REVISION: MODAL VERBS (some exercises from Essential Grammar in Use and Grammar in Use.

CUP)

Present CAN BE ABLE TO Habilidad aprendida/ Capacidad Learned ability/ Capacity be able to = other tenses. ser capaz de

Past COULD (general ability) WAS ABLE TO MANAGED TO COULDNT (particular ability) * Verbos de percepcin y pensamiento pueden llevar could

Exercise 1: Learned ability and capacity.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. My father was a very clever man. He ____________ speak five languages. I looked everywhere for the book but I ___________find it. They didnt want to come with us at first but we ______________persuade them. Laura had hurt his leg and ____________________walk very slowly. Sue wasnt at home when I phoned but I ______________________contact her at her office. I looked very carefully and I _____________________see a figure in the distance. I wanted to buy some tomatoes. The first shop I went to didnt have any but I _______________ get some in the next shop. 8. My grandmother loved music. She ______________________ play the piano very well. 9. A girl fell into the river but fortunately we __________________ rescue her. 10. I had forgotten to bring my camera, so I ___________________take any photographs. *Verbos de percepcin y pensamiento pueden llevar could: see, hear, smell, taste, feel , remember, understand.(Son los ms habituales) Can Be allowed to = estar permitido (normativo What is the rule? y otros tiempos verbales) Could (general) Was/were allowed to (particular) Couldnt

Permiso indirecto

Exercise 2: Complete the sentences using could or was/were allowed to. Sometimes either form is
possible. Example: I was allowed to see him for a few moments yesterday. 1. 2. 3. 4. Andrew________________ leave school early yesterday because he wasnt feeling well. Until the 19th century, people _____________ travel freely between most countries without a passport. Sues children __________________ watch the film on TV last night. Her son has to wear a uniform in his new school, but in his old school he __________wear whatever he liked.

Exercise 3: Permiso directo:May I/ can I? .? (para pedir permiso)or Am I allowed to...?(What

is the rule?) 1. May I use your computer? 2. Am I allowed to smoke in the cinema? 3. __________cross the road here? 4.____________ ask you a question? 5. ______________go in this park? 6.______________ take money out of England? 7. ______________ I read your paper?

Present OBLIGATION
Must (personal) have to (externo) need to had to

Past

Exercise 4: In some of these sentences, must is wrong or unnatural. Correct the sentences where
necessary. 1 Its later than I thought. I must go. OK (have to is also correct) 2 I must work every day from 8.30 to 5.30. I have to work 3. You must come and see us again soon. _____________________________ 4. Tom cant meet us tomorrow. He must work. ______________________________ 5. I must work late yesterday evening. ______________________________ 6. I must get up early tomorrow, I have lots to do. ______________________________ 7 Julia wears glasses. She must wear glasses since she was very _____________________________ young. Exercise 5: Complete the sentences with have to/ has to / had to. 1. Bill stars work at 5 a. m. He has to get up at four. (He / get up) 2. I broke my arm last week Did you have to go to hospital? (you / go) 3. There was a lot of noise from the street. ______________________________ the windows. (We close) 4. Karen cant stay for the whole meeting._________________________ early . (she/ leave) 5. How old _____________________ to drive in your country? (you/be) 6. I dont have much time. ____________________________________(I / hurry) 7. How is Paul enjoying his new job? ______________________________ a lot? (He / travel) 8. Im afraid I cant stay long What time ___________________________ (you go)? 9. The bus was late again. How long _____________________________ (you wait)? 10. There was nobody to help me. I __________________________ everything myself. (I / do)

PROHIBITION ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

mustnt neednt dont need to dont have to

wasnt/werent allowed to didnt have to didnt need to * neednt have + participio

Exercise 6: Complete the sentences with mustnt or dont/doesnt have to.

