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Study of UNIX Operating System and c program for seccond semester record download
05:21
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Ex.No:1 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
To
introduce
the
concept
of
UNIX
Operating
System
Introduction An Operating System is an important part of a computer system. The computer system is built from the three general components.
Hardware
Applications
Operating
System
Hardware
An Operating System is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer. In fact, it is the one, which gets loaded into the computer memory first when the system is booted. It always 'lives' in memory, [keeps waiting] for commands and acts accordingly when it gets one. It is an intelligent servant and it controls and co-ordinates all the activities of the computer. Without an operating system, the most powerful computer in the world would be useless. The term UNIX is derived from UNICS means UNiplexed Information Computing Systems.
UNIX Operating System is a Multi-user and Multi-tasking Operating System. UNIX operating system is like a layer between the hardware and the applications that run on the computer. It has functions that manage the hardware and functions that manage executing applications. The part of UNIX that manages the hardware and the executing processes is called the KERNEL.
History
of
UNIX
In late 1960's, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT&T Bell laboratories started writing an Operating System named as 'UNIX'. At first, UNIX was written in assembly language. Ken Thompson and Ritchie were not satisfied. They wanted a general Operating System that would run on any kind of hardware. The whole UNIX OS was rewritten in 'C' language in 1973. Today, UNIX is a giant OS and has much powerful than most of its counterparts.
The The
or UNIX a
of the start
UNIX are:
capability
y y y y
Programming facility
Multitasking
capability
Multitasking is the capability of the operating system to perform various task simultaneously. I.e. A single user can run multiple tasks concurrently.
Multi-user
capability
Multi-user capability of UNIX allows several users to use the same computer to perform their tasks. Several terminals [Keyboards and Monitors] are connected to a single powerful computer [UNIX server] and each user can work with their terminals.
Security
UNIX allows sharing of data; every user must have a single login name and password. So, accessing another user's data is impossible without his permission.
Portability
UNIX is portable because it is written in a high level language. So, UNIX can be run on different computers.
Communication
UNIX
supports
the
following
communications.
Between the different terminals connected to the UNIX server. Between the users of one computer to the users of another computer located on elsewhere.
Programming
facility
UNIX is highly programmable, the UNIX shell programming language has all the necessary ingredients like conditional and control structures (Loops) and variables, which establish it as a programming language in its own right.
UNIX is functionally
is organized at
The three levels of the UNIX system: kernel, shell, and tools and applications.
The
kernel,
which
schedules
tasks
and
manages
storage;
The shell, which connects and interprets users' commands, calls programs from memory, and executes them; and The tools and applications that offer additional functionality to the operating system Kernel
It is the core of the operating system. It controls all the tasks and carryout all the functions of an OS, such as memory management, file management, etc, and keeps track of programs that are executing. It also handles the information exchange between the terminals, such as tape drives and printers etc.
Shell
It is command interpreter of the OS. The commands given from the user are moved to the shell. The shell, analyze and interprets these commands into machine understandable form. Hence shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel.
Tools
and
Applications
It consists of Application Software, Compilers, Database Package, Internet tools, UNIX commands, etc.
Structure
of
UNIX
Advantages
of
UNIX
UNIX allows only authorized users to modify files and directories. UNIX allows only system administrators to make changes in system configuration files. UNIX protects the system files from the VIRUS files and will not able to delete or modify the system files, because it will receive an "Access Denied" message. UNIX is very stable Operating System. UNIX supports the Multi-User feature. UNIX is a Multitasking Operating system. UNIX can be loaded to any type of computer hardware. System
o o o o
File
A file is a collection of letters, numbers and special characters, it may be a program, or a database, or a simple letter etc.
A file system is a group of files and relevant information regarding it. Everything in UNIX can be represented by a file such as Directories, Device Drives etc. Even your printer is a file. When you want to print something, you are just writing to a file (Printer).
Although everything in UNIX is treated as a file. These are dividing into three categories.
Ordinary
files
This is the traditional definition of a file. We can put anything into this type of file. This includes data, source programs, as well as any files created by the user. The most common type of ordinary file is the text file.
Directory
files
A directory contains no external data, but keeps some details of the files and sub directories that it contains. The UNIX file system is organized with a number of such directories and sub directories and we can also create them as and when required.
Device
files
The definition of this file has been broadened by UNIX to consider physical devices as files. This device files includes printers, tapes, floppy drives, hard disks and terminal etc.
Device files are special files. Any output directed to device file will be reflected onto the respective physical device associated with file name. when the user issues a command to print a file, you are really directing the file's output to the file associated with the printer.
All files in UNIX are related to one another. The file system of UNIX resembles a tree that grows from top to bottom as shown in the figure.
