Grade

MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 4 – MODULE 3
MELC 5

Graphical Presentation
 of Data

PART I.
MELC 5: Use appropriate graphs to represent organized data: pie chart,
bar graph, line graph, histogram and ogive.

A. Introduction and Discussion

You have already learned in previous modules how data are collected and
organized. As data are generally in large volume, they need to be put in a compact
and presentable form. This lesson deals with presentation of data precisely so that
the large volume of data collected could be made usable readily and are easily
understood.
This lesson allows you to explore different ways of presenting data using
graphs or charts such as pie charts, bar graphs, line graphs, histograms, and ogives.
This will help you realize when to use such kind of graph and what information each
of these types can provide.

Presenting Data

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 We often experience that it is not easy to digest information presented in a
paragraph of facts or in tabular form. There are several ways in which you can
present information in a form which is easier to analyze and interpret.

1. PIE CHART
A pie chart or pie graph is represented by a circle divided into slices or
sectors of various sizes. It shows the relationships among parts as well as the
relationship of a part to a whole.

The data are presented in percentage form and represented in the pie chart
by an equivalent fractional part(sector) of a whole.

Illustrative Example
The table below shows how Tyra spends each part of her budget. Construct a
graph to visually display this data.
Tyra’s Budget
Item Percent
Food 40%
Clothing 20%
Utilities 25%
Entertainment 10%
Savings 5%

A pie chart shows how the parts of something relate to the whole. It is divided into
sectors, where each sector represents a particular category. The entire circle is 1
whole or 100%, and a sector of the circle is a part. As you can see in the pie chart on
the next page, a slice of pie for clothing has been separated from the rest of the
chart.

We can also answer some questions about the pie

chart.

1. How many sectors are there in the graph?

5
2. What item accounts for the greatest expense?
Food
3. What percent of the budget is saved?
5%
4. If the allowance amounts to Php 20,000, how
much is spent for food?
Php 8,000

2. BAR GRAPH
A bar graph is a graph which uses horizontal or vertical bars to represent
data. When a bar graph has bars which extend from left to right, it is called a
horizontal bar graph. On the other hand, if the bars extend from bottom to top, it is
called a vertical bar graph. A bar graph is used to compare data.

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 The length of a bar represents a quantity. The bars which are representations
of the quantities can easily be compared by examining the lengths of the bars.

Illustrative Example
A survey of students' favorite after-school activities was conducted at a
school. The table below shows the results of this survey.
Students’ Favorite After-School Activities
Activity Number of Students
Play Sports 39
Do Household Chores 56
Earn Money 44
Chat Online 35
Watch TV 26

Note that each quantity listed in the table corresponds to a particular category.
Accordingly, the data from the table above has been displayed in the bar graph
below. Moreover, the data in this table is not changing over time, a line graph would
not be a good way to visually display this data.

We can also answer some questions about this

bar graph.

1. Which after-school activity do students like

most? Do Household Chores
2. Which after-school activity do students like
least? Watch TV
3. How many students like to earn money?
44
4. List the categories in the graph from greatest
to least. Do Household Chores,
Earn Money, Play Sports,
Chat Online, Watch TV

3. LINE GRAPH
A line graph is used to show changes in data over period of time. Data like
changes in temperature, income, and population can be represented by a line graph.
The relation between these data is graphed on rectangular coordinate plane.
The quantity time is usually plotted along the horizontal axis while the other quantity
is plotted along the vertical axis. Points are plotted based on the relationship of
quantities and those points are connected by a line.

Illustrative Example
The table below shows daily temperatures for Baguio City, recorded for 6
days, in degrees Celsius.
Temperature in Baguio City
Day Temperature
1 18oC
2 16oC
3 16oC
4 15oC

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 5 13oC
6 12oC

The data from the table above that shows the temperature changed from day
to day has been summarized in the line graph. This line graph shows a change in
data over time. A line graph is useful for displaying data or information that changes
continuously over time.

We can also answer some questions about the graph.

1. What is the line graph about?

Temperature in
Baguio City
2. What was the lowest temperature recorded?
12°C
3. What was the highest temperature recorded?
18°C
4. Did the temperature increase or decrease over time?
decrease

Comparing Graphs
We learned about pie chart, bar graph and line graph. We learned how to
read and interpret information from each type of graph. If you were asked to create a
graph from a given set of data, how would you know which type of graph to use?
Which graph we choose depends on the type of data given and what we are
asked to convey to the reader. The information below will help you determine which
type of graph to use.
a. Pie chart is used to compare the parts of a whole. It represents data visually
in the same proportion as the numerical data in a table. The area of each
sector in a pie chart is in the same proportion to the whole circle as each
item is to the total value in the table.
b. Bar graph is used to compare facts. The bars provide a visual display for
comparing quantities in different categories or groups. Bar graphs help us to
see relationships quickly.
c. Line graph is used to display data that changes continuously over a period of
time. It allows to see overall trends such as an increase or decrease in data
over time.

