Chemistry SkillPractice 2nd Edition

1
Skill Practice 1
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. If scientists want to determine if a skin cream is affective against fighting acne, what would
be the independent variable?
2. A “double blind study” in which the researchers themselves do not even know which group is
the placebo group and which group is a medicated group is more accurate than one in which
the researches know what the participants are getting. Why?
3. In each group of questions, circle the question that you think is the best scientific question.
a) “What are the ingredients in the bread?” OR “What causes bread to rise?”
b) “Is this juice acidic or basic?” OR “What kind of fruit is this juice from?”
c) “What is the purpose of my life?” OR “What conditions are necessary for life?”
4. A tire company wants to determine what kind of rubber will last the longest for their tires.
What are some variables that the researchers will want to make controlled variables?
5. Scientists want to measure how sugar affects the behavior of children at a preschool. They
give one class sugary kool-aid and cookies for their snack time. Another class is given water
and crackers and cheese for their snack. After snack time, the researchers observe their
behavior to see how consuming sugar affects their hyperactivity.
a) What is the independent variable in this study?
b) What is the dependent variable?
c) How could the researchers make their study better?
© 2002, 2014 by Jason Neil. All rights reserved. Obtain permission for classroom use at www.ChemistryInquiry.com.
2
Skill Practice 2
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Malachi is selling popsicles at a garage sale, which runs Monday through Saturday. He wanted to see
if the temperature affected sales, so he collected the following data:
Popsicle Sales and Daily Temperatures Over One Week Period

Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat. Total
Number of Popsicles Sold 5 11 17 2 8 22 60
Daily Temperature (°F) 68 72 76 60 63 81
1. Plot the data on the graph

provided.
2. What is the independent variable

Number of Glasses Sold
in the data?
Daily Temperature (°F)

3. What is the dependent variable?
4. Describe the trends in the two

lines of your graph.
5. What do you think Malachi will

conclude about daily temperatures
and popsicle sales?
Days of the Week
6. Is there anything else (perhaps an additional explanation for sales?) that Malachi should consider
if he were to do another popsicle sale?
3
Skill Practice 3
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. The air we breathe is mostly made up of two gases. It is approximately _____% oxygen and
______% nitrogen.
2. Let’s say you have a friend who thinks the air is all one element. You decide to convince him
using what you know about Lavoisier’s mercury experiment. Summarize the experiment in a
persuasive way to convince your friend:
3. Sodium metal and chlorine gas combine to make sodium chloride, which is table salt. Is salt
an element? Why or why not?
4. Throughout history, people known as alchemists have attempted to make gold out of other
metals. No one has ever succeeded. Do you think gold is an element? Why or why not?
4
Skill Practice 4
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Is water an element? How do you know?
2. Your friend believes you that water is formed of hydrogen and oxygen since he has heard of
the formula, H2O. However, he doesn’t know how scientists proved it. Describe Lavoisier’s
rifle barrel experiment for your friend:
3. Is water a mixture or a compound? Explain.
4. Which are easier to separate, in your opinion—mixtures or compounds? Why?
5. Label each of the following as an element (E), mixture (M), or compound (C).
_____ a) salad _____ b) sugar _____ c) soda _____ d) copper
5
Skill Practice 5
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Solve the following problems. Write answers in scientific notation.
a) (7.430 x 104)(3.0 x 102) = _______________________
b) 8.03 x 106 + 4.0 x 104 = _________________________
c) (2.22 x 10-12) ÷ (4.10x10-33) = ________________________
d) (35,020)(321.0) = ____________________________
e) 3.22x1012 – 2.44x1011 = _____________________________
f) (6.32 x 10-32) ÷ (8.19x10-36) = ___________________________
2. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation:
a) 23,000,210,000 = ________________ b) 0.00000000351 = ___________________
3. Convert the following numbers to "regular" notation:
a) 2.354 x 105 = _____________________ b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = ______________________
6
Skill Practice 6
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
For problems 1-3, please use these conversion factors:
1 pallet = 45 bundles 1 bundle = 32 cases 1 case = 12 cans 1 can = 218.4 mL
1. How many mL of apple juice does the company need to make to fulfill an order for 2.5
pallets?
2. If 46,680 mL of juice are produced, how many cases of juice can be made?
3. A certain store ordered 480 cases of juice. How many pallets were required to ship the order?
4. Please perform the following conversions.
a) 15.60 cm = __________________ m b) 41.0 kg = ____________________ g
c) 9.2 cL = ____________________ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = _______________ nm
e) 345 mL = ____________________ L f) 3.4x105 mg = ________________ kg
g) 0.057 km = __________________ cm h) 4500 g = __________________ mg
i) 2.14 L = _____________________ mL j) 0.45 mm = __________________m
5. Why is this conversion impossible? 3.45 mL = _______________ kg
7
Skill Practice 7
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Perform the following operations and give the answers in the correct number of significant figures. If
the question is in scientific notation, then please use scientific notation in your answer.
1. 200.00 + 125.2 = ________________
2. 12,020 + 6000 = ___________________
3. 0.003450 + 0.0140 = ________________
4. 0.820 – 0.030 = _____________________
5. (240,900)(120.0) = _________________
6. 340/12.5 = _________________________
7. (2.450 x 106)(2.0 x 106) = _____________
8. (5.369 x 1012)/(2.89 x 107) = _____________
8
Skill Practice 8
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Explain why compounds are always homogeneous, but mixtures can be either homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
2. A white powder is in a beaker. Which statement(s) can be said for sure about the powder?
I. It is homogeneous
II. It is heterogeneous
III. It is a mixture.
IV. It is a compound.
A) I only B) I and IV only C) I and III only D) III only E) none of these
3. Classify the following as chemical changes (C) or physical changes (P). Place a C or P in the
blanks as appropriate.
_____ d) melting steel
_____ a) a dead fish rotting
_____ e) bending steel
_____ b) dissolving salt in water
_____ f) cracking ice
_____ c) boiling salt water until just salt remains
4. Identify the following as an element (E), compound (C), or mixture (M).
_____ a) calcium _____ d) water
_____ b) calcium and oxygen in the same container _____ e) sodium
_____ c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded _____ f) sand
5. How many phases and how many states are in a mixture made out of sand, saltwater, oil and ice.
9
Skill Practice 9
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Phase diagram for substance A:
101.325 kPa
Phase diagram for substance B:
101.325 kPa
1. On each of the phase diagrams label the triple point (TP) and the solid, liquid and vapor
states.
2. For which substance, A or B, does the freezing point decrease as the pressure is increased?
3. One of the substances behaves more like most other substances. Which substance and what
property allows you to tell?
4. Assuming that the temperature scales for both phase diagrams are the same, which can be
sublimed at the highest temperature—substance A or B? Show on the phase diagram of this
substance where sublimation will take place.
10
Skill Practice 10
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Heated blocks of iron used to be used to warm beds. A 1600 g brick of iron heated to 155oC
would release how many joules of heat energy as it cooled to 25oC? Note: the specific heat of iron
is 0.4494 J/goC.
2. How many joules of heat are required to heat 100.0 g of room temperature water (22oC) to the
boiling point?
3. How many joules of heat are required to heat 20.5 g of tin from 30oC to 230oC? The specific heat
of tin is 0.2274 J/goC.
4. If it takes 24,500 J to heat 1.05 g of a substance from 25oC to 49oC, what is the specific heat of
the substance?
5. If 24,500 J is applied to 125 g of water at 35oC, what will the final temperature of the water be?
6. A reactor core needs to stay at or below 95oC to remain in good condition. Cool water at a
temperature of 10oC is used to cool the reactor. If the reactor emits 210,000 kJ of energy each
hour, how many grams of water need to be circulating each hour in order to keep the reactor at or
below 95oC?
11
Skill Practice 11
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. How much energy is required to change the temperature of 210 g of H2O from -40oC to
155oC?
2. How much energy is required to heat up 45g of water at 55oC to steam at 140oC?
3. Consider a cup of coffee that has a temperature of 93oC. Assume the mass of the coffee is
550 g and that the specific heat of coffee is about the same as the specific heat of water. Is a
230 g ice cube (at 0oC) a large enough ice cube to bring the temperature of the coffee to 23oC?
Note: the final temperature of the ice cube and of the coffee is 23oC.
4. Consider a pot of water at 100oC. If it took 1,048,815 J of energy to vaporize the water and
heat it to 135oC, how many grams of water were in the pot?
12
Skill Practice 12
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the density of a rock that has a mass of 234 g and a volume of 7.9 cm3?
2. A piece of metal that has a density of 5.2 g/cm3 and a mass of 100 g was placed in a full jar of
water. How many mL of water spilled out of the jar? Note: one cm3 = one mL.
3. A huge meteor had a mass of 3.2x1012 g. If the density of the meteor was 4.2 g/cm3, what was the
volume of the meteor?
4. Gold was mined in California and divided into 1.5 kg pieces. Each piece of gold was a perfect
cube 8.1 cm tall. What was the density of the gold?
5. A very large boulder with a volume of 1200 L has a mass of 1.4x109 g. What is the density of the
boulder?
6. What is the density of a piece of wood that has a mass of 2.74 g and a volume of 3.10 cm3?
7. Find the volume of a liquid if 32.5 g of the liquid has a density of 0.852 g/mL.
13
Skill Practice 13
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. An atom has a mass number of 43 and it also has 21 electrons.

