AIRCRAFT DESIGN - 1

AE461
Group Assignment-1
Group Members
Alok Kumar Thakur (190100)
Parth Bhardwaj (190589)
Rishab Kaushik (190703)
Utkarsh Arya (190927)
 AE461
Group Assignment-1
Name: Utkarsh Arya Roll Number: 190927

The Cessna 172 is an American Four-Seater, single-engine, high fixed wing

aircraft. First Flown in 1955. It is one of the most produced Aircraft in history of
Airplanes. It is the most successful aircraft in history with first being sold in 1956
and still in production today with more than 44,000 units .

The Cessna 172 started life as a tricycle landing gear variant of the taildragger,
Cessna 170, with a basic level of standard equipment. The variant was tested
and certified, Cessna decided to modify it with a tricycle landing gear, and the
modified Cessna 170C flew again on June 12, 1955. To reduce the time and
cost of certification, the type was added to the Cessna 170 type certificate as
the Model 172. Later, the 172 was given its own type certificate. The 172
became an overnight sales success, and over 1,400 were built in 1956, its first
full year of production.
Early 172s were similar in appearance to the 170s, with the same straight aft
fuselage and tall landing gear legs, although the 172 had a straight tailfin while
the 170 had a rounded fin and rudder. In 1960, the 172A incorporated revised
landing gear and the swept-back tailfin, which is still in use today.
The final aesthetic development, found in the 1963 172D and all later 172
models, was a lowered rear deck allowing an aft window. Cessna advertised
this added rear visibility as "Omni-Vision."
Production halted in the mid-1980s, but resumed in 1996 with the 160 hp
(120 kW) Cessna 172R Skyhawk. Cessna supplemented this in 1998 with the
180 hp (135 kW) Cessna 172S Skyhawk SP.

Specifications
• Crew: One
• Capacity: Three Passengers
• Length: 8.28m
• Wingspan: 11m
• Height: 2.72m
• Wing Area: 16.2m2
• Aspect Ratio: 7.32
• Airfoil: Modified NACA 2412
• Empty Weight: 767kg
• Gross Weight: 1111kg
• Fuel Capacity: 212L
Performance
• Cruise Speed: 122kn, 226kmph
• Stall Speed: 47kn, 87kmph
• Range: 696nm, 1289km
• Service Ceiling: 13500ft
• Rate of Climb: 721 ft/min
• Wing Loading: 68.6 kg/m2
2)
 Parth Bhardwaj
190589

CESSNA 185

When we talk about single-engine utility, the Cessna 185 really has it all. Whether on wheels,
bush tires, floats or skis, the Cessna 185 can take you and your family or a whole bunch of
gear pretty much anywhere, anytime. While the airplane may not be a racehorse, it is
definitely a workhorse, with good range capabilities and an impressive payload. The
airplane’s short-field capability and rugged tailwheel design allow you to fly the airplane into
the roughest, shortest strips you can find.

With such versatility, the name Skywagon aptly suits the 185. Anyone who has ever flown a
Cessna 185 may also feel that the wagon analogy applies to the airplane’s handling
characteristics. Like ground-based automobile wagons, the 185 doesn’t say “sporty.” The
controls are heavy to the feel. You really have to put some muscle into each control input.
Having said that, the airplane will do what you ask it to. The only time you may be in for a
surprise is on the ground, particularly in gusty conditions, because of the conventional gear.

While the Cessna 185 is configured with a tailwheel, there is no need for S-turns on the
ground to see what’s ahead on the taxiway or to slip to see the runway during the final
approach stage. The positioning of the seats is high enough that you can see what’s ahead of
you, which makes taxiing, takeoffs and landings less of a challenge than in other tailwheel
airplanes.

The Skywagon name was originally adopted for the Cessna 180, the older, slightly less
versatile brother of the 185. Cessna beefed up the fuselage of the 180, enlarged the vertical
fin and replaced the 230 hp Continental with the 260 hp IO-470 and later a 300 hp IO-520
engine, by far the most versatile configuration as far as performance and load capability.

The additional power allowed Cessna to increase the gross weight to 3,350 pounds. While
every airplane is equipped differently, the useful load is generally right around 1,600 pounds,
an exceptional number for a single-engine airplane. The 185 is one of those rare planes that
can fill all its seats with full fuel tanks. Even with the later models’ 88-gallon fuel tanks, you
can load six 180-pound people into the airplane and still be within the legal limits.

Crew 2

Passengers 6

Length 7.85m

Span 11m

Height 3.71m

Area 16.2 sq.m

Empty Weight 792 kg

MTOW 1506 kg
Powerplant 2xTPE-331-6-251B or -252

Power 413 kW

Propellers 3 bladed

Cruise TAS 268 km/hr

Max TAS 297 km/hr

Range 1247 km

Fuel consumption 0.35 g/m

Ceiling 5230 m

Climb rate 1000 FPM

Wing loading 158 kg/sq.m

Power/weight 199.17 W/kg

Sum of last two digits of roll numbers of my group members = 119.