Illustrative Examples
Problem 1: The table below shows the number of mobile phones sold by brand for
this month. What graph would best demonstrate the sales of each brand?
Cell Phones Sold This Month
Brand Number Sold

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 Samsung 25
Huawei 15
Oppo 32
LG 18
Cherry Mobile 10

The numerical data in this table is not changing over time. So, a line graph
would not be appropriate for summarizing the given data. The bar graph stresses the
individual sales of each brand as compared to the others. The bar graph does not
use the total of all items in the table. This makes the bar graph a more direct and
accurate way of representing the data in the table.
Problem 2: The table below shows the humidity level, recorded in Alcala for seven
days. What graph would best demonstrate the humidity level for each day?
Humidity Level in Alcala
Day Humidity Level (%)
1 40
2 45
3 50
4 44
5 43
6 51
7 39

The humidity level is given as a percent. At first glance, this might lead one to
think that a pie chart should be used to summarize this data. However, the data in
the table does not indicate any parts in relation to a whole. Thus, a pie chart is not
the right choice. The data in this table is changing over time. So, a line graph would
be the appropriate choice for summarizing the given data.

Problem 3: The table below shows the composition of Earth's atmosphere. What
graph would best represent the composition of the Earth's Atmosphere?
Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere
Gas Percent
Nitrogen 77
Oxygen 21
Other 2

The word composition indicates that we are looking at the parts of a whole.
The Earth's Atmosphere is the whole (100%) and each gas is a part of that whole.
Accordingly, a pie chart is the best choice for summarizing this data.

Graphs of Frequency Distributions

When a data set has many entries, it can be difficult to see patterns. In this
section, you will learn how to use frequency distributions to construct graphs.
Remember that a frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or intervals of
data entries with a count of the number of entries in each class. The frequency (f) of
a class is the number of data entries in the class.

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HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a bar graph that represents the frequency distribution of a data
set. Its y-axis shows the number of data values within each class of a frequency
distribution and x-axis shows the class boundary of each class.

A histogram consists of tabular frequencies, shown as adjacent rectangles,

erected over intervals. The height of a rectangle is also equal to the frequency. There
are no gaps between bars.

Illustrative Example
Draw the histogram of the
following frequency distribution.
Scores Class Boundaries f
51-60 50.5-60.5 16
41-50 40.5-50.5 5
31-40 30.5-40.5 2
21-30 20.5-30.5 8
11-20 10.5-20.5 14
1-10 0.5-10.5 8

Because consecutive bars of a histogram must touch, bars must begin and end at
class boundaries instead of class limits. Class boundaries are the numbers that
separate classes without forming gaps between them.

OGIVE
An ogive is a line graph of the cumulative frequency distribution. There are
two types of ogive:
o Less Than Ogive - In graphing the “less than ogive”, the cumulative frequencies
are plotted against the upper class boundaries.
o Greater Than Ogive - In graphing the “greater than ogive”, the cumulative
frequencies are plotted against the lower class boundaries.

Illustrative Example
Draw the ogive of the following distribution.

Scores Class f < cf > cf

Boundaries
51-60 50.5-60.5 16 53 16
41-50 40.5-50.5 5 37 21
31-40 30.5-40.5 2 32 23
21-30 20.5-30.5 8 30 31
11-20 10.5-20.5 14 22 45
1-10 0.5-10.5 8 8 53

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 Key Ideas
 Choosing what type of graph to use depends on the type of data given and
what we want to convey to the reader.
a. Pie chart shows the relationships among parts and the relationship of a
part to a whole.
b. Bar graph is used to compare facts.
c. Line graph is used to show changes in data over period of time.

 We use frequency distribution to construct graphs to see patterns.

a. Histogram is a bar graph that represents the frequency distribution of
a data set.
b. Ogive is a line graph of the cumulative frequency distribution.

PART II. Activities

Activity 1
Directions: Use the given graph to answer each question.
A. 1. How many different ethnic groups are
represented in Ms. De Guzman’s class?
2. What percentage of the class is from
Pampanga?
3. Which ethnic group makes up the
smallest percentage of the class?
4. Are more students from Luzon or
from Mindanao?