a) How many protons does this atom have?
b) What is the identity of this atom?
c) How many neutrons does this atom have?
2. What is an isotope? Give an example.
3. A certain ion has an atomic number of 16, a mass number of 33, and 18 electrons.
a) What is the charge on the ion?
b) What is the identity of this ion?
c) How many neutrons does the nucleus of this ion have?
4. Tritium (an isotope of hydrogen) has 2 neutrons. How many protons does it have? What is its
mass number?
5. What is the charge on a magnesium ion that has 10 electrons?
6. How many neutrons are there in a chromium atom with a mass number of 54?
7. Substance E has 29 protons, 28 electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substance F has 29 protons, 27

electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substances E and F can be categorized as…
A) different elements B) ions C) isotopes D) nuclides E) nucleons
8. The element with 38 protons and 45 neutrons could correctly be identified as which element?
9. Complete the following table:

Symbol # of neutrons # of protons # of electrons Atomic # Mass #
136 2
56 Ba
25 25 56
120 79 79
21 20 18
14
Skill Practice 14
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. A certain element exists as three different isotopes. 24.1% of all the isotopes have a mass of
75.23 amu, 48.7% have a mass of 74.61 amu, and 27.2% have a mass of 75.20 amu.
a. What is the average atomic mass of this element?
b. Use your periodic table to determine which element this is.
2. An element exists as 4 different isotopes. 4.35% have a mass of 49.9461 amu, 83.79% have a
mass of 51.9405 amu, 9.50% have a mass of 52.9407 amu, and 2.36% have a mass of 53.9389
amu.
a. What is the average atomic mass of this element?
b. What is the identity of this element?
3. Calcium has three different isotopes. One has a mass of 35.00 amu; another has a mass of
41.00 amu; and another has a mass of 40.00 amu. Which isotope is the most abundant of the
three? (HINT: Look at the periodic table at calcium’s average atomic mass.)
4. Several isotopes of a certain atom “X” exist. 4.35% of all X atoms have a mass of 39.946
amu. 83.79% have a mass of 41.941 amu, 9.50% have a mass of 42.941 amu, and 2.36%
have a mass of 43.939 amu. What is the average atomic mass of atom X?
15
Skill Practice 15
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Define the terms “ground state” and “excited state”.
2. What is the wavelength of light that has a frequency of 4.22 x 1015 Hz?
3. What is the energy of light that has a frequency of 1.30 x 1014 Hz?
4. A certain atom has a green spectrum line of about 540 nm. What is the difference in energy
between the two energy levels responsible for producing the line?
5. The wavelength of a certain beam of light was 3.52x10-7m.

a) Find the frequency of this light.
b) Calculate how much energy this light has.
6. What is the frequency and wavelength of light that has energy of 5.09 x 10-19 J?
16
Skill Practice 16
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is wrong with the following notation?
2. How many sublevels would you expect in the 8th energy level?
3. What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in the 3d sublevel?
4. How many electrons can fit in a 2p orbital?
5. In the 5th energy level, there is a fifth sublevel called the “g sublevel”. Considering the trend
in number of orbitals and electrons in the s, p, d, and f sublevels, predict how many orbitals
and how many electrons can fit in a g sublevel.
6. Considering your answer to question 5, how many electrons can fit in the entire 5th energy
level?
7. Write the notation for an electron spinning clockwise in a p sublevel in the 4th energy level.
17
Skill Practice 17
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Given the quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms), which of the following combinations are NOT
possible. Explain. (There may be more than one.)
a) (3, 3, 2, -1/2) b) (4, 1, -1, +1/2) c) (0, 0, 0, -1/2) d) (2, 1, -1, +1/2)
2. An electron is in a certain energy level where the maximum value of the quantum number l is
4. What energy level is the electron in?
3. How many ml values are possible when l equals 5?
4. What are the 4 quantum numbers for the following electron notation?
5. Draw an orbital diagram for an electron whose quantum numbers are (6, 3, -2, +½).
6. Draw an orbital diagram for an electron whose quantum numbers are (3, 2, +1, -½).
18
Skill Practice 18
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Using arrows, write complete orbital diagrams for…
a) Scandium
b) Molybdenum
c) Selenium
2. Write the complete electron configuration (no arrows) for…
a) Chromium
b) Antimony
c) Calcium
3. What is wrong with the following electron orbital diagram? What is the name of the rule that
allows you to identify the error?
4. How many unpaired electrons does cobalt have?
19
Skill Practice 19
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. How many valence electrons does each of the following atoms have?
A) phosphorus B) barium c) selenium d) argon e) chlorine
2. Draw Bohr diagrams for each of the following atoms.
A) aluminu B) oxygen C) sulfur
3. Which column of the periodic table contains elements whose Lewis dot structure will have
four dots?
4. Draw Lewis dot structures for each of the following elements:
A) antimony B) magnesium C) silicon D) iodine
20
Skill Practice 20
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Use the noble gases to write abbreviated electron configurations for…
a) Germanium
b) Barium
c) Bromine
d) Bismuth
e) Manganese
f) Gold
2. What column of the periodic table contains elements whose electron configurations end with
d4?
3. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 4d electrons?
4. What row of the periodic table contains elements with 3p electrons?
5. In each row of the “d block” there are only 10 elements. Why is this?
6. In each row of the “p block” there are only 6 elements. Why is this?
21
Skill Practice 21
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What force of attraction does the second energy level of a phosphorus atom “feel” from the
nucleus? Draw a Bohr diagram and use it to explain your answer.
2. Using the concepts of shielding and attraction, explain why sulfur is smaller in radius than
silicon.
3. Why can’t you tell by looking at the periodic table whether chlorine or lithium is larger?
4. Order the following elements from smallest to largest.
A) Al, Na, S, Mg B) C, Sn, Pb, Si
C) K, Se, Ca, Br D) Be, Ca, C, B, Mg
E) Ga, Al, Cl, P F) O, Se, S, Ne
22
Skill Practice 22
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. If an atom has a “high first ionization energy” does this mean that it is relatively easy or
relatively hard to remove an electron from the atom?
2. Arrange the following atoms in order from lowest to highest 1st ionization energy.
A) Ca, Se, As, Br B) As, N, P, Bi
C) Ga, Al, S, Si D) Li, K, O, C
E) Te, O, S, Po F) In, Te, Sn, I
3. A certain atom in the 2nd period has an unusually high 3rd ionization energy. Name this
element. Draw a Bohr diagram and use it to illustrate why you were able to identify this
atom.
4. Compare the trends for size and for ionization energy. As the size of an atom increases, what
happens to the ionization energy? Explain why the ionization energy seems to depend on the
size.
23
Skill Practice 23
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Draw two Bohr diagrams—one for a fluorine atom and one for the ion that the fluorine atom
will form.
2. What is the charge on a calcium atom?
3. What is the charge on a calcium ion?
4. Give the charge for each of the ions formed by the following atoms. Your answers should
include the magnitude of the charge with a positive or negative sign (i.e., +1, +2, or -1, etc.).
A) S B) F C) Br D) Sr E) K F) Be
G) Al H) P I) O J) Cl K) Ba L) Li
24
Skill Practice 24
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Write the symbol and charges for the following ions:

Example: calcium = Ca2+
A) phosphide = ________ B) magnesium = ________ C) rubidium = ________
D) fluoride = ________ E) aluminum = ________ F) sulfide = _________
2. Each of the following formulas is written incorrectly. Please rewrite them correctly.
Example: Ca2Cl = CaCl2
A) Ba2S = _____________ B) Rb2N = _____________ C) Li2Cl = ______________
D) Al3N3 = ____________ E) Mg3Br2 = ___________ F) O3Al2 = ______________
3. Write the formulas for the compound formed by the combination of the following pairs of atoms.
Example: nitrogen and magnesium = Mg3N2
A) sodium and sulfur = ___________ B) aluminum and chlorine = _______________
C) phosphorus and calcium = __________ D) barium and oxygen = _____________
4. For each of the formulas you wrote in question 3 above, give the names for the compounds.
Example: Mg3N2 = magnesium nitride
A) ______________________________ B) _______________________________
C) ______________________________ D) _______________________________
5. In the blanks above each column, write the charge of the ions formed by atoms in that column.
Note: group IA is done for you.
+1 __
__ __ __ __ __ __
25
Skill Practice 25
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
1. Lithium acetate _____________________ 2. Sodium phosphate _________________
3. Magnesium hydroxide ________________ 4. Sulfuric acid ______________________
5. Ammonium sulfide __________________ 6. Potassium oxide ___________________
7. Aluminum Phosphate ________________ 8. Sodium hydroxide _________________
9. Acetic Acid ________________________ 10. Carbonic Acid ___________________
Write the names for the following formulas.
11. CaO ____________________________ 12. BaCl2 ___________________________
13. K3PO4 ___________________________ 14. Mg(OH)2 ________________________
15. HNO3 ___________________________ 16. NaC2H3O2 ________________________
17. Li2SO4 ___________________________ 18. (NH4)2SO4 ________________________
19. Al(CN)3 __________________________ 20. Be(ClO3)2 _________________________
26
Skill Practice 26
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Write the formulas for each of the following compounds:
1. manganese(IV) fluoride _______________ 2. ammonium phosphate ________________
3. nickel(II) nitrate ____________________ 4. sodium nitride ______________________
5. aluminum sulfate ___________________ 6. chromium(III) hydroxide ______________
7. iron(II) phosphate __________________ 8. copper(II) chloride ___________________
Write the names for each of the following compounds:
9. CuO ____________________________ 10. FeSO4 ___________________________
11. (NH4)2S _______________________ 12. Ni3(PO4)2 ________________________
13. Cr(OH)3 _______________________ 14. Ba(ClO3)2 ________________________
15. Mn3N4 ________________________ 16. Cu2CO3 __________________________
How many oxygen atoms are contained in each of the following compounds?
17. Ca(NO3)2 18. Al2O3 19. MgSO4 20. Ca3(PO4)2
27
Skill Practice 27
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Write the names of the following compounds.
1. N2O5 _____________________________ 2. P3O7 _____________________________
3. S3F4 ______________________________ 4. CO2 ______________________________
5. N2O6 _____________________________ 6. CuSO4 __________________________
7. (NH4)2CO3 ________________________ 8. SF6 _____________________________
Write the formulas for the following compounds.
9. dihydrogen tetraoxide _________________ 10. trinitrogen pentasulfide _______________
11. carbon dioxide _____________________ 12. dinitrogen monoxide _______________
13. iron(II) nitrate _____________________ 14. carbon tetrachloride ________________
Write the empirical formula for each of the following molecular formulas.
15. C6H14 ___________________________ 16. H3PO4 ________________________
17. N2O4 ___________________________ 18. C4H8 ________________________
19. C12H18O2 ________________________ 20. N4H6O4 ________________________
21. S2O7 ___________________________ 22. C4H3O4 ________________________
28
Skill Practice 28
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Draw Lewis structures for each of the following.
1. NO31- 2. CH4
3. NF3 4. SiO32-
5. HCN (carbon is the central atom) 6. H2O (oxygen is the central atom)
7. NH4+ 8. CCl4
29
Skill Practice 29
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Draw all of the resonance structures for CO32-.
2. Concerning the structures you drew in question one, what is the bond order for the C—O
bonds?
3. Draw the structure for CO2.
4. Comparing the structures you drew for questions 1 and 3, which C—O bonds are the longest:
those in CO32- or those in CO2? Which are the strongest (hardest to break)? Explain your
answers.
5. Fill in the blanks:

A) In general, the stronger the bonds, the ______________ the bonds.
longer or shorter
B) In general, double bonds are _______________ than triple bonds.

longer or shorter
C) Bonds with a low bond energy are _______________ than bonds with high bond
weaker or stronger
energy.
30
Skill Practice 30
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Examine the structure for the cyanide ion, CN1- below. Label the formal charge of each of the
atoms.
2. Consider the following two structures for CHNH2O?
A) Are both of the structures legitimate structures? I.e. Do all atoms have eight
electrons? Are the right number of electrons used?
B) Label each of the atoms in both structures with their appropriate formal charges.
C) Which structure—A or B—is the best structure for CHNH2O? Explain.
3. Draw a structure for ClO31-. Label the formal charge of each atom.
31
Skill Practice 31
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Draw a structure for each of the following. On each structure label the approximate bond angle.
Also name the geometry (i.e. “tetrahedral”, “bent”, etc.).
1. NO31- 2. CH4
3. HCN (carbon is the central atom) 4. H2O (oxygen is the central atom)
5. NF3 6. SiO32-
7. A certain molecule is bent and has a bond angle of about 109o. Is the molecule SeS2 or SeCl2?
32
Skill Practice 32
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What does it mean to say that a bond is polar?
2. Label each of the following bonds as ionic (I), polar covalent (PC) or nonpolar covalent (NC).
_____ Na—Cl _____ N—O _____ F—F
_____ S—O _____ H—C _____ P—S
_____ Mg—F _____ P—O _____ Br—N
3. For each of the sets of bonds, rank them in order from most polar to least polar.
A) F—F, S—O, H—C, P—S
B) H—N, H—O, H—F, H—Cl
C) C—H, C—O, N—O, S—C
D) As—S, P—N, N—N, Cl—C
E) H—F, H—O, Se—Br, Si—Cl
33
Skill Practice 33
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Label the partial positive and partial negative charges on the following molecules. Remember
for an atom to be partially positive or negative, it must be involved in a polar bond.
A) B) C) D)
2. Which of the compounds in question 1 are polar?
3. Name the type of intermolecular force between each of the compounds in question 1.
A) B) C) D)
4. Draw two NH3 molecules along with the forces of attraction between them. Label the partial
positive and negative charges.
5. Name the force that exists between two NH3 molecules.
6. Arrange the following from strongest to weakest: dispersion forces, covalent bond, dipole-
dipole force.
34
Skill Practice 34
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the strongest intermolecular
forces—O2 or S2? Explain why.
2. Consider the following molecules, SO2 and SiO2:

O C O
a) What kind of intermolecular force exists between each type of molecule?
b) Which one would you expect to have the highest boiling point?
c) Which one would you expect to have the lowest freezing point?
3. Substance A boils at 78.5oC. Substance B boils at 64.2oC. Substance C boils at 87.9oC.

Rank the three substances in order from strongest to weakest intermolecular forces.
4. Is it more difficult to liquefy polar molecules or nonpolar molecules? Explain why.
5. Liquid N2 boils at a lower temperature than liquid O2.
a) What type of force exists between N2 molecules? Between O2 molecules?
b) Which forces are stronger—those between N2 molecules or those between O2

molecules?
6. Substance X has a molar mass of 145 g/mol. Substance Y has a molar mass of 210 g/mol.
Substance Z has a molar mass of 125 g/mol. Assuming that X, Y, and Z are all composed of
only carbon and hydrogen, rank them in order from strongest to weakest intermolecular
forces. And then name the force that exists between the molecules.
35
Skill Practice 35
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Single Replacement Reactions
1. Write the reaction for each of the following reactions:

a) Sodium sulfate reacts with magnesium to produce magnesium sulfate and sodium
b) Copper(I) carbonate reacts with aluminum to form copper metal and aluminum
carbonate.
c) Copper metal is dipped into a solution of silver nitrate to produce copper(II) nitrate
and silver metal.
d) Calcium sulfate reacts with aluminum to produce aluminum sulfate and calcium.
2. Complete the following reactions:
a) Ca(NO3)2 + Al 
b) Zn + K3PO4 
c) Cd(NO3)2 + Li 
d) Cl2 + Na3P 
e) Be(C2H3O2)2 + Al 
f) Fe2(SO4)3 + Na 
36
Skill Practice 36
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Double Replacement Reactions

1. Write the reaction for each of the following reactions:
a) Iron(II) phosphate reacts with sodium chloride to produce iron(II) chloride and sodium
phosphate.
b) Calcium carbonate reacts with lithium hydroxide to produce calcium hydroxide and
lithium carbonate.
2. Complete the following reactions:

a) Mg(NO3)2 + Al(C2H3O2)3 
b) Ba(OH)2 + Na3PO4 
Combustion Reactions
3. Write the combustion reactions for the following compounds.
a) C2H4
b) C8H16
Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions

4. Write an equation for the decomposition of potassium bromide.
5. Write an equation for the synthesis of calcium oxide from its elements.
37
Skill Practice 37
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Directions: Complete the following equations. (Some reactions will already be complete.) After
they are complete, balance them. Indicate in the blank to the left of each question whether the
reaction is a single replacement (SR), double replacement (DR), synthesis (S), decomposition (D), or
combustion (C).
_____ 1. C4H8 + O2 
_____ 2. Al2(CO3)3 + ________________  Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3
_____ 3. Li + ______________  LiBr
_____ 4. Na2CO3  Na + C + O2
_____ 5. Mg + CuCl 
_____ 6. CaCl2 + Al(NO3)3 
_____ 7. Ca3(PO4)2 + Al 
_____ 8. C3H8 + O2 
_____ 9. Ca + O2  CaO
_____ 10. N2O5  N2 + O2
38
Skill Practice 38
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Why does a molecule need to absorb energy in order to break a chemical bond?
2. Given the following reaction, answer the questions…
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O

Part 1 Part 2
a) In which part of the reaction—Part 1 or Part 2—are bonds being broken?
b) In which part of the reaction—Part 1or Part 2—will energy be released?
3. Which bond would you predict to be shorter: a carbon—oxygen single bond or a carbon—
oxygen double bond? Explain.
Directions: Complete the following equations. (Some reactions will already be complete.) After
they are complete, balance them. Indicate in the blank to the left of each question whether the
reaction is a single replacement (SR), double replacement (DR), synthesis (S), decomposition (D), or
combustion (C).
_____ 4. C6H14 + O2 
_____ 5. Al2(CO3)3 + ________________  Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3
_____ 6. Na + ______________  NaF
_____ 7. Na2S  Na + S
_____ 8. Mg + AlCl3 
_____ 9. KCl + Al2(CO3)3 
_____ 10. Cu3(PO4)2 + Al 
39
Skill Practice 39
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Calculate the number of molecules in 210 grams of water.
2. If you have 6.25 x 1024 molecules of sulfur tetrafluoride, how many grams do you have?
3. Define what a mole is. Don’t give a number, give a definition in words.
4. What is the mass of 3.45 moles of aluminum sulfate?
5. Consider zinc acetate and find its “formula mass” and its “molar mass”. Include units for each.
6. If you have 245 grams of lithium carbonate, how many moles do you have?
7. How many gold atoms do you have if you have 400 grams of gold?
8. 68.5 grams of a certain compound contains 5.25 x 1023 molecules. What is the molar mass of the
compound?
9. How many grams are there in a container of 2.26 x 1025 molecules of dinitrogen trisulfide?
10. How many molecules are in 325 g of N2O5?
40
Skill Practice 40
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the percent by mass of carbon in Al2(CO3)3?
2. Find the percent composition of oxygen in each of the following compounds:

a) Na2O b) Mg(NO3)2
3. Find the percent composition of nitrogen in each of the following compounds.