The file system begins with a directory called root (at the top). The root directory is denoted by a slash (\). Branching from root there are several directories called bin, lib, etc, tmp, dev. Each of these directories contains several sub-directories and files.
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Ex.No:2 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
Commands
[date]
o o o o o o o o
[cal] Used to display the calendar. [who] Used to display the login details. [tty] - Used to display the terminal name. [uname] - Used to display the machine name. [echo] - Used to display the message. [banner] - Used to display banner. [clear] - Used to clear the currently existing screen. [exit] - Used to exit from the currently existing telnet samba screen.
[pwd]
o o o
[mkdir] - Used to create a new directory [cd] - used to move from one directory to another. [rmdir] - Used to remove or delete the directory.
[cat]
- Used to create a new file. Used to display the contents in the file. Used to concatenate multiple files into a single file.
o o o o o
[cp] - Used to copy the contents from one file to another file. [mv] - used to move the file from one place to another. [rm] - Used to remove or delete a file from directory. [ls] - Used to list the directory and files. [cmp] - Used to compare two files in the same directory.
[chmod]
[;] - Used to separate multiple commands at the command line. [&&] - Used to perform logical AND operation between two or more valid UNIX commands. [||] - Used to perform logical OR operation between two or more valid UNIX commands
o o
[head]
o o o o o
[tail] - Used to display end of the file. [cut] - Used to cut a file vertically. [paste] - Used to paste the contents. [sort] - Used to order a file. [grep] - Used to search for a pattern.
[cmd>]
[cmd<]
8. Pipes
[|]
of another command.
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Ex.No:3 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
AREA OF CIRCLE
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CODING :
echo "Enter the radius" read r a=`expr 22 \* $r \* $r / 7` echo "The area of the circle of= $a "
OUTPUT :
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Ex.No:4
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING :
echo "Enter the 3 Numbers :" read a b c if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ] then echo " $a is bigger than $b & $c " elif [ $b -gt $c ] then echo " $b is bigger than $a & $c " else echo " $c is bigger than $a & $b " fi
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:5 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING:
echo " Enter limit" read n i=0 while [ $i -lt $n ] do i=`expr $i + 1` echo "$i" done
OUTPUT:
Enter limit 5
1 2
3 4 5
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Ex.No:6 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
do echo " 1.Add , 2.Sub , 3.Mul , 4.Div " read ch echo " Enter 2 nos :" read a b case $ch in 1) s=`expr $a + $b` ;; 2) s=`expr $a - $b` ;; 3) s=`expr $a \* $b` ;; 4) s=`expr $a / $b` ;; esac echo " $s " echo "Do you want to continue (0/1) :0 - Yes / 1 - No :" read i done
OUTPUT : 1.Add , 2.Sub , 3.Mul , 4.Div 1 Enter 2 nos : 25 7 Do you want to continue (0/1) :0 - Yes / 1 - No : 0 1.Add , 2.Sub , 3.Mul , 4.Div 2 Enter 2 nos : 64 2 Do you want to continue (0/1) :0 - Yes / 1 - No : 0
1.Add , 2.Sub , 3.Mul , 4.Div 3 Enter 2 nos : 54 20 Do you want to continue (0/1) :0 - Yes / 1 - No : 1
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Ex.No:7 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING :
echo "Enter the number :" read n i=1 fact=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do fact=`expr $fact \* $i` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo "The factorial of $n is $fact"
OUTPUT:
Enter the number : 3 The factorial of 3 is 6 sh fact Enter the number : 0 The factorial of 0 is 1 sh fact
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Ex.No:8 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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i=1 echo "Number Square Cube " while [ $i -le $n ] do s=`expr $i \* $i` c=`expr $i \* $i \* $i` echo "$i $s $c" i=`expr $i + 1` done
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:9
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING:
i=0 while [ $i -eq 0 ] do echo " MENU " echo " 1. Display the current path" echo " 2. Display the content of the file" echo " 3. Delete a file " echo " 4. List the files and directories "
echo " 5. List the current users" echo " 6. Date " echo " 7. Word Count" echo " 8. Head Command" echo " 9. Tail Command" echo "10. Exit" echo "Enter the choice:" read ch case $ch in 1) pwd;; 2) ls echo "Enter the file name:" read f cat $f;; 3) ls echo "Enter the file name:" read f
rm $f;; 4) ls;; 5) who;; 6) date;; 7) ls echo "Enter the file name:" read f wc $f;; 8) ls echo "Enter the file name:" read f echo "Enter the No. of lines:" read l head -$l $f;; 9)ls echo " Enter the file name:"