R = 119 / 2 = 59.5 km

Mission Segment Weight:

Warmup and Takeoff: W1 / W0 = 0.97
Climb: W2 / W1 = 0.985
C = 0.4
(L / D)max = 11
V = 268 kmph
W3 / W2 = e ^ [(-RC) / (VL/D)] = 0.992
Landing Weight Ratio : W4 / W3 = 0.995

W4 / W0 = (W4 / W3) * (W3 / W2) * (W2 / W1) * (W1 / W0)

= 0.995 * 0.992 * 0.985 * 0.97
= 0.7
Wf / W0 = 1.06 * (1 – 0.7)
= 0.32

We / W0 = 0.93 * W0 ^ (-0.07)

Wp = (80 + 15) * 7 = 665 Kg

W0 = Wp / (1 – (Wf / W0) – (We / W0))

= 665 / (1 – 0.32 – 0.93 * W0 ^ (-0.07))

By, using Newton Ralphson Method, we get W0 = 4135 Kg

 Name – Alok Kumar Thakur
Roll No. - 190100

BEECHCRAFT KING AIR

Introduction:
The King Air family of business turboprops has dominated the market for almost 50 years, winning over
generations of pilots who revere these airplanes for their versatility, great flying qualities, exceptional build
quality and unrivalled utility.

The Beechcraft King Air is a line of American utility aircraft produced by Beechcraft. The King Airline
comprises a number of twin-turboprop models that have been divided into two families. The Model 90 and 100
series developed in the 1960s are known as King Airs, while the later T-tail Model 200 and 300 series were
originally marketed as Super King Airs, with the name "Super" being dropped by Beechcraft in 1996 (although
it is still often used to differentiate the 200 and 300 series King Airs from their smaller stablemates).

The Model 100 is a stretched derivative of the Model 90 featuring five cabin windows instead of the Model 90's
three; MTOW increased by 1,300 lb (590 kg) over the 90, to 10,600 lb (4,810 kg). The 100 used the wings, tail,
and engines from the Model 99 airliner, itself a development of the Queen Air (as was the Model 90).
The Model 100 was flown for the first time on March 17, 1969 and unveiled to the public in May. A total of 89
Model 100s were built before it was superseded by the Model A100 in 1972, with a further increase in MTOW
to 11,500 lb (5,220 kg), fuel capacity increased by 94 US gallons (360 L), and four-bladed propellers. A total of
157 A100s were built by the time production of this model ceased in 1979. The next in the series was the B100,
which featured 715 shp (533 kW) Garrett AiResearch TPE-331 engines as an alternative to the Pratt & Whitneys
offered on other King Airs, and another increase in MTOW to 11,800 lb (5,350 kg). The B100 was introduced in
1976 and was produced concurrently with the A100 for several years; manufacture ceased in 1983 after 137
were built. The Model 200 Super King Air was developed from the Model 100, with the same fuselage design
being used for both models (with some differences, mainly associated with the different tails). The Model 200
had different wings and a T-tail and entered service in 1974.
Specifications:

King Air B100

Crew 1-2

Passengers 13 max

Length 39 ft 11 in / 12.17 m

Span 45 ft 11 in / 14.0 m

Height 15 ft 5 in / 4.7 m

Area 279.7 ft2 / 26.0 m2

Empty Weight 7,092 lb / 3,212 kg

MTOW 11,800 lb / 5,352 kg

Powerplant 2xTPE-331-6-251B or -252

Power 715 shp / 533 kW

Propellers 4-bladed

Cruise TAS 237 kn / 463 km/h

Max TAS 265 kn / 491 km/h

Range 1,325 nmi / 2,455 km

Fuel consumption 2.08 lb/nmi (0.51 g/m)

Ceiling 24,850 ft / 7,574 m

Climb rate 2,140 ft/min / 10.87 m/s

Wing loading 42.2 lb/ft2 / 205.84 kg/m2

Power/weight 0.121 hp/lb / 199.17 W/kg

Sum of last two digits of roll numbers of my group members = 119.

R = 119 / 2 = 59.5 km

Mission Segment Weight:

Warmup and Takeoff: W1 / W0 = 0.97
Climb: W2 / W1 = 0.985
V = 463 kmph
C = 0.4
(L / D)max = 11
W3 / W2 = e ^ [(-RC) / (VL/D)] = 0.995
Landing Weight Ratio : W4 / W3 = 0.995

W4 / W0 = (W4 / W3) * (W3 / W2) * (W2 / W1) * (W1 / W0)

= 0.995 * 0.995 * 0.985 * 0.97
= 0.6

Wf / W0 = 1.06 * (1 – 0.6)
= 0.424

We / W0 = 0.93 * W0 ^ (-0.07)

Wp = (80 + 15) * 7 = 665 Kg

W0 = Wp / (1 – (Wf / W0) – (We / W0))

= 665 / (1 – 0.424 – 0.93 * W0 ^ (-0.07))

By, using Newton Ralphson Method, we get W0 = 8200 Kg