a) (NH4)2O b) N3O5
4. What is the empirical formula of a compound that contains 25.9% nitrogen (N) and 74.1%
oxygen (O) by mass?
5. What is the molecular formula of a compound that has an empirical formula of NO2 and a molar
mass of 138 g/mol?
6. A compound contains 64.3% carbon, 7.14% hydrogen and 28.6% oxygen. The molecular
formula has a molecular mass of 448 amu.
a) What is the empirical formula for this compound?
b) What is the molecular formula for this compound?
7. A certain compound contains 26.35% C, 3.30% H and 70.35% O. If the molecular mass of this
compound is 819 amu, what is the molecular formulas of the compound?
41
Skill Practice 41
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Write the formula for the hydrate of CaSO4 that has a mass of 97.85 g before heating and 64.01 g
after heating.
2. 140.4 g of hydrated compound of MgSO4 was heated until it had a mass of 68.6 g. What is the
formula of the hydrate?
3. A hydrate of MgSO4 was heated intensely so that the mass changed from 2.389 g to 0.855 g.
What is the formula of the hydrate?
4. If 9.99 g of a hydrated CaCO3 are heated so that the mass then becomes 5.81 g, which of the
following is the formula of the hydrate?
42
Skill Practice 42
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider the reaction in which 410 g of Ca(NO3)2 react with just the right amount of lithium
metal in a single replacement reaction.
a) How many grams of lithium are required?
b) How many grams of each product can be produced?
2. When 250 g of Na2SO4 reacts with plenty of Ca3P2 according to the following balanced equation,
how many grams of Na3P will be produced?
3 Na2SO4 + Ca3P2  2 Na3P + 3 CaSO4
3. Consider the following combustion reaction: 2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O. If 75.3 g of

C4H10 react with plenty of O2, what mass of CO2 and H2O can be produced?
4. Consider the following balanced equation: 3Ca(NO3)2 + 2AlCl3  2Al(NO3)3 + 3CaCl2. If

210.5g of calcium nitrate react, what is the mass of each product that can be produced?
5. When 53.6 g of calcium carbonate react with plenty of aluminum fluoride, how many grams of
each product can be produced?
43
Skill Practice 43
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider the following combustion reaction: 2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O. 125 g of

C4H10 react with 415 g of O2.
a) Which substance is the limiting reactant?
b) What mass of CO2 and H2O can be produced?
2. When 412.5 g of calcium carbonate react with 521.9 g of aluminum fluoride, how many
grams of each product can be produced?
3. When 277 g of Na2SO4 reacts with 137 g of Ca3P2 according to the following balanced
equation… 3 Na2SO4 + Ca3P2  2 Na3P + 3 CaSO4
a) How many grams of the excess reactant are left over?
b) How many grams of Na3P are produced?
4. If 312 g of potassium sulfide reacts with 410 g of aluminum phosphide, how many grams of
each product can be produced?
44
Skill Practice 44
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. In a certain chemical reaction, 297 g of zinc chloride was produced from the single replacement
reaction of excess zinc and 202.7 g of lithium chloride. What is the percent yield of zinc
chloride?
2. When 24.5 g of CaCl2 reacted with plenty of AgNO3, 21.5 grams of Ca(NO3)2 were produced.
What was the percent yield of Ca(NO3)2?
3. When 312.7 g of Al2(SO4)3 react with plenty of magnesium, what is the percent yield when 38.5 g
of aluminum are formed?
4. Consider the reaction in which 370 g of Ca(NO3)2 react with just the right amount of lithium
metal in a single replacement reaction. If the percent yield of LiNO3 is 74.3%, what mass of
LiNO3 will be produced?
5. If 42.4g of Al react with excess O2 and 67.3g of Al2O3 are produced, what was the percent yield
of Al2O3? Note: the balanced equation is: 4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3
45
Skill Practice 45
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider a closed system consisting of a piece of wood in a container. If the closed system
was heated intensely for one hour, would you expect the mass of the system to change? Why
or why not?
2. Early scientists didn’t think carefully about open vs. closed systems. Why did their lack of
understanding lead them astray, especially when it came to gases?
3. Explain how salt water could be purified through distillation.
4. If you have a powder and you don’t know if it is a hydrate or a carbonate, how could you use
a curved-necked retort to find out?
5. How can you determine the formula of a hydrate by heating it in an open system?
46
Skill Practice 46
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider the following gases. Explain a procedure for each gas that would allow you to
determine its identity if you didn’t already know it.
a) Hydrogen
b) Oxygen
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Nitrogen
2. Compare the rate of respiration of a mouse and a plant. Explain the basis for your comparison.
47
Skill Practice 47
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
IMPORTANT: whenever you use temperature, it must be in degree Kelvin (K), so remember the
equation: K = oC + 273
1. a) convert 39 oC to K. b) convert 127 K to oC.
2. A gas has an initial volume of 2.75 L at a temperature of 285 K. If the temperature changes to
380 K, what is the new volume of the gas if the pressure is unchanged?
3. Gas can often be cooled by compressing it while keeping the pressure constant. If I have 45.0 L
of gas at room temperature (22oC) and I compress it so that the final volume is 0.50 L, what is the
final temperature of the gas if the pressure is constant?
4. The volume of a gas is 2.5 L when the pressure is at standard pressure (101.325 kPa). What is the
volume of the gas if the pressure decreases to 85 kPa and the temperature remains unchanged?
5. A 5.0 L container of gas experiences a temperature change so that the final temperature is 4 times
the initial temperature. What is the size of the container after the temperature change? (Assume
constant pressure.)
6. At 45oC the volume of a certain gas is 27.5 L and the pressure is 210 kPa. What is the volume of
the gas at standard temperature (273 K) and 310 kPa of pressure?
7. The pressure of a sample of gas was 97.8 kPa and the volume of the gas was 3.75 L. If the gas
occupied a container with a volume of 8.00 L, what would the pressure in the container be?
8. Isothermal expansion refers to allowing a gas to expand while keeping the temperature constant.
This is one means to simulate a vacuum. If a gas originally at 97 kPa is allowed to expand from
0.25 L to 182 L, what is the pressure of the gas?
9. A gas is initially at a pressure of 225 kPa and a temperature of 245 K in a container that is 4.5 L.
If the gas is compressed to a volume of 2.1 L and the temperature changes to 275 K, what is the
new pressure?
48
Skill Practice 48
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Under water where the temperature is 17oC and the pressure is 394 kPa, a diver inhales 2.1 L of
air from his SCUBA tank.
a) How many moles of gas are in his lungs?
b) If the diver swims to the surface without exhaling where the temperature is 32oC and the
pressure changes to 100.2 kPa, what will the volume of the air in his lungs be?
3. On planet X, 2.78 moles of a gas takes up 1.85 L under a pressure of 74.1 kPa and a temperature
of 201oC. What is the value of the ideal gas constant (R) on planet X? (include units)
4. At a pressure of 103 kPa and a temperature of 22oC, 52.9 g of a certain gas has a volume of 31.5
L. What is the identity of this gas? (Hint: find the molar mass of the gas and match it with the
periodic table.)
5. Some oxygen gas has a volume of 41.0 L under a pressure of 245 kPa and a temperature of 279
K. What is the mass of the gas?
6. 17.5 mL of oxygen gas were collected at room temperature (22oC) and 100.2 kPa of atmospheric
pressure.
e) How many moles of oxygen gas were produced?
f) What is the molar volume of the oxygen gas at the conditions in the laboratory?
7. What is the molar volume of a gas at 135 kPa and 45oC?
49
Skill Practice 49
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. At 80oC, 3.284 g of a certain gas has a volume of 1.6 L and a pressure of 215 kPa.
a) What is the molar mass of the gas?
b) Which diatomic gas is this? (Hint: think BrINClHOF)
2. Consider 210.5 grams of nitrogen gas (N2) in a 4.0 L container. What is the pressure inside
the container if the temperature is 300oC?
3. At 300 K, 12.5 g of a certain gas has a volume of 2.6 L and a pressure of 315 kPa. What is
the molar mass of the gas?
4. At 320 K, 16.5 g of a certain gas has a volume of 2.6 L and a pressure of 315 kPa. Find the
molar mass of the gas.
5. What is the molar volume of a gas if the pressure is 108 kPa and the temperature is 30 oC?
6. What is the molar volume of carbon dioxide gas at 125 kPa and 35oC?
50
Skill Practice 50
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. At a certain temperature, the velocity of oxygen molecules is 0.0760 m/s. What is the
velocity of neon atoms at this temperature?
2. If nitrogen diffuses at a rate of 0.0489 m/s, how fast does carbon dioxide diffuse?
3. Which would be larger—the diffusion of chlorine or carbon dioxide? Explain.
4. Find the ratio of the rate of diffusion of helium to argon.
5. Under certain conditions, fluorine gas diffuses at a rate of 0.0221 m/s. Calculate the rate of
diffusion of helium under the same conditions.
6. Krypton gas diffuses at a rate of 0.0752 m/s. What is the molar mass of an unknown gas
which diffuses at a rate of 0.0527 m/s?
51
Skill Practice 51
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. In a reaction, 24.9 L of N2 reacts with excess H2 to produce NH3. How many liters of NH3
were produced? How many grams of NH3 is this? The pressure in the lab is 97.8 kPa and the
temperature was 23.7oC.
2. If 22.5 L of oxygen reacted with excess hydrogen, how many liters of water vapor (gaseous
water) could be produced?
3. The combustion of a certain wax can be represented by the following balanced equation:
C22H44 + 33 O2  22 CO2 + 22 H2O
If 185g of wax (C22H44) burns, how many liters of oxygen gas were used up? Assume the
conditions in the lab are 101 kPa and 25oC.
4. Zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. How many liters of
hydrogen can be produced at STP if 13.5g of zinc are reacted with excess HCl?
Zn + 2 HCl  H2 + ZnCl2
5. If 210g of hydrogen gas react in an atmosphere of excess nitrogen, how many liters of NH3
can be produced? Assume condtions are at STP.
52
Skill Practice 52
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. During an experiment, 17.5 mL of oxygen gas were collected over water at room temperature
(25oC) and 100.2 kPa of atmospheric pressure. The vapor pressure of water at this
temperature is 2.6 kPa.
a) What is the pressure of the “dry” oxygen gas?
b) How many moles of oxygen gas were produced?
c) What is the molar volume of the oxygen gas at the conditions in the laboratory?
2. Zinc metal reacted with hydrochloric acid and 48.5 mL of hydrogen gas were collected over
water at 35oC and 95 kPa of pressure according to the balanced equation,
Zn + 2 HCl  H2 + ZnCl2. How many moles of HCl were used up in the reaction?
3. A gas was collected in a 2.0 L container over water at 40oC and the pressure in the container
was 105 kPa. What would be the volume of the gas at STP?
4. A certain container contains 3 moles of hydrogen gas and 2 moles of oxygen gas. The total
pressure in the container is 100 kPa. What is the partial pressure of hydrogen and of oxygen
in the container?
5. Oxygen gas was collected over water at 25oC and 97 kPa by decomposing sodium chlorate:
2 NaClO3  2 NaCl + 3 O2
If 1.45 L were collected, how many grams of NaClO3 were decomposed?
53
Skill Practice 53
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Calculate the molarity of the following solutions:
a) 45 g of Na2SO4 in 150 mL of solution.
b) 24.6 g of (NH4)2CO3 in 75 mL of solution.
c) 73.1 g of Ca(NO3)2 in 125 mL of solution.
2. What is the concentration of sulfate ions, SO4-2, in each of the following?
a) 0.75 M Al2(SO4)3 b) 1.35 M Na2SO4
3. What is the molarity of chlorine ions in solution when 47 g of AlCl3 is dissolved in a 210 mL
of solution?
4. Which of the following solutions has the highest concentration? Prove using calculations.
A) 12.5 g of CaCl2 in 40 mL of solution B) 20.9 g of MgI2 in 35 mL
5. How many grams of salt (NaCl) need to be dissolved in 300 mL of solution to give you a
solution that has a concentration of 1.2 M? (Hint: you need to work backwards on this one.
You are given the molarity and the liters, so find the moles and convert to grams.)
54
Skill Practice 54
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the mass percent of calcium chloride if 45 g of CaCl2 is dissolved in 320 g of water?
2. A solution is prepared by dissolving 32 g of salt in 278 g of water.