I dont want anyone to know about the plan. You mustnt tell anyone. Richard doesnt have to wear a suit to work, but he usually does. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I __________________ go to work. Whatever you do, you _____________________ touch that switch. It s dangerous. There is a lift in the building, so we ____________________ climb the stairs. You _________________ what I told you. Its very important. Sue_______________ get up early, but she usually does. Dont make so much noise. We ____________________ wake the children. I _________________________ eat too much. Im supposed to be on a diet. You _________________________be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences using Have to + the verbs in the list. Some sentences are positive
(I have to etc) and some are negative (I dont have toetc): ask do drive get up go make make pay show 1. Im not working tomorrow, so I dont have to get up early. 2. Steve didnt know how to use the computer, so I had to show him. 3. Excuse me a moment I ______________________ a phone call. It wont be long. 4. Im not so busy. I have a few things to do, but I ________________________them now. 5. I couldnt find the street I wanted. I ___________________somebody for directions. 6. The car park is free. You ___________________ park you car there. 7. A man was injured in the accident, but he ______________________to hospital because it wasnt serious. 8. Sue has a senior position in the company. She _________________important decisions. 9. When Patrick starts his new job next month, he______________ 50 miles to work every day.

Exercise 8: Complete the sentences with must, mustnt or neednt.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. We havent got much time. We must hurry. Weve got plenty of time. We neednt hurry. We have enough food at home, so we _____________________ go shopping today. Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________________ remember to post it. Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________________forget to post it. Theres plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You _________________decide now. You ___________________________ wash those tomatoes. Theyve already been washed. This is a valuable book. You _______________look after it carefully and you ________ lose it. A: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big? B: Well, it _________________ be big thats not so important. But it _______________ have a nice garden thats essential!

Exercise 9: Read the situations and make sentences with neednt have.
1. 2. Paul went out. He took an umbrella because he thought it was going to rain. But it didnt rain. He neednt have taken an umbrella_______________________________________________ Linda bought some eggs when she was sopping. When she got home, she found that she already had plenty of eggs. She____________________________________________________________. A colleague got angry with you at work. He shouted at you, which you think was unnecessary. Later you say to him: You ______________________________________________________. Brian had money problems, so he sold his car. A few days later he won some money in a lottery. He _________________________________________________________________________. We took a camcorder with us on holiday, but we didnt use it in the end. We___________________________________________________________________. I thought I was going to miss my train, so I rushed to the station. But the train was late and in the end I had to wait twenty minutes._________________________________________________.

3. 4. 5. 6.

ADVICE/ DUTY

Should /ought to(general and

particular situations)

should have + participio ought to have + participio

* had better + infinitive(we

only use it for particular situations , not general, and there is a danger or problem if you do not follow the advice.)

Exercise 10: Read the situations and write sentences with should /shouldnt. Some of the sentences
are past and some are present. 1. Im feeling sick. I ate too much. I shouldnt have eaten so much. 2. That man on the motorbike never wears a helmet. Thats dangerous. He should wear a helmet when he rides his motorbike. 3. When we got to the restaurant, there were no free tables. We hadnt resrved one. We_____________________________________________________________. 3. The notice says that the shop is open every day from 8.30. It is 9 oclock now, but the shop isnt open yet. _____________________________________________________. 4. Laura gave me her address, but I didnt write it down. Now I cant remember it. ________________________________________________________________. 5. The speed limit is 30 miles an hour, but Kate is doing 50. She __________________________________________________________.

Exercise 11: Put in had better where suitable. If had better is not suitable, use should.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I have an appointment in ten minutes. Id better go now or Ill be late. Its a great film. You should go and see it. Youll relly like it. I _____________________get up early tomorrow. Ive got a lot to do. When people are driving , they ____________ keep their eyes on the road. Im glad you came tosee us. You _____________come more often. Shell be upset if we dont invite her to the wedding, so we ___________invite her. These biscuits are delicious. You _________________ try one. I think everybody _______________learn a foreign language.

DEDUCCIN
DEDUCTION

Must Cant

Must have + participio Cant have + participio

Exercise 12: Put in must or cant.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Youve been traveling all day. You must be tired. That restaurant __________________ be very good. It is always full of people. That restaurant _________________ be very good. Its always empty. I am sure I gaver you the keys. You ________ have it: Have you looked in your bag? Youre going on holiday next week. You ______________ be looking forward to it. It rained every day during their holiday, so they __________ have had a very nice time. Congratulations on passing your exam. You ______________be very pleased. You got here very quickly. You ___________have walked very fast. Bill and Sue always travel business class, so they _____________be short of money.