read f echo "Enter the No.of lines :" read l tail -$l $f;; 10) exit;; esac echo "Do you want to continue 0/1 [ 0-Y & 1-N ]" read i done
MENU 1. Display the current path 2. Display the content of the file 3. Delete a file 4. List the files and directories 5. List the current users
6. Date 7. Word Count 8. Head Command 9. Tail Command 10. Exit Enter the choice: 1 /home/ITa42 Enter the choice: 2 aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud vircle Enter the file name: big2 echo "Enter 2 nos : " read a b
if [ $a -gt $b ] then echo " $a is bigger the $b " else echo " $b is bigger the $a " fi Enter the choice: 3 aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud vircle Enter the file name: Vircle Enter the choice: 4 aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud Enter the choice:
5 ITa34 pts/2 Mar 26 09:15 (192.168.1.55) ITa58 pts/6 Mar 26 09:52 (192.168.1.40) ITa64 pts/5 Mar 26 09:53 (192.168.1.63) ITa57 pts/12 Mar 26 10:01 (192.168.1.96) ITa51 pts/1 Mar 26 10:01 (192.168.1.58) ITa42 pts/3 Mar 26 10:02 (192.168.1.94) ITa34 pts/0 Mar 26 10:03 (192.168.1.65) ITa45 pts/11 Mar 26 10:04 (192.168.1.71) exam011 pts/13 Mar 26 10:05 (192.168.1.83) exam015 pts/15 Mar 26 10:06 (192.168.1.74) Enter the choice: 6 Thu Mar 26 10:08:13 IST 2009 Enter the choice: 7
aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud Enter the file name: circle 6 23 100 circle Enter the choice: 8 aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud Enter the file name: fact Enter the No. of lines: 2 echo "Enter the number :" read n
9 aaa big2 circle fact menu-cmd pos-neg sq-cube tri arith big3 even-odd matrixmul natural salary stud Enter the file name: fact Enter the No.of lines : 5 fact=`expr $fact \* $i` i=`expr $i + 1` done echo "The factorial of $n is $fact"
Ex.No:10
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
ODD OR EVEN
*************************************************************
CODING:
echo "Enter the number " read n e=`expr $n % 2` if [ $e -eq 0 ] then echo " The number $n is even " else
OUTPUT: Enter the number 2 The number 2 is even sh even-odd Enter the number 3 The number 3 is odd
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Ex.No:11
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE
*************************************************************
CODING:
echo " Enter the number " read n if [ $n -gt 0 ] then echo "The number $n is positive " elif [ $n -lt 0 ] then echo "The number $n is negative " else echo "0 is neither positive nor negative " fi
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:12 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
SALARY COMPUTATION
*************************************************************
CODING:
echo "Enter the Basic Pay :" read bp da=`expr $bp \* 10 / 100` hra=`expr $bp \* 20 / 100` gs=`expr $bp + $da + $hra` echo "-------------------------" echo " SALARY CERTIFICATE " echo "-------------------------" echo " DA = $da" echo " HRA = $hra" echo " Gross Salary = $gs"
OUTPUT:
Enter the Basic Pay : 5000 ----------------------------------SALARY CERTIFICATE ----------------------------------DA HRA = 500 = 1000 = 6500
Gross Salary
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Ex.No:
13
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
STUDENT DETAILS
************************************************************* CODING:
echo "Enter the number of students :" read n i=1 while [ $i -le $n ] do echo "Enter the Following :" echo "Name :" read name echo "Reg.No :"
read reg echo "Department:" read dept echo "Physics :" read phy echo "Chemistry :" read chem echo "Maths :" read maths echo "Computer :" read comp echo "English :" read eng tot=`expr $phy + $chem + $maths + $eng + $comp` avg=`expr $tot / 5` if [ $avg -gt 90 ] then
gr=A elif [ $avg -gt 75 -a $avg -lt 85 ] then gr=B elif [ $avg -gt 65 -a $avg -lt 75 ] then gr=C elif [ $avg -gt 49 -a $avg -lt 65 ] then gr=D else gr=fail fi i=`expr $i + 1` echo " --------------------------------" echo " STUDENT MARKLIST "
echo " --------------------------------" echo " Name : $name " echo " Reg.No : $reg " echo " Physics : $phy " echo " Chemistry : $chem " echo " Maths : $maths " echo " English : $eng " echo " " echo " Total : $tot " echo " Average : $avg " echo " Grade : $gr " done
OUTPUT:
Enter the Following : Name : jerome Reg.No : 08106042 Department: IT Physics : 98 Chemistry : 99 Maths : 100 Computer : 100 English :
100 -------------------------------STUDENT MARKLIST -------------------------------Name : jerome Reg.No : 08106042 Physics : 98 Chemistry : 99 Maths : 100 English : 100 Total : 497 Average : 99 Grade : A *************************************************************
Ex.No:14
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