A) What is the mole fraction of salt in the solution?
B) What is the mole fraction of water in the solution?
3. How many grams of calcium nitrate needs to be added to 400 g of water to make a solution
that is 12.5% by mass of Ca(NO3)2?
4. A certain solution of salt water has a molality of 3.25 m.

a) What is the mole fraction of salt in the solution?
b) What is the mass percent of salt in the solution?
5. If 325 mL of a solution was prepared by dissolving 83.8g of Na3PO4 in 310 g of water…

a) What is the molarity of the solution?
b) What is the molality of the solution?
6. Describe how you could prepare 200 mL of a solution that is 1.2 M NaCl.
55
Skill Practice 55
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the molality of ammonium ions in a 1.75 m solution of (NH4)3PO4?
2. What is the total molality of particles in the solution in question 1?
3. What is the total molality of particles in a 1.75 m solution of sugar (a covalent compound with the
formula C6H12O6)?
4. Calculate the freezing point of a 0.75 m solution of Al2(CO3)3.
5. A solution is prepared by placing 72.8 g of calcium chloride in 120 g of water at 22oC. The vapor
pressure of water at 22oC is 2.6 kPa.
a) What is the boiling point of the solution?
b) What is the freezing point of the solution?
c) What is the vapor pressure of the solution?
6. A solution is prepared by placing 72.8 g of magnesium chloride in 120 g of water at 22oC.

a) What is the boiling point of the solution?
b) What is the freezing point of the solution?
56
Skill Practice 56
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. When 230 g of an unknown covalent compound is dissolved in 410 g of water, the freezing
point of the solution is –3.51oC. Find the molar mass of the compound.
2. Find the molar mass of a covalent compound if 125 g dissolved in water changes the vapor
pressure from 3.4 kPa to 1.8 kPa.
3. When 180 g of an unknown covalent compound is dissolved in 430 g of water, the boiling
point changes to 101.52oC. What is the molar mass of the compound?
4. The boiling point of a 1.25m solution is 101.2oC. Find the molar mass of the covalent solute
if the mass percent of solute in the solution is 15.2%.
5. Find the molar mass of a covalent compound that when dissolved in water to make a 2.1m
solution the freezing point becomes -2.53oC. The mass percent of solute is 17.5%.
57
Skill Practice 57
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider the following diagram of atoms:

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
a) Does the above collision have enough energy for a reaction to form? Explain.
b) Circle the activated complex in the above diagram. Another name for activated complex
is the
____________________ ______________.
c) Which of the following could be the reaction? (There could be more than one.)
A) CO2 + Cl2  CO2Cl2 B) N2 + 3Ca  Ca3N2 C) 3 O2 + 4 Al  2 Al2O3
d) Redraw the above diagram (all three steps), but this time make it a collision that does
NOT have enough energy to react:
2. Draw an energy diagram for an endothermic reaction. Clearly label the activation energy and the
enthalpy change. Then explain how a catalyst would change the diagram you drew.
3. What is a catalyst?
4. Name three ways to speed up a reaction.
58
Skill Practice 58
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Use the following information for questions 1 and 2: The following reaction proceeds slowly. It is
possible to analyze the amount of iodide ion in the reaction container (which has a volume of 0.45 L)
and so several measurements were made as shown in the table below.
3 HSO3- + IO3-  3 HSO4- + I-
Time (s) Moles HSO3- Moles IO3- Moles HSO4- Moles I-

0 0.0357 0.0105 0 0
200 0.0021
400 0.0032
600 0.0039
1. Recalling that the change in moles of iodide ions is related to the change in moles of the other
substances, fill in the missing blanks in the table.
2. Calculate the average rate of formation of I- during each of the following intervals of time. Your
units should be M/s.
a) Between 0 and 200 seconds
b) Between 200 and 400 seconds
c) Between 400 and 600 seconds
3. If the rate of disappearance of HSO3- was 0.0045 M/s, calculate the rate of appearance of I-.
59
Skill Practice 59
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Give the following reaction and data, answer the following questions.
2 ClO2 + 2 I-  2 ClO2- + I2
Experiment [ClO2] [I-] rate of disappearance of I-

1 0.30 0.40 3.350 x 10-4 M/s
2 0.90 0.40 9.045 x 10-3 M/s
3 0.30 0.80 5.360 x 10-3 M/s
a) What is the order with respect to ClO2 in this reaction?

b) What is the order with respect to I- in this reaction?
c) What is the overall order in this reaction?
d) Write the rate law for this reaction.
e) Calculate the rate constant and include units.
f) How does the rate of disappearance of ClO2 compare to the rate of appearance of I2?
2. Consider the following reaction and the following experimental data.