B. 5. What is the most common mode

of transportation that students use?
6. What is the least common mode of
transportation that students use?
7. Do more students drive to school
or walk to school?
8. Approximately how many students
drive to school?
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C. 9. What was the gross sales figure
for June 2019?
10. In what month were gross sales
at their highest point?
11. In what month did gross sales
reach their lowest point?
12. What was the change in gross
sales from March 2019 to April 2019?

Activity 2
Directions: Identify whether a pie chart, bar graph, or line graph would best represent
the data in each given situation.
1. The ages of 7 players are 13, 12, 11, 12, 11, 10 and 12. What type of graph would
be appropriate for comparing the ages of these players?
2. The hourly minimum wage was recorded each year from 2012 to 2020. What type
of graph would best show the changes in minimum wage during this period?
3. Students in an English class voted for their favorite movie genre. Each student
voted only once. What type of graph would best compare students’ responses to
each other and with the total?
4. The growth of 7 different plants was recorded in centimeters. What type of graph
would be best for comparing the growth of each plant?
5. In a city, the rainfall was recorded in inches each month for 12 months. What type
of graph would best display the change in rainfall?

Activity 3
Directions: Draw histogram and less than ogive of the given frequency distribution.
Marks f
71-80 2
61-70 5
51-60 6
41-50 10
31-40 14
21-30 12
11-20 8

Answer Key

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References:
Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines. Mathematics
Grade 7 Learner’s Material. First Edition. Pasig City: Department of
Education, 2013.
Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines. Mathematics
Grade 7 Teacher’s Guide. First Edition. Pasig City: Department of
Education, 2013.
Jose-Dilao, Soledad et al. Advanced Algebra Trigonometry and
Statistics. SD Publications, Inc., 2009.
Oronce, Orlando et al. e-Math. Rex Book Store Inc., 2012.

https://www.mathgoodies.com

PART III. Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which type of graph represents size relationship between parts and the whole?
a. Bar graph b. Ogive c. Pie chart d. Line graph
2. What is the purpose of a line graph?
a. Show changes over periods of time
b. Show comparison in relation to other data sets
c. Plot frequencies of occurrence in a data set
d. Display and compare numerical data
3. An ogive is a graphical representation of
a. Cumulative frequency distribution c. Ungrouped data

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 b. A frequency distribution d. None of these
4. The highest bar in a histogram represents?
a. The class with the lowest frequency.
b. The class with the highest cumulative frequency.
c. The class with the lowest relative frequency.
d. The class with the highest frequency.
5. In this graph, which material is the cheapest?
Teddy Bear Materials Cost
a. Thread
Thread b. Buttons
c. Polyester Stuffing
Material

Buttons

Polyester Stuffing
d. Fur Fabric

Fur Fabric

0 50 100 150
Cost per Bear

6. According to this graph, for every 24 hours,

about how many hours are spent socializing
and watching TV?
a. 4 hours
b. 2 hours
c. 5 hours
d. 6 hours

7. The chart represents the average amount of

rain falling each month in the town of Mabini.
During which month of the year does the
most rain fall?
a. January
b. April
c. August
d. December

Other
5%
8. A recycling company collects recyclable material
Cardboard
every month. The chart shows the kinds of materials 15%
Paper
that are collected by the company. What is the 40%
second most common material that is recycled? Plastic
15%
a. Cardboard
b. Glass
Glass
c. Paper 25%
d. Plastic
9. Which two months had approximately the
same amount of candy sold?
a. September and February
b. October and March

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 c. November and March
d. September and December

10. What kind of graph would you use to represent the annual number of vehicle
fatalities in the city for the last 10 years?
a. Line graph b. Pie chart c. Histogram d. Bar graph
11. Which of the following should you use to represent the percentage of students in
your school by grade level?
a. Ogive b. Bar graph c. Pie chart d. Line graph
12. A company wants to show how fast its cars can accelerate when compared with
the competition. Which chart should it use to convey this information?
a. Pie chart b. Line graph c. Bar chart d. Histogram
How do Students Get to School?

13. Based on the graph, do more students walk 80

70
to school or ride with a friend?

Number of Students
60
a. Many more students ride with a friend than walk. 50
40
b. The graph does not provide this information. 30
c. More students walk to school than ride with a friend. 20
10
d. About the same number walk as ride with a friend. 0
Tricycle Bike Walk Drive Ride with
14. Using the graph, did gross sales increase Friend
Mode of Transportation
or decrease from January 2019 to February
2019?
a. Gross sales increased.
b. Gross sales decreased.
c. Neither--gross sales were flat.
d. The graph does not contain this information.

15. The scores of 53 students was recorded and is

shown in the histogram on the right. How many
students could have a score of 20.5 in – 40.5?
a. 6
b. 8
c. 10
d. 12

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