Ejercicio 13: Read the situations and use the words in brackets to write sentences with must have and cant have 1. The phone rang, but I didnt hear it (I / asleep) I must have been asleep 2. Sue hasnt contacted me (She/ get/ my message) She cant have got my message. 3. The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it/ very expensive) ___________________________________________________ 4. I havent seen the people next door for ages. (they / go away) ___________________________________________________ 5. I cant find my umbrella . (I/ leave/ it in the restaurant lat night) ___________________________________________________ 6. Dave, who is usually very friendly, walked past me without speaking. (he/see/ me) ___________________________________________________________ 7. There was a man standing outside the shop. (he/ wait/ for somebody) ___________________________________________________________ 8. When I got back to my car, the door was unlocked. (I / forget/ to lock it) ___________________________________________________________ 9. I was woken up in the night by the noise next door (the neighbours/ have a party) ___________________________________________________________

POSSIBILITY
May Posibilidad Might May not May have + participio Might not Might have + participio (es posible que algo no sea verdad)

Exercise 14: Write these sentences in a different way using may or might (present or past).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Perhaps Margaret is in her office Perhaps Margaret is busy. Perhaps she was ill yesterday. Perhaps she went home early. Perhaps she doesnt want to see me Perhaps he didnt go shopping. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Couldnt (no es possible que algo sea verdad) *Could have + participio

Posibilidad(damos una opinin)+ Could sugerencia + para preguntar por posibilidad

* expreasr que algo pudo ocurrir , pero no ocurri

Exercise 15: Complete the sentences . Use could or could have + a suitable verb.
1) A: What shall we do tonight? B: I dont mind. We _____________to the cinema. 2) A: I had a very boring evening at home yesterday. B:Why did you stay at home? You _________________________________to the cinema. 3) A: Theres an interesting job advertised in the newspaper: You _____________________ for it. B: What sort of job is it? Show me the advertisement. 4) A.:Did you go to the concert last night? B: No. We ________________________________________ but we decided not to. 5) A: Where shall we meet tomorrow? B: Well, I __________________________________ to your house if you like. 6) The phone is ringing. Who do you think is it? It ______________ Tim 7) I am really hungry. I ____________ a horse!

Exercise 16: Complete the sentences with might not or couldnt.

1. A: Do you think she saw you? B: No, she was too far away. She ___________________ (see) me 2. A: I wonder why she didnt say hello. Perhaps she didnt see you. B: Thats possible. She _____________________(see) you. 3. A: I wonder why Anna didnt come to the party. Perhaps she wasnt invited. B: Yes, its possible. She _________________(invite) 4. A. How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident B:Well, the police arent sure. They say it __________________(be) an accident 5. A: Tom loves parties. Im sure he would have come to the party if hed been invited. B: I agree. He _____________________________________

Peticiones directas

Permiso directo

May? Might? Can? Could? Will? Would? Do you think you could? Do you mind if I ? Is it all right/ Is it Ok if I? Puedo usar el diccionario? Podra abrir la ventana? Podra l venir a la fiesta

me haras un favor? Podras esperar un momento? Puedes pasarme las sal? Puedo ayudarle? Le gustara una taza de t?

Se responde con can/may Yes, you can /may No, you cant/ may not.

Permiso directo

Can I.....? Could I....? May I..? Might I ? Couldnt I ? Cant

Can I go to the cinema? Could I stay longer? May I leave the room? Couldnt I stay longer? Cant I stay?

Se responde con can/may Yes, you can /may No, you cant/ may not.

Ofrecer e invitar

Would you like?

Yes, please No, thank you

Ejercicio 17: What would you say in these situations?

1. Paul has come to see you in your flat. Tou offer him something to drink. YOU: Would you like something to eat? PAUL: No , thank you. Ive just eaten. 2. You need help to change the film in your camera. You ask Kate. YOU: I dont know how to change the film.________________________________? KATE: Sure. Its easy. All you have to do is this. 3. You are on a bus. You have a seat, but an elderly man is standing. You offer him your seat. YOU:______________________________________________________________? MAN: Oh, thats very kind of you. Thank you very much. 4. You are a passenger in a car. Your friend is driving very fast. You ask her to slow down. YOU: You are making me very nervous. _________________________________? DRIVER: Oh, Im sorry. I didnt realize I was going so fast. 5. Youve finished your meal in a restaurant and now you want the bill. You ask the waiter: YOU: _____________________________________________________? WAITER: Right. Ill get it for you. 6. A friend of yours is interested in one of your books. You invite him to borrow it. FRIEND: This looks very interesting. YOU: Yes, its a good book. _______________________________________?