H2O2 + 3 I- + 2H+  I3- + 2 H2O
[H2O2] [I-] [H+] Rate
Expt. 1 0.010 0.010 0.00050 1.15 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 2 0.020 0.010 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 3 0.010 0.020 0.00050 2.30 x 10-6 M/s
Expt. 4 0.010 0.010 0.00100 1.15 x 10-6 M/s
a) What is the order for each reactant?
b) Write the rate law.
c) Determine the rate constant including units.
60
Skill Practice 60
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Given the following reaction and data, answer the following questions.
2NOCl  2NO + Cl2
Time (s) [NOCl] (M)

0 0.200
575 0.158
995 0.137
2080 0.102
a) How does the rate of disappearance of NOCl compare to the rate of appearance of Cl2?
b) Is this reaction 1st order or 2nd order with respect to [NOCl]?
c) Calculate the rate constant, k, and include units.
d) What is the average rate of reaction between time 0 and 995 s?
e) Describe how you would find the instantaneous rate of reaction at 700 s using a plot of
concentration verses time.
f) Write the rate law for this reaction.
g) Calculate the rate of disappearance of NOCl at time = 1550 s.
h) Calculate the rate of appearance of Cl2 at time = 750 s.
2. Aspirin decomposes into acetic acid and salicylic acid. The following data was obtained
during experimentation.
Time (min.) [Aspirin], M
0 1.000
5 0.630
10 0.460
15 0.362
a) What is the order of the reaction with respect to aspirin?
b) What is the rate constant for this reaction?
c) How long will it take for the aspirin concentration to reach a value of 0.20 M?
61
Skill Practice 61
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. A certain reaction has an equilibrium constant of 12,470. At equilibrium, are there mostly
products or are there mostly reactants present? Explain.
2. Indicate whether the statements are True or False. CHANGE any false ones to make them true!
_____ a) At equilibrium the amount of products must equal the amount of reactants.
_____ b) During equilibrium, the concentration of the products does not change.
_____ c) A collision between reactants is all that is needed to cause a reaction.
_____ d) At the beginning of a reaction the forward reaction is faster than the reverse reaction, but
then the forward reaction slows down as the reverse reaction speeds up.
3. Write equilibrium constants for each of the following reactions.
a) CO2 + Cl2  CO2Cl2 b) N2 + 3Ca  Ca3N2 c) 3 O2 + 4 Al  2 Al2O3
4. Given the following equilibrium constant expressions, write the reaction that goes with each:
[NH 3 ] 2 [CO 2 ][NO] 2
a) K  b) K 
[N 2 ][H 2 ]3 [C][N 2 ][O 2 ] 2
5. A certain reaction has an equilibrium constant of 0.00032. At equilibrium, are there mostly
products or are there mostly reactants present? Explain.
62
Skill Practice 62
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is meant when we say that a reaction has reached “equilibrium”?
2. Consider the following chemical equation: 2 N2O5  2 N2 + 5 O2. At equilibrium, the

concentration of O2 is 0.45 M, the concentration of N2O5 is 1.20 M, and the concentration of N2 is
0.71 M. Calculate the equilibrium constant, K.
3. In an experiment, 0.100 mol of H2 and 0.100 mol of I2 are mixed in a 3.00-L container according
to the following equation: H2 + I2  2 HI. If K = 50.0 for this reaction, what is the
equilibrium concentration of I2, H2 and HI?
4. How many moles of each substance is in a 1.0 L vessel if you start with 0.500 mol of H2 and
0.500 mol of I2 to synthesize HI. K is 49.7.
5. Consider the following reaction: PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g). If the initial concentration of
PCl5 is 1.00 mol/L, what is the equilibrium composition (i.e. the concentration of each substance
at equilibrium) of the gaseous mixture? K is 0.0211.
63
Skill Practice 63
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
6. When 0.100 mol H2S gas was put into a 10.0 L vessel and heated to 1132oC, it gave an
equilibrium mixture containing 0.0285 mol H2 gas along with some S2 gas.
a) Calculate Kc at this temperature.
b) Calculate Kp at this temperature.
7. If Kc for the following reaction is 4.58x10-4, what is Kp at 420oC?

SO2Cl2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g)
8. Given the information in question 2 above, consider the following. a 2.5 L reaction vessel
was filled with 0.84 mol of SO2Cl2. After the reaction comes to equilibrium, what is the
concentration of SO2Cl2, SO2 and Cl2?
9. Consider the following chemical equation: 2 N2O5  2 N2 + 5 O2. If Kc = 0.345 at a

temperature of 245 K, what is Kp at this temperature?
64
Skill Practice 64
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. The following reaction has an equilibrium constant Kc equal to 3.07x10-4. At a given moment in
time, the concentration of NOBr was 0.181 M, the concentration of NO was 0.0123 M and the
concentration of Br2 was 0.0201 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, indicate whether more
products or more reactants will be formed. 2NOBr (g)  2NO (g) + Br2 (g)
2. Consider the reaction 2 H2S (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2 H2O (g) + 2 SO2 (g) where Kc = 2.38. The
reaction began and after a while, the sample was analyzed and the concentration of SO2 was
0.085 M, the concentration of H2O was 0.071 M, the concentration of O2 was 0.162M and the
concentration of H2S was 0.059 M. As the reaction proceeds from this moment forward, do you
expect more products to form or more reactants? Explain.
3. Given the reaction: H2 + I2  2 HI. The equilibrium constant Kc is 0.481. The

concentrations of H2, I2, and HI were measured at various times. For each of the following sets of
data indicate whether the reaction is at equilibrium or not. If the reaction is not at equilibrium,
then indicate whether more reactants will form or whether more products need to form to attain
equilibrium.
a) [H2] = 0.27 M; [I2] = 0.40 M; [HI] = 0.31 M
b) [H2] = 0.46 M; [I2] = 0.34 M; [HI] = 0.28 M
c) [H2] = 0.18 M; [I2] = 0.29 M; [HI] = 0.48 M
d) [H2] = 0.257 M; [I2] = 0.269 M; [HI] = 0.510 M
65
Skill Practice 65
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the solubility (in g/L) of calcium phosphate? (Hint: Find Ksp in book.)
2. Lead(II) hydroxide has a solubility of 0.00975 g/L. What is Ksp for this salt?
3. The solubility of the mostly insoluble compound silver sulfate is 0.0044 g/L. Calculate the Ksp
for silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
4. Calculate the solubility in g/L of Pb3(AsO4)2. Ksp = 4.0x10-36.
66
Skill Practice 66
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Consider the following reaction: PCl5 (g)  PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g).
a) If at equilibrium the concentration of PCl5 is 2 M, the concentration of PCl3 is 3 M and the
concentration of Cl2 is 4 M, calculate the equilibrium constant.
b) Will more reactants or more products be produced if the pressure decreases? Explain.
c) Assume the reaction is endothermic. In order to increase the amount of products would
you want to increase or decrease the temperature? Explain.
2. The amount of products of a certain reaction increased when the temperature was raised. Is the
reaction endothermic or exothermic? (Hint: think of LeChatelier’s Principle and whether the
energy would be written on the left or right side of the equation.)
3. Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g). It is an
exothermic reaction.
a) Would more NH3 (g) be produced if the pressure was increased? Explain.
b) Would more NH3 (g) be produced if the temperature was increased? Explain.
c) Describe what would happen if some H2 were removed from the container.
4. Consider the following equilibrium: SO2Cl2 (g)  SO2 (g) + Cl2 (g). The H of the
reaction is 121.4 kJ. Consider LeChatelier’s principle when answering the following
questions.
a) Would more SO2Cl2 be produced if the pressure was increased? Explain.
b) Would more SO2Cl2 be produced if the temperature was increased? Explain.
c) Describe what would happen if some Cl2 were removed from the container.
67
Skill Practice 67
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Calculate and compare the molar solubility of CdC2O4 (Ksp = 1.5x10-8) in pure water and in
0.15 M cadmium chloride (a soluble salt).
2. Determine if a precipitate of CaSO4 will form from a solution that is 0.0025 M in calcium
chloride and 0.029 M in sodium sulfate.
3. Which of the following salts would be most soluble in acidic pH—magnesium oxalate or
magnesium bisulfate (MgHSO4)?
4. The solubility of the partially soluble salt silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) in water is 2.6 g/L. What
is the solubility (in g/L) of Ag2CO3 in a 0.035 M solution of silver nitrate? (Hint: first
calculate Ksp using the 2.6 g/L.)
68
Skill Practice 68
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. A certain substance in solution is known to increase the concentration of H3O+. Is this substance
an acid or a base?
2. Given the following reaction, identify the Arrhenius acid and describe why the substance you
chose is an Arrhenius acid.
H2SO4  HSO4- + H+
3. How do the Bronsted-Lowry definitions and the Arrhenius definitions differ?
4. Describe the difference between a weak and a strong acid.
5. In each of the following reactions identify an acid (if there is one) and then specify whether it is
an acid according to the Arrhenius definitions or the Bronsted-Lowry definitions or both.
a) H2CO3 + CN-  HCN + HCO3-
b) F- + HSO4-  HF + SO42-
c) HSO4- + H2O  H3O+ + SO42-
6. What is the conjugate base of HCN?
69
Skill Practice 69
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the pH of a 0.034 M solution of HNO3?
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.0105 M solution of NaOH?
4. a) Calculate the pH of a 0.025 M solution of HNO3.
b) What is the pOH of this solution?
5. Calculate [H+], [OH-], pOH and the pH for a 0.0015 M solution of HCl.
6. Calculate [H+], [OH-], pOH and the pH for a 0.00024 M solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
70
Skill Practice 70
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Determine whether each of the following are acids (A) or bases (B).
_____ a) H2SO4 _____ b) KOH _____ c) Ca(OH)2 _____ d) HNO3
2. A substance was dissolved in water to give a pH of 2.14. Was the substance HCl or NaOH?
Explain.
3. Calculate the pH of a 0.046 M solution of Al(OH)3.
4. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between CaCO3 and HCl.
5. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide.
6. Limestone is made of CaCO3. Why would a lake with a limestone bed experience fewer adverse
affects from acid rain than a lake with a “normal” sand bed?
71
Skill Practice 71
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the pH of a 0.34 M solution of HNO3?
2. What is the pH of a 0.34 M solution of benzoic acid (Ka=6.3x10-5) ?
3. Compare the concentrations and pH of each solution in questions 1 and 2. Why are weak acids
called weak? What is the relationship between a weak acid’s Ka value and the pH?
4. Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) has an ionization constant of 1.7x10-5. What is the Kb for C2H3O2- ?
5. What is the pH of a 0.16 M solution of acetic acid?
6. A 0.25 M solution of an unknown acid has a pH of 2.5. What is the Ka of the acid?
7. Ammonia is a weak base with Kb = 1.8x10-5. What is the pH of a 0.5 M solution of NH3?
8. A 0.045 M solution of a certain unknown base has a pH of 9.7. What is the Kb for this base?
72
Skill Practice 72
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. In a solution of benzoic acid, sodium chloride will not cause the common ion effect, but
sodium benzoate will. Offer an explanation.
2. Propanoic acid (HC3H5O2) has a Ka of 1.3x10-5. What is the pH of a solution that has a
concentration of 0.045 M propanoic acid and 0.022 M sodium propanoate (NaC3H5O2).
3. What is the pH of a solution that is 0.075 M hypochlorous acid (HOCl, Ka=3.5x10-8) and
0.064 M calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2?
4. Hydrocyanic acid, HCN, when in a solution with which of the following compounds will
experience a common-ion effect?
A) NaNO3 B) LiCN C) CaCO3 D) HCl E) Mg(CN)2
73
Skill Practice 73
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. What is the pH of a solution formed by diluting 245 mL of 0.024 M HCl with 200 mL of
water? (Assume volumes of liquids are additive.)
2. What is the pH of a solution made by mixing 1.5 L of 0.35 M HCl with 2.0 L of 0.10 M
NaOH?
3. In titration, the equivalence point is when the moles of an acid equals the moles of a base.
Consider 245 mL of 0.25 M NaOH being titrated with 0.40 M HCl.
a) How many mL of HCl will need to be added to reach the equivalence point?
b) What is the pH at the equivalence point?
4. What is the pH of a solution formed by mixing 1.27 L of 0.035 M NaOH with 1.65 L of 0.025
M HCl?
5. Find the pH of a solution that is formed by diluting 450 mL of 0.045 M NaOH with 300 mL
of water. (Assume volumes of liquids are additive.)
74
Skill Practice 74
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Indicate whether the following salts will result in an acidic (A), basic (B), or neutral (N) pH
when dissolved in water.
_____ a) NH4Cl _____ b) NaCl _____ c) Mg(CN)2 _____ d) CaF2
_____ e) Na2C2H3O2 _____ f) NH4Cl _____ g) MgCl2 _____ h) Ca(NO3)2
2. What is the pH of a solution formed by dissolving 25.8 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in