printf("The factorial is %d",rec(n)); } int rec(int s) { int f; if((s==1)||(s==0)) return(1); else f=s*rec(s-1); return(f); }
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:15 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
struct student { char nm[25]; char rno[25]; char grade; float avg; int total,m1,m2,m3; } stud[50],*pt; int i,j,n; printf("Enter the number of students \n"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf("\n students[%d]information:\n",i+1); printf("Enter name \n"); scanf("%s",stud[i].nm);
printf("\n Enter the register number"); scanf("%s",stud[i].rno); printf("\n Enter 3 subject marks \n"); scanf("%d%d%d",&stud[i].m1,&stud[i].m2,&stud[i].m3); stud[i].total=stud[i].m1+stud[i].m2+stud[i].m3; stud[i].avg=stud[i].total/3; } pt=stud; for(pt=stud;pt<stud+n;pt++) { if(pt->avg<30) pt->grade='D'; else if((pt->avg<50)&&(pt->avg>=30)) pt->grade='C'; else if((pt->avg<70)&&(pt->avg>=50)) pt->grade='B';
else pt->grade='A'; } printf("\n"); printf("name\t\tregno\t\t total\t\t avg \t\tgrade \n"); { for(pt=stud;pt<stud+n;pt++) { printf("%s\t%s",pt->nm,pt->rno); printf("\t%d\t\t%f\t\t%c\n",pt->total,pt->avg,pt->grade); } }}
56 9 6
name regno total avg grade BALAMURALI 2170810619 228 76.000000 A BALAJI 21708106018 71 23.000000 D *************************************************************
Ex.No:16
Date:
Reg No:
Name:
printf("\n Enter the limit"); scanf("%d",&n); xp=(int*)calloc(n,2); printf("\n Enter the %d values\n",n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) scanf("%d",(xp+i)); printf("\n The reversed list is \n"); for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--) { printf("%d\t",*(xp+i)); } printf("\n"); }
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:17 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING:
char *st,*rst; int i,j; st=(char*)malloc(80); rst=(char*)malloc(80); printf("\n Enter the word\n"); scanf("%s",st); i=strlen(st)-1; j=0; while(i>=0) { *(rst+j)=*(st+i); j++; i--; } *(rst+j)='\0'; if(strcmp(st,rst)==0) printf("\n %s is a palindrome \n",st);
OUTPUT:
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Ex.No:18 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
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CODING:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h> main() { char ch; int count=0; FILE *fp; fp=fopen("sample.txt","w"); printf("\n Type the text press enter key at the end \n") while((ch=getchar())!='\n') putc(ch,fp); fclose(fp); fp=fopen("sample.txt","r"); printf("\n The content of the text file is:\n"); while(!feof(fp)) { ch=getc(fp); printf("%c",ch);
switch(toupper(ch)) { case 'A': case 'E': case 'I': case 'O': case 'U':count++; break; }} printf("\n Number of Vowels present=%d\n",count); fclose(fp); }
OUTPUT: Type the text press enter key at the end IAM A GOOD BOY
The content of the text file is: IAM A GOOD BOY Number of Vowels present=6
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Ex.No:19 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
*************************************************************
CODING:
main() { int i,j; printf("Enter the value of i,j:\n"); scanf("%d%d",&i,&j); printf("i and j values before interchanging: %d\t%d\n",i,j); interchange(&i,&j); printf("i and j values after interchanging: %d\t%d\n",i,j); printf("i and j values after interchanging in the main(): %d\t%d\n",i,j); } int interchange(int *a,int *b) { int t; t=*a; *a=*b; *b=t;
return; }
OUTPUT:
Enter the value of i,j: 56 i and j values before interchanging: 5 6 i and j values after interchanging: 6 5 i and j values after interchanging in the main(): 6 5
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Ex.No:20 Date:
Reg No:
Name:
*************************************************************
CODING:
#include<stdio.h> int cube (int x); main() { int n; printf("enter the no"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("\ncube of %d is....%d\n", n, cube (n)); } int cube(int x) { x=x*x*x;
return (x); }
OUTPUT:
enter the no 8
cube of 8 is....512
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING GE2155 COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY-II II- SEMESTER
MAY/JUNE-2010
CONTENTS
S. No
1
Date
Page No
Signature
Area of Circle
Odd or Even
Positive or Negative
Salary Computation
10
Student Details
11
12
13
14
15
Student Details Using Pointers File Handling Creating File And Count Vowels In That File Dynamic Memory Allocation To Print Number In Reverse Order Dynamic Memory Allocation- Palindrome
16
17
18
19 20
CERTIFICATE
Certified to be bonafide record of work done by ________________ of II Semester B.E (COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING) in the COMPUTER PRACTICE LABORATORY GE2155 during the Academic Year 2009 2010.
STAFF-IN-CHARGE
University
Practical
Examination
held
on
External Examiner
POSTED BY SHANKAR
Internal Examiner
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