Ss 1 Further Mathematics Lesson 9

LESSON: 9
SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS

CLASS: SS1
TOPIC: VECTOR IN TWO DIMENTIONS (cont'd)
CONTENT:
1. Projector or Resolution of vectors
2. Scalar(dot) product : Application of scalar (dot) product.
Sub-Topic 1: PROJECTION OR RESOLUTION OF VECTORS

B
⍬
O N A
If the position vector of the pointA relative to a reference point o is a and that of the point B
relative to O is b, we call the length ON the projection of the vector b on the vector a. If a
denotes the unit vector in the direction of the vector a then
a =/ậ/ and /ậ/ = 1
Now
/on/ = /OB/ cos Ө
= /b/ cos Ө
=/ȃ/ /b/ cos Ө
Then the projection of the vector b on a is ȃ •b where ȃ is the unit vector in the direction of the
vector a.
Also the projection of the vector a on b is a.b^ Where b^ is the unit vector in the direction of the
vector b.
As the resolved part of a in the direction of b the projection of the vector a on b can also be
viewed.
Examples:
Find the projection of the vector p on the vector q n if:
a. p=2i+3 i∧−i+4 j
b. p=4 i−5 j∧q=−i+ j
c. p=6i +2 j∧q=2i+3 j
d. p=3 i +2 j∧q=i+3 j
SOLUTION:
(a) Let the projection of q on p be u, then
p.q
U1=
¿ p /¿¿
/ P/ =√ 4 +9
= √ 13
p.q = (2)(-1) + (3)(4) = -3 + 12 = 9
Therefore,
×√ = √
a 13 a 13
U1 =
√13 √13 13
(b) . Let the projection q on p be, U2, then
p.q
U2 =
¿ P /¿¿
/p/ = √ 16+25 = √ 41
p.q = (4)(-1) + (-5)(1) = -9
Therefore,
−a √ 41 −a √ 41
U2 = X =
√ 41 √ 41 41
(c) Let the projection q on p be U3, then
p.q
U3 =
IpI
/P/ = √ 36+ 4 = √ 40
p.q = (6)(2) + (2)(3) = 12 + 6 = 18
Therefore,
U3 =
18
X
√ 40 = 18 √ 40
√ 40 √ 40 40
(d) Let the projection of q and p be U4, then
p.q
U4 =
¿ P /¿¿
/p/ = √ 9+3 = √ 13
p.q = (3)(1) + (2)(3) = 3+6 = 9
Therefore,
U4 =
a
X
√13 =
a √ 13
√13 √13 13
EVALUATION:
For each pair of the following, find the projection of the second vector on the first vector:
(1) a = 3i^ – 4 ^j (2)b = 5i^ + 8 ^j (3)m = 7i^ + 3 ^j (4)n = 2i^ –5 ^j (5) x = 4i^ - 5 ^j (6) y = 3i^ - 7 ^j
SUB TOPIC 2:- SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT ; APPLICATION OF SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT.

1. Scalar Product:
The scalar product of two vectors a and b is written a.b and is defined as the product of the
lengths of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them.
Thus if Ө is the angle between the vectors a and b then a.b =/a/ cos Ө .
Let i^ and ^j be two unit vectors which are perpendicular to each other.
Let
a= axi^ + ay ^j
b=bxi^ + by ^j
Then
a.b = (axi^ + ay ^j ) . (bxi^ + by ^j )
= axbxi^ . i^ + axbyi^ . ^j + aybx ^j . i^ + ayby ^j . ^j
As i^ and ^j are unit vectors which are mutually perpendicular to each other we have
(a) i. i = 1X1 cos00 = 1
(b) j.j = 1 X 1 cos00 = 1
(c) i.j =1 x 1 cos 900 =0
(d) j.i = 1 x 1 cos 900 = 0
So a.b =axbx + ayby