1.5 L of water?
3. A solution was made by adding acetic acid and a salt to water. The concentration of acetic
acid in the solution was 0.5 M. The pH of the solution was found to be 3.3. Was the salt
calcium chloride or sodium acetate? Explain.
4. Calculate the pH of a 0.045 M solution of sodium benzoate. (Benzoate is the anion formed
from benzoic acid, which has a Ka of 6.3x10-5.)
5. What effect on the pH does NH4NO3 have when it is added to a solution of ammonia in
water?
6. Calculate the pH of a 0.035 M solution of sodium acetate.
7. Calculate the pH of a 0.00046 M solution of NH4Cl.
75
Skill Practice 75
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. 120 mL of a 0.095 M solution of HCl is titrated with 0.065 M NaOH.

a) How many mL of NaOH are required to reach the equivalence point?
b) What is the pH at the equivalence point?
2. Predict whether the equivalence point would be at an acidic, basic, or neutral pH for the
titration of NH3 with HNO3. Explain.
3. Consider a titration of 0.125 L of 0.34 M NH3 with 0.20 M HCl.

a) Calculate the pH after 0.085 L of HCl is added.
b) Calculate the pH at the equivalence point.
4. Calculate the pH at the equivalence point when you titrate 24.5 mL of 0.0079 M HC2H3O2
with 0.023 M NaOH.
76
Skill Practice 76
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. a) Calculate the pH of a buffer that is 0.24 M benzoic acid and 0.22 M sodium benzoate. (The
Ka for benzoic acid is 6.4x10-5.)
b) Calculate the pH of 65 mL of the buffer from part (a) after 8.0 mL of 0.15 M HCl is added
to it.
2. Calculate the pH of a buffer that was made by mixing 27.8 mL of 0.30 M HC2H3O2 and 30.5
mL of 0.21 M NaC2H3O2.
3. Calculate the pH of the buffer in question 2 after 10 mL of 0.10 M HCl is added to it.
4. Which buffer would be best at a pH of around 5—a solution of HNO2 and NaNO2 or a
solution of HC2H3O2 and NaC2H3O2? Explain.
5. Bromcresol green is an indicator that changes color at a pH of around 3.5 and phenolphthalein
changes color at a pH of around 8. Which would be the best indicator to use for the titration
of a solution of acetic acid with sodium hydroxide? Explain. Hint: you want an indicator that
changes color at a pH nearest to the equivalence point.
77
Skill Practice 77
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
For some of the following problems, you will need to use a table of Hf values.
1. Using Hf values calculate the enthalpy change for the following reaction.
2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
2. Using Hf values calculate the enthalpy change for the decomposition of one mole of SO3 (g) into
SO2 (g) and O2 (g).
3. Calculate the enthalpy change in kilojoules when 54.7g of MgCO3 decomposes according to the
following equation: MgCO3 (s)  MgO (s) + CO2 (g)
4. Which of the following reactions are exothermic?
A) C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)
B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)
C) N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g)
5. Calculate the enthalpy for the following reaction: 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g).
You may only use the following information:
N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g); Hf = 180.6 kJ
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g); Hf = -91.8 kJ
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 H2O (g); Hf = -483.7 kJ
78
Skill Practice 78
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Hydrogen cyanide is extremely poisonous. It can be produced by the following reaction:

CH4 (g) + NH3 (g)  HCN (g) + 3 H2 (g)
Using only the following information, calculate the heat of reaction (H):
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g) ; H = -91.8 kJ
C (s) + 2 H2 (g)  CH4 (g) ; H = -74.9 kJ
H2 (g) + 2 C (s) + N2 (g)  2 HCN (g) ; H = 270.3 kJ
2. Compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds, such as ethylene, C2H4, add hydrogen in a
reaction called hydrogenation:
C2H4 (g) + H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, using only the following combustion data:
C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l); H = -1401 kJ
C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l); H = -1550 kJ
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O (l); H = -286 kJ
3. Use the thermochemical equations shown below to determine the enthalpy for the reaction:
H2SO4(l)  H2S(g) + 2O2(g)
SO3(g) + H2O(g)  H2SO4(l) H = -205KJ
H2S(g) + 2O2(g)  SO3(g) + H2O(l)  H = -690KJ
H2O(l)  H2O(g)  H = 110KJ
79
Skill Practice 79
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Predict whether S is positive or negative for each of the following reactions.
A) 2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g)  2 NaCl (s)
B) 2 C (s) + O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g)
C) 2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
D) P4 (g)  P4 (s)
2. Calculate S for the following reactions using standard entropy values.
A) 2 SO3 (g)  2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g)
B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)
C) CH4 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l)
D) CS2 (g) + 4 H2 (g)  CH4 (g) + 2 H2S (g)
3. What does it mean for a reaction to be spontaneous?
80
Skill Practice 80
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Given the following reaction, calculate H and S.

2 CH3OH (l) + 3 O2 (g)  2 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
2. Given your answers to question 1 and the fact that this reaction takes place at 25oC, calculate G.
3. A certain reaction is nonspontaneous at room temperature and spontaneous at high temperatures.

What are the signs of S and H?
4. Calculate G for each of the following reactions. Indicate whether each reaction is spontaneous
or not.
A) C2H2 (g) + 2 H2 (g)  C2H6 (g)
B) CS2 (l) + 3 O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2 SO2 (g)
C) N2 (g) + O2 (g)  2 NO (g)
81
Skill Practice 81
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
_____ 1. The substance in a redox reaction that accepts electrons. a. oxidation number
_____ 2. The gain of electrons. b. reducing agent
_____ 3. A chemical change that occurs when electrons are c. oxidizing agent
transferred from one atom to another.
d. reduction
_____ 4. The substance in a redox reaction that loses electrons.
e. oxidation
_____ 5. The gain of oxygen.
f. redox reaction
_____ 6. The loss of electrons.
_____ 7. For many substances, this equals the charge.
8. Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in the following reactions (No need to balance the
reactions):
a) 2 Ca + O2  2 CaO
b) Li2O + N2  Li3N + O2
c) HNO2  H2 + NO2
9. Identify the oxidizing agent in the reactions in parts a and b from question 8.
a) _______________ b) ________________
10. Is the following reaction a redox reaction? Explain. NaCl + AgNO3  NaNO3 + AgCl
82
Skill Practice 82
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Split the following reactions into half reactions.
a) Ag+ + Zn  Ag + Zn+2
Oxidation ½ reaction:
Reduction ½ reaction:
b) Br2 + Zn  2 Br- + Zn+2
c) Cu+2 + 2 Cl-  Cu + Cl2
d) I2 + Fe  2 I- + Fe+2
2. Which is the best reducing agent—Cu+2 or Fe+2? Explain.
3. Which of the following will be most easily reduced—Br2 or Cl2? Explain.
83
Skill Practice 83
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Calculate the cell voltage for each of the following reactions.
a) Ag+ + Zn  Ag + Zn+2
b) Br2 + Zn  2 Br- + Zn+2
c) Cu+2 + 2 Cl-  Cu + Cl2
d) Sn+2 + Zn  Sn + Zn+2
e) I2 + Fe  2 I- + Fe+2
2. True or false: In a spontaneous galvanic cell, electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.
3. Which equations from question 1 are spontaneous?
4. An electrochemical galvanic cell was created using zinc and tin. For the reaction to be
spontaneous, which one should be the anode and which the cathode?
5. Draw a diagram of a Galvanic cell from question 4.
84
Skill Practice 84
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Given the following notations, how many protons and how many neutrons are there in each of
these nuclei?
A) 224 Fr B) 233 C) 100 Tc
87 91 Pa 43
2. Write the symbol for a polonium-209 nucleus.
3. A certain bismuth nucleus contains 130 neutrons. Write the symbol for this nucleus.
238
4. Write the equations for several different kinds of nuclear decay of: 92 U
a) beta decay:
b) positron decay:
c) alpha decay:
d) electron capture
247
5. What is the final symbol for the nucleus formed by 97 Bk after it undergoes alpha decay, then
electron capture, followed by beta, and finally another alpha decay?
6. What is the final symbol for the nucleus formed by 257

