetitious beats.

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Classification of Musical Instruments

A Musical instrument is a tool adapted or created in making musical sounds. It was

primarily designed to emulate natural sounds for ritual purposes. Their vocal range often classifies
it in comparison with other instruments such as the following:

a. Alto Instruments

1. Alto Saxophone- It is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented

in 1841 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument designer. It is a type of device mostly used in
classical compositions.

2. French Horn- It is a brass instrument made about 12-13 feet of tubing wrapped into a coil
with a flared bell.

3. English Horn (also known as coranglais) - It is a double-reed woodwind instrument in the

oboe family.

4. Viola- It is the middle voice of the violin family and between the violin and the cello. It is a
bowed string instrument.

b. Bass Instruments

1. Double Bass- It is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern
symphony orchestra.

2. Bass Guitar- It is a stringed instrument with a longer neck and scale length, with four to
eight strings. It is played mainly with the fingers or thumb, by picking, plucking, slapping, popping,
tapping, or thumping.

3. Bass Saxophone-It is one of the largest members of the saxophone family of low range,
usually supported on a stand while being played.

4. Tuba- It is the largest and deep-pitched brass instrument. The Sound is produced by
vibrating the lips into a sizeable cup-shaped mouthpiece.

c. Baritone Instruments

1. Bassoon- It is, a woodwind instrument in the double reed family. It is played by pressing
the reed between the lips and blow to sound the instrument.

`2. Baritone Saxophone- It is one of largest members of the saxophone family and is the
lowest-pitched saxophone.

3. Bass Clarinet- It is regularly performed in symphony orchestras, wind ensembles,

occasionally in marching bands, and plays an occasional solo role in contemporary music.

4. Cello (viooncello)- It is a bowed, and sometimes plucked string instrument. It has a hollow
wooden body with two sound holes, and four strings were running along the body and neck.

5. Baritone Horn-It is a wind instrument that consists of a brass tube (usually of variable
length) that is blown using a cup-shaped or pipe-shaped mouthpiece.

d. Soprano Instruments

1. Flute- It is a wind instrument that produces sound through the flow of air from the hole
that has an elaborate set of keys.

2. Violin- It is a small string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths.

3. Soprano Saxophone- It is a woodwind instrument used as a solo and chamber instrument

in classical music or a concert band or orchestra.

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 4. Trumpet- It is the musical instrument which is usually played by blowing air through
closed lips in producing a buzzing sound.

5. Clarinet- It is a type of woodwind instrument that has a straight cylindrical tube with a
flaring bell and a single-reed mouthpiece.

6. Oboe- It is a woodwind instrument with a double-reed mouthpiece, a slender tubular body,

and holes stopped by keys.

7. Piccolo- It is the high-pitched woodwind instrument used in orchestras and military bands

e. Tenor Instruments

1. Trombone- It is a musical instrument in which the sound is produced when the player’s
vibrating lips trigger the air column inside the device to vibrate.

2. Tenor Saxophone- It is a medium-sized woodwind instrument that is very prominent in

jazz groups and is one of the essential voices of a concert or marching band.

3. Guitar- It is a stringed musical instrument with a fretted fingerboard, typically incurved

sides, and have six or twelve strings, played by plucking or strumming.

Reference: Reference: Art Appreciation for the New General Education Curriculum

Book: Art Appreciation

Copyright 2018

Roman D. Leano, Jenny Marsha B. Agtani

Published by: MINDSHAPERS, CO., INC.

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 WEST PRIME HORIZON INSTITUTE, INC.
V. Sagun cor. M. Roxas St.
San Francisco Dist., Pagadian City

Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________

Course/Year/Block: _______________________________ Date:__________________
Fb acc. __________________________ Phone #:___________________

Instructions: Listen or sing the song entitled “Lead Me Lord” by Gary Valenciano and write a
reflection on the meaning of the song at least 150 words. (50 points)

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