The scalar product can be sometimes be called the dot product.
The angle between two vectors Ө can be defined from the definition of scalar product.
Thus from a.b = /a/ /b/ cosӨ , we have
a.b
Cos Ө =
IaI IbI
If a and b are parallel then Ө = 0 and a.b =/a/ /b/
π
If a and are perpendicular then Ө = and a.b =0
2
Example:
1. Find the dot product of the following pairs of vectors:
(a) a = i^ + 4 ^j and b = 5 i^ -3 ^j
(b) p = 6i^ - ^j and q = 2 i^ - 8 ^j
SOLUTION:
(a) a.b = (i^ + 4j) . (5i^ - 3 ^j
=(1)(5) + (4)(-3) = 7
(b) p.q = (6i – j ) . (2i^ - 8 ^j )
= (6)(2) + (-1)(-8) = 20
2. Find the cosine of the angle between the following pairs of vectors;
(a) m = 4i^ + 3 ^j and n= 2i^ + 5 ^j
(b) S = 7i^ – 4 ^j and t = 3i^ - 2 ^j
SOLUTION:
(a) Let the angle between the vectors m and n be 𝝰1 then
/m/ = √ 16+9
/m/ = √ 25
=5
/n/ = √ 4 +25
= √ 29
m•n = (4)(2) + (3)(5) = 23

m. n 23 √ 29 23 √ 29 23 √ 29
Cos𝝰1= = X = =
ImIInI 5 √29 √ 29 5 X 29 145
(b). Let the angle between the vectors s and t be α 2 then
/s/ = √ 49+16 = √ 65
/t/ = √ 9+ 4 =√ 13
s.t = (7)(3) + (-4)(-2) = 29
s.t 29 29 √ 5 29 √ 5 29 √ 5
Cos𝝰2 = = = X = =
IsIItI √ 55 X √ 13 X √ 13 √ 5 X 13 √ 5 5 X 13 65
PROPERTIES OF A SCALAR (DOT) PRODUCT
1. Commutative property
Let a = axi^ + ay ^j , b = bxi^ + by ^j

Then
a.b = (axi^ + ay ^j ) . (bxi^ + by ^j )
=axbx + ayby
=bxax + byay
=(bxi^ + by ^j ). (axi^ + ay ^j )
=b.a
2. Distribution property
i. a . ( b+ c ) =a . b+a . c
ii. if a /¿ b t h en a . b=¿ a//b /¿ . In particular a 2¿ a . a=¿/a /2
iii. if a ⏊ b then a . b=0
iv. Multiplication by a scalar (𝛌a ¿ . b=a . ( λb )= λ(a . b)
v. If ⍬ is the angle between a and b then
a.b
cos ⍬=
¿ aIIb/¿ ¿
Condition for parallelism If the vector a=¿ a xi^ + ay ^j is parallel to the vector b
=bxi^ + by ^j ,
ax ay
i.e a =𝛌b ¿ is a scalar) then = =𝛌
bx by
Condition for perpendicularity
If a ⏊ b, i.e a . b=0 then a x b x + a yb y = 0
Example :
1. Given that /p / =3 ,/q/ =4 and =-6, find the angle between p and q (WAEC)
SOLUTION:
p.q
¿
Let ⍬ −6 −6 −1
¿ p /¿ q/¿= = = ∨−0.5 . ¿
3 × 4 12 2
⍬ = cos-1 -0.5 = 1200.

2. If a = 3i - 4 j and b = 6i - 8 j find the scalar product of a and b
SOLUTION:
a . b=3 ×6+ (−4 )(−8 )=18+32=50
EVALUATION:
1. Evaluate: ( 8 i−15 ) . ( 8 i−5 j )
2. Given that: p=2i +3 j , q=i+ j , find t h e/2 p−3 p/¿
3. Find the unit vector direction of
(a) a=5 i+12 j
b = b=8 i+ 15 j
4.Find modulus of each of the following vectors
(a) 3 i+ 4 j
(b) 2 i+ j
(c) 2 i+3 j
5.Define the scalar (dot) product of vectors x and y

6.Find the dot product of the following pairs of vectors
ASSIGNMENT:
a. 8 i−3 j∧7 i+ 4 j
b. 2 i+ j∧2 i+ j
c. 4 i+3 j∧5 i+ 3 j
d. 9 i−3 j∧7 i+ 4 j

Ss 1 Further Mathematics Lesson 9

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LESSON: 9

SUBJECT: FURTHER MATHEMATICS

Sub-Topic 1: PROJECTION OR RESOLUTION OF VECTORS

SUB TOPIC 2:- SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT ; APPLICATION OF SCALAR(DOT) PRODUCT.

So a.b =axbx + ayby

m•n = (4)(2) + (3)(5) = 23

Let a = axi^ + ay ^j , b = bxi^ + by ^j

⍬ = cos-1 -0.5 = 1200.

5.Define the scalar (dot) product of vectors x and y

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