100 Fm
after it undergoes beta decay, then
electron capture, followed by another beta, and finally an alpha decay?
85
Skill Practice 85
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Write the nuclear equation for the decay of phosphorus-32 to sulfur-32. What type of radioactive
decay do you expect?
102 109
2. Which of the following nuclei are radioactive: 47 Ag or 47 Ag ? Explain.
3. Which of the following nuclei are radioactive: Rb-86 or Rb-90? Explain.
4. What kind of radioactive decay would you expect for each of the following?
a) Chlorine-38 b) Nobelium-259 c) Potassium-36
5. For each substance in question 4, write an appropriate nuclear equation for the decay.
a)
b)
c)
6. Californium was first synthesized by bombarding an element with alpha particles. The products
were californium-245 and a neutron. What was the target element? Write the nuclear equation.
7. Complete the notation and then write the nuclear equation for each of the following:
31 76 79
a) 15 P (, n) ? b) 33 As(, ?) 34 Se
8. Write the abbreviated notation for each of the following:
a) 14
7 N 24He178 O11H b) 27
13 Al  24He15
30
P 01n
86
Skill Practice 86
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Draw the structure of 3-ethylpentane.
2. Why is 1-methylhexane not a legitimate name for a compound?
3. Why is 4-ethylpentane not a legitimate name?
4. Draw and rename correctly the molecule from question 3.
5. Name the following structure.
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H C H H
H H
H
6. An alkane has 4 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms does it have?
7. Name the following compound.

H3C CH2
CH CH2
H3C CH2 CH2 CH3
87
Skill Practice 87
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
1. Draw the structure for cis-3-heptene.
2. Explain the difference between cis and trans.
3. Draw the following structures.

a) trans-2-hexene
b) trans-3-octene
c) cis-3-hexene
d) 1-pentene
4. Why was no cis or trans designation necessary for question 3d?
5. Name the following structure:

H H
H C C H
HH C C HH
H C C H
H H
88
Skill Practice 88
Name: ______________________________
Date: _______________
Hour: _____
Label each of the following molecules as a carboxylic acid, ester, ether, alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde.
1. H3C CH2 O 2. OH
CH2 C H3C HC
CH3
CH2 CH3
__________________________ _________________________
3. CH3 4. O
H3C HC H3C C
O OH
H2C
CH3
__________________________ _________________________
5. H3C O 6. H3C O
CH2 C CH2 CH
O
H3C
__________________________ _________________________
7. H3C O 8. H3C CH2 O

CH C O C
H3C CH CH3 CH CH3
H3C H3C
__________________________ _________________________

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What is the purpose of the document?

What types of scientific questions and experiments are discussed?

What types of scientific questions and experiments are discussed?

1

b) What is the dependent variable?

c) How could the researchers make their study better?

Popsicle Sales and Daily Temperatures Over One Week Period

1. Plot the data on the graph

2. What is the independent variable

Daily Temperature (°F)

4. Describe the trends in the two

5. What do you think Malachi will

Days of the Week

1. Is water an element? How do you know?

3. Is water a mixture or a compound? Explain.

4. Which are easier to separate, in your opinion—mixtures or compounds? Why?

_____ a) salad _____ b) sugar _____ c) soda _____ d) copper

1. Solve the following problems. Write answers in scientific notation.

a) (7.430 x 104)(3.0 x 102) = _______________________

b) 8.03 x 106 + 4.0 x 104 = _________________________

c) (2.22 x 10-12) ÷ (4.10x10-33) = ________________________

e) 3.22x1012 – 2.44x1011 = _____________________________

f) (6.32 x 10-32) ÷ (8.19x10-36) = ___________________________

2. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation:

a) 23,000,210,000 = ________________ b) 0.00000000351 = ___________________

3. Convert the following numbers to "regular" notation:

a) 2.354 x 105 = _____________________ b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = ______________________

For problems 1-3, please use these conversion factors:

1 pallet = 45 bundles 1 bundle = 32 cases 1 case = 12 cans 1 can = 218.4 mL

4. Please perform the following conversions.

a) 15.60 cm = __________________ m b) 41.0 kg = ____________________ g

c) 9.2 cL = ____________________ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = _______________ nm

e) 345 mL = ____________________ L f) 3.4x105 mg = ________________ kg

g) 0.057 km = __________________ cm h) 4500 g = __________________ mg

i) 2.14 L = _____________________ mL j) 0.45 mm = __________________m

5. Why is this conversion impossible? 3.45 mL = _______________ kg

1. 200.00 + 125.2 = ________________

2. 12,020 + 6000 = ___________________

3. 0.003450 + 0.0140 = ________________

4. 0.820 – 0.030 = _____________________

7. (2.450 x 106)(2.0 x 106) = _____________

8. (5.369 x 1012)/(2.89 x 107) = _____________

4. Identify the following as an element (E), compound (C), or mixture (M).

_____ a) calcium _____ d) water

_____ b) calcium and oxygen in the same container _____ e) sodium

_____ c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded _____ f) sand

Phase diagram for substance A:

Phase diagram for substance B:

1. An atom has a mass number of 43 and it also has 21 electrons.

b) What is the identity of this atom?

c) How many neutrons does this atom have?

2. What is an isotope? Give an example.

b) What is the identity of this ion?

c) How many neutrons does the nucleus of this ion have?

5. What is the charge on a magnesium ion that has 10 electrons?

7. Substance E has 29 protons, 28 electrons, and 34 neutrons. Substance F has 29 protons, 27

9. Complete the following table:

b. Use your periodic table to determine which element this is.

b. What is the identity of this element?

___ a) salad _ b) sugar _ c) soda ___ d) copper

a) 23,000,210,000 = b) 0.00000000351 = ___

a) 2.354 x 105 = _ b) 3.400 x 10 –9 = __

a) 15.60 cm = m b) 41.0 kg = __ g

c) 9.2 cL = ______ L d) 9.16 x 10-5 m = _ nm

e) 345 mL = ____ L f) 3.4x105 mg = kg

g) 0.057 km = cm h) 4500 g = mg

i) 2.14 L = ___ mL j) 0.45 mm = m

_ a) calcium _ d) water

_ b) calcium and oxygen in the same container _ e) sodium

_ c) calcium and oxygen atoms bonded _ f) sand

A) phosphide = B) magnesium = C) rubidium =

D) fluoride = E) aluminum = F) sulfide = _

A) Ba2S = _______ B) Rb2N = _ C) Li2Cl = ________

D) Al3N3 = ______ E) Mg3Br2 = _ F) O3Al2 = __________

A) sodium and sulfur = _ B) aluminum and chlorine = _____

C) phosphorus and calcium = D) barium and oxygen = ___

1. Lithium acetate _____ 2. Sodium phosphate _

3. Magnesium hydroxide 4. Sulfuric acid ______

5. Ammonium sulfide 6. Potassium oxide _

7. Aluminum Phosphate 8. Sodium hydroxide _

9. Acetic Acid ______ 10. Carbonic Acid _

11. CaO __ 12. BaCl2 _

13. K3PO4 ___ 14. Mg(OH)2

15. HNO3 ___ 16. NaC2H3O2

17. Li2SO4 ___ 18. (NH4)2SO4

19. Al(CN)3 __ 20. Be(ClO3)2 _

1. manganese(IV) fluoride _ 2. ammonium phosphate __

3. nickel(II) nitrate 4. sodium nitride __

5. aluminum sulfate _____ 6. chromium(III) hydroxide

7. iron(II) phosphate 8. copper(II) chloride _

9. CuO __ 10. FeSO4 _

11. (NH4)2S _ 12. Ni3(PO4)2 __

13. Cr(OH)3 _ 14. Ba(ClO3)2 __

15. Mn3N4 16. Cu2CO3 __

1. N2O5 _ 2. P3O7 _

3. S3F4 4. CO2

5. N2O6 ___ 6. CuSO4

7. (NH4)2CO3 8. SF6 _____

9. dihydrogen tetraoxide ___ 10. trinitrogen pentasulfide _

11. carbon dioxide _______ 12. dinitrogen monoxide _

13. iron(II) nitrate _____ 14. carbon tetrachloride

15. C6H14 ___ 16. H3PO4

17. N2O4 ___ 18. C4H8

19. C12H18O2 20. N4H6O4

21. S2O7 ___ 22. C4H3O4